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Wirts, Amelia Marie. "Criminal Oppression: A Non-Ideal Theory of Criminal Law and Punishment." Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108954.
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Thesis advisor: David M. RasmussenThis dissertation defines and defends the concept of ‘criminal oppression.’ Criminal oppression occurs when people are excluded from full participation in important social and political institutions because they are perceived to have violated certain community norms. Oppression is primarily a structural phenomenon, in which practices of formal and informal institutions unjustly harm people based on group membership. In structural oppression, there is rarely an individual who can be said to be responsible for the oppression, but I argue that at times, individuals may also be agents of oppression when they create, perpetuate, or exacerbate structural oppression. Applying this theory of oppression, the criminal justice system in the United States is an oppressive structure that unjustly harms those considered to be ‘criminals’ through a variety of practices. There are three categories of unjust practices: policing, adjudication and punishment, and collateral effects of arrest and conviction. These three categories of practices create the social group ‘criminals’ by subjecting certain people to these kinds of treatments. I use the word ‘criminal’ to describe those who are treated as criminals by police, the courts, and even private individuals like employers. To be a ‘criminal,’ it is not necessary that one has committed a crime or been convicted of a crime. Racial and criminal oppression deeply related historically and conceptually. Nevertheless, they are distinct kinds of oppression. In the United States, those who are not racially oppressed but are ‘criminals’ face many of the same unjust obstacles as those who are racially oppressed in addition to being ‘criminals.’ Some may argue that ‘criminals’ duly convicted of crimes deserve to be socially and politically excluded. But, I argue that the criminal justice system is not properly conceived of as an apolitical institution that can assess moral blameworthiness. Nor should it be able to offer punishments that amount to social and political exclusion. Instead, the criminal justice system is one political institution amongst many, and it ought to be governed by the same principles of liberty and equality that govern other political institutions. Criminal law’s proper function is to facilitate government as a system social cooperation. Therefore, it ought to respond to criminal acts with actions designed to promote inclusion rather than exclusion. Moreover, even if someone has committed a crime, that does not mean that they ought to be subject to violence or permanent second-class status. Finally, I address specific, feminism-driven arguments for using the criminal justice system to fight violence against women. Some feminists argue that the expressivist function of punishment—the ability of punishment to express disapproval and disavowal—makes it a perfect tool for fighting the normalization of violence against women. The problem, they contend, is that this violence is under-punished in the United States, and the solution to ending violence against women is to increase prosecutions and advocate for harsher punishments because punishment will change the social norms and make violence against women rarer. To this, I argue that those who create laws or mete out punishments do not have control over the social meaning of punishment with precision. The historical and present-day oppressive features of criminal law and punishment interfere with the ability of prosecution and punishment to condemn certain types of acts without also condemning people. Thus, feminists who try to use the criminal justice system to fight gender-based violence will find it to be ineffective and potentially harmful to the already oppressed group of ‘criminals.” Chapter 1argues that ‘criminals’ are oppressed using a structural model of oppression that focuses on how collections of institutional policies and practices can create and maintain unjust power relations between groups of people. I will also use an externalist theory of group identity to argue that being arrested or convicted of a crime is not necessary or sufficient for membership in the social group ‘criminal.’ Chapter 2 explains the relationship between racial oppression and the oppression of ‘criminals,’ noting the historical development of the modern prison system. Chapter 3 argues that the proper role of criminal law is to support systems of social cooperation, not to punish pre-political wrongs. I will suggest that criminal law is in essence part of the social contract, not a separate sphere of justice to which distinctive, retributive principles apply. Instead, the criminal law cannot determine moral blameworthiness and is only justified in sanctioning rule violations for the sake of supporting social cooperation in a society whose institutions are worth supporting. In Chapter 4, I propose a feminist, expressivist defense of the use of prosecution and harsh punishment as a response to rape and domestic violence that takes the structural nature of violence against women into account. Chapter 5, however, demonstrates why even this theory cannot justify incarceration in the non-ideal sphere because of the oppressive history and practice of the American criminal justice system
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Philosophy
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Benoliel, Barbara. "Public Humiliation as a Mitigator in Criminal Sentencing." ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/388.
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This study examined the relationship between the public humiliation and shaming of offenders in the sentencing portion of a criminal trial and the subsequent severity of the sentence the offender receives. Judicial moral shaming of offenders is returning to popularity in the courts, influencing the final sentence outcome as an under-identified mitigator, that substitutes for judges’ other punitive sanctions. Support for this shaming is found in Heider’s attribution theory and in Homans’ theory of social exchange; however Braithwaite found this form of shaming is overly punitive and ineffective. This four phase study used a sequential, mixed method, exploratory research design. A purposeful sample of 80 Provincial Court case transcripts of judges’ reasons for sentencing were first examined qualitatively for the presence of public humiliation using linguistic content analysis; this yielded a taxonomy and classifications of incidents of public humiliation. Using this taxonomy and classification, the data were then analyzed quantitatively, together with the subsequent severity of offenders’ sentences, in a series of bivariate and regression analyses. Other influences on sentencing were considered in the analyses, including the age and gender of the offender, the kind of offense and the plea. Findings of the content analysis indicated that humiliation is multifaceted, with two primary forms: judge imposed and self imposed. Results of the regression analyses that accounted for both forms of shaming indicated that presence of public humiliation is associated with lesser sentences. This study contributes to social change by identifying the practice of public humiliation in the courts and challenging its practice, in keeping with Margalit’s thesis that a decent society is one that does not use social institutions to humiliate its citizens.
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Kennedy, Chloe Jane Sophia. "Criminal law and the Scottish moral tradition." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17935.
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This thesis presents an account of the development of Scots criminal law which concentrates on the influence of the Scottish moral tradition, as epitomised by Calvinist theological doctrine and Scottish Enlightenment moral philosophy. It argues that there are several crucial but seldom-acknowledged points of similarity between the Calvinist aim of creating a holy community and key tenets of eighteenth century Scottish moral thought, which rest upon community-oriented conceptions of the nature of morality and society. Both these shared conceptions and the particular ways they are expressed in Calvinist creed and Enlightenment philosophy are shown to have had a bearing on the way that Scots criminal law changed over time. The areas in which this influence is demonstrated are: the scope and principles of the law, i.e. the type of conduct that was punishable and the arguments that were put forward to justify its prohibition; the attribution of criminal responsibility (and non-responsibility); and the importance of mental state. It is argued that in each of these discrete areas changing perspectives on the nature of morality and human agency had a palpable impact on both legal doctrine and practice. When these different areas of the law are viewed as a whole and in historical perspective, the formative force of the Scottish moral tradition becomes clear and its influence can be seen to have extended into the contemporary law. The thesis therefore provides an original interpretation of the history of Scots criminal law by considering its sources and institutions from hitherto unexplored theological and moral perspectives, whilst simultaneously enhancing scholarly appreciation of certain aspects of the contemporary law that appear unusually moralistic. It also makes a broader contribution to socio-historic scholarship and strengthens its position as a recognised and worthwhile discipline by illustrating, using a concrete legal system, how legal history can enhance debates within criminal law theory and vice versa.
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Blaas, Fey-Constanze. "Double criminality in international extradition law." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53398.
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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The object of the thesis is to examine the content and status of the double criminality principle in international extradition law. The double criminality principle says a fugitive c annat be extradited unless the conduct for which his extradition is sought is criminal in both the requesting state and the requested state. This thesis is based on a study of sources of international law and domestic law and ideas presented in legal literature. The double criminality principle has developed over several centuries and it has been embraced by most states in one form or the other. The principle serves several purposes, of which the most dominant is the notion of state sovereignty. States apply the double criminality principle differently due to its multiple rationale. Legal literature has distinguished two main methods of interpretation, called interpretation in abstracto and in concreto. Whereas the in abstracto method focuses on the theoretical punishability of the conduct, the in concreto method attaches importance to all factual, personal and legal aspects. There are also ways of interpretation that are a combination of these two methods. Most states can be classified into one of the two main groups of interpretation, but in general most states have adopted a specific method of interpretation that is unique to each particular state. There is thus no uniform method of interpretation in international extradition law. This thesis attempts to determine whether the double criminality principle has become a rule of customary international law. Though most instruments on international or domestic extradition law include the double criminality principle, the strong disagreement among legal scholars as to the legal status of the principle leads to the conclusion that the double criminality principle is not a rule of international law today. This thesis contains an examination of whether the principle of double criminality can be classified as an international human rights norm. Though the principle of double criminality has striking similarities with human rights as it partly aims at protecting individuals facing extradition, there are also a number of aspects that distinguish the principle from traditional human rights. This is partly attributable to the fact that international extradition law is not the arena where general international human rights have developed. It is therefore concluded that the double criminality principle does not form part of international human rights law.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die oogmerk van hierdie tesis is om die inhoud en status van die beginsel van dubbelkriminaliteit in internasionale uitleweringsreg te ondersoek. Hierdie beginsel behels dat die handeling ten opsigte waarvan die uitlewering versoek is, misdade in beide die staat wat uitlewering versoek as die staat waarvan uitlewering versoek word, is. Die metode wat hierdie tesis onderlê is 'n literatuurstudie van bronne in die internasionale en nasionale reg. Die dubbelkriminaliteitsbeginsel het oor etlike eeue ontwikkel. Dit word gevind in die meeste regstelsels. Die beginsel dien verskeie oogmerke, waarvan staatsoewereiniteit sekerlik die belangrikste is. State pas die beginselop verskillende maniere toe weens die verskeie bestaansredes vir die beginsel. Regsliteratuur tref 'n onderskeid tussen twee belangrike metodes van interpretasie, naamlik die in abstracto en in concreto benaderings. Terwyl die in abstracto metode op die teoretiese strafbaarheid van die handeling fokus, plaas die in concreto benadering klem op die feitelike, persoonlike en konkrete regsaspekte. Daar is kombinasies van hierdie metodes. Meeste state kan geklassifiseer word volgens die twee benaderings, maar tog pas state hierdie benaderings by hul besondere behoeftes aan. Daar is dus geen uniforme metode van interpretasie in internasionale uitleweringsreg nie. Hierdie tesis poog om te bepaal of die dubbelkriminaliteitsbeginsel 'n reël van gemeenregtelike internasionale reg geword het. Alhoewel meeste wetgewing op die terrein van internasionale en nasionale uitleweringsreg die beginsel van dubbelkriminalitiet insluit, is daar sterk meningsverskilonder regsgeleerdes tov die status van die beinsel. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die beginsel nie 'n algemene reël van die internasionale reg is nie. Ten slotte word daar gekyk of die dubbelkriminaliteitsbeginsel as 'n beginsel van internasionale menseregte geklassifiseer kan word. Alhoewel die beginsel ooreemste met menseregtenorme toon - veral die beskerming van die individu in uitleweringsaangeleenthede - is daar 'n aantal aspekte wat d it van menseregte 0 nderskei. I nternasionale uitleweringsreg en internasionale menseregte deel nie dieselfde ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis nie. Die gevolgtrekking is dus dat die dubbelkriminaliteitsbeginsel nie deel vorm van internasionale menseregte nie.
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Edwards, James Robert. "Uses and misuses of criminalisation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6f8c71da-bdcf-4412-aeaf-5463544b5908.
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Which uses of the power to criminalise are misuses of that power? When, in other words, is an exercise of the power to create a criminal offence an exercise of that power which cannot be morally justified? This thesis seeks to provide one part of the answer, by addressing an aspect of the question little discussed by criminal law theorists. Thus it seeks not classes of conduct which it is impermissible to criminalise, nor classes of objective which offence-creators cannot permissibly pursue. Rather the thesis addresses the distinct issue of means – of how criminal offences (are set up to) bring about their creators’ objectives. It asks which means of achieving objectives it is impermissible to employ or make available, and how the power to criminalise must be used to avoid their employment or availability. In answering these questions the thesis distinguishes a number of types of criminal offence, by reference to the means by which the tokens of each (are set up to) achieve objectives. The argument is that to create tokens of these types is often to misuse power, because it is often to employ, or make available, impermissible means. This judgment of impermissibility is a function of a number of principles of political morality, some of which are developed at length in the course of the thesis. No single principle (or set of principles) is presented as an absolute limit on the power to criminalise; but each is part of a complete picture of how that power can permissibly be used, and contributes to vindicating the thesis defended within these pages. That thesis, to repeat, is that some uses of criminalisation are no better than misuses, on account of the means by which the resulting offences (are set up to) achieve their creators’ ends.
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Luth, Margreet J. "Emotions in court : should the criminal justice process be concerned with the offender's inner feelings?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0c48e482-6c50-413a-9a5e-dbdca8c7d3d0.
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This doctoral thesis aims to provide an answer to the question of why the criminal law should be concerned with the emotional response of the offender. Emotions have important instrumental aptness, such as the capacity to reveal a person's values to himself. Emotional obligations can exist within friendship, and even between strangers when the basic duty of respect has been breached. Emotions therefore have important roles to play in connection to wrongful acts between fellow citizens. The emotions that are the most relevant to the committing of a wrong are guilt and shame. The thought content of guilt is responsibility for a wrong, while the thought content of shame focuses on a weakness of the self. In response to a wrong, guilt feelings distance the wrongdoer from the moral falsehood that was implicit in the offence, restoring relations with society. Shame might have similar beneficial effects, but it might also tie the wrongdoer closer to a personal weakness (which is only indirectly related to the wrong) and might therefore weaken the relationship with himself and society. Preventing undesirable behavior is an aim of criminal law. Good criminal law should aim to persuade offenders to endorse the legal rule that was flouted by the offence. The law is not a suitable basis for citizen's emotional obligations, but emotions are particularly capable of allowing an offender to properly recognise certain reasons for obeying the law, such as moral reasons and reasons of respect for law. Guilt feelings in a setting of victim-offender mediation are very promising in this respect, while shame and humiliation run the risk of distancing the offender from his regard of himself as a moral person and society at large.
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Mallory, Jeri. "Comparisons of the Soul: A Foucauldian Analysis of Reasonable Doubt." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1409.
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The purpose of this paper is to uncover a new level of thinking regarding the discourse and debate around the standard of reasonable doubt and how it is used in our court rooms. The current argument surrounding the reasonable doubt standard has become circular and reached an impasse. By introducing the lens of social control and using the writings of notable French philosopher Michel Foucault, this paper looks at the origins and development of the reasonable doubt standard and links it with the increasing methods of social control present in punishment as well as evaluating the cultural narrative around its origin and assessing why this standard was permitted to continue to be a cornerstone of the Anglo-American judicial system.
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Haselkorn, Amelia A. "When Society Becomes the Criminal: An Exploration of Society’s Responsibilities to the Wrongfully Convicted." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/84.
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This thesis explores how society can and should compensate those who have been wrongfully convicted after they are exonerated and how we can prevent these mistakes from happening to others in the future. It begins by presenting research on the scope of the problem. Then it suggests possible reforms to the U.S. justice system that would minimize the rate of innocent convictions. Lastly, it takes both a philosophical and political look at what just compensation would entail as well as a variety of state compensation laws.
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Giddens, Thomas Philip. "Comics, crime, and the moral self : an interdisciplinary study of criminal identity." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3622.
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An ethical understanding of responsibility should entail a richly qualitative comprehension of the links between embodied, unique individuals and their lived realities of behaviour. Criminal responsibility theory broadly adheres to ‘rational choice’ models of the moral self which subsume individuals’ emotionally embodied dimensions under the general direction of their rational will and abstracts their behaviour from corporeal reality. Linking individuals with their behaviour based only on such understandings of ‘rational choice’ and abstract descriptions of behaviour overlooks the phenomenological dimensions of that behaviour and thus its moral significance as a lived experience. To overcome this ethical shortcoming, engagement with the aesthetic as an alternative discourse can help articulate the ‘excessive’ nature of lived reality and its relationship with ‘orthodox’ knowledge; fittingly, the comics form involves interaction of rational, non-rational, linguistic, and non-linguistic dimensions, modelling the limits of conceptual thought in relation to complex reality. Rational choice is predicated upon a split between a contextually embedded self and an abstractly autonomous self. Analysis of the graphic novel Watchmen contends that prioritisation of rational autonomy over sensual experience is symptomatic of a ‘rational surface’ that turns away from the indeterminate ‘chaos’ of complex reality (the unstructured universe), instead maintaining the power of rational and linguistic concepts to order the world. This ‘rational surface’ is maintained by masking that which threatens its stability: the chaos of the infinite difference of living individuals. These epistemological foundations are reconfigured, via Watchmen, enabling engagement beyond the ‘rational surface’ by accepting the generative potential of this living chaos and calling for models of criminal identity that are ‘restless’, acknowledging the unique, shifting nature of individuals, and not tending towards ‘complete’ or stable concepts of the self-as-responsible. As part of the aesthetic methodology of this reconfiguration, a radical extension of legal theory’s analytical canon is developed.
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Parsley, Stephen. "Rethinking Legal Retribution." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/98.
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In this paper I discuss retributivist justifications for legal punishment. I argue that the main moral retributivist theories advanced so far fail to support a plausible system of legal punishment. As an alternative, I suggest, with some reservations, the legal retributivism advanced by Alan Brudner in his Punishment and Freedom.
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Laird, Jessica O. "Suspicious Minds: An Analysis of Insanity and Legal Accountability in American Criminal Law." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1143.
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This thesis focuses on the treatment of insanity in the criminal law and its implications for the concepts and mechanisms of legal accountability. In order to address this issue, I examined the historical background of the insanity defense and five specific cases that demonstrate the complications arising from insanity’s present legal condition. From this case study I drew the conclusion that, because liability to punishment requires particular internal conditions, criminal responsibility is the proper measure of legal accountability for insane persons. Ultimately, my research demonstrated that insanity occupies a unique position in both the theory of crimes and the theory of punishment and that a trial by jury is not the most appropriate way for adjudicating issues of insanity. In each of these spheres, judges consider how mental conditions relate to criminal responsibility and the role that juries play shrinks as the content of guilt shifts to criminal responsibility. For this reason, I conclude that judges are the best candidates for addressing insanity and its effect on criminal responsibility.
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Avrigeanu, Tudor. "Ambivalenz und Einheit : eine Untersuchung zur strafrechtswissenschaftlichen Grundlagendiskussion der Gegenwart anhand ihrer Bezüge zu Kants Philosophie /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014761613&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Salam, Abdallah. "Perfect and imperfect rights, duties and obligations : from Hugo Grotius to Immanuel Kant." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:882da778-1126-4909-b38b-5ada51cc8e78.
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In this doctoral thesis, Kant's distinction between perfect and imperfect duties is examined. The thesis begins with an exploration of how the distinction originates and evolves in the writings of three of Kant's most prominent natural law predecessors: Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, and Christian Wolff. The thesis then moves on to Kant's own writings. It is argued that Kant draws the perfect-imperfect distinction in as many as twelve different ways, that these ways are not entirely consistent with one another, and that many of them, even taken by themselves, do not hold up to scrutiny. Furthermore, it is argued that Kant's claim that perfect duties always trump imperfect duties - which can be referred to as "the priority claim" - is not actually supported by any one of the ways in which Kant draws the perfect-imperfect distinction. After this critical reading of Kant's writings, the thesis then switches gears and a more "positive" project is attempted. It is argued that the perfect-imperfect distinction, even though it does not support the priority claim, is not altogether normatively neutral or uninteresting. In particular, for some of the ways in which the distinction is drawn, it is shown that the distinction yields the following normative implication: Sometimes perfect duties override imperfect duties and all other times there is no priority one way or the other. Finally, it is explained that this normative implication - which can be referred to as the "privilege claim" - translates into the following practical directive: When there is a conflict between a perfect duty and an imperfect duty, sometimes one must act in conformity with the former duty and all other times one is free to choose which of the two duties to act in conformity with. This practical directive represents the ultimate finding of this thesis.
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De, Bolt Darian Clarke. "Probable cause : a philosophical inquiry /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1993.
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Gimson, Rachel. "Captured red handed : the impact of social media on the evolving concepts of the criminal defendant and the presumption of innocence." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/67121/.
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Kwan, Kelly. "The Kindness Factor: Disrupting the Structural Injustices of America's Criminal Justice System." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1189.
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Inspired by words of incarcerated and formerly incarcerated people in California and Denmark, this thesis critically analyzes the American criminal justice system and asks if critiques of the institution can be addressed and improved through the implementation of kindness and compassion within the walls of prison, itself.
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Brown, Albert E. "Particularism in Justice." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1204652909.
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Barbuto, José Mário Buck Marzagão. "O conceito de pessoa em santo Tomás de Aquino possibilidade de fundamentação metafísica do ordenamento jurídico como limite à atuação do Estado." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2013. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1058.
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Previous issue date: 2013-03-08The main theme of this dissertation is the concept of person in Thomas Aquinas and the possibility of rescue metaphysics as the legal basis and limit of state action. We describe the context of Christian thought of Thomas Aquinas, specifically with regard to the concept of person in theological debate. Analyze the Thomistic philosophical anthropology, in particular the question of the image of God, clarifying the reason, the foundation and extension of human dignity, in St. Thomas thought, and its consequences in his theory of law. It´s analysed also the metaphysical and ontological consequences of actions (virtuous and vicious). It also analyzes the process of critique of metaphysics as the foundation of moral order and suggests his redemption as a way of keeping the content of the principle of human dignity, compatible with the system and constitutional values. It is suggested that it was precisely this abandonment of reference to an objective external reality, as imposed limit on the right that led toward the coherent development of the theory of Enemy´s Criminal Law.
O tema principal da presente dissertação é o conceito de pessoa em Santo Tomás de Aquino e a possibilidade de se resgatar a metafísica como fundamento do ordenamento jurídico e limite da atuação do Estado. Descreve-se o contexto cristão do pensamento de Tomás de Aquino, especificamente no que se refere ao desenvolvimento do conceito de pessoa no debate teológico. Analisa-se a antropologia filosófica tomista, em especial a questão da imagem de Deus, esclarecendo-se a razão, fundamento e extensão da dignidade humana, na concepção de Santo Tomás, além dos reflexos dessa doutrina, na teoria do direito e da política de Santo Tomás e as consequências metafísicas e ontológicas das ações (virtuosas e viciosas) dos homens. Analisa também o processo de crítica da metafísica como o fundamento da ordem moral e sugere o seu resgate, como forma de manutenção do conteúdo do princípio da dignidade humana, compatível com o sistema e valores constitucionais. Sugere-se que foi justamente esse abandono da referência a uma realidade externa objetiva, como limite imposto ao direito que levou, a final, ao desenvolvimento coerente da teoria do Direito Penal do Inimigo.
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Marques, Jader da Silveira Marques. "Leitura hermenêutica da tipicidade penal." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2012. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3963.
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Esta tese de doutorado enfrenta a complicada tarefa de tratar da relação entre direito penal e filosofia desde o surgimento dos movimentos codificadores. Esses movimentos deram azo ao positivismo exegético, e o direito acabou criando um isolamento teórico em relação aos demais campos do saber. A preocupação de não se “filosofar o direito” e de não se “juridicizar a filosofia” resultou na negação, por parte dos juristas, da relação existente entre estes dois âmbitos. Mais adiante, a passagem para o positivismo normativista, especialmente com Kelsen e Hart, representa a admissão do papel da linguagem na interpretação do direito, surgindo, então, a questão da ambiguidade e da vagueza das palavras da lei. Para resolver a indeterminação linguística da tipicidade, a “solução” passa a ser a discricionariedade do aplicador e, assim, mais uma vez, a questão hermenêutica fica relegada a um segundo plano. É neste contexto de afastamento da filosofia e de vinculação ao método, no sentido cartesiano, que a teoria geral do delito trabalha o conceito de tipicidade, olvidando o caráter hermenêutico da legalidade penal. Neste contexto, a teoria geral do delito tem se mostrado resistente em admitir o caráter hermenêutico do direito, tratando da legalidade penal (e de tantas outras questões) como se nenhuma relação tivesse com os movimentos filosóficos, especialmente no campo da filosofia da linguagem. O intérprete ainda decide conforme a sua consciência. O contexto de expansão do direito penal, por exemplo, demonstra que a noção de tipicidade acaba sendo manipulada, para ser meio de tutela de bens jurídicos, de novos riscos, política de governo, assim como meio de controle da pobreza e do medo. A tese pretende, pois, desvelar as condições de possibilidade para a superação desta crise da tipicidade penal, desde uma imbricação entre a filosofia hermenêutica de Martin Heidegger, a hermenêutica filosófica de Hans-Georg Gadamer e, posteriormente, a teoria integrativa de Ronald Dworkin, seguindo o fio condutor apresentado por Lenio Streck na sua crítica hermenêutica do direito. Esse caminho é percorrido em busca de uma teoria da decisão preocupada com a resposta correta em matéria de tipicidade que considere o adequado papel dos princípios constitucionais no fechamento da interpretação, em observância às ideias de coerência e integridade do direito.
This doctoral thesis faces the tough task of approaching how Criminal Law and Philosophy relate to each other since the beginning of codification movements. These movements led to exegetical positivism, and Law ended up being isolated towards other knowledge areas. The concerning of not making Law overly philosophic and not making Philosophy overly juridical led jurists to deny the relationship between both disciplines. Further, the shift into normative positivism, especially with Kelsen and Hart, represents recognizing the role of language in interpreting Law, thus emerging the issue of ambiguity and vagueness of laws. To solve linguistic imprecision of vagueness doctrine, the “answer” is the discretion of the applier and, again, the hermeneutical issue tends to overshadow. In this context of separation from Philosophy and bonding to method, in a Cartesian way, the general theory of crime handles with the concept of vagueness doctrine, ignoring the hermeneutical characteristic of criminal legality. In this context, the general law theory seems to be unwilling to recognize the hermeneutical characteristic of Law, considering that criminal legality (and many other issues) does not relate with philosophical movements, especially language philosophy. The interpreter still decides according to his consciousness. For instance, the context of criminal law, shows that the idea of vagueness doctrine is manipulated in order to be a way of custody of juridical property and new risks, government policy, as well as a way of controlling poverty and fear. Thus this thesis aims at unfolding possibilities of overcoming this crisis in criminal vagueness doctrine, by combining hermeneutical Philosophy of Martin Heidegger, philosophical Hermeneutics of Hans-Georg Gadamer and, later, integration theory of Ronald Dworking, using as guiding principles the hermeneutic criticism of Law by Lenio Streck. This path is covered keeping in mind the goal of finding a theory of decision concerned with correct answers considering vagueness doctrine, which must consider adequate the role of constitutional principles in closure of interpretation, observing the ideas of coherence and honor of Law.
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Folorunsho, Femi. "Race as a Predictor of Recidivism Risk: An Epidemiological Analysis." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7867.
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Prisoner recidivism is a problem of great social importance, as recidivism represents a failure of the rehabilitative goal of incarceration. The problem addressed in this study was the lack of accurate estimates of race as a predictor of recidivism risk in the United States, after taking demographics and criminal variables into account. Applying the life-course theory of recidivism, the purpose of this archival, epidemiological study was to calculate whether recidivism risk varied based on race, across different seriousness levels of commitment offense and number of prior arrests, among a sample of male federal prisoners released from custody. A Cox proportional hazards ratio was applied to determine both the statistical significance and the magnitude of being Black, rather than White, as a predictor of recidivism in six distinct scenarios. Analysis indicated that Black prisoners were more likely to recidivate in some instances, whereas White prisoners were more likely to recidivate in other instances. The results of the study can assist psychologists, parole boards, and other stakeholders in more accurately estimating the role of race in recidivism risk. The results of the study were that race is a significant risk factor in some kinds of recidivism, but not in others, and also that being African-American is not universally associated with higher recidivism risk. The results suggest that race might be a less prominent recidivism factor than previously thought.
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Diener, Keith William. "A Defense of Soft Positivism: Justice and Principle Processes." unrestricted, 2006. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04172006-125357/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2006.Title from title screen. Andrew Altman, committee chair; Andrew J. Cohen, William Edmundson, committee members. Electronic text (75 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Apr. 17, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-75).
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Durrieu, Roberto. "Rethinking money laundering offences : a global comparative analysis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a9511b88-fec2-40ce-86ec-e5ef380cb0ca.
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Since the late 1980s, efforts made by the international community to deal with the complex and global problem of money laundering have stimulated the creation and definition of the so-called 'international crime of money laundering', which is included in various United Nations and Council of Europe international treaties, as well as European Union Directives. The Central purpose of this thesis is to investigate if the main goal of effectiveness in the adaptation of the international crime of money laundering at the domestic level, might undermine other values that international law is seeking to protect, namely the guarantee of due process and the adequate protection of human rights principles. Then, if the adoption of any element of the crime shows to be inconsistent with civil rights and guarantees, to propose how deficiencies could be remedied.
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Carbone, Jonathan N. "It Must Have Been Him: Coherence Effects within the Legal System." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2204.
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The present series of studies examine how jurors and public defenders evaluate different pieces of evidence and integrate them into a coherent conclusion within the context of a criminal case. Previous research has shown that in situations where both sides of the case are compelling, decision-makers nevertheless come to highly confident and polarized decisions, called coherence shifts (Simon, 2004). The present research sought to expand on coherence effects, improve upon the methodology of previous studies, and explore potential moderators of coherence. In Study 1, mock jurors (n = 306) read about a criminal case and evaluated multiple pieces of evidence at various points throughout the case. Results indicated that participants exhibited pronounced coherence shifts (i.e., their evaluations of the various pieces of evidence (a) became more consistent as the case progressed, and (b) were evaluated in line with their initial leanings) using an improved methodology that randomized evidence order and evidence valence. Furthermore, participants’ interim leanings of guilt or innocence biased their subsequent evaluations of ambiguous evidence. The direction and magnitude of participants’ coherence shifts were predicted by their pretrial dispositions towards prosecution and defense. Participants lacked awareness of how their perceptions of the evidence have shifted. Coherence shifts were not, however, moderated by asking mock jurors to justify their decisions, or by asking mock jurors to play devil’s advocate while considering each piece of evidence, underscoring the pervasiveness of this cognitive bias. Study 2 examined whether actual public defenders experience coherence shifts and how those shifts relate to the plea bargaining process; however, no coherence shifts were observed. Study 3 examined whether the timing of the defense’s presentation of their case could reduce coherence effects; results indicated that reading about the defense’s case immediately after the prosecution’s case (c.f. following a delay) marginally (p = .09) reduced coherence effects among jurors who acquitted the defendant, suggesting one potential strategy to mitigate this bias.
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Suzuki, Claudio Mikio. "Do processo penal democrático como fármaco para o processo penal pidiático." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21079.
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Fear and hatred promote the legitimacy of an exception in criminal procedure. Such significant movements within the legal landscape are driven by public solidarity refusing potential impunity. Popular tactics include influence by the media and inflammatory, often viral, commentary made possible by present-day social networks. Criminal law and order becomes the solution to the perceived evils of postmodern society. The end of Brazil's military dictatorship gave birth to a society with newfound democratized information. Living in an exponentially expanding technological era, uncensored information is expansive and it is accessible. The foundation of criminal law is to fairly and democratically extirpate unlawful behavior along a continuum of actions including harmless violations as well as charges made against corrupt politicians -- a popular topic in these times. A free society has created a cultural idea of punishment argued to be fairer and just. This mindset may even, at times, move away from the established aims of the democratic criminal procedure. Free speech and uncensored news are positive concepts in any society. This is not under debate. Yet, when the popular cultural idea of justice begins to deviate from established law and order, problems occur. Ideas voiced at great marches in large urban centers, combined with social media explosions, can appear to contradict rules or laws of our country. Whether or not a difference exists between what society believes is unjust and what the courts deem unjust can become obscured. A faction of the population may emerge as "judge, jury, and executioner," to borrow a popular English expression. This may mark a return to vigilantism, a surge of individuals who believe the criminal law system is broken, and, therefore, undertake law and order without legal authority. In today's world, the term "vigilantes" can be easily substituted with "Facebook Judges". Working outside of the law, disorder can arise. The result can potentially be an outright uprising of the civilian population including civil and criminal disobedience. In a historical, comparative and bibliographical analysis, this work seeks the message coming from society as a whole and the current growth of the criminal law application, without observing the penal and penal procedural principles, for the punishment of these so-called enemies, and verify whether this current criminal policy represents an exercise in democracy or total disorder and defy
Buscou-se com a presente tese demonstrar como o medo e o ódio impulsionam a legitimidade de um processo penal de exceção, movido pelo anseio popular de acabar com a impunidade, fato este que é potencializado pela mídia e inflamada pelas redes sociais, aumentando o movimento de lei e ordem, onde se aplica o Direito Penal como solução para todos os males da sociedade pós-moderna. Passado o período de ditadura militar no país, com a volta da liberdade de expressão, até por conta do atual contexto de uma sociedade que voltou a democratizar a informação, o excesso e a facilidade de acesso pela população em geral, inclusive a leiga, até pelo fato dos avanços tecnológicos, faz com que seja criada um senso comum de que a cultura da punição seja o único caminho para termos uma sociedade mais justa, mesmo que se afaste do garantismo penal, que objetiva a aplicação de um processo penal justo e democrático, com o intuito único e exclusivo de extirpar com os inimigos da sociedade, que hoje são os ladrões – sejam eles de pequenos furtos – bem como o grande foco, os políticos corruptos. Essa participação popular, seja por manifestações populares em grandes centros urbanos, ou ainda pelas redes sociais, tem se tornado instrumentos multiplicadores, para que caso a lei não seja aplicada como a população quer, há o surgimento de “justiceiros˜, com um verdadeiro retorno da “lei de talião” e o suplício das penas, nesse espaço de suposta inexistência de lei, criando de forma multiplicadora os “juízes de facebook”, que permeiam e insuflam a população civil a um levante de revolta e exercício de resistência e de desobediência civil e penal. Numa análise histórica, comparativa e bibliográfica, este presente trabalho busca entender a mensagem oriunda da sociedade como um todo e o atual crescimento da aplicação da lei penal de forma desmedida, sem a observância dos princípios penais e processuais penais, para a punição desses chamados inimigos da sociedade, uma verdadeira seletividade da lei penal, e verificar se essa atual política criminal, representa um exercício da democracia ou de total desordem e descontrole
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Sidhoum-Rahal, Djohar. "Les fondements du droit pénal à l’épreuve des neurosciences : perspective comparée entre système continental et système de Common Law." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100142.
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Alors qu’elles permettent de mieux saisir scientifiquement les comportements, les neurosciences, posent, dans le même temps, un défi au libre-arbitre. Dès lors, un droit pénal classique fondé sur la notion de libre-arbitre ne risquerait-il pas d’être déstabilisé par l’émergence de la preuve neuroscientifique ? Se pose alors pour le droit pénal la question de l’accueil des résultats d’une discipline sans en partager les postulats. Ultimement, l’émergence d’un droit imprégné des neurosciences entraînerait une centralité du corps humain conçu alors comme élément de preuve de l’esprit. Aussi, notre recherche se propose à travers une étude globale sur les rapports noués entre les deux disciplines, dans une perspective comparée entre système de common law et système de tradition romano-canonique, de saisir les possibles redéfinitions d’un sujet du droit pénal que l’usage des techniques neuroscientifiques entraînerait dans la procédure pénaleThe dissertation examines the integration of neuroscience in criminal justice with potential evolutions towards a new evidence system. The system would then be centered around the study of the human body itself to grasp the criminal mind and such a change would have consequences on the main principles of criminal law. In my thesis, I argue that courts cannot use a scientific technique as evidence without importing some basic assumptions from the science in question. As a result, explaining behavior based on neuroscience that challenges the idea of free will would lead to a redefinition of the subject in criminal law, both in common law and in civil law systems
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Howard, Jeffrey. "The fragility of justice : political liberalism and the problem of stability." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:921277fe-a454-4441-bb9b-5bf5e9afc5b0.
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Human powers of moral reasoning and motivation are fragile. How should citizens committed to the achievement of liberal justice respond to this fact? This dissertation theorises a class of moral requirements that are central to the practice of liberal democracy but have been recently overlooked by political philosophers: the fortificational duties, which enjoin citizens to design and submit to civic practices that improve both their moral reasoning and the motivational resilience of their sense of justice. It considers the proposition that a conception of justice is unjustified if unlikely to generate its own freely willed maintenance, or stability, in the face of human nature, and it argues that this proposition is false. If justice may face overwhelming resistance unless steps are taken to fortify ourselves against our own fallibility, the right response is to pursue precisely such fortification. Chapter One sketches the orienting ideal of the dissertation: an ideal of a social world in which citizens live together as free and equal. Chapter Two assesses the proposition that we ought to modify or abandon this ideal if we determine that it is unlikely to be freely realised without serious civic or institutional assistance—a move suggested by John Rawls’s “stability test”—and it argues that the candidate arguments for this conclusion fail. The chapter instead argues that citizens are subject to moral requirements to fortify their sense of justice by designing and submitting to measures that increase the likelihood that they will accurately identify and freely comply with their fundamental moral duties. These measures together constitute a liberal democracy’s “stability charter.” Chapters Three to Six explore proposed elements of citizens’ stability charter. Chapter Three discusses the fortification of moral reasoning through democratic deliberation. Chapter Four considers what institutional mechanisms could keep democracy oriented toward the achievement of justice despite human fallibility, and it defends a minimalist conception of judicial review as a case study. Chapter Five argues that the practice of criminal punishment is justified by the duties of wrongdoers to pursue additional fortificational measures in the aftermath of their moral powers’ defective operation. And Chapter Six focuses on the special problem posed to the enduring achievement of justice by “unreasonable citizens” who reject fundamental liberal values. The distinctive contribution of the dissertation lies, firstly, in its novel appropriation of the Rawlsian ideal of stability—reconceiving stability not as a justificatory condition set by reason on our convictions, but as a practical challenge that our own convictions set for us—and, secondly, in its deployment of that insight to motivate novel arguments about the character of democratic deliberation, the limits and role of judicial review, the proper purposes of criminal punishment, and the ideal method of engagement with unreasonable citizens.
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Sacha, James Cullen. "Father Knows Best: A Critique of Joel Feinberg's Soft Paternalism." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04142007-201857/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. Andrew Altman, committee chair; Peter Lindsay, Timothy Renick, committee members. Electronic text (55 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Oct. 29, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-55).
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Fabretti, Humberto Barrionuevo. "Direito penal do inimigo: uma análise sob os aspectos da cidadania." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2008. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1219.
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Previous issue date: 2008-06-17This work has as main theme the analysis of the Enemy´s Criminal Law theory reformulated by Günther Jakobs. For both, there was an examination of theories of Penalty and located to the Criminal Funcionalism of Jakobs among the theories of General Positive Prevention. Done this, it is analyzed the characteristics and fundamentals of the Enemy´s Criminal Law and its insertion in phenomenon known as Expansion of the Criminal Law. Subsequently, it was made a study of philosophical assumptions that underpin this doctrine, especially as regards the ideas of Rousseau, Ficthe, Hobbes and Kant. Finally, drew up the historical development of Citizenship, delimit up its content and its incompatibility with the Enemy´s Criminal Law.
O presente trabalho tem como tema principal a análise da Teoria do Direito Penal do Inimigo reformulada pelo alemão Günther Jakobs. Para tanto, realizou-se uma análise das Teorias da Pena e localizou-se o Funcionalismo Penal de Jakobs entre as teorias da Prevenção Geral Positiva. Feito isso, analizou-se as características e fundamentos do Direito Penal do Inimigo, bem como a sua inserção no fenômeno conhecido como Expansão do Direito Penal. Posteriormente, fez-se um estudo dos pressupostos filosóficos que sustentam a referida doutrina, especialmente no que se refere às idéias de Rousseau, Ficthe, Hobbes e Kant. Por fim, traçou-se o desenvolvimento histórico da Cidadania, delimitou-se seu conteúdo e conclui-se pela sua incompatibilidade com o Direito Penal do Inimigo.
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Kirmann, Florent. "Le principe de nécessité en droit pénal des affaires." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0058/document.
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Le principe de nécessité constitue incontestablement un des piliers de l’action pénale moderne. Ce principe fut essentiellement développé au cours des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, sous l’impulsion notamment de Cesare Beccaria dont la pensée fut influencée par celle des philosophes des Lumières. Ces auteurs, animés par l’idée de modération voire d’abolition des châtiments corporels, prescrivaient un recours mesuré au droit pénal. Ces développements philosophico-juridiques étaient précurseurs d’une reprise ultérieure du principe de nécessité en droit positif, au lendemain de la révolution de 1789. Inséré au sein de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen, ce dernier y a acquis le statut de principe fondamental et irrigue l’ensemble du droit pénal tant en ce qui concerne les incriminations (article 5) et les peines (articles 8) que la procédure (article 9). La présente thèse situe la réflexion quant au principe de nécessité dans le domaine bien défini du droit pénal des affaires. La question de la place du droit pénal dans la sphère économique et financière est une problématique constante pour le législateur. Elle requiert de ne pas s’arrêter au seul aspect traditionnel du principe de nécessité en tant que modérateur de l’action pénale, mais de dépasser cette vision pour étudier son côté positif et engager une réflexion globale sur les raisons d’un recours au droit pénal en matière économique et financièreThe necessity principle undeniably represents one of the pillars of modern criminal law. This principle was essentially developed during the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries, in particular by Cesare Beccaria, whose thought was influenced by the Enlightenment philosophers. Driven by ideas of moderation and corporal punishment abolition, they prescribed a restrained application of criminal law. These philosophical and legal developments reappeared in substantive law after the 1789 revolution. Embedded in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the necessity principle acquired the fundamental principle status and shapes incriminations (Article 5), punishments (Article 8) and criminal law procedure (Article 9). This work analyses the necessity principle within the area of criminal business law. The influence of criminal law in the economic and financial realm is a constant issue for the legislator. As the necessity principle involves more than the traditional aspect of moderation, its positive aspect will also be analysed in order to reflect on the rationale of its application in the economic and financial sphere
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Poama, Andrei. "La justice corrective : éléments pour une théorie de la peine." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0023.
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Cette thèse propose une théorie de la peine formulée dans les termes d’une conception de la justice corrective. L’idée de justice corrective et la théorie qu’on en propose trouvent leurs sources dans la pensée éthico-politique d’Aristote. On a choisi de restreindre l’espace d’application de la conception corrective aux systèmes juridiques contemporains des États-Unis et de la France. Le principe de justice corrective, tel qu’on l’interprète ici, pose que les peines peuvent être justes si elles tentent de rétablir une égalité de droits fondamentaux entre la victime et l’auteur d’une infraction conçue comme violation de ces mêmes droits. La conception corrective marque une rupture importante par rapport aux principales conceptions alternatives – rétributiviste et distributiviste – de la punition, en ceci qu’aucune de ces deux approches ne repose essentiellement sur la primauté normative de la relation entre victime et infracteur et que l’égalité des droits fondamentaux n’y est envisagée, dans l’ordre de la justice, comme une raison nécessaire et suffisante pour punir. Est juste, d’abord, la sanction pénale orientée vers l’égalisation des droits fondamentaux et la rectification des injustices commises par des personnes contre d’autres personnes. Du point de vue de la justice corrective, c’est dans la relation qui lie la victime à son infracteur que se déploie la justice des peines. Du point de vue de la conception corrective, la justice pénale ne peut se réaliser qu’en tenant compte du caractère central de la bilatéralité de la justification des peines. Que l’intervention punitive contribue à faire souffrir le coupable - comme dans les conceptions rétributives - ou qu’elle produise des effets socialement bénéfiques - comme dans les conceptions distributives -, ce sont là des considérations complémentaires qui ne relèvent pas nécessairement de la justice des peinesThis dissertation provides a theory of punishment that is formulated by means of a conception of corrective justice. The concept of corrective justice and its corresponding conception draw on the ethical and moral theory of Aristotle. The corrective conception is meant to apply to the contemporary legal systems of France and the United States. As interpreted here, the principle of corrective justice argues that punishment is justified when and insofar as it tends to rectify a specific, inter-personal inequality resulting from a violation of the basic rights of the victim by the offender. Corrective justice thus pertains to the domain of interpersonal injustices. Aristotle was the first one to formulate the concept of corrective justice in Book V of the Nicomachean Ethics. It was also Aristotle who, for the first time, made a connection between the norms of corrective justice and the practice of punishment. The corrective conception takes its distance from the two main alternative conceptions of punishment, which are based on the idea of distributive and retributive justice. Neither of these two latter conceptions views the relationship between the individual victim and the individual offender as normatively prior; nor do they see basic rights as necessary and sufficient grounds for punishing. Seen from a corrective standpoint, penal justice is strictly located at the level of the relationship that connects the offender to his or her victim. Unlike its main contenders, corrective justice is deeply anchored in a bilateral justificatory structure. The suffering of the offender advocated by retributive conceptions or the existence of socially beneficial effects defended by distributive theories can arguably be interpreted or explained as side-effects of legal punishment, but they cannot offer a normative basis for punishing
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Marier, April M., and Alex Alfredo Reyes. "Incarceration and Reintegration: How It Impacts Mental Health." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/26.
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ABSTRACT
Background: Previous criminal justice policies have been non-effective leading to overpopulated prisons and unsuccessful reintegration. There is a lack of effective supportive and/or rehabilitative services resulting in high rates of recidivism and mental health implications. Objective: This study investigated the perceived impact that incarceration and reintegration with little to no supportive and/or rehabilitative services has on the mental health status of an individual. The emphasis was on participant perception and not on professional reports because of underreporting and lack of attention to mental health in the criminal justice system. Methods: Focus groups in the Inland Empire and Coachella Valley were held to gather preliminary data used to develop the survey for this study. The survey was distributed to 88 male and female ex-offenders over the age of 18 who were no longer on probation or parole. Secondary data from United Way 211 and California State Reentry Initiative was collected to report current trends of supportive and/or rehabilitative services. Results: Incarceration was found to negatively impact perceived mental health status, but reintegration was not. Supportive and/or rehabilitative services continue to be rarely offered and accessed, but when accessed, perceived mental health status is better. Supportive and/or rehabilitative services are more readily available. People who are using these services are improving their quality of life, becoming productive members of society, and preventing recidivism. Conclusions: A paradigm shift is currently under way to reduce recidivism by improving supportive and/or rehabilitative services during incarceration and reintegration. Many offenders are receiving services as an alternative to incarceration, recidivism rates are being reduced, and ex-offenders are becoming productive members of society. The field of social work is an integral part of reentry services and should continue advocating for policies and services that support reintegration efforts at the micro and macro level.
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Clavijo, Jave Camilo. "Criminal compliance in the peruvian criminal law." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115578.
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First, this work proposes a study of the origin, elements and application of the Compliance Program or, also named, Regulatory Compliance Program. The aforementioned program is understood as an internal device that corporations use not only to comply with the current legislation but also to prevent and detect legal violations they could be found in or as part of the activities they carry out.Second, it tries to explain and develop the connection between, on one hand, the new risks in the financial and technological development and, on the other hand, Criminal Law as a protective body of important legal assets for society. The aim is to analyze Criminal Compliance to get the corporationto manage its activities under current legislation, especially Criminal Law.In this regard, it enlarges the sectoral developments based on the Peruvian Government’s implementation of the the Compliance Program in the legal framework.Finally, it analyzes the impact of Criminal Compliance in the criminal legal framework. For that end, it refers to the criminal liability system in Peru and in what way it impacts on the application of Criminal Compliance.El trabajo propone, en primer lugar, un estudio del origen, los elementos y la aplicación del Compliance Program o, también llamado, Programa de Cumplimiento Normativo, entendido como un dispositivo interno que las empresas implementan para cumplir con la normatividad vigente, así como para prevenir y detectar las infracciones legales que se produzcan dentro de las mismas o como parte de las actividades que estas realizan. Asimismo, se intenta explicar y desarrollar la relación entre los nuevos riesgos, debido al desarrollo económico y tecnológico, y el derecho penal como ente protector de bienes jurídicos de importancia para la sociedad. Esto último tiene como finalidad analizar el Criminal Compliance, destinado a que la empresa ordene su actividad conforme a la normativa aplicable, en especial la ley penal. En tal sentido, se desarrolla la aplicación que el Estado peruano ha realizado del referido Programa de Cumplimiento Normativo en el ordenamiento jurídico, en concreto los avances sectoriales. Finalmente, se analiza el impacto del Criminal Compliance en el ordenamiento jurídico penal. Para ello, se hace una referencia al sistema de responsabilidad penal adoptado en el Perú y de qué manera esto impacta en la aplicación del Criminal Compliance.
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Civello, Conigliaro Silvio. "Il diritto penale dell'unione Europea tra sicurezza e diritti fondamentali." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100036.
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La recherche analyse le développement du droit pénal et des politiques criminelles de l'Union européenne, en supposant que la poursuite de buts sécuritaires et de protection des droits fondamentaux soient ses principales forces motrices et justifications pour la criminalisation de certains comportements au niveau européen. Elle vise donc à clarifier ce que «sécurité» et «droits fondamentaux» signifient dans ce contexte, et de montrer comment l'intervention de l'UE dans le domaine pénal, ait affecté et remodelé les principes et catégories traditionnels du droit pénal matériel. La recherche essayer d'identifier des coordonnées pour préciser la nature et les limites de la sécurité comme intérêt juridique protégé et le but de la protection des droits fondamentaux dans leurs interrelations complexes, et leur rôle dans l'espace commun de liberté, de sécurité et de justice - ce que va etre construit par l'Union aussi par l'harmonisation du droit pénal.Après quelques considérations préliminaires sur la société occidentale postmoderne “du risque", pour mettre en évidence les difficultés rencontrées par les hypothèses traditionnelles de la théorie libérale de jus puniendi, on évaluera l'évolution des principes et catégories fondamentales du droit pénal, dont la structure est mise sous pression par l'harmonisation européenne.La recherche fait partie du domaine du droit pénal et de la théorie du droit de l'UE. Il repose largement sur l'analyse scientifique développée dans ces domaines et sur l'analyse des dispositions pertinentes des traités et des sources européennes secondaires, ainsi que sur les décisions les plus pertinentes de la CJCE, en essayant de tirer quelques considérations générales forment la politique et le document institutionnel élaboré par la Commission, le PE et le Conseil de l'UEThe research analyses the development of criminal law and policies of the European Union, assuming that the pursuit of security and the protection of fundamental rights have been its main driving forces and principal justifications for criminalisation.It aims, therefore to clarify what “security” and “fundamental rights” mean in this context, and to show how EU intervention in criminal field, following security and fundamental rights policies, affected and reshaped the traditional principles and categories of substantive criminal law.The research try to identify some coordinates to clarify the nature and limits of security as a protected legal interest and the purpose of protection of fundamental rights in their complex interrelationship, and their role in the Common area of Freedom, Security and Justice - which is being built by the Union also through the harmonisation of criminal law.The starting point is the marked expansive trend in criminal matters due to the current conditions of the State and of representative democracy, typical of the contemporary society.After making some preliminary considerations on western postmodern “risk” society, to highlight the challenges faced by the traditional assumptions of the liberal theory of jus puniendi, I will evaluate the evolution of principle and fundamental categories of criminal law, whose structure is being put under pressure by European harmonisation.The research belongs to the field of criminal law and EU law theory. It extensively rely on influential scholarly analysis developed in those fields and on the analysis of the relevant provisions of the Treaties and secondary EU sources, as well as on the most relevant rulings from the ECJ, also trying to pull out some broad considerations form the political and institutional document produced by the Commission, the EP and the Council of the EU
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Herran, Thomas. "Essai d'une théorie générale de l'entraide policière internationale." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU2010.
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L’entraide policière internationale, en raison de la multiplicité de ses sources et de ses applications, apparaît comme un phénomène pluriel difficile à appréhender. Sa mise en œuvre différenciée dans les différents espaces géographiques et les nombreuses évolutions qu’elle a connues aggravent sa complexité. L’objet de la présente étude est de proposer une grille de lecture dont l’ambition est de donner une vision plus claire et plus cohérente. En définitive, deux types d’entraide se dessinent : l’assistance et la coopération. Ce résultat est révélé par une étude notionnelle et conforté par la modélisation du régime. L’étude de la notion permet de révéler, malgré une définition unitaire, la nature duale de l’entraide policière. Cette dualité se répercute sur le régime puisque deux types distincts apparaissent : l’assistance s’apparente au régime de droit commun et la coopération prend les traits d’un régime spécial. En filigrane, il apparaît que l’entraide policière internationale emprunte à la procédure pénale et au droit international leurs caractères et leurs facteurs d’influenceDue to the several sources and its implementation, the international mutual help between the polices tends to be a concept difficult to understand. The different ways to set up the cooperation in the different part of the world and the several evolutions known, are increasing the difficulties to understand its complexity. This study wants to show and give a clearer vision of this mutual help. Basically, there are two kinds of mutual helps: the assistance and the cooperation. The result appears after a notional study and is consolidated by the establishment of a framework. Despite a commom definition, the study of the notion reveals a duality in the international mutual help between the polices. This duality has an impact on the legal framework, as two types of frameworks are appearing: the assistance relates on the common law system and the cooperation tends to be a specific framework. Finally, it appears the international mutual helps between the polices borrows from the criminal proceedings and from the international rights their caracteristics and their influences
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Gough, Stephen. "Intoxication and criminal law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417043.
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REISS, MICHEL WENCLAND. "THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION OF LAW: ANALYSES OF THE ROME STATUTE BASED ON ANGLO-SAXON INSPIRATION CRIMINAL LAW, ROMAN-GERMANIC CRIMINAL LAW AND BRAZILIAN CRIMINAL LAW." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36273@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROO trabalho consiste na análise do processo de internacionalização dos Direitos Humanos com base no Direito Internacional Penal. Partindo de abordagens interdisciplinares na criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional, é feita uma leitura jurídico-penal do Estatuto de Roma a partir da aproximação dos conceitos oriundos do Common Law e do Civil Law em busca de um maior aprimoramento na construção de uma Parte Geral do Direito Internacional Penal. Assim, pretende-se contribuir para uma maior preocupação no tocante à responsabilização penal no plano internacional, sempre com o foco voltado para o incremento da proteção internacional dos Direitos Humanos.
The work analyses the process of internationalization of the Human Rights based upon International criminal law. Beginning with an interdisciplinary approach on the creation of the International Criminal Court, the Roman Statute is analyzed through a criminal law reading, that acknowledges an approach between Common Law and Civil Law traditional concepts. Therefore, the work seeks to contribute to an improvement on criminal law enforcement on the international level, always focusing on assuring the international protection of the Human Rights.
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Jain, Neha. "Theorising the doctrine of Joint Criminal Enterprise in international criminal law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0842f8d6-1d0f-47ef-aea3-7e1b204e3d3b.
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This thesis develops a theoretical account of the basis and justification for the doctrine of Joint Criminal Enterptise in international criminal law by examining principles governing the ascription of criminal responsibility in English and German criminal law. The first part consists of a comprehensive review of the development of the JCE doctrine, including its historical antecedents, its initial formulation by the ICTY, its subsequent explication by tribunals and academics, and recent alternatives doctrines proposed by the ICC and by commentators. It identifies the main loopholes and contradictions in the construction of these theories, and presents factual scenarios for which these theories, particularly JCE, either have no answers, or problematic ones. The second part examines whether any of the variants of JCE can be justified as principal responsibility. It first identifies elements that distinguish international crimes from their domestic counterparts, and which are pertinent in developing an account of criminal responsibility for international crimes. It also examines the concept of perpetration responsibility in English and German criminal law and theory. It then combines the insights gleaned from these analyses to conclude that only JCE I can be appropriately considered as perpetrator responsibility and proposes a modified version of the doctrine of Organisationsherrschaft in German criminal law as a more accurate characterisation of the role and function of high level participants in mass atrocity. The final part focuses on the concept of accomplice responsibility in German and English criminal law and doctrine to address whether JCE II and JCE III can be justified as modes of secondary criminal responsibility. It concludes that JCE II and JCE III can be retained as distinct modes of accomplice liability using expressive and risk justifications, provided their operation is limited in ways that correspond to principles of secondary responsibility in domestic jurisdictions.
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Soussan, Audrey. "Contribution à la théorie de la coutume internationale : à partir de l’identification de la coutume de droit international pénal." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100153.
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La coutume n’est pas uniquement la cumulation de ses deux éléments que sont la pratique et l’opinio juris, elle est en plus, et peut-être surtout, une opération. L’opération coutumière permet le passage de la pratique à la conviction du droit. Cette opération n’est possible qu’en ce que la pratique n’est pas uniquement la répétition de conduites, mais avant tout l’observation de cette répétition par les destinataires de l’obligation en formation. Dès lors, la coutume peut se définir comme une opération imprévisible par nature, identifiable toujours après coup, par la production de conduites, leur observation par les destinataires de l’obligation, puis par l’existence d’une conviction du droit de ces mêmes destinataires. La conviction en l’existence de l’obligation consiste finalement en une explication, pour les destinataires, de la répétition observée. Pourquoi une telle répétition existe, si ce n’est parce qu’il existe une obligation y contraignant. De ce point de vue, la coutume de droit international pénal, bien qu’identifiée abondamment par les juridictions internationales pénales, présente des difficultés d’identification inédites : les conduites pertinentes sont souvent cachées, elles ne sont pas observables, en particulier en temps de guerre et dans le cadre des hostilités, les destinataires sont les personnes physiques et, enfin, le droit international pénal s’est développé par l’intermédiaire de l’activité de juridictions ad hoc, ayant quasiment une obligation de résultat quant à leur compétence et l’existence de condamnations. Il en ressort une modalité d’identification des normes coutumières posant des questions inéditesCustom is not only the accumulation of these two elements that are the practice and the opinio juris, it is additionally, and maybe mostly, an operation. The customary operation allows to pass from practice to the conviction of law. This operation is only possible in that practice is not only the repetition of conducts, but above all, the observation of this repetition by the addressee of the obligation in formation. Therefore, custom can be defined as an operation which is, in nature, unforeseeable, identifiable afterwards, by the production of conducts, and their observation by the obligation’s addresses. The conviction in the existence of the obligation actually consists in an explanation, to the addressees, of the observed repetition. Why would the repetition exist if not because of an obligation constraining it to be so. From this point of view, the custom of international criminal law, bears unprecedented identification difficulties. Indeed the pertinent conducts are often hidden and cannot be observed, particularly at times of war and in the context of hostilities. Furthermore, the addressees are natural persons. Lastly, international criminal law has developed through the activity of ad hoc jurisdiction that had practically an obligation of result concerning their jurisdiction and the existence of condemnations. From these difficulties emerges an identification method of customary rules bearing unprecedented issues
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Sifferd, Katrina Lee. "Psychology and the criminal law." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412928.
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Verheijen, Eefje Antonius Marie. "Nederlandse strafrechtelijke waarden in de context van de Europese Unie : naar een beoordelingsschema ter waarborging van karakteristieken van materieel strafrecht in de Europese rechtsruimte /." Nijmegen : Wolf, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/52374319X.pdf.
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Valenzuela, Saldias Jonatan. "Compatir el mal. Sobre la justificación política del mandato de impedir determinados delitos en el derecho penal español." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/78985.
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La tesis trata sobre la justificación del mandato de impedir determinados delitos contenido en el artículo 450.1 del CP español. Para ello se utiliza una perspectiva de filosofía política. Se propone una justificación general en términos de justicia política para el derecho penal y una teoría especial para la justificación e interpretación del mandato de impedir determinados delitos: la teoría del rescate.The thesis deals the justification for mandate to prevent certain crimes contained in Article 450.1 of the Spanish CP. It uses a perspective of political philosophy. It proposes a general justification in terms of political justice for the criminal law and a special theory for justification and interpretation of the mandate to prevent certain crimes: the theorie of rescue.
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Karanikolas, Spyridon. "The impact of EU criminal law on the Greek criminal justice system." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2011. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1266.
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European Criminal Law has been one of the most rapid, remarkable, but at the same time controversial developments in the European Union having a significant impact on domestic criminal justice systems. Judicial and police cooperation in criminal matters soon became a fully-fledged policy of the European Union affecting the national sovereignty of Member States, the relationship between individuals and the States as well as the protection of fundamental rights. My thesis examines the development of EU criminal law towards the creation of a European "Area of Freedom, Security and Justice" (via mutual recognition and the harmonization of substantive criminal law) and its impact on the Greek criminal justice system. In assessing the overall above mentioned question, I examine how EU criminal law has developed; what have been the main political and legal challenges for the implementation in Greece; to what extent, and how, the Greek Legislator has implemented EU law in the field of mutual recognition and harmonization, and, last, but not least, what has been the judges', practitioners' and academics' reaction to this development. The thesis has two parts: one on mutual recognition and one on the harmonization of substantive criminal law. Chapter one explores the main issues regarding the scope, extent, and nature of the principle of mutual recognition at EU level. Chapter two explores the main issues related to the impact as well as the practical operation of the principle of mutual recognition in the Greek Jurisdiction. Chapter three, then, turns its interest on harmonization of substantive criminal laws from the EU point of view. Finally, Chapter four focuses on the impact of the implementation of the EU harmonization system on the Greek Jurisdiction with regard to the same areas of substantive criminal laws, as discussed in chapter three. These chapters are then followed by a conclusion aiming to synthesize and highlight the main issues that have arisen during the analysis of this thesis and answer the main question: "What has been the impact of EU Criminal Law on the Greek Criminal Justice System?"
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Hane-Weijman, Jansson Rasmus. "Corporate Criminal Liability - time for Sweden to look beyond individual criminal responsibility?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-360281.
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Klimchuk, Dennis. "Involuntariness, agency and the criminal law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1995. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ28142.pdf.
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Nightingale, Carol L. "Criminal law reform : England 1808-1827 /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arn688.pdf.
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Loughnan, Arlie. "Mental Incapacity Defences In Criminal Law." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498168.
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Arimatsu, Louise. "Understanding defences in international criminal law." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2025/.
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The objective of this study is to offer a different way of seeing and understanding defences in international criminal law. By contrast to the standard texts on defences which identify what the law is - and in some few cases to suggest what it should be - this work seeks to understand why the law is the way it is, and in doing so, reveal the gender biases that international criminal law defences conceal. International criminal law evolved out of a need to respond to gross wrongdoings that amounted to international offences perpetrated during conflict. The paradox is that conflict is about the 'legalised' use of violence by men and it is through this process that all too often women, subsumed within the category of civilians, become the direct and indirect victims of that violence. From its inception international criminal law has primarily addressed wrongs committed in conflict - but as perceived and defined by men. Moreover, because war crimes trials have always been about selective narratives that are controlled by the most powerful, women's voices have consistently been excluded. This study questions whether, as with offences, defences have evolved in such a way as to prefer the interests of the male soldier over the civilian and thereby foster a gendered view of defences in international criminal law. This work has been guided by some of the more recent theoretical debates that have engaged the scholarly community on the domestic level that challenges the traditional explanations of defences and that exposes the law to be fundamentally incoherent and characterised by bias. It offers an alternative perspective on defences in international criminal law that seeks to understand the interests that legal defences serve to protect. This thesis concludes that defences play a vital function in regulating relations between individuals and between the state and citizens by articulating the responsibilities of the different participants in a social grouping. Defences provide a powerful means through which the law delineates a society's moral boundaries and an effective mechanism through which specific normative values of liberal states are conveyed. The overriding objective of this study is to emphasise the need to take greater account of the inherent gender bias that continues to characterise the law in the process of judging the defendant who is charged with serious violations of international law perpetrated in a conflict.
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Chantry, Allen David. "Mens rea in modern criminal law." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1988. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4895/.
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The purpose of the thesis is to critically analyse the current legal forms of mens rea which are shared by common law and statute, namely intention, recklessness, malice, negligence and strict liability. I shall argue that the current concepts are (i) inadequate since they lack conceptual clarity, consistency and cohesion; (ii) that the concepts of intention and recklessness lack terminological consistency since their parameters extend to states of mind which properly belong elsewhere and (iii) that they are unable to draw out significant moral distinctions in moral culpability with which agents perpetrate criminal offences. The major cause for the inadequacies of the present structure lies in the number of mental states which constitute mens rea at current law. They are so few that judges have seen fit to manipulate the contours to serve the needs of justice in the cases. This has led to considerable conceptual and terminological confusion both within and between the concepts. But the major failing of the current structure of mens rea, rooted in the same cause, is that it does not sufficiently draw out significant differences in moral status between agents who perpetrate harm. It fails to do this in two ways. First, the concepts of intention, recklesness and negligence are broad in their scope so that each includes a fairly wide area of moral turpitude. Second, where a particular offence admits more than one form of mens rea the conviction does not discriminate between the various requisite mental states and thus denies accurate ascriptions of moral culpability over a large area of mental attitude toward proscribed harm. I shall offer a new structure of wens rea which would be constituted by (i) direct intention, (ii) comcomitant intention, (iii) purpose, (iv) objective, (v) gross recklessness, (vi) simple recklessness, (vii) gross negligence and (viii) simple negligence. I shall argue that the proposed structure is preferable since the more sophisticated set of fault terms would be (1) conceptually clear, consistent and coherent, (ii) would be more terminologically consistent and (iii) would more clearly express the moral status of the agent in each case concerning the harm brought about by him. I shall demonstrate that the proposed structure is more able to express differences in moral culpability because (i) the more sophisticated set of mens rea terms would provide a better gradation in moral fault and (ii) it would be a requirement of the proposed structure of mens rea that the court or jury determine the precise mental state with which the agent perpetrates a criminal offence and that mental state would be recorded with the conviction.
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Micallef, Antony Edmund. "The criminal offence in international law." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1992. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1179/.
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The purpose of this thesis is to provide a study of a much neglected concept in international law, namely the criminal offence. The work consists of four parts which incorporate ten chapters. Part I introduces the study by examining the way in which the concept of criminal offence has developed through the various recognised sources of international law. The difficulties involved in distinguishing the criminal offence from other unlawful acts in international law, as well as the problem of defining the concept, are issues which are addressed in Part II, Part III examines seventeen classified criminal offences and practices in international law in order to determine the juridical indicia of the concept. Finally, Part IV addresses the legal consequences engendered by the concept of criminal offence, namely international criminal responsibility. Individual as well as State criminal responsibility in international law are discussed, particularly, in the light of the substantial contributions made by the International Law Commission in this field.
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Tan, Alvin Poh Heng. "Advancing international criminal justice in Southeast Asia through the regionalisation of international criminal law." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27831/.
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Only two Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries have ratified the International Criminal Court (ICC) Statute, and this number is unlikely to change dramatically in the near future. This research thus considers how international criminal justice (ICrimJ) can be advanced through the regionalisation of international criminal law (ICL), whilst also serving the interests of ASEAN Member States. The theoretical appeal, practical viability, and political acceptability of regional ICrimJ mechanisms are accordingly examined. Given that the establishment of the ICC has challenged the absolute sovereignty of States over the prosecution of international crimes, regional initiatives have added political allure as they not only better reflect local legal norms and political considerations, but also place the selection of ‘regional crimes’ and enforcement measures primarily in the hands of regional countries. In recognition of the 'ASEAN way' of making decisions, regional initiatives to further ICrimJ in Southeast Asia should be implemented gradually and driven internally through consultation and consensus. Moreover, to achieve the overarching ASEAN goal of maintaining regional peace and security, the modalities and practical effects of ICrimJ may require greater emphasis on deterrence and reconciliation, instead of punishment. The prospect and efficacy of a regional ICrimJ mechanism however also depends, inter alia, on the availability of institutional infrastructure and resources, and will understandably differ between regions. Nevertheless, some general conclusions about the value and attractiveness of a regional approach to ICrimJ can be drawn. Despite variations on what may constitute justice in different geographic areas, these generalisations are useful because they reveal the incentives and favourable conditions for efforts at the regional level. The research therefore proffers a basic framework to assess the costs and benefits of regional solutions against domestic or international methods of enforcing ICL, and determine which may best serve ICrimJ in each unique situation and circumstance.