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Journal articles on the topic 'Phleboliths'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 23 June 2025

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1

Munhoz, Luciana, Camila Lobato da Silva Costa, and Emiko Saito Arita. "Phleboliths Radiographic Features in Plain Radiographs: Report of Three Cases." Revista da Faculdade de Odontologia de Lins 28, no. 1 (2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15600/2238-1236/fol.v28n1p63-69.

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Introduction: Phleboliths are calcified thrombi that may originate from an injury to a vessel wall or stagnation of peripheral blood flow. They are not usually observed in maxillofacial areas and are often associated with vascular malformations. Plain radiographs, such as panoramic radiograph, can be a useful tool to detect phleboliths.Case report: In this report, we describe three cases of phleboliths, found in routine radiographs, emphasizing radiographic features in conventional imaging. When evaluating multiple radiopaque structures randomly distributed in plain radiographs, dental practitioners should consider the presence of a phlebolith, particularly when laminations can be observed. Plain radiographs have an important role in detecting phleboliths, however, patients should be referred to other more accurate imaging exams.

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Gouvêa Lima, Gabriela de Morais, Renata Mendonça Moraes, Ana Sueli Rodrigues Cavalcante, Yasmin Rodarte Carvalho, and Ana Lia Anbinder. "An Isolated Phlebolith on the Lip: An Unusual Case and Review of the Literature." Case Reports in Pathology 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/507840.

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Background. Calcified thrombi are a common finding, especially in the pelvic veins. There are generally multiple thrombi, and they are generally associated with vascular malformations.Design. Herein we report a rare case of a single labial phlebolith, not associated with any other vascular lesion. We aim to alert clinicians to the possibility of the occurrence of vascular thrombi in the mouth and to describe the clinical and histological characteristics of such lesions in order to simplify the diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, we have reviewed the English-language literature published since 1970 reporting oral (including masticatory muscles) phleboliths.Results. Twenty-nine cases of phleboliths have been reported in the literature since 1970. Only three of the reported phleboliths were solitary and not associated with other vascular lesions, as in the case presented here.Conclusion. Although phleboliths not associated with other vascular lesions are not common, clinicians should be aware of the existence of this pathology and include it as differential diagnosis of oral lesions.

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Benítez-Cárdenas, Oscar Arturo, Elhi Manuel Torres Hernández, Esteban Raúl Mar Uribe, and Jairo Mariel Cárdenas. "Hallazgo de flebolitos en la región bucal: Reporte de dos casos." Investigación Clínica 65, no. 4 (2024): 454–61. https://doi.org/10.54817/ic.v65n4a06.

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Thrombi formed in blood vessels, although typically experienc-ing normal blood flow, may undergo mineral deposition, resulting in the forma-tion of phleboliths. When affecting the oral region, they can lead to facial asym-metry due to volume increase, imparting a bluish appearance to the mucosa. Despite phlebolith diagnosis often being incidental, distinguishing them from other calcifications becomes imperative. This article presents two pertinent clinical cases: the first associated with a traumatic event clinically diagnosed as a probable sialolith, and the second case, initially identified as a phlebolith, showed no association with vascular pathology. These cases underscore the im-portance of considering the presence of phleboliths in the differential diagnosis of vascular lesions and other calcifications in the oral region. Furthermore, it highlights the necessity for a meticulous approach and detailed assessment to determine the origin and nature of calcifications in the oral mucosa to ensure appropriate treatment and mitigate potential complications.

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AbdullGaffar, Badr, and Farzad Alawadhi. "Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia With a Phlebolith of the Tongue: A Potential Pitfall." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 27, no. 7 (2019): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896919849685.

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Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) or so-called Masson hemangioma is a benign nonneoplastic thrombus-associated organizing proliferation. De novo or secondary IPEHs are not uncommon oral lesions. An associated oral phlebolith is uncommon. Oral IPEHs and phleboliths can be diagnostically challenging. Certain histomorphologic features are helpful clues. Immunohistochemistry is a useful confirmatory tool. We present a case of an IPEH with phlebolith in a 37-year-old healthy lady who presented with a nodular lesion of the tongue. Histology showed a calcific nodule associated with an endothelial-lined vascular lesion with histomorphologic and immunohistochemical features of IPEH. The presence of a solitary extruded phlebolith could be challenging for pathologists and could be confused with other oral calculi, particularly sialoliths. The presence of papillary fronds, endothelial-lined minute vascular channels, fibrin thrombi, and hemosiderin pigment on the surface of the calculus points to a calcified thrombus. The lamellated concentric onion ring layers corresponding to Zahn lines around a central calcific nidus is another hint. Phleboliths should be considered by pathologists in their differential diagnosis of oral calculi. Distinction from sialolith is clinically important because the etiology and management are different.

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Nagaraja, A., N. Govindraj Kumar, B. Jambukeshwar Kumar, Raghavendra M. Naik, and Y. Jyoti Sangineedi. "A Solitary Phlebolith in the Buccal Mucosa: Report of a Rare Entity and Clinicopathologic Correlation." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 17, no. 8 (2016): 706–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1916.

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ABSTRACT Pathological conditions can give rise to calcifications within oral mucosa representing either a local or systemic disturbance. Inflammation, trauma, debris acting as nidus and vascular lesions have been attributed as principal causes for occurrence of calcifications within the oral mucosa. Occurrence of multiple calcified thrombi (phleboliths) is considered pathognomonic for hemangiomas and vascular malformations in the oral and maxillofacial region. Isolated occurrence of phlebolith in oral mucosa though very rare, especially without any underlying vascular lesions, can be diagnostically challenging. Either a traumatic association at that site or a hemangioma of childhood that has regressed once the individual became an adult are the possible explanations suggested for the occurrence of these unique solitary phleboliths. Histologically, an “onion-ring”-like concentric lamellar fibrosis around a central core with varying amounts of calcifications and presence of minute vascular channels within or around calcified lamellae is characteristic for phlebolith. There is a high propensity for misdiagnosing solitary phlebolith located in sites like the buccal mucosa where various other pathologic soft-tissue calcifications, such as sialoliths, calcified lymph nodes, traumatic myositis ossificans, etc. can occur and they too appear radiopaque in radiographs. Besides, the absence of any associated underlying vascular lesion adds to the misperception. In such cases, histopathological examination with routine hematoxylin and eosin staining alone may not be sufficient to determine the accurate diagnosis. Allied clinical history and immunohistochemistry can aid to arrive at the final diagnosis. We report such a case of nonvascular lesion-associated solitary phlebolith in the right buccal mucosa of a healthy 49-year-old male patient and discuss its differential diagnosis with emphasis on histological presentation. How to cite this article Nagaraja A, Kumar NG, Kumar BJ, Naik RM, Sangineedi YJ. A Solitary Phlebolith in the Buccal Mucosa: Report of a Rare Entity and Clinicopathologic Correlation. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):706-710.

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Eivazi, B., A. J. Fasunla, C. Güldner, P. Masberg, J. A. Werner, and A. Teymoortash. "Phleboliths from venous malformations of the head and neck." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 28, no. 2 (2013): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.011029.

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Objectives/Hypothesis Phleboliths in venous malformations (VM) of the head and neck are often observed and may cause significant symptoms. Only a few articles refer to the morphology and composition of the phleboliths in VM. The objective of this study was to analyse and to demonstrate their composition and morphology. Methods Patients with VM presenting to a vascular anomalies centre during a three-year period were identified. The incidence of phleboliths was analysed followed by morphological and structural analysis with cone beam tomography and X-ray diffraction. Results Phleboliths were identified in 28/98 patients with VM of the head and neck. Seven patients underwent conventional surgery to reduce the volume of the VM or to remove the phleboliths, which were localized in the cheek (3 cases), submandibular region (2 cases), infrahyoidal neck or upper eyelid (1 case each). The structural analysis showed that more advanced lamination and an increasing radiopacity of the cortex was observed in larger phleboliths. X-ray powder diffraction analysis revealed that the main constituent in the pulverized phleboliths was carbonate-fluorohydroxylapatite. Conclusion This study shows in a vivid way that phleboliths from VM of the head and neck area show a laminar structure and consist of apatite, without any indication of differences in their chemical composition. Treatment of localized intravascular coagulopathy in VM might be able to prevent the formation and the progression of phleboliths. Hypothetically, another option might be lithotripsy.

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Hupp, James R. "Facial phleboliths." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 67, no. 3 (1989): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(89)90370-8.

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Chrysouli, Konstantina, and Sotirios Karamagkiolas. "Venous malformation phleboliths mimicking submandibular sialadenitis in children." BMJ Case Reports 16, no. 12 (2023): e257971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2023-257971.

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To report one paediatric patient who presented with a rare venous vascular malformation as a mass in the left submandibular region with a clinical picture compatible with sialadenitis. Phleboliths are a specific feature of venous malformations due to venous stasis and may mimic sialoliths on various imaging modalities. Thus venous malformations are often misdiagnosed as sialadenitis due to sialolithiasis. Sialoliths are extremely rare in paediatric patients. In an early adolescent presenting with a submandibular mass and suspected sialadenitis arising from sialoliths, a detailed history, clinical examination and careful review of the radiological findings will allow the diagnosis of venous vascular malformation and provide the complete surgical resection. Our patient was initially referred with a presumed diagnosis of submandibular sialadenitis, and instead a venous malformation with phlebolith was diagnosed.

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Su, Yu-xiong, Gui-qing Liao, Lin Wang, Yu-jie Liang, Mei Chu, and Guang-sen Zheng. "Sialoliths or phleboliths?" Laryngoscope 119, no. 7 (2009): 1344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.20514.

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Patil, Karthikeya, C. J. Sanjay, Namrata Suresh, and Varusha Sharon Christopher. "A rare anatomical perplexity of submandibular cavernous hemangioma with phleboliths." International Journal of Academic Medicine 10, no. 4 (2024): 224–28. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijam.ijam_12_24.

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Abstract This case report presents a unique instance of a submandibular cavernous hemangioma, a rare vascular tumor, accompanied by phleboliths- –calcified masses within blood vessels. The presence of phleboliths, considered an unusual anatomical variation, accentuates the complexity of the condition. A detailed clinical examination, imaging studies, and histopathological analysis were pivotal in confirming the diagnosis. Understanding the interplay of hemangioma and phleboliths in the submandibular region is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning, shedding light on this intricate vascular anomaly, and guiding tailored therapeutic interventions for optimal patient outcomes. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Medical knowledge, Patient care.

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Li, Xue. "Rare cavernous haemangioma of the hypopharynx with numerous phleboliths." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 104, no. 3 (1990): 262–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100112447.

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AbstractCavernous haemangiomata occur quite commonly, but one situated in the hypopharynx which contains as many as 240 phleboliths, as reported here, is a rare curiosity. The clinical manifestations, angiographic findings and the operative procedure of this case are described with a brief review of the formation of phleboliths in cavernous haemangiomas.

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Genno, Najwa Karam, and Pamela G. Genno. "Case report of a large hemangioma of the parotid gland with multiple phleboliths and tonsilloliths." International Journal of Dentistry Research 5, no. 2 (2020): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/dentistry.2020.5203.

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Hemangiomas are benign vascular deformities characterized by an increased proliferation and turnover of endothelial cells. They account for the majority of parotid gland tumors in infants but are rare in adults. Changes in blood flow dynamics within hemangiomas can cause stasis, thrombus formation and phleboliths. Tonsilloliths are calcifications occurring primarily within the palatine tonsillar crypts. We report the case of a large hemangioma of the parotid gland with multiple phleboliths and tonsilloliths in an adult, highlighting the clini cal and imaging features on panoramic radiography, Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), cervical ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Doppler imaging. A 20-year-old woman presented, complaining of a painless swelling below her right ear. Panoramic radiograph showed multiple randomly distributed round-to-oval radiopaque structures overlying the right mandibular ramus. CBCT revealed several radiopaque structures in the right palatine tonsillar crypts. Cervical ultrasound exposed a large heterogeneous and predominantly hypoechogenic mass in the right parotid gland. MRI displayed a well-defined lesion in the right parotid gland extending into the parapharyngeal pre-styloid space, hypointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2, containing several nodules. The diagnosis was: large hemangioma of the right parotid gland extending into the parapharyngeal pre-styloid space, with multiple phleboliths and tonsilloliths. Propranolol was delivered, with periodic follow-up on Doppler images, showing a hemangioma size reduction. Standard radiographs can detect tonsilloliths and phleboliths but additional imaging modalities disclose the exact diagnosis and location of calcifications and the diagnosis, structure and extent of the vascular lesion. Tonsilloliths and phleboliths should be considered in the differential diagnosis of radiopaque masses involving the mandibular ramus. Hemangioma with phleboliths should be considered in the differential diagnosis of parotid tumors when numerous intraglandular calcification nodules are detected on radiographs.

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S, Bhargava, Motwani MB, and Patni VM. "Parapharyngeal Hemangioma with Phleboliths." Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology 23 (July 2011): S481—S484. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10011-1204.

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14

Sano, Kazuo, Akiko Ogawa, Tsugio Inokuchi, Hiroshi Takahashi, and Kunihiro Hisatsune. "Buccal hemangioma with phleboliths." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 65, no. 2 (1988): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(88)90156-9.

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15

de Lourdes Diaz, Maria, Luis Javier Pina, Alberto Alonso, and Ester De Luis. "Phleboliths Detected on Mammography." Breast Journal 12, no. 5 (2006): 467–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1075-122x.2006.00305.x.

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16

Williams, David John. "Pelvic phleboliths and thrombosis." Virchows Archiv A Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology 409, no. 4 (1986): 543–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00705424.

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Nguyen, Viet, Alexa R. Lindley, Bahar Mansoori, and Emily Maria Godfrey. "Phleboliths mistaken for intraperitoneal copper-containing intrauterine device in the presence of missing strings." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 3 (2021): e237838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-237838.

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Although rare, pelvic phleboliths may confound the diagnosis of an intraperitoneal or malpositioned intrauterine device (IUD). Pelvic phleboliths are focal calcifications in pelvic veins, often in multiples near the ureters, occurring in about 40% of adult patients. We treated a 35-year-old woman requesting removal of her copper-containing IUD (TCu380A IUD). She had missing IUD strings on clinical examination. A clinic-based transvaginal ultrasound and anteroposterior abdominal radiograph that followed suggested prior TCu380A IUD expulsion. A radiologist later interpreted several ambiguous radiodensities in the abdominal radiograph as a possible intraperitoneal or malpositioned IUD. In collaboration with radiologists and family planning specialists, it was suggested that the patient further undergo a three-dimensional ultrasonography and a CT of the pelvis. The radiodensities first noted on the radiograph were revealed to be phleboliths, a diagnostic possibility not initially considered by any of the primary clinical care team, radiologists or family planning specialists.

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Kim, Jong Chul. "Central lucency of pelvic phleboliths." Clinical Imaging 25, no. 2 (2001): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-7071(01)00259-5.

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Mohan, Ravi Prakash S., Manu Dhillon, and Navneet Gill. "Intraoral venous malformation with phleboliths." Saudi Dental Journal 23, no. 3 (2011): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2011.02.003.

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Alsadah, Sahar A., Wala S. Alshiha, Nasser Assiri, and Haifa Alnasser. "Facial venous malformation with phleboliths." Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports 59 (August 2020): 101402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsc.2020.101402.

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Simms, Stuart M. "Gastric hemangioma associated with phleboliths." Gastrointestinal Radiology 10, no. 1 (1985): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01893070.

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DURAN, Merve Hacer, and Sümeyye COŞGUN BAYBARS. "Oral Hemangiom with Multiple Phleboliths." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences 29, no. 1 (2023): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/dentalsci.2022-92402.

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Hu, Li, Hui Chen, Xi Yang, et al. "Risk factors associated with pain in patients with venous malformations of the extremities." Vascular Medicine 24, no. 1 (2018): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358863x18802007.

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Pain is a common symptom and the major complaint in patients with venous malformations of the extremities, which may lead to joint dysfunction and even walking disabilities. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate determined independent risk factors for pain in these patients. We retrospectively collected data for 168 patients with venous malformations of the extremities from January 16, 2013 to August 13, 2015. They were categorized into painful and painless groups according to the symptom and pain scores. Associations between pain and candidate factors were determined using univariate and multivariate analyses. A total of 125 (74.4%) patients with an average pain score of 4.4 were included in the painful group. In univariate analysis, age, lesion size, tissue involvement, and phleboliths were associated with pain. In the multivariate analysis, only type-II tissue involvement (adjusted odds ratio 4.57; p = 0.001) and phleboliths (adjusted odds ratio 2.44; p = 0.039) were identified as the independent risk factors. In conclusion, this study revealed that prevalence of pain in patients with venous malformations of the extremities was high. Patients who presented with type-II tissue involvement and phleboliths are more likely to suffer from pain.

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M J, Felix Cordelia, Kingsly Paul M, and Shwetha Agarwal. "Venous malformation with multiple palpable phleboliths." Archives of Plastic Surgery 49, no. 1 (2022): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5999/aps.2021.01704.

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DDS, Louis Mandel. "Intramuscular hemangioma with phleboliths or choristoma?" Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 59, no. 12 (2001): 1511–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/joms.2001.29211.

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Mandel, Louis, and Michael A. Perrino. "Phleboliths and the Vascular Maxillofacial Lesion." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 68, no. 8 (2010): 1973–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2010.04.002.

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Dr., Smita Kamtane, and Arun Subramaniam Dr. "A Massive Hemangioma of the Cheek." International Journal of BioSciences and Technology (IJBST) ISSN: 0974-3987 4, no. 6 (2011): 36–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1438763.

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<strong>ABSTRACT:</strong> Vascular lesions of the face are not a very common entity. Hemangiomas are benign tumors of vascular origin, withan incidence of 2%–3% in the neonates and 10% in children after 1 year. The incidence of cavernous hemangioma in general population is roughly about 0.5%.The incidence of intramuscular hemangiomas is rare and their occurrence in head and neck region is only 6 %.Most true hemangiomas involutewith time, but a certain small percentage do not. Herein, we report a rare case of combined cavernous and intramuscular hemangioma of left cheek with incomplete involution along with the presence of phleboliths. <strong>Key words</strong>: hemangioma, phleboliths, cheek http://www.ijbst.org/Home/papers-published/ijbst-2011-volume-4-issue-6

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Nozhenko, Oleksandr, Lilia Savchuk, Valentyna Zaritska, Pavlo Snisarevskyi, and Alla Cherentsova. "Phleboliths, not Sialoliths: A Report of Submandibular Gland Arteriovenous Malformation with Numerous Calcifications: Analysis of Cine Images and Literature Review for the 54 Years." Journal of Diagnostics and Treatment of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology 7, no. 7 (2023): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.23999/j.dtomp.2023.7.1.

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Here, we provide a case report of a 28-year-old woman diagnosed with arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the submandibular gland (SMG). A 14 phleboliths were the visualized on the multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) within the AVM and two calcifications were located 7-mm distant from AVM margins. Such AVMs and venous malformations are so-called in the literature as tumor-like vascular formations or “hemangiomas.” Ultrasonography (USG) and non-/post-contrast MSCT, which helped to make a correct pre-operative diagnosis, are presented. In total, in this report the 129 MSCT images are cinematically demonstrated. Also, the present case is enhanced by the pre-/intraoperative images, photographs of the specimen, removed phleboliths, and multiple histopathological images. Based on the literature review for the last 54 years and present case, the 19 cases with SMG malformations/hemangiomas were reported in 18 patients which were published in 15 articles. In one patient, a bilateral SMG venous malformation was reported. At the same time, our case report is a first case study of the SMG AVM with phleboliths that highlights this rare pathology in three videos (as cine loops). Advantages of integration of the cine images into case studies are analyzed. Also, the “submandibular gland-arteriovenous malformation conglomerate” was proposed by our team as a term for description of similar cases.

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Chaurasia, Ajeet K., Poonam Gupta, and Naincy Purwar. "Chronic Localized Intravascular Coagulation in a Case of Sporadic Multifocal Venous Malformations with Phleboliths." Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Education and Research 51, no. 3 (2017): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jpmer-51-3-144.

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ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this article is to report a case of chronic localized intravascular coagulation in widespread sporadic multifocal venous malformations (VMs) associated with phleboliths, presenting with pathological femur fracture with very high D-dimer level and deranged coagulation profile hampering the surgical management of the patient. Background Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a well-known cause of raised D-dimer. It leads to derangement of coagulation profile with very poor management outcome and needs intensive care. A very high level of D-dimer present in localized intravascular coagulopathy (LIC) can be misleading to diagnosis of DIC. Localized intravascular coagulopathy is seen in few VMs and they show abnormally high D-dimer levels. Venous malformations are the most frequent slow-flow vascular malformations referred to specialized centers. Most of the VMs are sporadic, and unifocal, while 1% are multifocal VMs. Multifocal sporadic VMs are rare and associated with phleboliths. High D-dimer is associated with various types of VMs like cutaneomucosal VMs and capillarovenous malformations. We reported the case of a 22-year-old female with congenital multifocal VMs presenting with fracture shaft of left femur on trivial trauma with deranged coagulation profile as prolonged prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombocytopenia, and persistently high D-dimer level along with the presence of multiple phleboliths. Review In the view of deranged coagulation profile with raised D-dimer level in presence of trauma, patient was initially managed as a case of DIC and her surgical procedure for fracture femur was delayed for the correction of her coagulation abnormality. She was transfused 16 units of fresh frozen plasma, 18 units of platelets, and 3 units of packed red blood cells, but her D-dimer level remained high. Persistently raised D-dimer level without any hemorrhagic manifestation along with the presence of multiple phleboliths in his X-rays clinched the diagnosis of LIC. Low molecular weight heparin was started and after stabilization of coagulation profile, the patient got shifted to orthopedics department for the management of fracture femur. Conclusion This case describes a unique presentation of sporadic multifocal VMs as coagulation abnormality mimicking DIC. It emphasizes prompt diagnosis and workup when multiple VMs are present to prevent morbidity during surgical excision secondary to intravascular coagulopathy. Clinical significance Multifocal VMs have been associated with an increased risk of spontaneous thrombosis and thrombolysis because of stasis of blood, a condition termed LIC. Severe LIC has potential to progress to DIC during surgical excision so this mandates preoperative evaluation. How to cite this article Chaurasia AK, Gupta P, Purwar N. Chronic Localized Intravascular Coagulation in a Case of Sporadic Multifocal Venous Malformations with Phleboliths. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2017;51(3):144-149.

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Sharma, S., S. Bandhu, M. S. Gulati, and M. Berry. "Gastric hemangioma associated with phleboliths: CT appearance." American Journal of Roentgenology 173, no. 3 (1999): 859–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.173.3.10470966.

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Ramdas, Anita, Sharad Ramdas, MosesM Ambroise, and RenuG′Boy Varghese. "Submandibular vascular hamartoma with phleboliths mimicking sialolithiasis." Journal of Clinical Sciences 11, no. 2 (2014): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1595-9587.146504.

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Kamatani, Takaaki, Seiji Kondo, Tomoyuki Saito, Satoru Shintani, Tatsuo Shirota, and Yoshiki Hamada. "Intramuscular hemangioma with phleboliths of the tongue." Indian Journal of Dentistry 5, no. 2 (2014): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-962x.135279.

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Scolozzi, Paolo, François Laurent, Tommaso Lombardi, and Michel Richter. "Intraoral venous malformation presenting with multiple phleboliths." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 96, no. 2 (2003): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1079-2104(03)00098-2.

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Zachariades, N., G. Rallis, J. Papademetriou, E. Konsolaki, S. Markaki, and M. Mezitis. "Phleboliths. A report of three unusual cases." British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 29, no. 2 (1991): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-4356(91)90097-o.

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FREITAS, Amanda de Oliveira, Mario Rogério Lima MOTA, Fabrício Bitu SOUSA, et al. "MULTIPLE CALCIFIED HAMARTOMATOUS PHLEBOLITHS IN BUCCAL MUCOSA." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology 136, no. 1 (2023): e69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2023.03.239.

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El-Azzouzi, Rajaa, Zein Abidine Babah Hassene, Bouchra Dani, and Malik Boulaadas. "Phleboliths, not Sialoliths: a submandibular gland venous malformation: case report and literature review." MOJ Surgery 12, no. 2 (2024): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojs.2024.12.00260.

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Although venous malformations occurring in the submandibular gland are extremely rare, most have been diagnosed as "hemangiomas". Based on the literature review very few cases of submandibular gland venous malformation were reported for the last 55 years. We provide one of this rare cases; A 62-year-old female patient presented with swelling in the left submandibular area for 6 months with no complaints of xerostomia nor suppuration from the salivary ducts. Ultrasound Sonography test of the neck and CT scan revealed an heterogenous lesion in left submandibular area with multiple calcifications. The mass was surgically excised, the histopathological examination reported a submandibular gland venous malformation with phleboliths. Low-flow vascular malformations of the head and neck region can develop phleboliths that may be mistaken for sialoliths given the similar calcified nature and location specially in salivary gland area. Appropriate history, clinical examination and investigation leads to the correct diagnosis and treatment.

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Mota de Oliveira Kublitski, Prescila, Lizandra Cristina Hanke Agnes Pereira, Giuliana Martina Bordin, Carlos Eduardo Edwards Rezende., Adriane Sousa de Siqueira, and Marilisa Carneiro Leão Gabardo. "Calcifications in soft tissues of the head and neck region in a sample of Brazilian adults." Revista Estomatológica Herediana 34, no. 4 (2024): 327–34. https://doi.org/10.20453/reh.v34i4.5505.

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Objective: To identify calcifications in the soft tissues of the head and neck region in digital panoramic radiographs of Brazilian adults. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 384 examinations of individuals of both sexes, aged between 18 and 80 years, were analyzed for carotid artery calcifications, sialoliths, phleboliths, tonsilloliths, anthroliths, calcifications of the trityceous cartilage, calcifications of the styloid ligament and calcified lymph nodes. The association with sex and age was also studied. Data were analyzed using SPSS® version 23.0, with a significance level set at 5%. Results: Calcifications were identified in 53 examinations (13.80%). Styloid ligament calcification was observed in 24 cases (6.20%), followed by anthroliths (2.40%). Sialoliths and tonsilloliths were present in 6 cases each (1.60%). No calcified lymph nodes or phleboliths were identified. Despite the lack of significant association with sex and age (p > 0.05), females, white individuals and those in the fourth decade of life were more frequently affected. Conclusions: The frequency of calcifications in this sample was high, particularly for stylohyoid ligament calcifications and anthroliths, although no associations with sex and age were found.

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Chava, Venkateswara Rao, Ashwini Naveen Shankar, Naveen Shankar Vemanna, and Sudheer Kumar Cholleti. "Multiple Venous Malformations with Phleboliths: Radiological-Pathological Correlation." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 3 (December 31, 2013): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2156-7514.124058.

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Vascular malformations are congenital lesions that are present at birth and do not regress. However, they often present later in life. They are subdivided into two categories: (1) slow- or low-flow and (2) fast- or high-flow malformations. Low-flow malformations contain combinations of capillary, venous, and lymphatic components. Venous malformations can occur anywhere in the body, but are most frequently seen in the head and neck (40%). These lesions present in a variety of ways, from a vague blue patch to a soft blue mass, which may be single isolated or may occur in multiple areas. Treatment depends on the type of lesion, the location, degree of involvement, and the clinical symptoms. Here we are report the imaging and histopathologic findings in a patient with multiple venous malformations affecting the left side of the face and trunk.

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YAMAMOTO, Shinsuke, Fumihiro YOSHIKAWA, Toshifumi ANDOH, et al. "Cavernous hemangioma with phleboliths : Report of a case." Japanese Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 33, no. 2 (1987): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5794/jjoms.33.403.

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Lazarou, Stephen, Luis Reyes-Vallejo, and Abraham Morgentaler. "Phleboliths in varicoceles presenting as spermatic cord mass." Fertility and Sterility 86, no. 1 (2006): 219.e21–219.e22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.12.043.

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Delamarre, Jacques, Jean Pierre Capron, Henri Sevestre, Thierry Davion, Brigitte Deschepper, and Catherine Jouet-Gondry. "“Porcelain Liver” appearance due to Glisson's capsule phleboliths." Gastrointestinal Radiology 14, no. 1 (1989): 339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01889232.

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de Vries, E. H., A. Z. Ginai, S. G. F. Robben, and W. C. J. Hop. "Pelvic phleboliths: is there an association with diverticulitis?" British Journal of Radiology 65, no. 778 (1992): 868–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-65-778-868.

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Gooi, Zhen, Wojciech K. Mydlarz, David E. Tunkel, and David W. Eisele. "Submandibular venous malformation phleboliths mimicking sialolithiasis in children." Laryngoscope 124, no. 12 (2014): 2826–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.24758.

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Klufas, Daniel M., Syril Keena T. Que, Marti Rothe, Hanspaul S. Makkar, and Michael J. Murphy. "Putative Intravascular Myofibroma Mimicking a Vascular Malformation With Phleboliths." American Journal of Dermatopathology 39, no. 6 (2017): e79-e81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dad.0000000000000812.

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Calligaris, Lorenzo, Irene Berti, and Egidio Barbi. "Phleboliths as a marker of slow-flow venous malformation." Archives of Disease in Childhood 100, no. 11 (2015): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-308935.

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Demirkol, Mehmet, Mutan Hamdi Aras, and Ediz Tutar. "Myositis Ossificans Circumscripta in the Masseter Muscle Mimicking Phleboliths." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 26, no. 6 (2015): 2020–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000001897.

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Chuang, Chih-Chieh, Hou-Chun Lin, and Chia-Wen Huang. "Submandibular Cavernous Hemangiomas with Multiple Phleboliths Masquerading as Sialolithiasis." Journal of the Chinese Medical Association 68, no. 9 (2005): 441–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1726-4901(09)70162-5.

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BARRA, SÂMILA GONÇALVES, CAMILA DE NAZARÉ ALVES DE OLIVEIRA KATO, FELIPE PAIVA FONSECA, et al. "PHLEBOLITHS ASSOCIATED WITH VASCULAR MALFORMATION IN THE JUGAL MUCOSA." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology 129, no. 1 (2020): e55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2019.06.200.

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Zengin, A. Zeynep, Peruze Celenk, and A. Pinar Sumer. "Intramuscular hemangioma presenting with multiple phleboliths: a case report." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology 115, no. 1 (2013): e32-e36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2012.02.032.

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Delamarre, Jacques, Véronique Fabre, Henri Sevestre, Catherine Jouet-Gondry, Brigitte Deschepper, and Jean Pierre Capron. "Comments about Glisson's capsule phleboliths and portal vein thrombosis." Gastrointestinal Radiology 16, no. 1 (1991): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01887313.

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