Academic literature on the topic 'Philosophy. Lexicology. Language and languages'

In the modern world, in the epoch of growth of information technologies, an advertisement is one of the most popular varieties of mass communication that rapidly develops. The growth of advertisement substantially influences on lexical composition of language, creates in a language new concepts and expressions, in particular slang and jargon. Native speakers begin to use such vocabulary in everyday life. Especially modern English has such phenomenon, because it is used all over the world. Nowadays, an advertisement performs the function of public ideas formation. Influencing on people, an advertisement creates consumer philosophy and ideology. One of the most sensible to the advertisement categories of people is youth, because they are in the process of active socialization. Exactly an advertisement is mostly aimed at young consumers, that is why it becomes more widely spread and such products need specific language means of influence. Advertisement makers try to overcome psychological distance between an advertisement and audience, so they use of extralinguistic language units, elements of slang or to create new words. Topicality of this work is defined by the fact that a slang is an integral part of English, and the latest research of slang is of great importance. A slang is one of the most actual and ambiguous problems of modern lexicology. In the world where new slang units appear every day, updating of theoretical and practical knowledge of slang and its functions is very important for modern lexicology. In addition, the deeper analysis of advertisement reports with a slang must be done. A scientific novelty of work is that theoretical knowledge in relation to a slang and advertisement in the conditions of modern development of information technologies are incorporated and generalized; opinions of scientists are analyzed in relation to functioning of slang in an advertisement. The aim of the article is to study features of slang functioning in modern English-language advertisements and analysis of basic methods of translating of such advertisement texts. The achievement of these aims needs solution of the following tasks: 1) to interpret a concept "slang" and "jargon" and define, what a slang differs from jargon in the context of the newest researches; 2) to present the basic methods of forming of slang in modern English; 3) to describe the general views of slang and identify their specifics; 4) to interpret a concept "advertisement" and describe the stylistic features of advertisement text; 5) to describe the features of slang use in advertisement texts; 6) to explain functioning of slang in an advertisement on the example of advertisement slogans and texts; 7) to define the specific features of English-Ukrainian translation of advertisements. The subject of research is an analysis of slang features in modern English and Ukrainian languages in advertisement texts.

This chapter begins with a discussion of Kripke-style possible worlds semantics. It considers one of the most important applications of possible worlds semantics, the account of counterfactual conditionals given in Robert Stalnaker and David Lewis. It then goes on to examine the work of Richard Montague. Montague specified syntactic rules that generate English, or English-like, structures directly, while pairing each such rule with a truth-theoretic rule interpreting it. This close parallel between syntax and semantics is what makes the languages of classical logic so transparently tractable, and what they were designed to embody. Montague's bold contention is that we do not have to replace natural language natural languages with formal substitutes to achieve such transparency. The same techniques employed to create formal languages can be used to describe natural languages in mathematically revealing ways.

This chapter begins by discussing the work of Alfred Tarski. In the 1930s, Tarski published two articles that became classics. In “The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages” (1935) he defined truth for formal languages of logic and mathematics. In “On the Concept of Logical Consequence” (1936) he used that definition to give what is essentially the modern “semantic” (model-theoretic) definition of logical consequence. In addition to their evident significance for logic and metamathematics, these results have come to play an important role in the study of meaning. The chapter then discusses Rudolf Carnap's embrace of truth-theoretic semantics and the semantic approach of Donald Davidson.