Academic literature on the topic 'Phical references'

Abstract This article presents the Old English lexicographical materials compiled by the humanist scholar Friedrich Lindenbrog (1573–1648), some of which were considered lost after World War II, but have been restored to the Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg during the 1980 s and 1990 s. It traces the origins and provenances of the Old English glossaries contained in Hamburg, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Codd. germ. 22 and philol. 263, and discusses a selection of notable glosses and spellings, some of which are uniquely preserved in these manuscripts. Lindenbrog’s lexicographical collections were considered useful in the eyes of other seventeenth- and eighteenth-century scholars from Germany, whose materials are referenced here as well.

AbstractThe reference to the rising and setting of the sun to indicate the unceasing duration of an action becomes a τόπος in Latin poetry from an influential distich of Cinna onwards, which was reworked a number of times in Augustan poetry. As well as Vergil and Horace, who adapt the model to different genres and occasions, the treatment of it by the elegists is interesting, in whom the two terms that define East and West are set in relation to the eternity of poetic renown. This transformation may go back to Gallus, to whom Ovid, above all, makes significant references. The numerous occurrences of the τόπος in different authors and genres make possible interesting comparisons.

Abstract This paper comments on the tension between constant imitatio and refused aemulatio gloriae in Tiberius’ attitude towards Augustus in Velleius Paterculus’ History. I argue that Tiberius is equalling and eventually even surpassing Augustus precisely because he refuses to compete with him, let alone surpass him. In order to do so, I focus on two hitherto neglected Augustan intertexts, which are referenced at very distinct moments of Velleius’ portrayal of Tiberius. The first is the moment when Tiberius appears on the political stage at the age of 19 (2.94.1); the second is the last mentioned event of his life before he succeeds Augustus, namely his third triumph in ad 12 (2.122.1).

AbstractMuch attention has been paid to ‘deictic shifts’ in Ancient Greek literary texts. In this article I show that similar phenomena can be found in documentary texts. Contracts in particular display unexpected shifts from the first to the third person or vice versa. Rather than constituting a narrative technique, I argue that such shifts should be related to the existence of two major types of stylization, called the ‘objective’ and the ‘subjective’ style. In objectively styled contracts, subjective intrusions may occur as a result of the scribe temporarily assuming himself to be the deictic center, whereas in subjectively styled contracts objective intrusions may occur as a result of the contracting parties dictating to the scribe, and the scribe not modifying the personal references. There are also a couple of texts which display more extensive deictic alter­nations, which suggests that generic confusion between the two major types of stylization may have played a role.

The cardiometabolic risk describes the probabilities of a person to suffer a heart or blood vessels damages. Hence the relevance of determining this type of risk in the students of the Nutrition and Dietetics career of the Technical University of Babahoyo. For this purpose, indicators such as waist circumference, waist/height formula, sex, body mass index, waist-height index ICE, physical activity and inductive-deductive method were measured in a population of 100 students. It was found that the predominant nutritional status in female students is overweight and obesity. This indicates that 29% of female students have an increased cardiovascular risk. With regard to cardiometabolic risk, it was determined that female students had a rate of 36%, compared with male students with 11%. Keywords: cardiometabolic risk factors, overweight, obesity. References [1]Organización Mundial de la Salud, «www.who.int. Non communicable diseases,» 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/non-communicable-diseases. [Last access: August 25, 2021]. [2]J. Maldonado, C. Carranza, M. Ortiz, C. Gómez and N.Cortés, «Prevalencia de factores de riesgo caardiometabólico en estudiantes de la Universidad de la región centroocidental en la Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo. México,» SCIELO, vol. 24, nº 2, pp. 78-86, 2013. [3]M. Morales, «Influence of phisical activity and nutritional habits on the risk of metabolic syndrome,» SCIELO, vol. 6, 2016. [4]G. Morales, T. Castillo, S. Muñoz, C. Belma, A. Soto, I. Schifferli and F. Guillén, «Asociación entre factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos, actividad física y sedentarismo, » Nutrición Hospitalaria, vol. 34, nº 6, pp. 1345-1352, 2017. [5]Organización Mundial de la Salud, «Obesidad y sobrepeso,» 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight. [Last access: August 29, 2021]. [6]G. Bray, G. Fruhbeck, D. Ryan and J. Wilding, «Management of obesity,» Lancet, vol. 387, nº 7, pp. 1847-1956, 2016. [7]A. Caicedo Paliz, A. León Fierro and K. Zambrano Llaguno, Protocolo de diagnóstico y manejo multidisciplinario de pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad en la consulta ambulatoria, Quito: Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 2021. [8]INEC, «Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT),» INEC, Quito, 2018. [9]N. Britto Núñez and R. Alcázar Carett, «Obesidad y riesgo cardiometabólico. Revisión.,» CIMEL, vol. 16, nº 2, pp. 106-113, 2011. [10]J. Vandervelde, H. Savelberg, N. Schaper and A. Koster, «Moderate activity and fitness not sedentary time are independently associated with cardiometabolic risks in US adults aged 18-49,» Environ Resident Public Health, vol. 12, pp. 2330-2343, 2015. [11]V. Carson and I. Janssen, «Volume, patterns and types of sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic health children and adolescents: a cross sectional study,» BMC Public Health, vol. 186, pp. 186-195, 2011. [12] T. Rendo Urteaga, A. De Moraes, T. Callesse y T. Marrios, «The combined effect of physical activity and sedentary behaviors on a clustered cardiometabolic risks score. The Helena Study,» Internal Cardiology, vol. 186, pp. 186-195, 2015. [13]R. Monroy Torres, C. Aguiklera Juarez and J. Nares, «Riesgo cardiometabólico en adolescentes con y sin obesidad: variables metabólicas, nutricionales y consumo de refresco,» revista Mexicana de trastornos Alimentarios, vol. 9, nº 1, pp. 24-33, 2018. [14]OMS, «estrategia Mundial sobre el régimen alimentario, actividad física y salud,» 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/diethysicactivity/pa/es.[Last access: August 30, 2021]. [15]A. Alvarado Sánchez, A. González Yebra and M. Macías, «Correlaciones de factores de riesgo cardiometabólicio e hipoactividad con indice corporal y circunferencia de cintura en trabajadores del sector cuero y calzado de la ciudad de León,» Jóvenes en la ciencia, vol. 3, nº 2, pp. 1-5, 2017. [16]SEEDO, «Consenso SEEDO para la evaluación del sobrepeso y la obesidad. Revista Española de Obesidad, » 2007. [Online]. Available: https://www.seedo.es/images/site/documentacionConsenso/Consenso_SEEDO_2007 pdf. [Last access: August 21, 2021].

Abstract In the prooemium of the Cento Vergilianus de Laudibus Christi of Faltonia Betitia Proba (lines 1–23) there are fragments not only of Vergil’s works but also of Lucan’s Bellum Civile and Juvencus’ Evangeliorum Libri. This article shows that in these lines Juvencus has a particular importance, for the references to his work increase until they reach a remarkable intensity in lines 22–23 and they stand out on different levels both formally and semantically. This thesis is supported by re-examining the origin of a reference in line 22 of the Cento (erige mentem) that is usually ascribed to Lucan. The attribution to Juvencus can be established through the phenomenon of acoustic imitation.

Obsolescence in Conversation Knick-knacks of uncertain use,[Omitted for space]Somber pictures and distant blues,Faded pastels, hard cameos,Phials still smelling of perfume,Jewelry, rags, rattles, puppets,What a great clutter in this chest!All for sale. Accept my offer,Reader. Perhaps these old thingsWill move you to tears or laughter.You’ll have to pay, and as for me,I shall buy some nice fresh roses. (Cros and Corbière) Orlando, in his book Obsolete Objects in the Literary Imagination, interprets the listing of the objects in this sonnet as intensifying “the primary defunctionalization of the things” (18). Until line 5, the old objects in the chest seemed to bring good reminiscence. In line 6, on the contrary, these objects suddenly turn into “great clutter”, which needs to be sold in order to be replaced with “some nice fresh roses”. This is a representative example of how obsolescence is construed in our everyday lives. Obsolete objects bring memories, warmth, and nostalgia, yet we often view them as the defunctionalized, impractical, uncertain, or worthless that will eventually have to be replaced with the new. When it comes to technological objects, functionality, efficiency, and usefulness are the central reasons for their existence. Accordingly, becoming obsolete poses a great challenge towards the reason for their existence, raising our perception about obsolete technology as a waste. Strasser (Strasser) wrote in the 1920s — “economic growth was fueled by what had once been understood as waste.” This notion carries over to today’s computing environment in which the high rate of machine turnover translates into tremendous profitability for the computing industries. Hence planned obsolescence, planning and engineering the obsolescence, became a long-established principle in American consumer economics (Sterne). The ways in which computing devices are designed today are good resulting representations of planned obsolescence. A study in 2007 showed that American consumers use their phones for only 17.5 months before replacing them (U.S. Wireless Mobile Phone Evaluation Study), and worldwide sales of mobile phones are expected to exceed one billion by 2009 (Gartner). Huang and Truong called the trend of usage lifetime being much shorter than their functional lifetime the disposable technology paradigm. As environmental sustainability became an important issue in our daily lives, the awareness of planned obsolescence and the disposable technology paradigm alarmed researchers to actively engage in the questions of supporting sustainability in computing devices. Because of the notion that obsolescence equals waste, the conversations in designing for sustainability have been based on the view that obsolescence is something that is problematic and need to be prevented. For example, sustainable interaction design (Blevis) suggested ways in which design can prolong the life cycle of the product in order to delay or prevent the product from becoming obsolete. So far we have discussed how the notion of obsolescence is perceived in our everyday lives, what it means to the computing industry, and how it is utilized for economic profit or, in contrary, attempted to be prevented for environmental sustainability. Rather than viewing obsolescence as having negative power, however, we challenge the notion that obsolescence is worthless and furthermore discuss the social and individual values that were surfaced through a case study of a user community that maintained an obsolete machine for over nine years after the product’s discontinuation. HP200LX User Community HP200LX (LX) is a PDA introduced by HP in 1994. It is MS-DOS compatible and comes with 2 or 4 MB of memory including the RAM. Housed in a clamshell-style case, it comes with 640x200 monochrome display, QWERTY keyboard, serial port, and PCMCIA slot. A user claimed that an AA battery would run his LX for up to two weeks. The user community for the LX communicated and shared information through an email list. The email list started in late 1996 and thrived until September 2008. By January of 2008, there were approximately 90,000 accumulated messages that were archived online since 1996. We sampled roughly 35,000 messages from the beginning of the archive, around discontinuation (November, 1999), and later in the archive, and analyzed using standard qualitative analysis through coding and probed for emerging patterns. The LX was discontinued in 1999, officially making the LX to be obsolete. To the LX users, however, the LX was more effective than any other PDAs at the time. Because the LX was running DOS, it allowed the users to flexibly develop and share custom applications that fit their everyday practices. Besides, the LX users considered the LX useful due to it being lightweight and having long lasting battery life. In the attempt to push back against the obsolescence of the machine, during the first few years after discontinuation, the LX user community was actively building resources that would help prolong the life of the rapidly aging LX. This included solutions in dealing with fixing and upgrading hardware and software, adding new features, and maintaining compatibility with the surrounding computing environment. For example, the members shared their know-hows on fixing broken hinges or finding the right memory card that communicated the best with the LX. As well, a user developed a do-it-yourself kit that allowed end users to install backlight to the LX, which was not an existing feature in the original LX. Actively Participating in Building Up the Resources Around the time the LX was discontinued, the LX community was pushing back against the notion of obsolescence that was given to the LX. The LX was still useful to them and they could not find the alternatives that would replace the kinds of functionalities and features that the LX provided. Accordingly, it was up to the members themselves to maintain the LX, which required active participation from the members. The core members of the list shared the knowledge they had accumulated while using the LX. If a member asked a question to the email list, a variety of solutions was followed. This way, over many years, the community had collectively built up resources that were necessary in order for the LX users to maintain the LX on their own. In 2001, a member volunteered to aggregate members’ contact information and their core knowledge skills in maintaining the LX. He wanted to use the database for the newcomers and for those who will continue to use the LX long after the list died when the resources would no longer be available: “…we could create a database which all people who are so kind to support the HPLX community even after they leave the list (if ever) can add their contact information and a short HPLX-related skills profile, so that, when you have a s[p]ecific problem with (for example) an Internet connection with cel[l] phone you simply do a search for "cell phone" and it appears, besides others, the entryname: [David Wong]email: [dw]@epost.deURL: www.[david-wong].deskills: cell phones, LaTeX, Synchronization, serial port,.....”(User EI, Sep. 2001) The responses were favorable, showing that the members valued participation as an important part of sustaining the community and the obsolete machine. A few months later, in February 2002, a member suggested the list to introduce themselves to the list in 80 minutes. The thread continued for about a month from users around the world: [Stanley Bower], New ZealandOwner of one well travelled single speed unit featuring a Hinge Crack and a rubber band modified latch. (User TG, Jan. 2002) [Dan], I hail from Los Angeles, CA, originally from Roseburg, Oregon. USA All the Way! I posted several months ago a suggestion that we set up an HPLX conference to get everyone on the list in a convenient location. Anyone else interested? [John Bulard] (User KC, Feb. 2002) 105 members have responded to the thread. Then user EI suggested to merge the contact information gathered from this email thread to the knowledge database. Currently, the database is offline due to privacy concerns, but this event showed how much the list was conscientious about using the collective knowledge for those who need help in maintaining the obsolete machine that essentially have little resources to depend on. The fact that the LX was obsolete pushed users to actively engage in collectively building resources for maintaining the LX. Unveiling Invisible Collective Creativity Because of the members’ active participation, it also unveiled the creativity of the members in getting around the problems that were created due to the obsolescence. For example, reading a PDF file on the LX was a big issue since existing DOS based PDF readers required higher system requirements than the LX. Accordingly, the members had to come up with their own ways of reading PDF files, and these were shared on the email list starting 1998 through 2005. In February 1999, user UP suggested printing PDF files from a fax driver and reading the output from the fax viewer. However, this fax viewer solution did not seem to get much attention. Instead, user EO followed up saying that some PDF files could be read directly without the viewer while others do not. Because this solution had uncertainties, his second suggestion was to convert PDF files into images from other computers and import them into the LX. From this point on, the members discussed a variety of ways in which PDF files could be read. The members found downloadable programs that could convert PDF files to .TXT or ASCII files as well as email addresses to which the members could send PDF files and receive text files back. In March 2001, a member introduced using Google to open PDF file as a text file and downloading the HTML file to the LX. Later, instead of the PDF to TXT or HTML solution, user CN shared his know-how of viewing PDF files through image capture: you can open it in Acrobat on your desktop, capture a screenshot to your clipboard (I think on a Windows box you press PrtScrn), then trim it neatly in a graphics program before saving the image to .pcx or some other format. Then you can view it in LXPic on your palmtop. It's easier than it sounds. (User CN, Jul. 2001) In April 2005, a member distributed an application that converted PDF files directly into the image files. Another member then complained about the size of the resulting image file, which he then solved through manually getting rid of the white bordering around the text. The LX users were constantly adapting their own ways of solving problems. Aside from viewing PDF files problem, there were many other challenges such as breaking hardware and outdating software that the users had to deal with. However, this very process of overcoming the LX becoming obsolete and losing compatibility with the advancing computing environment has unveiled the collective creativity of the LX users that would otherwise have been hidden. Becoming Well-Informed Even with active knowledge sharing and creative work-arounds, maintaining the LX was still challenging. Accordingly, the members had to constantly look out for alternatives that could replace the LX: I just picked up one of these beasties [Zaurus] at HSN.COM for $180-ish shipped. I was wondering if I could get some feedback from anyone who has used it and can compare/contrast with an LX. There are obvious differences in battery life, color, etc but I was wondering about built-in applications. So far this thing seems like a good alternative for those who want a "modern" color PDA but find PocketWindows too bloated and PalmOS too primitive. The coolest part is that you can use the SD slot form flash mem and the CF slot for ethernet or other periph. (User F, Mar. 2003) During the course of researching the alternatives and sharing experiences on the list, the members became well-informed about the alternative products and their pros and cons of the detailed aspects. Examples included how keyboard touch feels, what available customized as well as built-in applications are, how easy it is to back up, how long the battery life is, or what daily usage practices are. Because the LX was an intricate part of the members’ lives, daily resources and practices were built around the LX, making it one of the impeding factors for the LX users to move on to an alternative device. Thus, it was important to know the degree to which the alternative device can continue to support the workflow that was established around the LX. This forced the members to actively engage in conversations to be well informed about alternative devices beyond features and machine performances. As a result, the members became well aware of the choices they have as consumers and perceived themselves to be able to make well-informed decisions than other general consumer groups. Co-Construction of Group Identity Because the members became well-informed consumers and the LX was not something that anybody could use (it required minimum programming knowledge), the members begun to distance themselves apart from the general group of users. HP200LX becoming abandoned in place of a new mobile platform WinCE, which was supposedly user-friendlier than DOS, pushed the members even further away from “the normal users”, which opened up another space for the LX users to co-construct their group identity. Here is an exemplary conversation thread in which user BN responds to user TE: › HP are NOT making a big mistake by discontinuing the 200LX any more › than your girlfiend was whe[n] she dumped you for the nerd with pots › of money.Yeah, yeah, we react like the dumped boyfriend. But hey, rejection is tough. :)› It's their choice and their problem. _We_ don't have a problem.A little yes… (User BN, July 1999) Notice here how user BN and TE refer to the list members as “we” who react to the discontinuation like the dumped boyfriend, and HP as “they” who abandoned the LX over the new mobile platform. Similarly, in the following, by grouping the users “these days” that buy “crappy computer hardware and software”, user TE contrasts the LX users from the general group of users and characterizes the LX users as those who make informed decisions: They [the companies] don't care if the machines are a pain in the butt and the users are frustrated. These days, users are willing to accept crappy computer hardware and software... (User TE, 1999) However, another user argued that the general group of users, in fact, prefers WinCE or computing devices that they consider “crappy”, placing themselves further away from the general users: No, no, no. They [users] love that [WinCE]. There's nothing better than a big installed base who thin[k]s that a bug fix is properly referred to as an "upgrade." (User MD, 1999) Watkins, in his book Throwaways (Watkins), argued that distancing between the new and the old gave a means of maintaining dominance through distinction from others. For example, rather than being viewed as true progression, to Watkins, avant-gardism was merely another means of social distinction, a way to stay one step ahead. In the case of the LX community, the use of old, instead of the new, has been placed as their ways of staying techno-culturally one step ahead. This process of social distinction played an important part in the formation of the group identity, which in turn tightened the community and brought them closer together. Obsolescence Uncovers Values in Technology Use When we picture obsolete computers, they are dusted, big, heavy, slow, and clunky – they are perceived to have little ability to perform as newer computers do. However, obsolescence is such a situated notion that it may be construed arbitrarily depending on how, to whom, and when an object becomes obsolete. Although planned obsolescence may reclassify a machine as obsolete, its actual disuse may come later. Even if the disuse occurs, again, throwing away may happen later. The LX community showed a representative example of the constant re-interpretation of the obsolescence through the tight tension between reclassification of the LX as obsolete by the corporate and perceived obsolescence by the end-users. For the LX users, the LX was not obsolete – it was still the most functional device they could find at the time. The LX users were then committed to maintain the LX over eight years after discontinuation, challenging the notion of obsolete computers as worthless. The LX users maintained the obsolete machine not solely because of the nostalgic purposes but arguably because of the quality and functionality the machine possessed. In fact, the LX community was merely a representative of many user communities of discontinued computing artifacts (Muniz Jr. and Schau, Frauenfelder) that could attest to the arbitrary notion of obsolescence. The constant tension between the forced obsolescence and the refusal towards obsolescence, in return, allowed the LX community to discover values that may not otherwise have been revealed. In the process of pushing back the notion that the LX is obsolete, the community was able to bring to the surface the active participation of the community, the hidden forms of collective creativity, constant efforts in becoming well informed, and the formation of group identity. References Blevis, E. "Sustainable Interaction Design: Invention & Disposal, Renewal & Reuse." ACM CHI New York, 2007. Cros, Charles, and Tristan Corbière. Œuvres Complètes [de] Charles Cros [et] Tristan Corbière. Bibliothèque de La Pléiade. Paris: Gallimard, 1970. Frauenfelder, M. "Never Say Die." Wired March 2000. Gartner. "Gartner Says Mobile Phone Sales Will Exceed One Billion in 2009." 2005. 15 July 2009 ‹http://www.gartner.com/press_releases/asset_132473_11.html›. Huang, E.M., and K.N. Truong. "Sustainably Ours - Situated Sustainability for Mobile Phones." Interactions-New York 15.2 (2008): 16-19. Muniz Jr., A.M., and H.J. Schau. "Religiosity in the Abandoned Apple Newton Brand Community." Journal of Consumer Research 31.4 (2005): 737-47. Orlando, Francesco. Obsolete Objects in the Literary Imagination : Ruins, Relics, Rarities, Rubbish, Uninhabited Places, and Hidden Treasures. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. Sterne, Jonathan. "Out with the Trash: On the Future of New Media." Residual Media. Ed. Charles R. Acland. Illustrated ed. Minneapolis: University of Minessota Press, 2007. 16-31. Strasser, Susan. Waste and Want: A Social History of Trash. 1st ed. New York: Metropolitan Books, 1999. U.S. Wireless Mobile Phone Evaluation Study. J.D. Power and Associates, 2007. Watkins, E. Throwaways: Work Culture and Consumer Education. Stanford University Press, 1993.

2010 - 2011
The research deals with the breaking of the evolution problem of a reversible material system in two different problems, the initial data problem and the restricted evolution problem. This breaking, intrinsically formulated, permits to study of the evolution of a perfect fluid which produces a spherically symmetric 4--manifold. By using different systems of coordinates adapted to the world-lines of this fluid, such as curvature coordinates, gaussian coordinates, gaussian polar coordinates and harmonic coordinates, different exact solutions are obtained. In particular, in gaussian coordinates, I have obtained two solutions already deduced, in a different way, by Wesson and Gutman, showing that they are physically equivalent. In addition, by considering the frames of reference associated to isotropic coordinates and spherical symmetry, I have obtained that the restricted evolution problem gives dynamic models non different from Einstein--deSitter or Friedman--Robertson--Walker or Wyman models; moreover, if the distribution of the fluid is initially regular in the symmetry center, and the Hubble parameter is constant, all the configurations of the fluid are demonstrated to be Euclidean hypersurfaces. Finally, I have studied the geometrical and physical characteristics of the class of reference frames associated to harmonic coordinates. Precisely, I express in relative form the harmonicity conditions and consider the so called “spatially harmonicity" of a reference frame in spherical symmetry. The initial data problem is then analyzed in polar coordinates and the obtained results are applied to special cases of exact solutions. [edited by author]
X n.s.

This research aims to study the presents hymns in the corpus paulinum (Phil 2,6-11; Col 1,15-20; Eph 1,3-14) from its sitz im leben cultic, and considering the relationship between Scripture and liturgy in the early christian community. The research will start from the observation of the presence of hymns in the religions of the peoples of the ancient Near East, through Israel and the Hellas, until the early Church. Although the forms are taken up, the New Testament hymns differ themselves from their predecessors as its core content: the Christ event. So, it is considered will each of the hymns in its christological reference in the context of pauline theology. Finally, will be analyzed the presence of these hymns in the roman Liturgy current, identifying each of the celebrative contexts in which these hymns are present, whether as a prayer of praise addressed to God, either as exhortation to the community. Hymns thus express that double movement that defines every liturgical action: the glorification of God and the sanctification of man

High praise continues to come in for the 4th volume of Jake Van Dyk's The Modern Technology of Radiation Oncology. From Peter Metcalfe in Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine… "Thank goodness medical physics has Jacob Van Dyk. Like Tiger Woods and Phil Mickelson in golf, his textbooks continue to make major comebacks. He has managed to assemble the most talented among us to sustain the up-to-date knowledge that is essential to our profession. Reference knowledge from this textbook will help ensure the medical physics profession is at the cutting edge of cancer research and clinical treatment. This textbook has taken pride of place on my bookshelf, right next to my most treasured Porsche magazines. I could not give it a higher accolade than that." From Rajesh A. Kinhikar in Journal of Medical Physics…"This resourceful book has aimed to serve as a comprehensive textbook for the practicing radiotherapy professionals. I would like to congratulate the authors and the Editor for such a high?quality scientific feast and strongly recommend the fourth volume of The Modern Technology of Radiation Oncologyto the clinical medical physicists and radiation oncology professionals involved with the rapidly evolving radiotherapy." New topics addressed in volume 4 include surface-guided radiation therapy (RT), PET/MRI, real-time MRI guidance, robust optimization, automated treatment planning, artificial intelligence, adaptive RT, machine learning, big data, radiomics, particle therapy RBE, nanoparticle applications, economic considerations, global medical physics activities, global access to RT, and FLASH RT. The volumes in this series have not only been valued by medical physicists and radiation oncologists in clinical practice around the world, but have also provided an important learning resource for residency programs, radiation technologists, dosimetrists, research students, biomedical engineers, and ancillary professionals related with radiotherapy. Administrators and scientists affiliated with the practice of radiation therapy will also find this book a useful resource.

Advanced Environmental Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, offers physiology students and exercise science professionals a complete look at the major topics and debates in the field of environmental physiology. In this second edition, Dr. Stephen Cheung is joined by the coauthor Dr. Phil Ainslie, who has extensive professional expertise in mountaineering and high-altitude physiology and has led numerous high-altitude research expeditions. Among the issues explored in this text are the effects of heat, hydration, and cold in the thermal environment; diving, altitude training, and other pressure effects on the human system; and the influences that pollution and air quality have on exercise. The text also explores the microgravity (space) environment and chronobiological rhythms. The second edition includes new chapters on heat adaptation and therapy, breath-hold diving, physiological adjustments to acute hypoxia, sex differences in environmental response, and cross-adaptation. Through Advanced Environmental Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, readers will learn the following: • The initial physiological responses upon exposure to an environment that a person is not adapted to • How the body adapts to repeated exposure to an environment • How various environments affect the ability to exercise and work • Individual variability in response to stressful environments • Countermeasures that people can take to minimize the impact of environmental stressors Advanced Environmental Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, contains twice the number of figures and illustrations from the previous edition to offer better visualization and explanation of the content. New learning aids include chapter objectives, chapter summaries, and review questions to enhance reader comprehension. Sidebars throughout the text highlight lively areas of current research and debate to stimulate further investigation. Supported by evidence-based information and numerous references, Advanced Environmental Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, addresses the primary environmental factors affecting people when they are working, exercising, and competing in sport. By linking research with recommendations for real-world situations, this text serves as an invaluable resource for students and professionals alike.

Letter 32 refers the payment of jizya ‘poll-tax’ apparently by non-Muslims. Letter 36 refers to the payment of maks (customs tax). There is a reference to maks in the legal document 45, which records the hire of a boat by Muslims to sail from Bilāq (Philae) into Nubia to conduct trade. This indicates that the Fatimid government controlled trade with Nubia and taxed imported goods.

AbstractDespite Vision Zero’s moral appeal and its expansion throughout the world, it has been criticized on different grounds. This chapter is based on an extensive literature search for criticism of Vision Zero, using the bibliographic databases Philosopher’s Index, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Phil Papers, and by following the references in the collected documents. Even if the primary emphasis was on Vision Zero in road traffic, our search also included documents criticizing Vision Zero policies in other safety areas, such as public health, the construction and mining industries, and workplaces in general. Based on the findings, we identify and systematically characterize and classify the major arguments that have been put forward against Vision Zero. The most important arguments against Vision Zero can be divided into three major categories: moral arguments, arguments concerning the (goal-setting) rationality of Vision Zero, and arguments aimed at the practical implementation of the goals. We also assess the arguments. Of the 13 identified main arguments, 6 were found to be useful for a constructive discussion on safety improvements.

AbstractDespite Vision Zero’s moral appeal and its expansion throughout the world, it has been criticized on different grounds. This chapter is based on an extensive literature search for criticism of Vision Zero, using the bibliographic databases Philosopher’s Index, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Phil Papers, and by following the references in the collected documents. Even if the primary emphasis was on Vision Zero in road traffic, our search also included documents criticizing Vision Zero policies in other safety areas, such as public health, the construction and mining industries, and workplaces in general. Based on the findings, we identify and systematically characterize and classify the major arguments that have been put forward against Vision Zero. The most important arguments against Vision Zero can be divided into three major categories: moral arguments, arguments concerning the (goal-setting) rationality of Vision Zero, and arguments aimed at the practical implementation of the goals. We also assess the arguments. Of the 13 identified main arguments, 6 were found to be useful for a constructive discussion on safety improvements.

AbstractThis introduction lays out the focus of the book on moments in film when ‘unheard melodies’ become heard and meaningful. These filmic instances where music ‘takes over’ and the surreal often becomes the accepted filmic reality are examined in reference to two recent theoretical approaches: ‘musical moments’ (Amy Herzog) and ‘crystal songs’ (Phil Powrie). Divided up into four parts, the book’s chapters apply these two differing but overlapping theoretical concepts to their case studies and discussions. What the Musical Moment Can Do—Theoretical Approaches covers the books’ theoretical foundation by Herzog and Powrie themselves. Part two, How the Musical Moment was Created—Musical Numbers in Silent and Early Sound Cinema, discusses the history of musical numbers from silent to early sound cinema. Then, Musical Dis/Placements—Musical Moments in Global Cinema focuses on the varied manifestations of musical numbers through case studies of different national cinemas. And finally, From Romance to Dystopia looks at the social and political dimensions of musical moments embedded in contemporary cinema, with the goal of evoking further discussions of this rich and foundational filmic element.

Abstract It is unfortunate that the only ancient writer to offer a date for Meleager should be two centuries in error. According to Diogenes Laertius (Vit. Phil. vi. 99), the books of the Cynic philosopher Menippus (who lived in the early third century) ‘overflow with laughter, much the same as those of his contemporary Meleager.’ But although a recent work on the hellenistic love epigram leaves the possibility open, Meleager simply cannot have lived that early. At least seven Garland-poets—Alcaeus, Amyntas, Antipater of Sidon, Moschus, Nicander, Polystratus, and Samius—wrote in the second century. The obvious connection between Meleager and Menippus is not their date but their native city: both were Gadarenes. The most natural solution is that Diogenes misunderstood some such reference to their connection in his source.

This chapter shows what the term philosophos could have meant at the time for which it is attested, and thus what meaning Pythagoras or his followers would have sought to spin in accepting the term for themselves, had they done so. It pays close attention to the peculiar archaic use of phil-prefixed names, their normative valence, their application, or the contribution of their second element to the overall meaning. The chapter also considers the meaning of that particular second element, soph-, at the end of the sixth century BCE. This chapter thus begins by turning again to Cicero's version of the Pythagoras story. It looks in more detail to a non-Heraclidean but probably still fourth-century BCE version, found in Diodorus Siculus, which in effect dramatizes the thesis of this book: that the word philosophos was formed in reference to sophoi considered as “sages.”

Abstract That early Christian texts were composed, reproduced, and disseminated during the second and third centuries cannot be disputed. Furthermore, the fact that soon after The Shepherd of Hermas was written, apparently in Rome, we find papyrus copies of the text in upper Egypt, quotations in Clement of Alexandria and Irenaeus of Lyon, and some forty years later a mention in the Muratorian Canon testifies to the widespread circulation of at least some early Christian texts. Early Christian texts indeed betray an active exchange of literature - letters, Gospels, accounts of martyrdoms, and so forth - between churches and between individuals, and we do not need to look far to find out precisely how these texts made their way from one church to another: Christian letters are replete with references to friends or associates who served as couriers (Rom 16:1; 1 Cor 16:10; Eph 6:21; Col 4:7; 1 Pet 5:12; 1 Clem 65.1; Ign, Phil 11.2 and Smyr 12.1). It appears that such exchanges of texts began with a simple request: “make and send us copies of the letters of Ignatius” the church at Philippi must have requested of Polycarp. Similarly, the fourth-century writer who asks for “the Ezra” offers us a glimpse into the processes of text circulation.3 Such requests were the impetus behind the copying of classical literature more generally, as the requests of our anonymous letter writers in upper Egypt and Cicero illumine. Classical and Christian literature alike appear to have circulated by the agency of social networks.

The UKMOD has an objective to improve the efficiency and flexibility associated with the integration of naval electrical systems into both new and existing platforms. A more specific challenge for the MOD is in the de-risking of the integration of future pulse and stochastic loads such as Laser Directed Energy Weapons. To address this the Power Networks Demonstration Centre (PNDC) naval research programme is focused towards understanding and resolving the associated future power system requirements. To address these challenges, the UK MOD and the PNDC have worked collaboratively to develop a 540kVA Power Hardware in the Loop (PHIL) testing facility. For the UK MOD this supports the “UK-US Advanced Electric Power and Propulsion Project Arrangement (AEP3).” This testing facility has been used to explore the capabilities of PHIL testing and evaluate a Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) in a notional ship power system environment. This testing provided an opportunity to develop and further validate the capability of the PHIL platform for continued marine power system research. This paper presents on the results from PHIL testing of the FESS at PNDC, which involved both characterisation and interfacing the FESS within a simulated ship power system. The characterisation tests involved evaluating the: response to step changes in current reference; frequency and impedance characteristics; and response during uncontrolled discharge. The ship power system testing involved interfacing the FESS to a simulated real time notional ship power system model and evaluating the response of the FESS and the impact on the ship power system under a range of different operational scenarios. This paper also discuss the links between FESS characterisation testing and the development of the energy management system implemented in the real time model. This control system was developed to schedule operation of the FESS state (charging, discharging and idle) with the other simulated generation sources (the active front end and battery storage) and with the loads within the ship power system model. Finally, this paper highlights how the testing at PNDC has also supported the comparison and validation of previous FESS testing at Florida State University’s Centre Advanced Power Systems (FSU CAPS) facility, and how the combined efforts help to collectively de-risk future load Total Ship Integration and Evolving Intelligent Platforms in both UK and US programmes via the AEP3 PA.