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1
Immerwahr, Daniel. "Philippine Independence in U.S. History." Pacific Historical Review 91, no. 2 (2022): 220–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2022.91.2.220.
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In 1946, the United States freed its largest colony, the Philippines. This article examines the decision-making behind that and argues that the road to freedom was not straight. The 1934 law scheduling independence was motivated mainly by protectionism, racism, and a sense that the Philippines was a military liability. Moreover, it contained many loopholes. Between its passage and the scheduled date for independence, Washington’s original reasons for freeing the Philippines had nearly all vanished, and high-ranking colonial officials sought to derail the independence process. Nevertheless, the Philippines was freed, because Washington regarded this act as central to its attempts to legitimize the postwar world order. Putting Philippine independence in the proper chronological context connects it to the history of decolonization and U.S. global hegemony.
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Yu Jose, Lydia N. "The Koreans in Second World War Philippines: Rumour and history." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 43, no. 2 (April 20, 2012): 324–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463412000082.
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‘Mas malupit ang mga Koreano kaysa mga Hapon’ is a rumour about Koreans in Second World War Philippines that has persisted to this day. A comparative, quantitative statement, it is roughly translated as ‘The Koreans committed more atrocities than the Japanese in Second World War Philippines’. This is a half-true memory: true, there were Koreans in the Philippines; false, they could not have committed more atrocities than the Japanese because there were very few of them, as archival evidence discussed in this article proves. If only the Koreans and their role in the war were properly discussed in Philippine textbooks, this rumour would not have persisted to this day.
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Magboo, O.P., Cecilio Vladimir. "Lucio Gutierrez, O.P. and the Study of the Christianization of the Philippines." Philippiniana Sacra 51, no. 153 (2016): 403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55997/ps2005li153a4.
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Fr. Lucio Peña Gutierrez, O.P. may be considered as having contributed significantly in the field of studies in the Ecclesiastical History of the Philippines and Philippine history in general. As a dedicated scholar, he campaigned for a more fair and objective view of the Philippine History. His studies tried to dispel a number of myths in the way the Spaniards carried out the evangelization and conquest of the Philippine Islands. He has shown that the experience of the Philippines is unique and the transformation of such scattered group of islands into a Christian nation could be considered one great success story for the Catholic Church. Anyone who would read Philippine history has to keep in mind Christian spirit that imbued the missionaries and secular rulers from Spain. To say, for instance, that the friars were the ones who destroyed the indigenous culture of the Filipinos and prior to their arrival was bliss in these Islands is anachronistic, ideology based and disprovable by evidences and documents. It is actually faith that preserved the Filipino culture and saved its people. His book on the life and works of Domingo de Salazar, the first bishop of the Philippines, is a tell tale of how the Spaniards who came into contact with the natives, labored meticulously to make their affair in the Philippines humane and true to the spirit of the Gospel. The challenge then is to make the many veiled aspects of Philippine Church history popular, and those popularly known, which are close to fictional, be freed from errors.
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Campos, Patrick. "Early Cinema History and the Emergence of “Filipino” Film." Plaridel 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52518/2013.10.1-06cmps.
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A Review of Cine: Spanish Influences on Early Cinema in the Philippines (2003), Quezon City: National Commission for Culture and the Arts and Film: American Influences on Philippine Cinema (2011), Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing, Inc.
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Cabras, A. A., J. Villegas, A. Ponce, and M. N. D. Medina. "METAPOCYRTUS MADAYAW SP. N. (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE, ENTIMINAE), A NEW FLIGHTLESS WEEVIL FROM EASTERN MINDANAO, PHILIPPINES." Far Eastern entomologist 490 (November 2, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/fee.490.1.
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The flightless weevil Metapocyrtus (Artapocyrtus) madayaw Cabras et Medina, sp. n. is described and illustrated from Davao Region in Mindanao Island, Philippines. Holotype and paratypes are deposited at the Philippine National Museum of Natural History (Manila, Philippines). Ecological notes on the new species are also provided.
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Stenberg (石峻山), Josh. "Xiqu in the Philippines: From Church Suppression to MegaMall Shows." Journal of Chinese Overseas 16, no. 1 (May 12, 2020): 58–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341413.
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Abstract Evidence of xiqu (“Chinese opera”) in the Philippines begins in the early 16th century, when the Catholic church sought to suppress it. Despite its longevity, Philippine xiqu has not featured much in the multidisciplinary study of ethnic Chinese in the Philippines, nor as part of the global turn in xiqu research. This article, attending to the history and contemporary practice of xiqu, situates the Philippines and especially Manila firmly in the Hokkien network of Chinese theatre, especially in the period between the late nineteenth century and World War II. The Philippines were, and remain today, an important node in xiqu dissemination, transfer, and transnational evolution, as well as an integral part of the culture of the Chinese in the Philippines. The Philippine case helps break down fundamental linguistic, ethnic, and religious equations surrounding xiqu, given the genre’s syncretism, ethnic ambiguity, and non-Chinese language environment.
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Grant, Paul. "Screening Place: Regional and Vernacular Cinemas in Cebu." Plaridel 17, no. 2 (2020): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52518/2020.17.2-02pgrant.
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The history of autonomous cultural production in the Philippines has been both blessed and cursed with a series of significant but contentious debates largely stemming from the nation’s historical battles with colonialism and how that experience problematized the concept of an easily definable national identity. Using geographical concepts surrounding place to open up new approaches to understanding local cultural production, this essay turns to Philippine cinema as a propaedeutic for this contested history and traces the emergence and difficulties of vernacular and regional cinemas in Cebu, Philippines.
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Donoso, Isaac. "Narrating Islamic Origins in the Philippines: From Princess Urduja to Alexander the Great." International Journal of Islam in Asia 2, no. 1 (October 19, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25899996-20221031.
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Abstract Different disconnected stories have been associated with the origins of Islam in the Philippines, enforcing historical narratives that have avoid placing the lens on other facts. The story of Princess Urduja that Ibn Baṭṭūṭa included in his Riḥla, dominated the ethos of an Edenic past with Arabic connections. The Spanish concept of Reconquista and the articulation of the so-called ‘Moro Wars’ pervaded ad nauseam the Moro condition and the Philippine national construction. The presence of Alexander the Great in Philippine silsilas have certainly received unequal attention, without going further than folklore. This paper aims to clarify myth and history in narrating the origins of Islam in the Philippines. In doing so recent historiographical trends and insights on Islamic mission in early modern Philippines are examined.
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Aune, Stefan. "Indian Fighters in the Philippines." Pacific Historical Review 90, no. 4 (2021): 419–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2021.90.4.419.
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This article explores the connections between the violence that accompanied U.S. continental expansion in the nineteenth century and the Philippine-American War, which began in 1899 after Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States following the Spanish-American War. Perhaps geographic distance has served to mask the temporal proximity of these linked periods of U.S. expansion, because this is a connection that has remained largely unexplored in the historiography. Rather than viewing 1898 as a caesura marking the separation between the continental and global phases of American empire, this article explores continuities through an examination of the interaction between imperial culture and military violence. Some U.S. soldiers in the Philippines drew directly on their experiences in wars with Native people, while others narrated their time in the Philippines as an “Indian war” and validated their actions by discursively positioning themselves and their troops as “Indian fighters.” The Indian Wars were translated, through the actions, imaginations, and writing of U.S. soldiers, politicians, and journalists, into a flexible discourse able to travel across space and time. These frontier resonances became one of several structuring narratives that sought to racialize Filipinos in order to justify the war and occupation.
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Piscos, James Lotero. "“Humanizing the Indios” Early Spanish missionaries’ struggles for natives’ dignity: Influences and impact in 16th Century Philippines." Bedan Research Journal 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 158–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.58870/berj.v7i1.36.
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Spanish conquest in the New World has two sides, evangelization, and colonization. The former was carried by the missionaries who were heavily influenced by Bartolome de Las Casa and Vitoria, while the latter by conquistadores, the defenders of the conquest. Early missionaries fought for the dignity of the Indios where they clashed with the motives of the conquistadores to exploit human resources. The problematic part was they have to work under the Spanish crown where their point of contact was also their area for friction. When they arrived in the Philippines, that social solidarity and dynamics of social relation continued where it became complex due to the involvement of various groups including the natives and their leaders, the religious orders, and most of all the Spanish Royal Court that had the history of having a heart for the Indians. King Philip II created a space for debates within his agenda of social conscience. Using Durkheim’s structuralist-functionalist approach, historical narratives about early missionaries’ struggles for natives’ dignity in the 16th century Philippines were examined. Durkheim’s social solidarity, dynamics of social relations, and his concepts of anomie as disruptions due to dramatic changes and conflicts were utilized as tools to analyze the quest for total well-being. The achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs) is authenticated in amplifying the value of human dignity, equality, and respect for each individual. With this, the 500 years of Christianity in the Philippines is worth the celebration.ReferencesAbella, G. (1971) From Indio to Filipino and some historical works. Philippine Historical Review. (Vol. 4).Arcilla, J. S. S.J. (1998). The Spanish conquest. Kasaysayan: The story of the Filipino people. (Vol. 3). C & C Offset Printing Co., Ltd.Bernal, R. (1965). “Introduction.” The colonization and conquest of the Philippines by Spain: Some contemporary source documents. Filipiniana Book Guild.Burkholder, M. (1996). “Sepulveda, Juan Gines de.” Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture. (Vol.5). Edited by Barbara A. Tenenbaum. Macmillan Library Reference.Burkholder, S. (1996). “Vitoria, Francisco de.” Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture. (Vol.5). Macmillan Library Reference.Tenenbaum, B. (ed). (1996). “Sepulveda Juan Gines de” in Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture (Vol. 5) Macmillan Library Reference.Cabezon, A. (1964) An introduction to church and state relations according to Francisco Vitoria. University of Sto. Tomas. Cathay Press Ltd. (1971). Spain in the Philippines: From conquest to the revolution.Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) (2020). Pastoral letter celebrating the 500th Year of Christianity in the Philippines. https://cbcpnews.net/cbcpnews/wp-content/uploads/2021/ 03/500-YOC-CBCP-Pastoral-Statement-Final.pdf.Charles V. (1539) De Indis, Letter of Emperor Charles V to Francisco Vitoria, Toledo.Cushner, N. (1966). The isles of the west: Early Spanish voyages to the Philippines, 1521-1564. Ateneo de Manila Press.Dasmarinas, G. (1591). Account of Encomiendas in Philipinas. Blair, E. and R. (1903) (Vol. 8) (eds. at annots). The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 Vol.3: Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest conditions with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century. Arthur H Clark. Hereinafter referred to as B and R.De la Costa, H. (1961). Jesuits in the Philippines. Harvard University Press.De la Rosa, R. (1990). Beginnings of the Filipino Dominicans. UST Press.De Jesus, E. (1965). “Christianity and conquest: The basis of Spanish sovereignty over the Philippines.” The beginnings of Christianity in the Philippines. Philippine Historical Institute.Digireads.com. (2013). The division of labor. https://1lib.ph/book/2629481/889cf4Donovan, W. (1996). “Las Casas, Bartolome.” Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture (Vol.3). Macmillan Library Reference.Durkheim, E. (2005). Suicide: A study on sociology. Routledge.Durkheim, E. Mauss, M., & Needham, R. (2010) Primitive Classification. Routledge.Duterte, R. (2018). Executive Order No.55. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2018/05may/20180508-EO-55-RRD.pdf.Ferrante, J. (2015). Sociology, a global perspective. Cengage Learning.Gutierrez, L. (1975). “Domingo de Salazar’s struggle for justice and humanization in the conquest of the Philippines.” Philippiniana Sacra 14.Harvard University. (1951). Jurisdictional conflicts in the Philippines during the XVI and XVII.Lavezaris, M. (1569) Letter to Felipe II in B and R (1903) (Vol. 3).Licuanan, V. and Mira J. (1994). The Philippines under Spain: Reproduction of the original spanish documents with english translation (Vol. 5). National Trust for Historic and Cultural Preservation of the Philippines.Lietz, P. (Trans). (1668). Munoz Text of Alcina’s History of the Bisayan Islands. Philippine Studies Program. XXV(74). National Quincentennial Committee (2021). Victory and Humanity. https://nqc.gov.ph/en/resources/victory-and-humanity/Lukes, S. (ed) (2013) The rules of sociological method. Palgrave Macmillan.National Trust for Historic and Cultural Preservation of the Philippines. (1996). The Philippines under Spain: Reproduction of the original Spanish documents with English translation (Vol 6).Piscos, J.L. (2017). Human Rights and Justice Issues in the 16th Century Philippines. Scientia, The international journal on the liberal arts. San Beda College. https://scientia-sanbeda.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2-piscos.pdfPorras, J.L. (1990). The synod of Manila of 1582. Translated by Barranco, Carballo, Echevarra, Felix, Powell and Syquia. Historical Conservation Society.Munoz, H. (1939). Vitoria and the Conquest of America.Rada. M. (1574) Opinion regarding tributes to the Indians in B and R (1903) (Vol.3).Rafael, V. (2018) Colonial contractions: The making of the modern Philippines, 1565–1946. https://www.academia.edu/ 41715926/Vicente_L_Rafael_Colonial_Contractions_The_ Making_of_the_Modern_Philippines_1565_1946_Oxford_Modern_Asia.Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias. (1943). Tomo I.Roberts, D. (2021) The church and slavery in Spain. https://www.academia. edu/49685496/THE_CHURCH_AND_SLAVERY_IN_NEW_SPAIN.San Agustin, G. (1998). Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas: 1565-1615. Translated by Luis Antonio Maneru. Bilingual Edition. San Agustin Museum.Schaefer, R. (2013). Sociology matters. McGrawHill.Scott, J.B. (1934) Francisco de Vitoria and his law of nations. Oxford Press.Scott, W.H. (1991). Slavery in the Spanish Philippines. De la Salle University Press.Szaszdi, I. (2019). The “Protector de Indios” in Early Modern Age America. University of Valladolid: Journal on European History of Law, Vol. 10. https://www.academia.edu/43493406/The_Protector_de_Indios_in_early_Modern_Age_America on August 4.United Nations Development Program (2015). What are the SustainableDevelopment Goals?. https://www.undp.org/sustainabledevelopment-goals?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Brand_English&utm_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAjwgr6TBhAGEiwA3aVuITYSRlHJDYekFYL-lXHAxzBAO5DWwd2kUCDjhvuRglDj Z1F6dFIUFxoCoOwQAvD_BwEUniversity of Santo Tomas. (1979). “Domingo de Salazar, OP, First Bishop of the Philippines (1512-1594): Defender of the Rights of the Filipinos at the Spanish Contact” Philippiniana Sacra XX.University of Santo Tomas. (2001). Domingo de Salazar, OP, First Bishop of the Philippines, 1512-1594.University of Santo Tomas. (1986). “Opinion of Fr. Domingo de Salazar, O.P. First bishop of the Philippines and the major religious superiors regarding slaves.” Philippiniana Sacra. 22(64).University of Santo Tomas. (1986). “Domingo de Salazar’s Memorial of 1582 on the status of the Philippines: A manifesto for freedom and humanization.” Philippiniana Sacra 21(63).University of Santo Tomas. (1990). “The Synod of Manila: 1581-1586.” Philippiniana Sacra.University of the Philippines-Diliman. (2007). Church-state politics in the justice issues of the 16th Century Philippines. Unpublished Dissertation,Villaroel, F. (2000). “The Church and the Philippine referendum of 1599.” Philippiniana Sacra (Vol.XXXV).Yale Courses. (2011). Durkheim’s theory of Anomie. 23. Durkheim's Theory of Anomie - YouTubeZaide, G. at annots. (1990). Documentary sources of Philippine history. (Vol. 2). National Bookstore.
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Lally, John, Rene M. Samaniego, and John Tully. "Mental health legislation in the Philippines: Philippine Mental Health Act." BJPsych International 16, no. 03 (January 8, 2019): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bji.2018.33.
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The first mental health act legislation in the history of the Philippines has been officially signed into law and was enacted as the Republic Act no. 11036 on 21 June 2018. It provides a rights-based mental health bill and a comprehensive framework for the implementation of optimal mental healthcare in the Philippines. We review the principles and provisions of the Mental Health Act of 2017 and the implications for mental healthcare in the Philippines.
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Larena, Maximilian, Federico Sanchez-Quinto, Per Sjödin, James McKenna, Carlo Ebeo, Rebecca Reyes, Ophelia Casel, et al. "Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 13 (March 22, 2021): e2026132118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026132118.
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Island Southeast Asia has recently produced several surprises regarding human history, but the region’s complex demography remains poorly understood. Here, we report ∼2.3 million genotypes from 1,028 individuals representing 115 indigenous Philippine populations and genome-sequence data from two ∼8,000-y-old individuals from Liangdao in the Taiwan Strait. We show that the Philippine islands were populated by at least five waves of human migration: initially by Northern and Southern Negritos (distantly related to Australian and Papuan groups), followed by Manobo, Sama, Papuan, and Cordilleran-related populations. The ancestors of Cordillerans diverged from indigenous peoples of Taiwan at least ∼8,000 y ago, prior to the arrival of paddy field rice agriculture in the Philippines ∼2,500 y ago, where some of their descendants remain to be the least admixed East Asian groups carrying an ancestry shared by all Austronesian-speaking populations. These observations contradict an exclusive “out-of-Taiwan” model of farming–language–people dispersal within the last four millennia for the Philippines and Island Southeast Asia. Sama-related ethnic groups of southwestern Philippines additionally experienced some minimal South Asian gene flow starting ∼1,000 y ago. Lastly, only a few lowlanders, accounting for <1% of all individuals, presented a low level of West Eurasian admixture, indicating a limited genetic legacy of Spanish colonization in the Philippines. Altogether, our findings reveal a multilayered history of the Philippines, which served as a crucial gateway for the movement of people that ultimately changed the genetic landscape of the Asia-Pacific region.
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Hopkins, A. G. "The Philippines in Imperial History." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 49, no. 4 (July 4, 2021): 805–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2021.1957502.
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Rodríguez, Rebeca Fernández. "Lexicography in the Philippines (1600–1800)." Historiographia Linguistica 41, no. 1 (June 10, 2014): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.41.1.01rod.
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Summary Spanish missionary lexicography in America and the Philippines is extensive and deserving of detailed research. In the Philippines, from 1600 up to 1898, more than fifty vocabularies were published in thirteen different languages. Alongside these are numerous vocabularies preserved only as manuscripts and others that are known to be lost. Following some recent publications on Philippine lexicography, in particular bibliographic surveys and studies of specific vocabularies (García-Medall 2004, 2009; Sueiro Justel 2003; Fernández Rodríguez 2009, 2012), as well as Smith-Stark’s (2009) work on Mexican lexicography, this paper presents a contrastive analysis of the lexicographic styles of seven Philippine vocabularies of five different languages: Tagalog, Visayan, Pampango, Bicol and Ilokano. Through examination of the lexicographic characteristics of the most important vocabularies written in the first two centuries of Spanish presence in the Philippines (1600–1800), the present writer tries to establish the lexicographical models used by the missionaries: whether they followed the existing models (mainly Nebrija, Molina and Calepino) or if they created a novel Philippine model. The authors of these vocabularies were missionaries of different Orders: Augustinian, Dominican, Franciscan, and Jesuits. All these vocabularies are bilingual and bidirectional, with the sole exception of the unidirectional Ilokano vocabulary.
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Indriani H. Ismail and Hasaruddin. "Modern Islam in Southeast Asia : Mindanao." International Journal Conference 1, no. 1 (February 2, 2023): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46870/iceil.v1i1.492.
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This research is entitled History of Modern Islam in Southeast Asia: Mindanao. The limitations of the discussion in this study are: 1) History of the Arrival of Islam in the Philippines, 2) Spanish Colonial Period, 3) United States Imperialism Period, 4) Transitional Period, 5) Post-Independence Period until now. It aims to find answers to the following questions: (1) What are the reasons behind their armed struggle and the search for secession? (2) What actions have been taken and are still being taken by the Philippine government to solve the problem of Muslim rebellion? This research was conducted using a literature study approach, with the aim of tracing the history of Islam in Mindanao. The results show that: The research shows that the causes of the Muslim problem are rooted in the Philippines' colonial past while the direct and current causes are traced to government neglect and abuse, corrupt local/traditional Muslim leaders, agrarian discontent and land disputes and, the rise of the Islamic religion in the whole world. The study revealed that the Philippine government was sincere in finding a solution to the problem as they hadstarted peace negotiations with the insurgents. Any peace negotiations or talks that the government participates in are always within the terms of the Tripoli Agreement and within the constitutional boundaries of the Philippines.
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Aquino, Belinda A. "The Philippines." Current History 85, no. 510 (April 1, 1986): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1986.85.510.155.
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Abella, Manolo I. "Labor Mobility, Trade and Structural Change: The Philippine Experience." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 2, no. 3 (September 1993): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689300200302.
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This article addresses three questions: (1) Is the high rate of emigration of labor from the Philippines related to the country's trade policy? (2) Why have migration and accompanying remittances not made much of an impact on the growth and structure of the Philippine economy? (3) Would economic growth and structural change eventually curtail labor emigration? The Philippines' history of labor export and its economic development are contrasted with those of Asian NIEs which have adopted liberal trade regimes. Structural economic and demographic factors combined with an inward-looking industrialization policy have sustained a strong labor outflow from the Philippines, in contrast to the NIEs which are becoming net importers of labor. In the newly emerging integration of Asian economies, the Philippines must develop exports based on factors other than labor intensity ( e.g., its highly educated workforce) to maintain a competitive edge.
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Benitez, Christian Jil, and Phrae Chittiphalangsri. "Philippine philippine, or the Tropics in Cixous’s Dreaming True." eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the Tropics 22, no. 2 (July 23, 2023): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/etropic.22.2.2023.3973.
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Hélène Cixous’s oneiric ideation of the philippine (twin almond)—and by extension, her text Philippines (2009/2011)—primarily evokes love, or that force of attraction between two beings in which one can never say where each begins or ends. It is by the virtue of this entanglement that another philippine can be offered to this discourse: the Philippines that is that archipelago which encloses and opens up a particular location and reality within the tropics. This essay attempts to reconsider Cixous’s philippine via the Philippine, through dwelling on the stroke of homophony between these two signifiers and encountering them as materials in and of themselves. As such, these words are recognized here not simply as objects of the critique, but as its very method, a material poetics through which a comparative reading can be initiated and pursued. Through this reading, despite the absence of any explicit referentiality between the words being coincided here, the loving promise of ‘telepathic philippine’ is practiced, and perhaps more faithfully so, by expanding Cixous’s exclusively Euro-Western and temperate ideation to the Philippine tropics. In decolonially yoking Cixous’s Philippines and the Philippines together, the essay ultimately intimates their being twin kernels, too, dwelling in a single shell—that same shell that is this planet.
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Damier, Vadim. "Isabelo de los Reyes and the Beginning of the Labour Movement in the Philippines." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 2 (2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640018556-9.
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The article focuses on the activities of the Filipino publicist, ethnographer, public, religious and political figure Isabelo de los Reyes (1864–1938). For the first time in Russian historiography, drawing upon de los Reyes' own works, it highlights his role in the movement for Philippine independence from Spain, in the formation of the labour movement, and in the initial dissemination of socialist ideas in the archipelago. A talented and prolific journalist, he rose to prominence among the progressive “ilustrados” - the educated class in the Spanish colony of the Philippines - at a very young age. Arrested by the colonial authorities after the outbreak of the 1896 anti-colonial rebellion, de los Reyes was exiled to Spain. While in prison in Barcelona, he was influenced by left-leaning fellow prisoners – anarchists, syndicalists and socialists. He was greatly impressed by his acquaintance with socialist literature. After his release from prison in 1898, de los Reyes took part in the activities of the Philippine emigration and the campaign against the capture of the Philippine Islands by the United States. In 1901 he returned to his homeland, bringing with him the works of anarchist and socialist theorists and propagandists, to which he introduced the country's leading labour activists. In 1902, at their request, he helped organise the Unión Obrera Democrática (UOD), which emerged as the first trade union association not only in the Philippines but also in the whole of Southeast Asia. At that time De los Reyes held socialist views, incorporating elements of Christian socialism, anarchism, and reformist syndicalism. He also initiated the creation of the Philippine Independent Church. After a major wave of strikes in 1902, de los Reyes was arrested by the US authorities in the Philippines and resigned as head of the UOD. After his release from prison, he published the organ of the labour movement, the newspaper “La Redención del obrero”. In the following years, de los Reyes withdrew from the trade union movement, focused on topics related to the Philippine Independent Church, and then became actively involved in political activities, being elected municipal councilor and senator.
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Villegas, Richard Ryan. "The Advent, Evolution Termination of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement and Its Influences to Philippine Military Foreign Policy." Research Probe 2, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53378/352882.
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The history of the Military Bases Agreement (MBA) between the US and the Philippines brings a dynamic view of Philippine foreign policy. The Philippine foreign policy has to change to respond to the changing needs of the changing times. Among the areas of foreign policy that is very significant is the military aspect as it provides social, economic advantages. This study aims to provide a historical overview of the MBA and its implication towards the adoption of a military foreign policy of the Philippines from 1947-1991. Explanations on how the MBA has shaped the Philippine foreign policies from 1947-1991 were provided. This historical study utilized the descriptive-analytical-narrative method and theory of military dependency. The following are the major findings of the study: 1) The Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union became a major factor in the establishment of military bases in the Philippines; 2) The massive task of rebuilding a war-devastated nation was aided by extensive American assistance. However, the Philippines faced a major problem of Communist insurgency dominated by the Hukbong Mapagpalaya sa Bayan (HMB) guerrillas; 3) The MBA had undergone several amendments during the administrations of Manuel A. Roxas to Corazon C. Aquino, and; 4) The MBA paved way for the signing of more recent military agreements such as the the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA).
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Woods, Colleen. "Seditious Crimes and Rebellious Conspiracies: Anti-communism and US Empire in the Philippines." Journal of Contemporary History 53, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416669423.
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This article details how US colonial policymakers and Filipino political elites, intent on fostering a non-revolutionary Philippine nationalism in the late 1920s and 1930s, produced an anti-communist politics aimed at eliminating or delegitimizing radical anti-imperialism. Communist-inspired, anti-imperial activists placed US imperialism in the Philippines within the framework of western imperialism in Asia, thereby challenging the anti-imperial ideology of the US empire. Americans and elite Filipinos met this challenge by repressing radical, anti-imperialist visions of Philippine independence through inter-colonial surveillance and cooperation, increased policing, mass imprisonment, and the outlawing of communist politics in the Philippines.
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Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong. "Language contact in the Philippines." Language Ecology 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 185–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/le.1.2.04gon.
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Abstract This article narrates the sociohistory of the Philippines through the lens of a Sinitic minority group – the Chinese Filipinos. It provides a systematic account of the history, language policies, and educational policies in six major eras, beginning from the precolonial period until the Fifth Republic (960 – present). Concurrently, it presents a diachronic narrative on the different linguistic varieties utilized by the ethnic minority, such as English, Hokkien, Tagalog, and Philippine Hybrid Hokkien (PHH). Following an exposition on how these varieties were introduced to the ecology is a discussion focused on contact that highlights potential theories as to how Philippine contact varieties like PHH emerged. How this account contributes to the overall language ecology forms the conclusion. Overall, this article delineates the socio-historical sources that intrinsically play a significant role in the (re)description of Philippine contact varieties. In its breadth, this article goes beyond providing second-hand information, and presents ideas that can be crucial for understanding how Philippine contact languages work.
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Terami-Wada, Motoe. "Lt. Shigenobu Mochizuki and the New Philippine Cultural Institute." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 27, no. 1 (March 1996): 104–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400010717.
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This paper illustrates the Japanese cultural policy towards the Philippines through the example of the New Philippine Cultural Institute, an educational institution created by the Japanese military to inculcate the Filipino youth with patriotism and to nurture the future leaders of the “New Philippines”. This organization developed later into a volunteer army which showed determination to fight against the returning U.S. forces.
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Teehankee, Julio Cabral. "Factional Dynamics in Philippine Party Politics, 1900–2019." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 39, no. 1 (April 2020): 98–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1868103420913404.
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The Philippines is a rich case study in the examination of intra-party factions and factionalism in competitive party systems of Southeast Asia. Intra-party factionalism is a recurring, yet understudied, aspect of Philippine party politics. The factional nature of Philippine party politics has endured through time – from bifactionalism of the post-war two-party system to the multi-factionalism of the post-authoritarian multi-party system. All the major political parties that have dominated politics at different historical epochs have experienced intense factional splits. Intra-party factionalism remains a consistent feature of party politics and has become more complicated over time. The number of factions has increased at every period of party system development, while the level of party institutionalization has remained generally low. This article seeks to address this puzzle by tracing the history of political factionalism in the Philippines. It maintains that factional resilience in Philippine party politics is an outcome of combined institutional and structural factors rooted in history. Adopting a historical institutional approach, it will delineate the path-dependent trajectory of intra-party factionalism at critical political junctures. Moreover, it will examine the role of intra-party factionalism in the under-institutionalization of the Philippine party system.
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Kadir, Norizan. "Nasionalisme dan Perubahan Polisi Tuntutan Filipina ke atas Sabah Daripada Irredentisme Kepada Tuntutan Dorman, 1962–1998." Kajian Malaysia 40, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 197–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/km2022.40.2.9.
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The policy of the Philippines’ claim to Sabah is significantly influenced by the development of the Philippines’ internal politics and the ideology supported by its presidents. During the regimes of President Macapagal and President Marcos, the Philippines’ foreign policy towards Sabah was fundamentally influenced by the irredentism policy in order to claim that region. The claim over Sabah became the Philippines’ national agenda that was previously confined to the territorial issue of the Sulu Sultanate. The changes that transpired in the people’s struggle, especially since the administrations of Corazon Aquino and Fidel V. Ramos, have brought to life the new idea that true nationalism is based on the “people’s interests” as expressed in the People’s Power Revolution. Both presidents later changed the Philippines’ policy towards Sabah to a dormant claim after all efforts made to drop the claim to Sabah met with failure. Thus, this article aims to assess the continuity and changes of the Philippine claim policy on Sabah and the impact of the idea of nationalism on the formation of the policy since the administration of President Macapagal until that of President Fidel V. Ramos.
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Poblete, Joanna. "The S.S. Mongolia Incident." Pacific Historical Review 82, no. 2 (November 2012): 248–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2013.82.2.248.
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On December 23, 1910, the S.S. Mongolia arrived at the Port of Honolulu with 119 Filipinos aboard. The treatment of these passengers resulted in vigorous debates about Filipino labor mobility that impacted U.S.-Philippine relations, Hawaiian business needs, and health policies, as well as continental U.S. labor and sugar interests. From January through April 1911, officials in Washington, D.C., and the Philippines worked hard to stem fears about the health of Filipinos and maintain both the flow of these workers to Hawai‘i and the U.S.-Philippine political-legal relationship. Despite extensive regional protests, the acquisition of labor for sugar plantations and the preservation of U.S.-Philippine colonial ties ended up prevailing over nativist fears about the health and growing numbers of Filipinos in the United States.
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Sales, Joy. "‘Activism is not a Crime’: Confronting Counterinsurgency in the Filipino Diaspora." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 29, no. 3 (September 20, 2022): 300–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-29030005.
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Abstract This article historicizes the transnational counterinsurgency that the U.S.-Philippine governments have conducted against diasporic Filipino/a/x activists. In examining the period of the Cold War to the early 2020s, it makes a case for recognizing existing continuities of counterinsurgency tactics targeted at Filipinos in the United States, such as extradition, deportation, surveillance, and assassination. The Philippine state’s resort to red-baiting during the Cold War and contemporary “red-tagging” has aimed at the elimination of communism and terrorism at home and beyond its national borders, at the expense of human rights. This long history of counterinsurgency also highlights the acceleration and formalization of diasporic Filipino organizations dedicated to promoting democracy in the Philippines during the period of martial law under President Ferdinand E. Marcos, showing how diasporic Filipinos organized opposition not only to dictatorship, but also U.S. support for violent regimes. The transnational opposition against Marcos and then President Rodrigo R. Duterte has characterized diasporic Filipinos as a primary component of democratic movements in both the United States and the Philippines who have linked domestic racial oppression to U.S. imperialism and state fascism in the Philippines.
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Norman, M. D., and M. J. Sweeney. "The Shallow-water Octopuses (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) of the Philippines." Invertebrate Systematics 11, no. 1 (1997): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it95026.
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The shallow-water octopuses of the Philippines are diagnosed on the basis of material collected in a series of expeditions by the Smithsonian Institution to the region between 1978 and 1990. Twenty species of shallow-water octopuses are recognised, 18 in the genus Octopus, and one species each in the genera Hapalochlaena and Cistopus. Three new species are described from Philippine waters: Octopus abaculus, O. nocturnus and O. pumilus. Octopuses reported in the earlier work of G. L. Voss on the cephalopod fauna of the Philippines are reviewed and identifications updated. A diagnostic key and illustrations are provided along with information on taxonomy, distribution, aspects of life history and importance in fisheries.
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McCoy, Alfred W. "Philippines." Asian Studies Association of Australia. Review 9, no. 2 (November 1985): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03147538508712390.
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Danquah, Francis K. "Reports on Philippine Industrial Crops in World War II from Japan’s English Language Press." Agricultural History 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 74–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-79.1.74.
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Abstract Japan’s occupation of Southeast Asia placed enormous stocks of the region’s industrial crops under Japanese control. English language Japanese newspaper reports from the Philippines suggest that the invaders grossly under-utilized this vast storehouse of agricultural wealth. Washington’s pre-war oil embargo severely crippled military and civilian transport services throughout the war, and Japan’s conversion of cane sugar into fuel alcohol and butane for aviation fuel failed to generate successful outcomes. Also, as the Pacific War eliminated cotton imports from the United States, India, and Egypt, placing numerous Japanese textile factories in jeopardy, Tokyo attempted to replace Philippine cane sugar plantings that previously served US markets with raising raw cotton for Japanese textile interests. In the Philippines, however, multifarious bottlenecks crippled all of Tokyo’s wartime farm projects. Though the Japanese occupation was short-lived, it demonstrated Tokyo’s intention to adjust the Philippine economy into a dependent relationship with Japanese industries.
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Luyt, Brendan. "Replacing the ideology of information by exploring domains of knowledge." Journal of Documentation 71, no. 6 (October 12, 2015): 1289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-11-2014-0162.
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Purpose – This paper examines the structure of Philippine historiography as viewed by Filipino historians. The purpose of this paper is to develop an understanding of the knowledge domain of Philippine history and in particular how its practitioners organize their field of study in terms of periodization. At the end of the paper an application of this analysis is proposed, the development of an online encyclopaedia of Philippine history. Design/methodology/approach – Interviews were arranged with willing historians at two of the premier institutions of higher learning in the Philippines: the Ateneo de Manila and University of the Philippines. The historians were asked three general questions: what in their opinion, are the key defining events in Philippine history? What are the key historians for each of those events? And what are the key debates regarding these events? For the purpose of this paper it is the results of the first question that are in focus as it deals with one of the fundamental tools of historical analysis, periodization. Findings – Philippine history was found to be periodized in a variety of ways, from the traditional to other approaches that stress either Filipino rather than colonial agency or the uneven trajectories of historical development that depend on region, class, or language group. A final approach viewed Filipino history as a network of relations spanning space and time. Wikis designed around the results of domain analysis make it possible to provide information on topics of importance to a discipline as well as reveal something of its deeper structure. Combined with traditional concerns, such as use of appropriate sources, this would serve to help develop a deeper awareness of the nature of knowledge production. Originality/value – This paper represents both a contribution to the study of knowledge domains, as well as an application of that study to the work of information professionals. Putting the spotlight on Philippine historians and history also helps the LIS discipline to move away from its traditional North American and European focus. Studies of knowledge producing bodies in the rest of the world are important and overdue.
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SERQUIÑA, OSCAR TANTOCO. "Documenting Theatrical and Performative Philippines: Possibilities of a Task and a Practice." Theatre Research International 44, no. 02 (July 2019): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883319000063.
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The writing of theatre history has been a challenging intellectual commitment in the Philippines. This mode of inquiry and inscription largely manifests more as a strand of general historiography than as a systematized and specialized critical practice in Philippine academe. No wonder, then, that Philippine theatre histories primarily come from academics whose disciplinary backgrounds are not solely in theatre arts per se but in a range of different but intersecting disciplines, such as film, literature, dance, anthropology, history and music. These historians have accounted for the medium's forms, geographies of production and performance, material aspects, lead practitioners, groups or organizations, and historical periods. They have thus far yielded a congeries of print materials: from the encyclopedia to the anthology or reader, the survey, up to the full-length book manuscript. More recently, theatre histories have also appeared in online catalogues or digital repositories.
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Osorio, Chad Patrick. "Regulating the Regulators: Economic Assessment of Philippine Electricity Regulation." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 13, no. 3 (May 17, 2023): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.14213.
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This paper seeks to analyze the regulatory framework of energy economics in the Philippines. It looks at the historical legal background of these regulations, seeking to understand how different factors contribute to the performance of the energy industry in the Philippines today. The first part provides the recent state of electricity in the Philippines, in contrast to other countries in comparatively the same circumstantial environments but with vastly different payment rates for electricity. The second part delves deeper and discusses its history, tracing the creation of landmark private industries, community cooperatives, and regulatory bodies throughout the century, up to the present day and how the current energy regulatory framework operates. It seeks to isolate the extent of influence on this particular variable that regulatory frameworks exert. Lastly, the final part dissects the Philippine regulatory framework, applying standards and concepts for efficiency in regulation and identifying areas for improvement. It concludes by providing five key recommendations: adopting data-driven regulation; integrating AI analytics; promoting a principle-based regulatory system; improving incentives against corruption and patronage politics, and; increasing consumer education. These steps can provide the backbone of reform that the Philippine regulatory system needs in order to push forward an efficient, human rights-responsive social energy framework for its citizens.
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Jaojoco, Patrick. "The Missing Link." Enquiry The ARCC Journal for Architectural Research 20, no. 2 (November 10, 2023): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17831/enqarcc.v20i2.1160.
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For the vast majority of agricultural workers in the tenant peasantry class, the direct relation to a landscape valorized by a plantation economy is simultaneously a constantly mediated, ever-precarious economic relation to global capital. Since 1945, discourses of development have only deepened extractive and deeply unequal modes of governance and sociality in this context and across the Global South*. It is in this context that I aim to assess the politicized technics of precarity, weather prediction, and economics of agriculture in the Philippines under the authoritarian rule of Ferdinand Marcos. In studying the Philippines during its violent neoliberal transformation period, I hope to extract an ideal portrait of the environmental, technological, and economic logics of postcolonial globalization. To do so, I will assess a subtle yet crucial point in the Philippines’ history of science, technology, and the environment: the implementation of a meteorological telecommunications network and Marcos’s reordering of these stations as the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, or PAGASA (meaning “hope” in Tagalog). By understanding the several scales of political economy at work in direct relation to such a network, this paper seeks to illuminate the multiple dimensions of social instability rooted in the Philippine government’s neoliberal conflation of environment and economy. The architectures and technologies of network, then, highlight the numerous ways in which weather forecasting, agricultural production, and political control intersect in infrastructural development.
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Trota Jose, Regalado. "Images of Dominican Saints and Blessed in the Philippines." Philippiniana Sacra 51, no. 152 (2016): 201–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.55997/ps3009li152pr2.
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The article is an attempt to highlight the role of the Dominicans in the history of Philippine art, which is more recognized in the field of architecture but much less in other media. With the exception of only a handful of pieces (a woodcut of San Pedro de Verona from Mexico, and maybe a couple of paintings perhaps from Spain), the works featured here were created in the Philippines for the use of Dominican missions and communities. Most of the artists were native Filipinos, although there are also some works by a few Chinese, Spanish, and even Italian artists. This is a reflection of the cosmopolitanism of Philippine society even in early modern times. It is a tantalizing glimpse into the variety of styles and materials used. Thus a second goal of the article is to provoke or inspire new Philippine iconography, informed with the models from the distant and recent Philippine past.
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Aquino, Belinda A. "Democracy in the Philippines." Current History 88, no. 537 (April 1, 1989): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1989.88.537.181.
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Erasiah, Fikri Surya Pratama, Seskia, Cajuniati, and Indah Khairu Ummah. "A Historical Overview of Muslim Minority Identity and Positioning in the Philippines." Tsaqofah 21, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/tsaqofah.v21i1.7966.
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The discriminatory treatment of the Philippine Muslim minority dates back hundreds of years due to Spanish colonial politics that were highly allergic to Islam. Furthermore, minority nationality and ethnicity issues relate to national integration, class struggle, and economic dispossession. This study aims to explain the historical forces that shaped the identity of the Filipino Muslim community. The research method used is the historical research method, where the collection of research sources is done by literature study. This research analysis uses a political history approach closely related to power as a governmental tool in policymaking. The results show that the identity issues experienced by the Muslim minority in the Philippines in positioning themselves in the process of national integration are caused by several factors, such as history, religion, and the concept of the nation-state. However, in contemporary times, political and economic issues, in addition to religious issues, have emerged as new forces in the matter of Muslim identity in the Philippines.
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José, Ricardo T. "War and Violence, History and Memory: The Philippine Experience of the Second World War." Asian Journal of Social Science 29, no. 3 (2001): 457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853101x00190.
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AbstractThe subject of War and Memory in the Philippines remains a sensitive topic in the Philippines today. Many controversial issues about the Second World War remain subjects of debate, among them collaboration with the Japanese; Japanese war responsibility; American responsibility for the failed defense of the Philippines, and others. In one sense, the war in the Philippines has left an ambiguous legacy which leads to conflicting war memories and commemorations, particularly in the light of present conditions and evolving relationships with the other countries involved.
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Yuk-Wai, Li. "The Chinese Resistance Movement in the Philippines During the Japanese Occupation." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23, no. 2 (September 1992): 308–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400006202.
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The Chinese community in the Philippines before the outbreak of the Pacific War was relatively small and homogeneous in comparison with those in other Southeast Asian countries. When the Japanese occupied the Philippine islands, they found a Chinese community of less than one per cent of the total population. This small alien group did not appear to be a serious threat to the Japanese authorities. However, during the three and a half years of Japanese occupation, the Chinese maintained several guerrilla groups, which formed part of the resistance movement in the Philippines.
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Barrenechea, EmeritaA. "History of Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines." World Journal of Nuclear Medicine 12, no. 4 (2013): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1450-1147.119939.
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Roberts, B. R. "Archipelagic American Literary History and the Philippines." American Literary History 27, no. 1 (October 29, 2014): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/aju069.
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Espenilla, Jacqueline Joyce F. "Area-Based Marine Protection in the Philippines." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 5, no. 1 (June 19, 2020): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00501006.
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The Philippines has had a long history of using marine protected areas (mpas) to achieve fishery and biodiversity conservation goals. mpas are “clearly defined geographical spaces, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.” Within the scope of these definitions, Philippine mpas have taken the form of “no-take” marine sanctuaries, marine reserves where both extractive and non-extractive activities are allowed but regulated, and marine parks and protected seascapes, where various uses are relegated to defined zones. Interestingly, the country was able to develop a unique legal framework that took into consideration both national and local contexts for marine environmental governance. This article thus aims to shed some light on the Philippine experience, emphasizing the various issues and concerns caused by the unique regulatory and governance set up of the country’s mpas.
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Layos, John King N., Ronel B. Geromo, Dinah M. Espina, and Masahide Nishibori. "Insights on the historical biogeography of Philippine domestic pigs and its relationship with continental domestic pigs and wild boars." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 28, 2022): e0254299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254299.
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The Philippine archipelago was believed to have never been connected to the Asian continent even during the severe Quaternary sea-level drops. As a result, the history of domestic pig (Sus scrofa) dispersal in the Philippines remains controversial and must have some anthropogenic origin associated with human migration events. In this study, the context of origin, dispersal, and the level of genetic introgression in Philippine domestic pigs were deduced using mitochondrial DNA D-loop analysis altogether with domestic pigs and wild boar corresponding to their geographic origin. The results revealed considerable genetic diversity (0.900±0.016) and widespread Asian pig-ancestry (94.60%) in the phylogenetic analysis, with admixed European pig-origin (5.10%) harboring various fractions of ancestry from Berkshire and Landrace. The close genetic connection between the continental wild boars and domestic pigs present in the Philippine domestic pigs corroborates our hypothesis of a genetic signal that may be associated with the recently reported multiple waves of human migrations to the Philippines. The Haplogroup D7, reported to occur only in Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspots, included a high frequency of Philippine domestic pig haplotypes (54.08%), which poses an interesting challenge because its distribution is not consistent with the hypothesized migration route of Neolithic Austronesian-speaking populations. We detected the first Pacific Clade signature and ubiquitously distributed D2 haplotypes (Asian major) on several Philippine islands. The analyses of mismatch distribution and neutrality test were consistent with the Bayesian skyline plot which showed a long stationary period of effective population size. The population decline was consistent with the pronounced population bottleneck in Asian and European pigs during the interglacial periods of the Pleistocene. The results of this study will support the conservation strategies and improvements of economically important genetic resources in the Philippines.
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CENTENO CRISELLE J, MASANGKAY MIGUEL T, MENDOZA HANNAH ROSE S, MERCADO MARK ANTHONY S, NULUD MARY GRACE D, and PACHECO MA SOFIA I. "KaSAYSAYan: The integration of Philippine history as an interactive and informative mobile game application using unity game engine." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 18, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.18.3.1105.
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A positive outlook on learning is crucial in achieving one’s success. An apparent thing is that students lose motivation in learning Philippine History. They either find it hard to understand, or end up forgetting what they have learned when time goes by. The aim of this study is to create an Android-based adventure trivia game that teaches students about the Philippines while making it interactive. The content of the game is directly referenced from learner’s modules already implemented into the elementary curriculum.
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Amarante, Dennis. "A Survey of Literatures on Post-Vatican II Liturgical Reforms in the Philippines." Philippiniana Sacra 57, no. 173 (May 1, 2022): 275–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.55997/2004pslvii173a4.
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Over the past decades, numerous studies by both Filipino and foreign scholars have been made on the history of the Church in the Philippines. Such studies will continue to appear especially that the Church in the Philippines had already undergone various historic milestones and events, beginning in the latter part of the 20th century, most notably those that occurred after the convocation of the Second Vatican Council. The convocation of Vatican II and the events that occurred as a result of it alone has opened an opportunity for scholars to study the various effects of the Council’s reforms in the Philippine context, including those that concern the liturgy or the very act of worship to God. Such led to the creation of works which attempted to understand how the Church in the Philippines implemented these reforms and how it affected the way Filipino Catholics worship over time. These works are highlighted in this study. This study aims to make a survey of some of the presently available works written by researchers, which include monographs, articles, and unpublished works, concerning the implementation of the Vatican II liturgical reforms by the Church in the Philippines and its effects on the way Filipino Catholics worship today.
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Dikarev, A. D. "Separatism in the Philippines: Islamist Terrorism, National Liberation or the Struggle for Resources?" Journal of International Analytics, no. 4 (December 28, 2017): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2017-0-4-46-52.
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The article highlights the history of separatist activities in the territory of Philippines, the struggle of Muslim minority inhabiting southern regions of the country, for autonomy and independence. This struggle has a constant trend to turn into military clashes with government troops and terrorist actions. The differences in the programs and actions of various political organizations of local Muslims are elucidated as well as ongoing attempts of the Philippine government to create Autonomous Region of the Muslim Mindanao, and most recently – larger Bangsamoro autonomy what will evidently demand changes in the constitution of the Unitarian republic in the direction of federalization. In conclusion the article briefly describes the aggravation of situation in the South of Philippines due to the growing importance of “Islamic factor” and activities of international terrorism in the modern world.
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Tupas, T. Ruanni F. "History, language planners, and strategies of forgetting." Language Problems and Language Planning 27, no. 1 (February 25, 2003): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.27.1.02tup.
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Many language planners and language scholars in the Philippines suffer from imperial amnesia — the inability or refusal to confront the complexity of history from which emerged various discourses on language and education in the country. Work on language planning is ideologically and politically positioned through various discursive strategies of forgetting. Forget the War. Forget the Pain. Forget the Fight. An examination of these strategies will enable us to understand why language planning practitioners in the Philippines argue the way they do concerning critical language issues in the country. However, it takes more than changing (historical) consciousness to change the world. In the case of the Philippines, such discursive strategies of forgetting are deployed across complex structures of relations shaped by decades of colonization, Filipino elite collaboration, and current neocolonial and global conditions. This paper argues for a critical historiography of our ideas and work on language because, after all, whether we like it or not, we are both products and makers of our own histories. In language planning, we need to remember.
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Loyre, Ghislaine. "Philippines." Archipel 29, no. 1 (1985): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arch.1985.2222.
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Yao, Chen. "Philippine Public School System During the American Rule (1901‒1935) ‒ From the Perspective of Global History and Soft Power." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 12-3 (December 1, 2021): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202112statyi77.
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This article analyzes the public school system established by the United States in the Philippines in 1901-1935 from the perspective of global history and soft power. It believes that the systematic public education of the United States in the Philippines is a colonial soft power policy. It had a profound impact on the modernization of the Philippines and the U.S.-Philippines relationship after World War II.
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Busquets, Anna. "Three Manila-Fujian Diplomatic Encounters: Different Aims and Different Embassies in the Seventeenth Century." Journal of Early Modern History 23, no. 5 (October 2, 2019): 442–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342642.
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Abstract During the second half of the seventeenth century, there were at least three embassies between the Spaniards of Manila and the Fujian based Zheng regime. The first embassy took place in 1656 ordered by the Spanish governor in Manila. The ambassadors were two captains of the city, and its aim was to re-establish trade relations, which had been severed many months before. In response, Zheng Chenggong sent his cousin to the Philippine islands to settle several business arrangements regarding Fujianese trade. In 1662, Zheng Chenggong took the initiative of sending the Dominican Victorio Riccio, who worked as missionary in the Catholic mission at Xiamen, as emissary to the Governor of the Philippines, don Sabiniano Manrique de Lara. The third embassy took place in 1663. Thereupon, Zheng Jing, Zheng Chenggong’s successor, sent Riccio to Manila for signing a peace pact and for re-establishing trade. The three embassies were related to the Zheng’s purpose of gaining economic and political supremacy over the Philippines and the South China Seas. In all three cases, the actors, the diplomatic correspondence, the material aspects and the results differed profoundly. The article analyzes the role of individuals as intermediaries and translators while considering the social and cultural effects that these embassies had on the Sino-Spanish relations in Manila.