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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Philippines Philippine American War'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 March 2023

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1

Redgraves, Christopher M. "African American Soldiers in the Philippine War: An Examination of the Contributions of Buffalo Soldiers during the Spanish American War and Its Aftermath, 1898-1902." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1011857/.

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During the Philippine War, 1899 – 1902, America attempted to quell an uprising from the Filipino people. Four regular army regiments of black soldiers, the Ninth and Tenth Cavalry, and the Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Infantry served in this conflict. Alongside the regular army regiments, two volunteer regiments of black soldiers, the Forty-Eighth and Forty-Ninth, also served. During and after the war these regiments received little attention from the press, public, or even historians. These black regiments served in a variety of duties in the Philippines, primarily these regiments served on the islands of Luzon and Samar. The main role of these regiments focused on garrisoning sections of the Philippines and helping to end the insurrection. To carry out this mission, the regiments undertook a variety of duties including scouting, fighting insurgents and ladrones (bandits), creating local civil governments, and improving infrastructure. The regiments challenged racist notions in America in three ways. They undertook the same duties as white soldiers. They interacted with local "brown" Filipino populations without fraternizing, particularly with women, as whites assumed they would. And, they served effectively at the company and platoon level under black officers. Despite the important contributions of these soldiers, both socially and militarily, little research focuses on their experiences in the Philippines. This dissertation will discover and examine those experiences. To do this, each regiment is discussed individually and their experiences used to examine the role these men played in the Philippine War. Also addressed is the role ideas about race played in these experiences. This dissertation looks to answer whether or not notions on race played a major role in the activities of these regiments. This dissertation will be an important addition to the study of the Philippine War, the segregated U. S. Army, and African American history in the modern period.

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2

McEnroe, Sean F. "Oregon soldiers and the Portland press in the Philippine wars of 1898 and 1899 : how Oregonians defined the race of Filipinos and the mission of America." PDXScholar, 2001. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4028.

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Oregon volunteer soldiers fought two wars in the Philippines from 1898 to 1899, one against the Spanish colonial government (from May to August 1898), and one against the Philippine insurgency (beginning in February of 1899). This thesis examines the connections between Oregonians' racial characterization of Filipinos and their beliefs about the wars' purposes and moral characteristics. The source material is drawn from the personal papers of Oregon volunteer soldiers and from the Portland Oregonian.

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3

Parker, Matthew Austin Parrish T. Michael. "The Philippine Scouts and the practice of counter-insurgency in the Philippine-American War, 1899-1913." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5214.

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4

Angeles, Jose Amiel. "As Our Might Grows Less: The Philippine-American War in Context." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/17888.

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The Philippine-American War has rarely been analyzed from the Filipino viewpoint. As a consequence, Filipino military activity is little known or misunderstood. This study aims to shed light on the Filipino side of the conflict. It does so by utilizing the Philippine Insurgent Records, which are the records of the Philippine government. More importantly, the thesis examines 300 years of Filipino history, starting with the Spanish conquest, in order to provide a framework for understanding Philippine military culture.

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5

Andersen, Jack David. "Service Honest and Faithful: The Thirty-Third Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the Philippine War, 1899-1901." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1062907/.

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This manuscript is a study of the Thirty-Third Infantry, United States Volunteers, a regiment that was recruited in Texas, the South, and the Midwest and was trained by officers experienced from the Indian Wars and the Spanish-American War. This regiment served as a front-line infantry unit and then as a constabulary force during the Philippine War from 1899 until 1901. While famous in the United States as a highly effective infantry regiment during the Philippine War, the unit's fame and the lessons that it offered American war planners faded in time and were overlooked in favor of conventional fighting. In addition, the experiences of the men of the regiment belie the argument that the Philippine War was a brutal and racist imperial conflict akin to later interventions such as the Vietnam War. An examination of the Thirty-Third Infantry thus provides valuable context into a war not often studied in the United States and serves as a successful example of a counterinsurgency.

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6

Bowman, Robin L. "Is the Philippines profiting from the war on terrorism /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FBowman.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Gaye Christoffersen, Vali Nasr. Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-139). Also available online.

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7

Rost, James Stanley. "The Oregon Volunteers in the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection : the annotated and edited diary of Chriss A. Bell, May 2, 1898 to June 24, 1899." PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4117.

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This thesis is an annotated and edited typescript of a primary source, the handwritten diary of Chriss A. Bell, of the Second Oregon Volunteer Infantry state militia. The diary concerns the events of Oregon's National Guard state militia in the Spanish-American war in the Philippines, and the Philippine Insurrection that followed. The period of time concerned is from the beginning of May, 1898 to the end of June, 1899.

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8

Cadusale, M. Carmella. "Allegiance and Identity: Race and Ethnicity in the Era of the Philippine-American War, 1898-1914." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1472243324.

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9

Esser, Michael Thomas. "FIGHTING A "CRUEL AND SAVAGE FOE": COUNTERINSURGENCY AND HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES FROM THE INDIAN WARS TO THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR (1899-1902)." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/562935.

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History
M.A.
Many scholars have written about the counterinsurgency phase of the Philippine- American War (1899-1902). Military historians often downplayed the impact of human rights abuses, while emphasizing the success of the U.S. Army’s counterinsurgency instead. In contrast, social historians frequently focused on human rights abuses at the expense of understanding the U.S. Army’s counterinsurgency efforts. Unlike the majority of earlier works, this thesis unifies military, social, and legal history to primarily answer these questions: what significant factors led U.S. soldiers to commit human rights abuses during the war, and at what cost did the U.S. pacify the Filipino rebellion? The war was successfully waged at the tactical, operational, and strategic level, but wavered at the grand strategic level.1 This study argues that racism, ambiguous rules and regulations, and a breakdown of discipline contributed to U.S. soldiers committing human rights abuses against Filipinos during the counterinsurgency. Primary sources from the perspectives of American policy makers, military leaders, and common soldiers—in addition to documents on U.S. Army regulations and its past traditions—reveal a comprehensive story of what happened during this conflict. The U.S. Army’s abuse were not a historical anomaly, but a growing trend extending from nineteenth century conflicts against other races. The counterinsurgency revealed that beneath the stated principles of 1 For the purposes of this thesis, grand strategy is “the direction and use made of any and all of the assets of a security community, including its military instruments, for the purposes of policy as decided by politics.” This differs from the strategic level of war, which is the direction and exclusive use of military forces for the purposes of policy as decided by politics. Finally, the operational level is the level of war where the tasks, decided by strategy, are coordinated and individual units are commanded. These units, in turn, engaging in tactics to achieve operational objectives. Colin S. Gray, The Future of Strategy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2015), 29, 47. iii America’s benevolent mission, violent racial underpinnings existed in U.S. desires for global and domestic hegemony. The U.S. Army’s counterinsurgency resulted in a flawed victory, won at the cost of combatants, innocent civilians, and American idealism.
Temple University--Theses

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10

Cooper, Walter Raymond. "Blood and Treasure: Money and Military Force in Irregular Warfare." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10712.

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Among the most important choices made by groups fighting a civil war -- governments and rebels alike -- is how to allocate available military and pecuniary resources across the contested areas of a conflict-ridden territory. Combatants use military force to coerce and money to persuade and co-opt. A vast body of literature in political science and security studies examines how and where combatants in civil wars apply violence. Scholars, however, have devoted less attention to combatants' use of material inducements to attain their objectives. This dissertation proposes a logic that guides combatants' use of material benefits alongside military force in pursuit of valuable support from communities in the midst of civil war. Focused on the interaction between the military and the local population, the theory envisions a bargaining process between a commander and a community whose support he seeks. The outcome of the bargaining process is a fiscal strategy defined by the extent to which material benefits are distributed diffusely or targeted narrowly. That outcome follows from key characteristics of the community in question that include its sociopolitical solidarity (or fragmentation) and its economic resilience (or vulnerability). I evaluate the theory of fiscal strategies through a series of case studies from the Philippine-American War of 1899-1902. As a further test of external validity, I consider the theory's applicability to key events from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Government

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11

Keith, Zackary. "The Dreams of Metanoia: The Advent Foreigner: A Creative Thesis Based on a True Narrative of the Forgotten American War of Racist Imperialism." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/630.

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This creative project’s ambition is to craft an original novel called The Dreams of Metanoia: The Advent Foreigner. The Dreams of Metanoia is initially influenced by The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, a true narrative by Rebecca Skloot. Henrietta and her family were subjected to Jim Crow scientific racism. Henrietta, a black woman with cervical cancer, had her cells removed and cultivated by John Hopkins doctors without any consent. The doctors discovered that Henrietta’s cells continued to divide relentlessly outside her body. They then sold them to other researchers without their knowledge. However, the gap in literature occurs within a mysterious hallucination that happened within the nonfiction narrative. Henrietta’s cousin, Hector Henry, had a hallucination that may be connected to the obscure Philippine-American War and Filipino Folklore. The Philippine-American War was a somber conflict of racism and white American imperialism from 1899-1902. It is a war shrouded from most American textbooks; it was a war that tested American soldier’s ethical morality and allegiance to a 20th century Jim Crow United States. It is a war where enemies found a common strife within their woes. Because of how unknown these narratives are in today’s racial and politically divided world, it is essential to review and learn from these tragedies that united races as humans rather than individual racial identities. This research aims to repurpose these narratives to craft an original story relevant to modern America’s racial strife. Thus, The Dreams of Metanoia: The Advent Foreigner is an original piece that seeks to find the intersectionality in the meaning of being human.

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12

Bentley, Caitlin T. "Linking Communications: the Philippine Regional Section of the Allied Intelligence Bureau's Operations in the Occupied Islands,1942-1945." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1449235520.

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13

Murray, Don Charles. "Cosmopolitanism and conflict-related education: The normative philosophy of cosmopolitanism as examined through the conflict-related education site of the Philippine-American conflict." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1622558189254457.

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14

Morales, Ricardo C. "Perpetual war : the Philippine insurgencies." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Dec%5FMorales.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003.
Thesis advisor(s): Douglas Porch, Karen Guttieri. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-68). Also available online.

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15

Glenn, John Holsinger M. Paul. "On the same side the socio-political foundations for Ontario support for the American war with Spain and the seizure of the Philippines, 1898-1901, with a special emphasis on Brant, Oxford and Waterloo counties /." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1995. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9604372.

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Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 1995.
Title from title page screen, viewed April 24, 2006. Dissertation Committee: M. Paul Holsinger (chair), Lawrence W. McBride, Louis G. Perez, Edward L. Schapsmeier, Beverly A. Smith. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 390-417) and abstract. Also available in print.

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16

Linn, Brian McAllister. "The war in Luzon : U.S. Army regional counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1900-1902 /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487263399025486.

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17

Walker, Ben. "Demanding dictatorship? : US-Philippine relations, 1946-1972." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/demanding-dictatorship-usphilippine-relations-19461972(d5aa59b7-a3b7-4472-8bf4-78805c40bb52).html.

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In 1898 the Philippines became a colony of the United States, the result of American economic expansion throughout the nineteenth century. Having been granted independence in 1946, the nominally sovereign Republic of the Philippines remained inextricably linked to the US through restrictive legislation, military bases, and decades of political and socio-economic patronage. In America’s closest developing world ally, and showcase of democratic values, Filipino President Ferdinand Marcos installed a brutal dictatorship in 1972, dramatically marking the end of democracy there. US foreign policy, from the inception of the US-Philippine partnership, failed to substantially resolve endemic poverty and elite political domination. During the Cold War, the discourse through which State Department policy was conceived helped perpetuate these unequal conditions, whilst also at times explicitly encouraging authoritarian solutions to domestic problems. As the Cold War escalated through the 1960s, especially in Vietnam, US officials insisted the Philippines provide military and ideological solidarity with US Cold War objectives at the expense of effectively addressing the roots of domestic instability. The Philippine example serves as the clearest case of the outcomes and impact of US foreign policy across the developing world, and thus must be considered an essential starting point when considering the United States’ Cold War experience. Based on extensive primary research from across the United Kingdom and the United States, this thesis re-examines and re-connects the historiography of colonialism, neo-colonialism, Southeast Asia, and Cold War studies. Nowhere did the US have such a long and intimate history of influence and partnerships than in the Philippines, and yet Marcos’s regime emerged there; this dissertation presents an analytical lens through which to measure the role of US foreign policy in creating a dictatorship.

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18

Abejo, Socorro D. "Effects of community factors on infant and child mortality in rural Philippines." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/117359.

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The post World War II period saw a general downward trend in mortality throughout Asia and Latin America (Arriaga, 1981; Sivamurthy, 1981; Ruzicka and Hansluwka, 1982 ). In some of the countries of Asia, the decline was unprecedentedly fast during the immediate post World War II years (Sivamurthy, 1981). Similarly, in most countries of Latin America, a substantial increase in life expectancy at birth was noted in the 1950s (Arriaga, 1981). However, in the late 1960s and during the 1970s, a slowing down of the rate of mortality decline was observed in many of the less developed countries. In some countries, the deceleration occurred when the levels of life expectancy attained were still below the maximum levels achieved by some developed societies (United Nations, 1973; Arriaga, 1981; Ruzicka and Hansluwka, 1982). The growing evidence of a stagnation of mortality decline at low levels of life expectancy in less developed countries over the past decade or so has prompted national and international groups to critically assess the social and economic policies affecting health in these countries (United Nations, 1984).

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19

Phillips, Matthew Todd. "The Millennium and the Madhouse: Institution and Intervention in Woodrow Wilson's Progressive Statecraft." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1310738105.

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20

Carlson, Ted W. "The Philippine Insurrection the U.S. Navy in a military operation other than war, 1899-1902." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1288.

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Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited.
U.S. naval doctrine has been dominated by the Mahanian concept of massing large capital ships for over one hundred years. Yet, it was a Cyclone-class patrol craft, a USCG cutter, and an Australian frigate that pushed up the Khor-Abd-Allah waterway and opened up the port of Umm Qasr, Iraq, during the Second Gulf War. They continue to protect it and the surrounding oil infrastructure from attack from insurgents and terrorists today. With the navy's current interest in transformation, the question arises, is the navy as presently configured well suited for today's threats? This thesis explores the question of how should the navy meet threats to national interests. This is accomplished through historical analysis of an event that is similar to the situation today: The Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902). This episode showcases the shortcomings of the navy's conventional approach to military operations other than war, and the need for change. In today's asymmetric environment, the past provides insight into effective means for handling these types of threats. This thesis concludes that the navy needs to diversify itself to incorporate different ship platforms, platforms that incorporate the utility of old with the technology of new.
Lieutenant, United States Navy

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21

Carlson, Ted W. "The Philippine Insurrection : the U.S. Navy in a military operations other than war, 1899-1902 /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Dec%5FCarlson.pdf.

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22

Pedler, Steven J. "Institutional Politics and the U.S. Government’s “Philippine Problem”." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1320083629.

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23

CABALFIN, EDSON ROY GREGORIO. "ART DECO FILIPINO: POWER, POLITICS AND IDEOLOGY IN PHILIPPINE ART DECO ARCHITECTURES (1928-1941)." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1054760324.

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24

Jimena, Millán Alvaro. "La franc-maçonnerie philippine à l'heure de la transition impériale (1889-1917) : sociabilité et réseaux d'une élite hispanisée." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAG022.

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Cette thèse analyse l’évolution de la franc-maçonnerie philippine dans le contexte de la transition impériale qui s’est effectuée dans cet archipel asiatique au tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles. Elle s’interroge sur les motifs de l’implantation des loges maçonniques dans les dernières années de la domination espagnole et tente de clarifier leur rôle au sein du mouvement nationaliste qui était à l’origine de la Révolution philippine. Cette étude examine également les conséquences que le début de la colonisation américaine eut sur la franc-maçonnerie philippine, qui connut un nouvel essor après l’implantation d’un nouveau système politique. A travers une étude des loges comme espace de sociabilité, et en utilisant une approche prosopographique afin d’identifier les réseaux de l’élite de l’archipel, cette recherche présente une nouvelle vision de l’évolution de la franc-maçonnerie au cours d’une période cruciale pour l’histoire des Philippines
This doctoral thesis analyses the evolution of Freemasonry in the Philippines during the imperial transition that took place in these islands at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. It scrutinizes the installation of masonic lodges in the last years of the Spanish colonization and tries to explain their position within the nationalistic movement that lead to the start of the Philippine Revolution. It also examines the consequences of the start of the American Colonization on the Filipino lodges, that at this time experimented a new rise related to the features of the new political system. This study emphasizes the role of Masonic sociability on the construction of social networks by the Filipino elite and tries to show a new perspective on the role of Freemasonry in this critical period for the history of the Philippines

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25

Jackson, Justin. "The Work of Empire: The U.S. Army and the Making of American Colonialisms in Cuba and the Philippines, 1898-1913." Thesis, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8SQ8XK7.

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Between 1898 and 1913, the limited manpower and resources of the United States Army forced it to employ thousands of Cubans and inhabitants of the Philippines to fight the Spanish and Philippine-American and Moro Wars and conduct civil administration in Cuba and the Philippines. The colonial military labor of Cubans and Philippine islanders both affirmed and challenged the claims of American political and military leaders that the United States practiced a liberal and benevolent form of colonial and neo-colonial rule. In the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea, the U.S. army's exploitation of ordinary colonial subjects breathed new life into often coercive colonial institutions, such as Chinese migrant contract labor, forced labor for public works such as roads, and the impressment of interpreters and guides and other intermediaries for military operations. The impact of American military labor relations in war and occupation endured well into periods of civilian rule in these countries, shaping the politics of race and immigration, infrastructure development and public obligation, and the civil apparatus of colonial and neo-colonial states.

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Maxwell, Tera Kimberly. "Imperial remains : memories of the United States' occupation of the Philippines." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3576.

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The history of the United States’ occupation in the Philippines requires an alternative archive that includes family stories, museums sites, and other memories to articulate the nearly inexplicable legacy of imperial trauma. My project foregrounds the intangible effects of American imperialism, traced in generational memories of Filipinos and Filipino Americans and their descendants. Addressing three key moments defining the Filipino and Filipino American experience: the Philippine-American War, World War II, and 21st century global capitalism, I look at how the under-the-surface, banal nature of imperial trauma’s legacy marks Filipino identity and creates blind spots in the Filipino imaginary. My dissertation examines sexual atrocities committed by American soldiers during the 1898-1902 Philippine-American War, revisits memories of World War II and the Japanese Occupation as represented in military museums in Fredericksburg, Texas and on Corregidor Island, Philippines, and concludes with the importance of the babaylan figure, from an ancient priestess tradition in the Philippines, for diasporic Filipinas to negotiate the contemporary challenges of everyday living. My dissertation examines the use of strategic storytelling to recover lost histories, heal from the past, and re-create the present.
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Pruitt, James Herman. "Leonard Wood and the American Empire." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-05-9307.

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During the ten years following the Spanish American War (1898 to 1908), Major General Leonard Wood served as the primary agent of American imperialism. Wood was not only a proconsul of the new American Empire; he was a symbol of the empire and the age in which he served. He had the distinction of directing civil and military government in Cuba and the Philippines where he implemented the imperial policies given to him by the administrations of William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt. In Cuba, he labored to rebuild a state and a civil society crippled by decades of revolutionary ferment and guided the administration's policy through the dangerous channels of Cuban politics in a way that satisfied – at least to the point of avoiding another revolution – both the Cubans and the United States. In the Philippines, Wood took control of the Moro Province and attempted to smash the tribal-religious leadership of Moro society in order to bring it under direct American rule. His personal ideology, the imperial policies he shepherded, and the guidance he provided to fellow military officers and the administrations he served in matters of colonial administration and defense shaped the American Empire and endowed it with his personal stamp.

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"The Value of Dust: Policy, Citizenship and Vietnam's Amerasian Children." Doctoral diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.29652.

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abstract: This project examines the decision of American policymakers to deny the Amerasians of Vietnam--the offspring of American fathers and Vietnamese mothers born as a result of the Vietnam War--American citizenship in the 1982 Amerasian Immigration Act and the 1987 Amerasian Homecoming Act. It investigates why policymakers deemed a population unfit for the responsibilities of American society, despite the fact that they had American fathers. The examination draws upon numerous archival collections of the key policymakers, humanitarians and non-governmental organizations involved in each piece of legislation. Additionally, archival and published documents from the U.S. government and military, popular media, and veteran's organizations, are important. Since many of those involved in the legislation are still living, oral history interviews are also a critical piece of the methodology. The dissertation argues that the exclusion of citizenship was a component of bigger issues: international relationships in a Cold War era, America's defeat in the Vietnam War, and a history in the United States of racialized exclusionary immigration and citizenship policies against people of Asian descent. It exposes the contradictory approach of policymakers unable to reconcile the Amerasian mixture of race and nation with US law. Consequently, policymakers simultaneously employed an inclusionary discourse that deemed the Amerasians worthy of American attention, guidance and humanitarian aid, and implemented exclusionary policies that designated them unfit for the responsibilities of American citizenship.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation History 2015

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Hawkins, John Michael. "The Limits of Fire Support: American Finances and Firepower Restraint during the Vietnam War." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/151185.

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Excessive unobserved firepower expenditures by Allied forces during the Vietnam War defied the traditional counterinsurgency principle that population protection should be valued more than destruction of the enemy. Many historians have pointed to this discontinuity in their arguments, but none have examined the available firepower records in detail. This study compiles and analyzes available, artillery-related U.S. and Allied archival records to test historical assertions about the balance between conventional and counterinsurgent military strategy as it changed over time. It finds that, between 1965 and 1970, the commanders of the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), Generals William Westmoreland and Creighton Abrams, shared significant continuity of strategic and tactical thought. Both commanders tolerated U.S. Army, Marine Corps, and Allied unobserved firepower at levels inappropriate for counterinsurgency and both reduced Army harassment and interdiction fire (H&I) as a response to increasing budgetary pressure. Before 1968, the Army expended nearly 40 percent of artillery ammunition as H&I – a form of unobserved fire that sought merely to hinder enemy movement and to lower enemy morale, rather than to inflict any appreciable enemy casualties. To save money, Westmoreland reduced H&I, or “interdiction” after a semantic name change in February 1968, to just over 29 percent of ammunition expended in July 1968, the first full month of Abrams’ command. Abrams likewise pursued dollar savings with his “Five-by-Five Plan” of August 1968 that reduced Army artillery interdiction expenditures to nearly ten percent of ammunition by January 1969. Yet Abrams allowed Army interdiction to stabilize near this level until early 1970, when recurring financial pressure prompted him to virtually eliminate the practice. Meanwhile, Marines fired H&I at historically high rates into the final months of 1970 and Australian “Harassing Fire” surpassed Army and Marine Corps totals during the same period. South Vietnamese artillery also fired high rates of H&I, but Filipino and Thai artillery eschewed H&I in quiet areas of operation and Republic of Korea [ROK] forces abandoned H&I in late 1968 as a direct response to MACV’s budgetary pressure. Financial pressure, rather than strategic change, drove MACV’s unobserved firepower reductions during the Vietnam War.

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Volf, Dominik. "Geopolitický význam Jihočínského moře." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-398752.

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This diploma thesis, entitled "The Geopolitical Importance of the South China Sea", deals with the issue of the South China Sea dispute in view of the economic and strategic importance of the region. The main goal is to analyze the claims of individual countries and to find out whether this dispute has the potential to grow into an armed conflict. The dispute arose from overlapping territorial claims that countries in the region began to make after the end of World War II. This is primarily the case of the various maritime features in the vicinity of which there are considerable reserves of natural resources. It is the interest in securing these resources that is the main issue of the dispute. To this day, this situation has not been resolved and on the contrary it has triggered a response from states outside the region, mainly the United States of America and Japan. In order to achieve the goal of this diploma thesis, the theoretical framework, which is geopolitics and critical geopolitics, is first introduced. Furthermore, the general meaning of seas and oceans with the current legislation is introduced. On this basis, country case studies are conducted with the aim of making a comparative analysis that should clarify the current form of the dispute and the potential of the dispute to grow into...

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