Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Philosophie et sciences – 17e siècle'
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Huot, Hervé. "Songes, visions et rêves dans les sciences du corps et de l'esprit (langue française, milieu XVIe - début XVIIIe siècle)." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0144.
Full textThe first section of this work is dedicated to the presentation of antique period texts, pagan or Christian, edited in France in the 16th century, containing passages relative to dreams and their interpretation. The three following sections are centered around the analysis of documents printed in France from the mid 16th century to the beginning of the 18th century, showing how “dreams” were portrayed in theological and “demoniacal” debates in Western Europe, as well as in new “scientific progress” and in the emergence of a “modern philosophic discourse”. This paper’s hypothesis is that the evolution of scholarly discourse surrounding dream-like phenomena, in a given cultural domain, determines to a large extent the evolution of individual attitudes towards dreams, as well as the evolution of popular definitions of human beings. Thus, the declaration by Christian theology of a “divine” or “demonic” influence on the creation of numerous dreams underwent such strong attacks by eminent French and English authors during the second half of the 17th century that the tendency in Western Europe during the 18th century was no longer to consider “dreams” as banal and uninteresting “constructs of the individual”
Hamraoui, Éric. "Les références explicative et descriptive de la connaissance des maladies du coeur et des vaisseaux (1628-1749)." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010568.
Full textHeart and blood vessels diseases form the subject of some observations in the medical treatise of the antiquity, of the middle-ages (Avicenne, Avenzoar) and of the renaissance (Benivieni, Saporta). However, analysing their causes and interpreting their symptoms cannot be undertaken without understanding the physiological mechanisms of blood circulation as demonstred by harvey in 1628. The definition of the perrequisites when applying to medecine, the knowledge of the laws of hemodynamics will thus become the favoured area of investigation of the oxford's physiologists (Willis and Lower), but also of the iatromechanicians of the italian school (Lancisi) and of some french physicians (vieussens and Sénac). This reflexion will lead Sénac in his lettres sur le choix des saignees (1730), published under the pseudonym julien morisson, to the denunciation of some inappropriate and inefficient therapeutics (derivative or revulsant bleedings). This criticism follows the publication of lancisi's de motu cordis et aneurysmatibus (1728) in wich is to be found the definition of the basic conceptual distinctions of cardiology. The study of the heart's anatomy and physiology (de motu cordis), the description of the various forms of arterial and cardiac aneurisms (de aneurysmatibus), as well as the deduction of theirs causes are included in lancisi's realization of an all-embracing project, a doctrina absoluta ; giving a comprehensive explanation of the structural, functionnal or hereditary factors likely to lead to aneurisms. The accuracy of such an explanation is based on the aknowledgement of the limits ; and the appraisal of the exacteness ; of what causes cardiovascular diseases, thanks to the identification of the principles governing nature, the variety and effects of those ailments, as upheld by Sénac in his Traité de la structure du cœur, de son action et de ses maladies, published in 1749 (this work will be summarized in the article cœur ; published by the Encyclopédie)
Braverman, Charles. "Kant, philosophe français du XIXe siècle : entre science, philosophie et épistémologie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0399.
Full textKantian studies can look at Kant’s body of work, as well as the way it was received and how it has contributed to the emergence of original philosophical reflections. This thesis examines the latter path, through the peculiar prism of circulation between science, philosophy and epistemology. The goal is therefore to show how scholars understood and used Kant. Ampère, Brunschvicg, Comte, Couturat, Gergonne, Lacroix, Léchalas, Littré, Milhaud, Poincaré, Renouvier, Rey, Ribot, Paul Tannery, Wronski and Wyrouboff are but a few examples of more or less renowned thinkers with a scientific education who used Kant. However, rather than offering a litany of studies dedicated to these scholars, this thesis follows the main circulation networks of pictures and uses of Kantianism all through the XIX century in France. From the Prussian Academy of Sciences to the Francophone reviews at the end of the century, references to Kant were being more and more institutionalized, which implied many interactions between science, philosophy and epistemology. However, Kant was notably used to acknowledge the importance of the subject’s activity in constituting knowledge and to raise the epistemological issue of correspondence between representations and reality. The concept of realism was then given a bit of a stretch. Several scholars seized Kantianism to build up original philosophical options, which rethought the connections and oppositions between empiricism, idealism and skepticism. For instance, a form of structural realism associated with a reflection on belief and probabilities appeared as soon as the beginning of the XIX century. It can be found, for example, under various forms in Ampère, Cournot or even Tannery. Moreover, Kantianism was used as a philosophical melting pot to think out the founding principles of sciences. Geometry and arithmetic were at the heart of the debates. It was especially the case at the end of the century, thanks to the rebirth of Non-Euclidian geometries and the development of links between mathematics and logic. However, these problematics had roots that were older and the matrices of Kant’s uses emerged as soon as the beginning of the century. Finally, it is not uncommon to observe that scholars used Kant to think out rational mechanics or even cosmology. As such, this study reports how references to Kant worked to think out these sciences. According to these perspectives, Kant is indeed an influential actor in epistemology and philosophy of science in the XIX century in France
Floury-Buchalin, Cécile. "Le corps malade, entre pléthore et corruption : écrits médicaux et religieux au XVIIe siècle." Lyon 3, 2010. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2010_out_floury_buchalin_f.pdf.
Full textWhat is being sick in the 17th century? 521 medical editions and around 350 religious (and literary) books printed in Lyon have been analyzed to answer the question. Here, the notions of sickness and health are a prism that shows intellectual and cultural heritage around a larger representation of the human body. Medical production that was printed in Lyon revealed the importance of generally conservative, small and practical medical books, compared to the real rareness of theoretical and innovative treatises. The galenic doctrine lasted until the second half of the century thanks to reprints, commentaries and quotations but even later thanks to the plasticity of its early-modern interpretation. The second part of the study shows the encounter between this medical view of the body, inherited from Antiquity, and the norms of Counter-Reformation. The physical envelope shelters the imbalance of the four humors but also the Christian soul. Semantic fields and logics at work in religious and medical treatises were analyzed to show the congruence between the religious and the medical norms of the early-modern period. Finally, the new knowledge of the body (anatomy, mechanism and chemistry) is estimated at the quarter of the printed production at the end of the century. It contrasts with the relative stability of etiology still based on the ideas of corruption and guilt, and of therapeutics still focused on evacuation
Armogathe, Jean-Robert. "Theologia cartesiana : physique et théologie en Europe au XVIIème siècle." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010601.
Full textThe present dissertation is an introduction to the system of the world, from Copernicus to Newton. The author studies first the status of method as order in Melanchthon and Suarez ; then he shows how theological concepts have been worked out in an epistemological context: vacuum, time, substance are studied with the helpp of theological tools : the empyreum, the aevum, the Eucharist. From the physica sacra, which is a transposition of the scriptures into a scientific scheme (comenius), to the religiophilosophica of cotton mather, xviith century science is built in a religious and metaphysical context. Nor does cartesianism stand aside, being absorbed by the dutch universities in order to fight for new scholasticism and being attacked as theologia cartesiana
Flipo-Agneray, Isabelle. "Angelus Silesius ou le discours contre la méthode." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040044.
Full textAngelus Silesius, the last heir german mysticism, was at the convergence of 17th century negative theology and spiritual research. In a Europe in the middle of technical and cultural development, confronted by a crisis of civilisation and values, its modernisation deliberately curtailed by contradictory ideological interests, disrupted by science and the new cosmologies, silesian spirituality appeared as a counter-discourse to all forms of extremism, political or religious. The word of tolerance in opposition to the dogmatism of the time and the spirit system, the wisdom of Angelus Silesius, sometimes passionate, always fascinating, offered neither a formula nor a method for getting to the truth. It was by abandoning the plan to master the universe, forcing one to think that Man was at war with God or with himself, that the Angel of Silesia's belief defends not the established order, but rather teaches each person to follow the intuition of his consciousness. Preferring the impasses of Progress to his illusions, and refusing to introduce determinism in divine knowledge, the work of Silesius does not claim to liberate Man, nor his body nor his spirit. But seeing in Man, first and foremost, a being of desire, it is by assuming fully his nature that the thinker teaches him to make his way to real freedom
Guyot, Patrick. "La mise en place d'une nouvelle philosophie de la physique au 18e siècle." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00796096.
Full textPinet, Patrice. "Le problème philosophique de la démarcation entre la métaphysique et la science traité à partir de l'histoire de quelques théories et concepts biomédicaux du XIXème siècle." Paris 4, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA040212.
Full textThe problem of the demarcation between metaphysics and science, as this one is really built, received his problematic with bacon and above all with Kant. From Kant, science, in relation to causality, takes the weak meaning of a non-absolute truth that always grows in course of time. Nevertheless, must metaphysics no more take part in the development of science? We show by the history of biology of the XIXth century that in fact scientifics problems are sometimes very close to metaphysics ones, that science also treats of these, and that its solutions are not always free of metaphysics choices. Consequently, the problem of the demarcation does not seem to us well resolved by Kant and the positivists, like by the neo-positivists and popper in the XXth century, if indeed this problem can be resolved
Mazauric, Simone. "Savoirs et philosophie à Paris dans la première moitié du XVIIe siècle : les conférences du Bureau d'adresse de Théophraste Renaudot (1633-1642)." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010697.
Full textThe subject of this doctoral dissertation is the study of "the conferences du bureau d'adresse of Théophraste Renaudot". It aims to determine the role these conferences played in the intellectual life from a philosophic and scientific view point during the first half of 17th century france. The first part studies how the "conferences du bureau d'adresse", re placed within the context of a movement of academic sociability distinctive of that time, functioned as a particular structure of learned sociability. The second part analyses the relation between the "conferences du bureau d'adresse", and modernity using their sources of knowledge and their intellectual forms of exchange which they put to work and diffu sed. The third part apprehends these sources of knowledge from an apistemological point of view and highlights the original way the members of this academy, all issued from a cultivated fring of french society, were situated in relatio n to the scientific and philosophic revolution that was taking place at that time and aims to evaluate the extent of their participation. Finally to determine the specific way they have accomplished a slow, difficult, and chaotic intellectual mutaion, in the margin of the elite
Yang, Yan-Bin. "Les récits de voyages et le développement des sciences de la vie en France au XVIIIe siècle : l'exemple des "nègres blancs"." Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0098.
Full textDuring the XVIIIth century the existence of so-called "white negroes" roused the curiosity of scientists. Most of their sources came from travelogues in which the strange phenomenon of "white" children born of black parents was first mentioned. Scientists tried to formulate their own theories about the causes of albinoism, based on these accounts which were very difficult to prove. One such theory held that albinos were a white race living in the centre of Africa. Another saw albinoism as an illness. Other theories claimed it was a side-effect of leprosy or even resulting from a flaw in the sperm of some black-people. In spite of these conflicting opinions, which appear ridiculous today, the scientists of the enlightenment began the study of the phenomenon of heredity
Simonetta, David. "Histoire de l'idée d'intuition intellectuelle à l'âge classique (1600-1770, France et Angleterre)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010525.
Full textIn the Rules for the Direction of the Mind, Descartes grounds his first theory of knowledge upon two "acts of the understanding" : intuitus and deductio. When he explains what he means by intuition, he warns the reader that he intends to make a "new use" of this word, which shall not be confused with the way the "schoolmen" understood it in the past. Descartes' first scientific discoveries seem to imply a new noetic, different from the one his Jesuit masters taught him while he was a student at La Fleche. But what, exactly, was new about the way Descartes used this ancient word ? The present inquiry is an attempt to give this question an answer, and also to trace this concept of intuition through the whole early modern period; in the works of the first readers of the Regulae (Baillet, Port-Royal, Malebranche), in the theory of knowledge of John Locke, in the dictionaries, lexicons and encyclopedias of the 18th century, in the new textbooks of Logic, inspired by Locken in some theological discussions over the nature of beatific vision.Our inquiry ends in 1770 when Kant declares that there's no such thing as "intellectual intuition" in man's mind, and that the only kind of intuition man's capable of is a sensitive one. Kant seems to put an endpoint to this chapter of European philosophy. But, on the other hand, when Kant writes this sentence, the word" intuition" has fully entered the European philosophical vocabulary, for the first time with its new meaning
Petit, Annie. "Heurs et malheurs du positivisme comtien : philosophie des sciences et politique scientifique chez Auguste Comte et ses premiers disciples (1820-1900)." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010747.
Full textThis is a study of positive philosophy and positivism as worked out by auguste comte and as understood and publized by his disciples. In the first part of this thesis (vol. I),in a effort to identify the aims and concerns of the philosophy, i have replaced Comte's work in its historical context, and underlined the historical dimension inherent in the production of his system,often obscured by dogmatic attitudes. I have thus tried to relocate the origins of the new philosophy, within the framework of a continually readjusted, corrected, and enlarged thougth. I have aslo analysed the first readings of Comte's work by J. S. Mill, E. Littré and Pierre Laffitte- and his first misunderstandings. I have attempted to chart the processes of displacement,amendement and correction - even emendation - which its various readers went through. I have underlined some paradoxical aspects of this early diffusion of Comte's thought. The second part of my work (vol. 2) is specifially devoted to positivism as an attempt at scientific politics, as a blueprint for a politics of science concentrating on: - the organization of the class of scientists; - scientific information policy and educational policy; - the theory and practice of the distribution, responsabilities and exercice of power;- the projects for the reorganization of european, western, and world society
Heusch, Carlos. "La philosophie de l'amour dans l'Espagne du XVe siècle." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00734876.
Full textCrettaz-Nédey, Corinne. "L'économie des Pensées de Pascal : un itinéraire spirituel." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040077.
Full textIn Pascal's Pensées, the knowledge matter is the point from which the seventeenth century anthropocentric view of the world -embodied in Montaigne and Descartes- turns to a christocentric one inherited from the Pauline and the Augustinian theology. The working on the conversion of the Pascalian Apologetics is a process that [I] reveals this spiritual path that turns the homo interior of the Philosophy and Sciences into [II] this homo viator, who is finally conceived as a fallen being since the original sin, to become [III] a homo religious thought as a membrer of the Christ's Body with a metamorphosed heart. The Pascalian recusation of the Self and of the Reason is coupled with a recusation of the Philosophy in aid of the Theology that will act on restoring the Human Being to his middle position between the two infinites and on reaching God and Sense with the knowledge that the Hermeneutics of scripturary message of the Church gives
Daled, Pierre-Frédéric. "Le matérialisme occulté et la genèse du sensualisme: histoires écrite et réelle de la philosophie en France." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211068.
Full textOcculted Materialism and the Genesis of « Sensualism ».
Histories, Written and Real, of Philosophy in France
This thesis reveals the historic schemes and the intentional occultations of materialism as imposed in France by the uniform conceptions of the writing of the history of philosophy of Degérando, Cousin and Damiron. Beside the anti-materialism generalized by the early nineteenth-century historians of philosophy, with the exception of Paul-Marie Laurent, the author also underlines the genesis of their conceptual innovations :the appearance, between 1801 and 1804, through Kant and Villers, of the doctrinal category of « sensualism », at that time unheard of in France. The effects of both omissions and innovations are still affecting us today. Forgetting them brings about a good bit of anachronisms.
Agrégation de l'enseignement supérieur, Orientation philosophie et lettres
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Lévêque, Antoine. "L'égalité des races en science et en philosophie : 1750-1885." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC178/document.
Full textMy dissertation focuses on the authors who have not succumbed to the fallacy of considering race a relevant factor in the natural partition of intellectual abilities among our species. My hypothesis is that from 1750 to 1885, the structural reason for racial egalitarianism lays in the refusal of a new axiom then becoming overwhelmingly accepted in Europe: the idea that the scientific method devised in the 17th century to deal with physical things could be applied to political and moral philosophy. My work unearths the link between the progressive adoption of this methodological postulate and the gradual dominance of theories, suggesting that the inequality in intellectual abilities is natural among the races of our species in the European scientific circles. I focus on French, English and German discourses refusing the natural ordering of mental powers according to race and show that they shared a common epistemological perspective refusing the reduction of civil history to natural history. I first point out the fact that transforming human nature into a topic of scientific research in the new field of investigation emerging in the second half of the 18th century, titled the “Science of Man” allowed for the old concept of “intellect”, to be more and more routinely seized as the physiological function of the brain organ. I point out the fact that scientific racism derives from the systematic application of the degeneration concept, mainly used in the realm of botany and animal breeding up until the mid-18th century, to our genus. I show that the emerging field of research, then called “the natural history of Man” allowed for natural distinctions among the intellectual abilities of the races to become logically plausible. I then show that this epistemological process lead to the emergence of ethnology and anthropology as institutionalized disciplines in the 19th century and produced the main tool used by Europeans and their descendants to exclude colonial people from the egalitarian propaedeutic of the humanities. I expose the fact that the gradual exclusion of philosophical, political and moral discussions occurred while the evaluation the intellect’s the quality became exclusively conducted using the means offered by natural history. Finally, I underline the fact that the scientific authors representative of racial egalitarianism refused to let go of the normative charge traditionally attached to the concepts of humanity and civility in the traditional knowledge of the humanities. I point to the advent of a new type of learned discourse - adopting the postulate which became the hallmark of science in the 17th century: the notion that nature may be dealt with objectively, meaning that any reference to nature’s final purpose or telos is a sure sign that the discourse making this reference is not scientific – as the principal explanation for the progress of racism in the learned circles of Europe. Focusing on scientists opposing racism, I expose the fact that those authors refused to apply the scientific method to the study of individual and group behavior and that they continued to envision this study as an act having political and moral underpinnings. My work reveals that the theories of authors in favor of racial egalitarianism all refuse to take part in the then growing trend to understand our species with the sole methodologies of the natural sciences. My point is to demonstrate by the means of historiography that the scientific method may not be applied to “human nature” because in this expression, the adjective human is in fact indicating the presence of a teleology that is foreign to science and that belongs to the humanities
Chandelier, Cédric. "Crise des mathématiques et de la physique et réflexion philosophique de 1890 à 1910 en France." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON30093.
Full textBetween 1890 and 1910, the reflection of French epistemologists – inspiredby the transformations in physics and mathematics – take the form of therehabilitation of a natural link between science and philosophy, which ends in aninstitutionalisation of that link. The debates that pit intellectualism against antiintellectualismreveal a paradoxical historical continuism. Epistemologicalconscience presents itself as a reflection of the movement which is imparted to thebasis of every theory. The union between conventionalism and Bergsonism in a newpositivism, the one of “spirit”, tends to turn the thesis of liberty into a “doctrine”.The metaphysical resistances which oppose dogmatisation of epistemologicalconscience, instead of weakening the tendency towards incompletion of anessentially comprehensive and enduring critical condition, nourish the imperfectionof the incipient synthesis. Intellectualism and anti-intellectualism concur in adefinitive renunciation of the thing-in-itself. The conventionalist ambition toreconcile creation and agreement estranges the “new” epistemological current fromits Poincarian and Bergsonian sources which make it possible to measure theontological range of scientific relativity
Petitier, Paule. ""Moi-histoire-nature" : géographie et biologie : le modèle naturel dans l'oeuvre de Michelet autour de 1830." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF20008.
Full textShortly after 1830, michelet starts work on his histoire de france. Geography is very important in the first volumes. In his geographical discourse one may discover the contradictions inherent in a thought aiming at reconciling two philosophical systems based on antithetical hypotheses -the enlightenment and naturphilosophie. The representation of the territory enables the historian to reach compromises between those two systems. Thus michelet acknowledges the superiority of the natural model but in a paradoxical way -in fact organiscism becames the specific feature of history whereas nature is deprived of it. As early as 1830, the development of michelet's historical method is analogical to natural sciences. The theories of the embryogenists and of the teratologists assisted michelet in understanding the genesis of the territory and of the nation. In a wider sense, the transfromist conception of living organisms determined the historian's methodology and mode of expression. The representation of the territory and the natural model are thus inscribed in an affective and polemical discourse. On the one hand, they form the basis of his representation of the self; on the other hand, they have a didactic function in the rehabilitation of the revolution, which appears as early as that period, beneath the surface of michelet's texts. The aesthetic discourse on the territory affirms the ideological commitment and optimism of the historian who in 1830 believed he could restitute a science of totality. Geography finally seems to be the expression of such a triumphant optimism aiming at uniting the various fields of experience and knowledge
Courtenay, Nadine de. "Science et philosophie chez Ludwig Boltzmann : la liberté des images par les signes." Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040016.
Full textAzouvi, François. "La science de l'homme selon Maine de Biran." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010501.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study maine de Biran's theory of the science of man, with the purpose to outline the epistemological claim of this doctrine. I have tried to analyse precisely the philosophical foundations of the division of sciences inside the science of man, the method and the contents of each of these sciences (physiology, psychology, "mixed science"). I have traced the evolution of biranian doctrine about 1813 and about 1818, studying each time the news system of sciences, each of them, and the reasons of the changes
Suratteau-Iberraken, Aurélie. "La contribution de Denis Diderot à la connaissance des monstres au XVIIIème siècle." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010519.
Full textAcademicians and encyclopedists want to naturalize monsters, according to aristotelian way. Notion of "anomaly" appears rather than notion of "abnormal". Exemplarily, the method founded on "observation" allows academicians to occult providentialism in dispute. Diderot's contribution gives a methodological pattern to the philosopher of science. He shows the background of metaphysical resistances in order to establish accidentalism and epigenesis. The self-organization of matter and the emphasis of accidents make up a new natural history. Double monsters prove limits of dualism to think death, will and personal identity. The context is anthropological. These debates on monsters are indubitably dependent on such a pre-scientific era. Diderot's method aims less at objectifying these vitalistic properties than at establishing his own inscription in the theory of knowledge : scepticism is not a relativism. Newborn legal medicine refers the norm to natural normality, and exposes the confusion between social and natural criterions to legitimate discimination. Medicine and moral science have to take care of malformations and material inequalities, in so far as they commend specialization of institutions. Diderot shows the deadlock of this way of naturalization which is inable to integrate abnormal beings and to rationalize social welfare. However, he doesn't substitute an apology for "difference" for these scientist basis. On the contrary, he dwells on the powers of bodies, the limits to education, and the spontaneous intolerance to pain, so that he institutes a "biological normalcy". Diderot builds up strong conceptual resistances to two contemporary standards of thinking "selection" regarding prenatal diagnosis. He neither makes life sacred nor initiates liberal eugenics. Paradoxically, axiology is rather more dependent on materialistic philosophy than on finalist and spiritualistic systems. The latter are more efficient to consider ways of neutralizing affects
Renault, Emmanuel. "Philosophie de la nature et théorie des sciences chez Hegel : principes généraux et application à la chimie." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOL001.
Full textPhilosophy and sciences are connected together in Hegel’s philosophy of nature. This thesis tries to understand the nature of this connection and to stress its outcomes about the interpretation of the Hegelian system. This connection makes possible to clarify what is the "scientificity" of philosophy (chapters 1 and 2) and the scientificity of sciences of nature (chapter 3). By this mean, one can show that, according to Hegel, philosophy and sciences must be interrelated by a fondation-relation, and that this fondation-relation must take the specific form of a philosophy of nature. That is what one is trying to confirl with the example of the chemistry of the time (chapters 4-8). Philosophy of nature appears as a method appropriate both to the intervention in scientific debates and to the respect of the autonomy and organisation of the scientific knowledge. And it seems that this method had led Hegel to a relevant fondation of the dynamist chemistry of his time
Bigonville, Delphine. "Association des idées et intuition: la réponse des architectes anglais à la Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209775.
Full textDoctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
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Vieillard, Bertrand. "Le tact du peintre, le toucher du philosophe : Chardin et la pensée française du XVIIIe siècle." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040297.
Full textIn a century when the sense of touch is beginning to be a major philosophical preoccupation, Chardin’s painting presents the viewer with a visual analogon of man’s tactile relationship with the world. But while philosophers favour an approach to the sense of touch which primarily defines it as the desire to have power over a thing through the physical contact established by touching it, Chardin makes room, in the content of his painting, as well as in his brushwork, for different modes of touching, beyond and before mere contact. This singular aim is a distinctive feature of tact, where what is at stake is not only mere sensual perception, but also the constitution of subjectivity itself, of the relationship between minds and, finally, of the objective affinity of beings. This approach to the sense of touch being also what science and philosophy of the XVIIIth century secretly aspire to, Chardin’s paintings are revelatory of how the works of a great painter bring to light, and at the same time transcend, the most fertile ideas of contemporaries
Mesbahi, Al-Maleki Hinda. "Ibn Rushd et le milieu des intellectuels à Cordoue au XIIe siècle." Lyon 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO31011.
Full textVentrone, Giuseppe. "Tolérance et pluralité à l'âge des Lumières : Paris et Naples (1720-1785)." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0034.
Full textThe enlightenment project of "enlightening" of society through Reason is bound up with the idea of the possibility to act on people's mentality, i. E. Exerting influence over classes, categories or social groups in order to determine a profound and persistent "conversion" of their representation of their own condition and, accordingly, of their behavioural pattern. This research, far from tackling the question of the actual political influence of the Philosophers, is devoted to a detection and description, drawing on the texts, of the presence in their ideas of different paradigms of minor influence like : plurality, utility, consistence, belonging. The research aims at showing the way in wich this paradigms can crystallise themselves in the idea of tolerance. The same phenomenological methodology will be used to test the spread of these paradigms in the neapolitan enlightenment
Blondel, Marika. "Dire les choses : Auguste Laurent et la méthode chimique." Lyon 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO31015.
Full textAuguste laurent (1807-1853) proves the knowledge of the chemical combination, i. E. Atoms and their arrangements to be illusory. On the other hand he assumes that this question is essential to the progress in the iunderstanding and prevision of phenomena. He therefore indicates a medium-sized plan for the postlavoisian chemistry : i. E. To speak things instead of knowing them, but speaking in order to know. Mineralogy wich laurent knows very well offered to extreme solutions : either to transcribe the external characters - properties - or to express the substance. He chooses the middle-way. Better still, he follows both ways : he expresses his idea concerning arrangements but so that experiment is forced to answer the theoretical questioning; he transcribes the properties but in such a way that the recorded experiment has to speak out its reason. The chemical method nust be considered as a discourse upon things, as well as it gives the conditions for such a discourse to be held; the language of such a discourse would be provided by the theory
Spetschinsky, Sergueï. "Dualisme et réflexion: le passage entre théorique et pratique dans la philosophie transcendantale d'Immanuel Kant." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209732.
Full textDoctorat en Philosophie
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Vileno, Anna Maria. "A l'ombre de la kabbale: philologie et ésotérisme au XVIIe siècle dans l'oeuvre de Christian Knorr de Rosenroth." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209259.
Full textMa thèse de doctorat porte sur la kabbale chrétienne et sur ses rapports avec son homologue juive au 17e siècle. Je travaille en particulier sur un kabbaliste chrétien de la fin du 17e siècle, Christian Knorr von Rosenroth et son anthologie de kabbale chrétienne intitulée la "Kabbala denudata". L’œuvre reflète les débats philosophiques et religieux du 17e siècle (avec notamment des collaborations d’Henry More et de l’alchimiste belge François Mercure van Helmont), comporte de nombreuses traductions d’ouvrages de kabbale lourianique ainsi qu’une édition bilingue (araméen - latin) du Zohar. D’une part, l’étude de la "Kabbala denudata" permet de mieux comprendre la manière dont la kabbale lourianique a été reçue en Europe au 17e siècle. D’autre part, l’anthologie atteste d’une pratique de la "philosophia perennis" qui s’inscrit dans le prolongement de la Renaissance. À travers la pratique du symbolisme, l’auteur construit une nouvelle forme de rapports avec l’orthodoxie religieuse de son temps et ouvre la voie à une compréhension approfondie de l’altérité religieuse. Mes recherches s’inscrivent tant dans le domaine de l’étude des relations judéo-chrétiennes que de l’étude de l’ésotérisme.
Doctorat en Philosophie
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Sippel, Alexandra. "Le travail dans l’utopie britannique du long dix-huitième siècle." Thesis, Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040261.
Full textThe point of this thesis is to show how work is depicted in eighteenth-century utopias, from John Bellers (1695) to Robert Owen (in the 1830s). Labour is the necessary condition of the vast majority of the British population at the beginning of the period. Over the century, though, work takes on a more positive connotation as it becomes a means of ascending the social ladder (especially for the merchants and members of the professions). In utopian texts, European “toil” becomes pleasant and healthful “exercise”, because the inhabitants of ideal societies have few needs that are easily satisfied. A little agriculture and craft industry only is required to provide them with anything they want. The intellectual professions, that were more prestigious in Britain, are disregarded as each citizen is able to act as his own priest, lawyer or physician. All utopians are artists, contributing to the beauty of their environment, so that none is really identified as such. The last part aims at demonstrating that work and labour are at the heart of the utopists’ view of society. Their plans are vindications of more egalitarian and cooperative societies
Dupuy, Nathanaëlle. "Le libertinage érudit et la formation de l'homme : François de La Mothe Le Vayer, précepteur royal et précurseur pédagogique." Nantes, 2016. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=4eba63dd-e037-4b06-9950-1704ebee8088.
Full textFrançois De La Mothe Le Vayer, a learned libertine in the XVII century was the of King Louis XIV’s private tutor. At first sight, the political part of our libertine – Richelieu’s protégé and the Sun-King’s private tutor – may seem contradictory with the idea of an educational precursor. Nevertheless, reading attentively Le Vayer’s works reveals, beyond his large culture of the Ancients, a critical thinking not deprived of any meaning within our present time. Libertines as precursors can be seen from two angles. First, by the setting up of the “economical governance” which is a distinctive feature of the way the Ancients ruled, we will point at the way François De La Mothe Le Vayer brings a secularized governing pattern to the foreground of politics by initiating the separation of pastoral governance from regal power. Secondly, by the means our libertine uses to highlight another vision of education of the self, separate from institutional forms and from educative conversion. Since the beginning of Christianity, the aim of education and converting institutes is to prepare souls to entering the expectation of a salvation which political order will then administer. Facing this, the libertine view of education establishes a break : an emancipating education. Putting into practice the theory of education of the self, how can La Mothe Le Vayer still be our contemporary? How can he enlighten us about the present state of things regarding the part of education as a lever for the political question?
Vanzulli, Marco. "L'idée de science chez Vico : Mythe et anthropologie." Nice, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NICE2004.
Full textThis study aims to prove the scientific character of Vico's new science and its complexity. The New Science epistemology will appear, through our analyse, the result of three basic components: rhetoric, jurisprudence and natural science. Without denying the fundamental function of sensible and imaginative determinations, we will try to show the importance of rational determination in the New Science, and indeed in Vico's entire output. This reading will allow us to examine the distinctively anthropologic nature of the science "concerning the common nature of the nations" and to dwell upon the civil interpretation of the myth which it provides. Subsequently, we will try to lay the foundations of an actualisation and an application of the vichian hermeneutics of myth, by comparison with the phenomenological and irrationalist tendency of contemporaneous studies of mythology and history of religions
Laurent, Guy. "Beethoven et le style classique." Paris 8, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA081395.
Full textStudy in stylistics of beethoven's works trying to show his characteristics related to the two other great classical composers - haydn and mozart, from whom a few piecess are also studied -, and relating these musical choices to the thinking structures of the eighteenth century, in musical theory as in science - natural science, for example -and philosophy
Hantute, Eric. "L'idée de contrat politique au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècles : entre transcendance,égoïsme et rationalité étendue (Pudendorf, Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau)." Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA040212.
Full textPineau, Guylaine. "Des secrets de l'art au silence éloquent : les statégies discursives dans les Oeuvres d'Ambroise Paré." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040183.
Full textAmbroise Paré's Oeuvres (1585) call for an investigation into the conditions in which a new ideology emerges, privileging experience and calling for the promulgation of knowledge in French. The reorganization within the text of the topoi fundamental to medical and religious thought allows a reevaluation of the status of the body in the discourse on the miseria hominis. His Oeuvres open a reflection bearing upon the value of authorities and the rhetorical functioning of quotations, comparisons and synecdoches. To state certain daring conclusions, Paré is forced to apply the "prudence method" theorised by Ramus and to elaborate enunciatory strategies mobilizing different figures involving allusion and ambiguity (ironie, litote, enthymeme, reticence. . . ). The ambition to produce a work which will last, despite the fact that its scientific content will inevitably become obsolete, accentuates the egotistical and literary temptations within his writing, giving Paré a genuine authorial status
Champion, Julie. "Le cheminement de la parole libertine." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040160/document.
Full textIt seems that libertinism has always been misread, distorted and regarded as a movement with a limited scale. However, even if the establishment of the notion of libertinism was based on the negative vision spread by its detractors, it was actually a strong ideology, philosophy and style that was often misunderstood because the libertins always denied all kind of dogma. Therefore, they do not propose a philosophical model but a way of thinking in which the reader has to figure one’s own vision of the world as well as an ideal model of life and wisdom. This continuity was revealed by the contemporary criticism of the libertins from the seventeenth century, that we name “Scholars” since the thesis developed by René Pintard in 1943. But the chronology divides the movement in two periods and denies the possibility of a continuity between the libertine authors from the seventeenth century and those from the eighteenth century, regarded as minors authors. Through the study of four libertine pieces from the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries (Les États et Empires de la Lune et du Soleil by Cyrano de Bergerac, Dom Juan by Molière, Thérèse philosophe by Boyer d’Argens and the three versions of Justine by Sade) and through their comparison with the stakes of libertinism defined by the theoretical texts and criticism, this continuity is highlighted and studied in five fundamental ways : refusal of beliefs, the promotion of a scientific approach, putting common values in perspective, the existence of a materialistic hermeneutics and the constitution of a political, social and philosophical ideal
Duong, Sophie. "Les "hermaphrodites", des phénomènes au carrefour des savoirs et des conceptions scientifiques et philosophiques : une étude sur l'"objectivation" scientifique et médicale des hermaphrodites de la Renaissance au début du XVIIe siècle." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA070025.
Full textThis work aims to propose a conceptual history of hermaphrodism during the 16th and the early 17th centuries, through the study of the scientific and philosophical concepts linked to the existence of human hermaphrodites, in the conceptual evolution of the idea/the notion of « monsters », of generation, of differentiation of sexes and of the organization of genitalia. On the one hand, this study intends to show that during the Renaissance in Europe (Germany, Italy, Spain, France), the ancient and medieval heritage of scholarships and conceptions linked to hermaphrodites and monsters was the subject of scholars' questions and research and was renewed and enriched through the re-discovery of anatomy, in particular for hermaphrodites. On the other hand, its purpose is to demonstrate that an impulse, itself renewed, tried to restore hermaphrodites and monsters only In the domain of natural sciences, excluding them from the domain of divination from the second-naïf of the 16th century onwards, or even attempted to consider hermaphrodites only as human beings certainly presenting an anomaly, but a minor anomaly which nevertheless calls into question one's belonging to one or the other gender. Far from proposing a linear conceptual history, but considering the possible influences of these concepts on the conditions and social status of hermaphrodites, this study highlights two « traditions >; in the interpretation and presentation of hermaphrodites, which coexisted during the 16th century and raised questions still debated during the next centuries, such as the existence of the « perfect » hermaphrodite
Carteret, Xavier. "Michel Adanson (1727-1806) et la méthode naturelle de classification botanique." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0068.
Full textMichel Adanson (1727-1806) is a French naturalist whose work falls into a taxonomic period (until around 1770) and an encyclopedic period (until his death). He is the author of an original natural method of classification, which he applied to mollusks and, most importantIy, to plants, in Familles des plantes, 1763-1764. This study is concerned with his method of classification. In-particular, the history of Adanson's method is explored, and an explanation and interpretation of it are proposed. Extra attention has been devoted to the analysis of the influence of philosophical beliefs and the actions of other naturalists on Adanson in. Order to delineate the uniqueness of the Adansonian approach and, as such, its modernity. The place of the Familles in the history of botany will be discussed in detail, as the work was published at a critical time between the peak influence of the Linnaean system and the watershed work brought forth by Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, starting in 1770
Lejeune, Guillaume. "Les dialectes de la dialectique: sens et usage du langage chez Hegel." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209751.
Full textDans la première partie, nous avons reconstruit la théorie implicite du langage à partir des occurrences du thème et de la structure de la philosophie hégélienne. Après une étude génétique et systématique du langage chez le philosophe, nous avons abordé le rapport du langage à la logique. Nous avons alors montré que Hegel essaye moins de construire un langage pour la pensée comme c’est souvent le cas dans les formalismes logiques que de montrer comment la pensée se fait discours dans le langage. A l’issue de cette première partie, il est donc apparu que le langage était moins étudié comme un objet à décrire analytiquement que comme l’élément dans lequel la pensée devenait le discours de l’auto-constitution du sens.
Une fois ce sens du langage dégagé, nous avons analysé dans la seconde partie, la façon dont Hegel usait du langage pour faire ressortir son discours visant à articuler le sens en son absoluité. Notre démarche essentiellement propédeutique a alors pris un tour problématique, puisque nous avons fait ressortir qu’il y avait une tension entre les textes de philosophie et les textes sur la philosophie. En effet, si le discours philosophique exprime le sens tel qu’il se forme dans le langage, il semble inopportun de faire précéder ce discours de textes tels que des préfaces où des introductions qui ne donnent qu’un point de vue indirect sur la chose. Plus précisément, la dialectique du savoir se formant dans le langage semble perdre dans les textes en marge du système l’intimité requise d’un sens se faisant expérience. Hegel en formulant la philosophie première comme une dialectique autoréférentielle du concept serait pris dans le dilemme suivant :le système interdirait tout texte référentiel (préface, introduction) tout en les nécessitant pour se laisser communiquer. En bref, l’autoréférence au fondement de l’horizon du sens chez Hegel se contredirait dans la communication que vise à établir l’aspect dialogique des préfaces et des introductions. La question que nous avons alors essayé de résoudre est celle de savoir si dialectique et dialogique étaient vraiment à opposer. Après avoir montré que des penseurs comme Schlegel ou Schleiermacher pensaient ces deux concepts ensemble, nous avons fait apparaître que le concept de dialogique pensé dans son historicité s’était vu délimiter concurremment à la grammaire et à la rhétorique des bornes variables. Nous avons alors soutenu la thèse selon laquelle cette plasticité pouvait également s’attacher à la notion de dialogique. Plus précisément, l’opposition apparente de ces deux termes chez Hegel a été mitigée à l’aune d’un concept de dialogique basé sur une relation « Je-Nous ». En montrant que chez Hegel le dialogique des préfaces référait à un « Nous » englobant, le problème de la communication de sa philosophie à travers des textes exotériques n’est plus apparue comme contredisant la structure autoréférentielle du système. Nous avons, par là, fait apparaître que la dialectique de l’élaboration dans le langage pouvait se décliner en des dialectes dialogiques qui, prenant place dans l’espace autoréférentiel de la relation « Je-Nous », n’infirmaient pas le concept d’expérience du sens.
En guise de conclusion, nous avons esquissé de façon prospective le potentiel d’une telle théorie dans un contexte plus contemporain. Nous avons à cet égard voulu répondre aux critiques de Habermas ou de Gadamer taxant le système hégélien de monologue de l’absolu oublieux du caractère dialogique de la parole et de la communication en montrant l’intérêt qu’une vue plus nuancée sur la pensée dialectique hégélienne pouvait avoir pour la pensée contemporaine.
Doctorat en Philosophie
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Courant, Elsa. "Poésie et cosmologie dans la deuxième moitié du XIXème siècle : nouvelle mythologie de la nuit à l'ère du positivisme." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEE042.
Full textSince Antiquity, there has been a close relationship between poetry and cosmology. We can perceive the coevolution of these two disciplines in a wide range of different poetic forms: mythological tales, versified didactic treatises, or versified cosmological hypotheses on the structure of worldly existence. Nineteenth-century France witnesses particularly intense debates about the nature of both poetry and cosmology, however, and the functions of these two disciplines increasingly merge, especially after Romanticism. The cosmos assumes a new relevance as both the subject of scientific investigation and poetic creation. In this period of history, crucial scientific discoveries change our perception of the skies and give rise to the modern science of cosmology, based on the principles of mathematics and astrophysics. The legitimacy of both poetry and cosmology is tested by positivist discourse, as the definition of scientific methods change and the hierarchy between science and literature is inverted. This study shows the importance of this historical context in the dialogue between poetry and cosmology. Focusing on this crucial historical turning point, this thesis sheds a new light on various major issues that French poets faced in the second half of the twentieth century: the poetic quest for a totalizing form, the difficulties posed by the didactic genre, the value of domains of knowledge and literature, the question of the religious mission of poetry, and the renewal of mythology at the time
De, carli Manuel. "Le tarentisme et les qualités occultes en Hollande aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles : l’œuvre de Wolferd Senguerd (1646-1724)." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR2023.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to reconstruct the reflection of Wolferd Senguerd (Utrecht, 1646- Leiden, 1724) about the tarantula, the wonderful effects of its poison, the prodigious and curative properties of some peculiar music, concerning occult qualities. Professor of “Peripatetic Philosophy” at the University of Leiden, Wolferd is a little known figure in the field of studies about tarantism. However, he is the author of three texts about this topic. In fact, Wolferd takes his doctorate in philosophy, by composing a "Disputatio philosophica inauguralis de tarantula" (Leiden, 1667), among the first independent writings completely devoted to the study of the problematic. Furthermore, he wrote "Tractatus physicus de tarantula" (Leiden, 1668) and "Disquisitio de tarantula" (Rotterdam, 1715). The attention of Wolferd to the wonderful effects of Apulian tarantulas and to the extraordinary musitherapy is part of the wider interest – widespread in the 16th century – in occult qualities. This work consists of three parts. The first part deals with the origin of Wolferd’s interest in occult qualities. It was found that Wolferd had been initiated to the study of the problematic by his father Arnold Senguerd (1610-1667), neo-Aristotelian philosopher and professor of Wolferd during the years of his academic training at the Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam. In this perspective, the reflection on occult qualities developed by Arnold was reconstructed. The disputationes, discussed by Wolferd under the supervision of his father and devoted to the study of occult qualities, have also been analysed. Therefore, the considerable influence that the lesson of Arnold exerts on the subsequent reflections of Wolferd about occult qualities and tarantism is recognizable. The second part focuses on the study of Wolferd’s reflection about tarantism due to the analysis of early works: "Disputatio philosophica inauguralis de tarantula" and a wider version of the previously mentioned writing, "Tractatus physicus de tarantula". In both works, tarantism is presented as a phenomenon consisting of many aspects explained by the tradition through the occult qualities. Therefore, the sources of Wolferd have been reconstructed. Furthermore, it has been noted that his aim is to show that these aspects are explicable by alternative solutions to occult qualities. The clarification of these aspects is accomplished making use of the tools of natural history and invoking mechanical actions and fermentation processes, while the aspects considered fabulosi are denied in their own empirical existence. The third part is devoted to the mature reflection of Wolferd about tarantism. It has been shown that a reconsideration of the problem concerning occult qualities and the adherence to the principles of experimental philosophy after 1675 are reflected in the writing of the "Disquisitio de tarantula". Although the author’s intent is to explain the extraordinary effects of tarantism, there are some significant changes in the explanatory patterns that he adopts. The incidence of his pneumatic studies corcerning the elasticity in explaining the therapy of sounds and dances has been highlighted. In addition, the influence exercised by the implicit source of the "De anatome, morsu et effectibus tarantulae" (1696) of Giorgio Baglivi (1668-1707) has been identified. This source is inserted by Wolferd in the new experimental frame that distinguishes the "Disquisitio de tarantula". Due to this source, he can revise his reflection about tarantism, in relation to aspects of the natural history and iatromechanical medicine
Marinheiro, Cristóvão. "Logique et ontologie chez Antionio Bernardi (1502-1565)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040026.
Full textAristotle is usually seen as the first pluralist of sciences. This point was scarcely discussed in the commentries over the centuries. Around 1560 however, Bernardi asserts in his Eversio that the division of theoretical sciences proposed by Aristotle was made by commodity (per commoditatem), avoiding so a division into to many parts on the one side and a too great unity on the other side. This view on the hierarchy of sciences hides an ontology to be analysed in this work. Moreover, this ontology forces us to examine his positions on logic, since he does not accept the Categories as a work belonging to that discipline nor the second intentions. The coherence between his logic and his ontology are then scrutinised. Finally, we review several authors of the XVIth century who discussed his opinions in order to show the turn off Modern philosophy. The conclusion will be that the unity of sciences, classical topos of the XVIIth century, was already present in aristotelianism
Marmursztejn, Elsa. "Un "troisième pouvoir" ? : pouvoir intellectuel et construction des normes à l'Université de Paris à la fin du XIIIe siècle d'après les sources quodlibétiques (Thomas d'Aquin, Gérard d'Abbeville, Henri de Gand, Godefroid de Fontaines)." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHES0029.
Full textSciaccaluga, Nicoletta. "Potentia naturalis : rôle et disparition d'une notion centrale dans la physique du jeune Descartes." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN1507.
Full textZoh, Lambert. "E. H. Dubois Reymond (1818-1896) : sa pensée scientifique et ses implications." Nancy 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN21018.
Full textDubois' life major lines (1818-1896) - origin of his scientific skill - Dubois and science - origin of leading ideas in science French rationalism - scientific approach to the problem of knowledge - science versus materialism - situation in relation to positivism - origin and genealogy of the idea of knowledge - solution of the religious problem and ter to the fight for freedom of culture - political and social aspects of science - Dubois' humanism - nationalism, francophobia and their influence in Dubois'psychological integration - the author's impact in French speaking community - the ultimate solution : quest for an ideal Germany
Ducrocq, Myriam-Isabelle. "Le réalisme dans la pensée politique anglaise de la Grande Rébellion à la Glorieuse Révolution : à travers les oeuvres de Thomas Hobbes, James Harrington, Algernon Sydney et John Locke." Paris 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA030153.
Full textThe purport of this doctoral thesis is to bring in perspective four emblematic thinkers of the period of English history extending between The Great Rebellion and the Glorious Revolution : Thomas Hobbes, John Harrington, Algernon Sydney and John Locke. These authors, whose respective status and posterity widely differ, are divided by strong ideological differences : Hobbes was a proponent of absolutist government, Harrington and Sidney inclined in favour of a regime based on popular representation and John Locke was a partisan of parliamentary monarchy. Whatever their differences, these philosophers share a common attitude that consists in taking into account the real conditions presiding over the exercise of political power. This common perspective which has been described as political realism is founded on three main axes : the first one is the will to choose a foundation of all political organisations the principles of nature as evidenced by the historical study of human societies and rational analysis ; the second axis is to be found in their search for optimal conditions to ensure the preservation of the Commonwealth built on such foundation ; the third and last axis consists in taking into account the Commonwealth ‘s interest in the resolution of a certain number of fundamental political questions that prevailed during that period. We shall establish in conclusion that their common realism induces them to put forward similar propositions on the nature and extent of the power that political leaders must be entrusted with, whatever the chosen form of government may be
Villaine, Hortense de. "Peut-on échapper à l'épiphénoménisme ? : une immersion dans la psychophysiologie britannique de la seconde moitié du XIX° siècle." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://faraway.parisnanterre.fr/login?url=http://bdr.parisnanterre.fr/theses/intranet/2020/2020PA100050/2020PA100050.pdf.
Full textDuring the second half of the nineteenth century in Great Britain, a substantial number of articles, conferences and books were dedicated to the mind-body problem. This period was indeed marked by the Darwinian theory, the development of brain sciences, together with the fight for intellectual leadership between some scientists and traditional authorities. A certain number of scientists rejected the theological tutelage of science as well as the metaphysical studies of the mind. They defended an experimental approach to the mind-body problem. Therefore, they started developing their own philosophy of mind. The most controversial thesis debated in this overall context was the thesis of epiphenomenalism formulated by Thomas Huxley in 1874. He argued that mind was causally inefficient, thus saying that the conscious will was an illusion. The defence of this astonishing position is related to two other main ideas: metaphysical agnosticism and the mechanical conception of the world. Even though it was widely accepted among Huxley’s close colleagues, this thesis was criticised by some people who also defended a scientific study of the mind. The mind-body problem thus appeared to us as a new way to enter the controversies of this time. Its study enabled us to identify a philosophical movement, which we labelled “Victorian psycho-physiological philosophy” and which this work aims at providing a global and systematic exploration of. The main authors of this study are the following: Thomas Henry Huxley, John Tyndall, William Clifford, Henry Maudsley, Alexander Bain, William B. Carpenter, George Henry Lewes and George Romanes
Coutard, Jean-Pierre. "L'interrogation sur le vivant chez Leibniz et quelques savants de son temps." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040249.
Full textLeibniz attempts to go beyond the cartesian dualism by asserting the substantial monad as an expression of an active primitive power which perceives and desires, which is a living power. Some leibnizian principles and conceptual tools allow to take a different look at the living as a continuous effort towards the optimal active power of a remarkable unity which constantly differentiates itself according to numerous levels of expression and degrees of perfection. If life is an evolutionary system of active forces driven by a will for growth, and if these forces are by nature the ones of a power giving a meaning, then the immediately unity of the being and the perceiving arises, in a context of a Desire where better we perceive better we are
Dubois, Bruno. "Réalité et imaginaire, le Japon vu par le XVIIIème siècle français." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843582.
Full textDestain, Christian. "De la solitude des origines humaines à l'individualité autobiographique: Jean-Jacques Rousseau et la faillite de la démocratie." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212761.
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