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Journal articles on the topic 'Phlebotomus papatasi'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

DILLON, R. J., and P. LANE. "Bloodmeal digestion in the midgut of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus langeroni." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 7, no. 3 (July 1993): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1993.tb00681.x.

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2

Samie, M., K. R. Wallbanks, J. S. Moore, and D. H. Molyneux. "Glycosidase activity in the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 96, no. 3 (January 1990): 577–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(90)90059-3.

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3

Talbi, Fatima Zahra, Chafika Faraj, Fouad EL-Akhal, Fatiha El Khayyat, Driss Chenfour, Abdellatif Janati Idrissi, and Abdelhakim El Ouali Lalami. "Diversity and Dynamics of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Two Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Foci in the Fes-Boulemane Region of Northern Morocco." International Journal of Zoology 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/497169.

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infectious disease caused by various species ofLeishmaniaand transmitted by several species of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). In order to evaluate the risk of leishmaniasis transmission in Fes-Boulemane, an investigation was carried out in two localities, Aichoun and Bouasseme, during 2011. From January to December, 1120 specimens were collected in Aichoun comprising six species belonging to two genera:Phlebotomus sergenti(76.07%),Phlebotomus longicuspis(9.01%),Phlebotomus perniciosus(8.48%),Phlebotomus papatasi(4.82%),Sergentomyia minuta,andSergentomyia fallax. For Bouasseme, seven species were identified withPhlebotomus sergenti(60.39%) dominating, followed byPhlebotomus perniciosus(20%) andPhlebotomus longicuspis(12.15%). The remaining species,Phlebotomus papatasi,Phlebotomus ariasi,Sergentomyia minuta,andSergentomyia fallax,were less prevalent. The activity of sand flies in both localities is marked by the dominance ofPh. sergentiwith two peaks occurring in June and September. In order to obtain a better understanding of sand fly diversity among their species, results were analyzed by the ecological indices determinant: specific richness, the relative abundance, and Shannon-Weiner index (H′). Further studies of sand fly diversity should employ statistical tests and molecular analyses. This study can be useful in the implementation of appropriate future control measures.

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4

Merchant, Austin, Tian Yu, Jizhe Shi, and Xuguo Zhou. "Development of a Diagnostic Marker for Phlebotomus papatasi to Initiate a Potential Vector Surveillance Program in North America." Insects 9, no. 4 (November 12, 2018): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040162.

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Phlebotomus papatasi, an Old World sand fly species, is primarily responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis, a highly infectious and potentially lethal disease. International travel, especially military rotations, between domestic locations and P. papatasi-prevalent regions in the Middle East poses an imminent threat to the public health of US citizens. Because of its small size and cryptic morphology, identification of P. papatasi is challenging and labor-intensive. Here, we developed a ribosomal DNA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assay that is capable of detecting P. papatasi genomic DNA from mixed samples containing multiple sand flies native to the Americas. Serial dilution of P. papatasi samples demonstrated that this diagnostic assay could detect one P. papatasi from up to 255 non-target sand flies. Due to its simplicity, sensitivity and specificity, this rapid identification tool is suited for a long-term surveillance program to screen for the presence of P. papatasi in the continental United States and to reveal geographical regions potentially vulnerable to sand fly-borne diseases.

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5

Waitumbi, John, and Alon Warburg. "Phlebotomus papatasi Saliva Inhibits Protein Phosphatase Activity and Nitric Oxide Production by Murine Macrophages." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 1534–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.4.1534-1537.1998.

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ABSTRACT Leishmania parasites, transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, are obligate intracellular parasites of macrophages. The sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi is the vector of Leishmania major, a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World, and its saliva exacerbates parasite proliferation and lesion growth in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. Here we show thatP. papatasi saliva contains a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 and protein phosphatase 2A of murine macrophages. We further demonstrate that P. papatasi saliva down regulates expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene and reduces nitric oxide production in murine macrophages. Partial biochemical characterization of the protein phosphatase and nitric oxide inhibitor indicated that it is a small, ethanol-soluble molecule resistant to boiling, proteolysis, and DNase and RNase treatments. We suggest that the P. papatasi salivary protein phosphatase inhibitor interferes with the ability of activated macrophages to transmit signals to the nucleus, thereby preventing up regulation of the induced nitric oxide synthase gene and inhibiting the production of nitric oxide. Since nitric oxide is toxic to intracellular parasites, the salivary protein phosphatase inhibitor may be the mechanism by whichP. papatasi saliva exacerbates cutaneous leishmaniasis.

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6

VOLF, P., and I. ROHOUšOVÁ. "Species-specific antigens in salivary glands of phlebotomine sandflies." Parasitology 122, no. 1 (January 2001): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000007046.

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Saliva inoculated by sandfly females during feeding stimulated production of high levels of anti-saliva antibodies. To determine whether 3 species of the genus Phlebotomus have species-specific salivary antigens we performed dot-blots and immunoblots using sera from mice, hamsters and rabbits repeatedly bitten by sandflies. Important differences were found in the antigen components of the salivary gland lysates (SGL) of Phlebotomus papatasi, P. perniciosus and P. halepensis. In total 4–9 species-specific antigens were detected in each species by immunoblotting. Cross-reactivity was not detected between P. papatasi and the other species tested; in the SGL of P. papatasi sera from animals bitten by this species recognized 5–7 major antigens while sera from animals bitten by other species did not react. A weak cross-reaction was observed between P. perniciosus and P. halepensis; in SGL from P. perniciosus, the sera from rabbits and hamsters bitten by this species recognized about 8 intense bands while sera from animals bitten by P. halepensis reacted weakly with up to 4 saliva polypeptides.

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7

PENER, H., and A. WILAMOVSKY. "Base-line susceptibility of Phlebotomus papatasi to insecticides." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 1, no. 2 (April 1987): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1987.tb00335.x.

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8

Papadopoulos, Christos, Panagiotis A. Karas, Sotirios Vasileiadis, Panagiota Ligda, Anastasios Saratsis, Smaragda Sotiraki, and Dimitrios G. Karpouzas. "Host Species Determines the Composition of the Prokaryotic Microbiota in Phlebotomus Sandflies." Pathogens 9, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060428.

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Phlebotomine sandflies are vectors of the humans’ and mammals’ parasite Leishmania spp. Although the role of gut microbiome in the biological cycle of insects is acknowledged, we still know little about the factors modulating the composition of the gut microbiota of sandflies. We tested whether host species impose a strong structural effect on the gut microbiota of Phlebotomus spp. Sandflies were collected from the island of Leros, Greece, and classified to P. papatasi, P. neglectus, P. tobbi, and P. similis, all being negative to Leishmania spp. The prokaryotic gut microbiota was determined via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Phlebotomus species supported distinct microbial communities (p < 0.001). P. papatasi microbiota was the most distinct over-dominated by three Spiroplasma, Wolbachia and Paenibacillus operational taxonomic units (OTUs), while another Wolbachia OTU prevailed in P. neglectus. Conversely, the microbiota of P. tobbi and P. similis was composed of several less dominant OTUs. Archaea showed low presence with the dominant OTUs belonging to methanogenic Euryarcheota, ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarcheota, and Nanoarchaeota. We provide first insights into the composition of the bacterial and archaeal community of Phlebotomus sandflies and showed that, in the absence of Leishmania, host genotype is the major modulator of Phlebotomus sandfly gut microbiota.

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9

El-Sayed, S., J. Hemingway, and R. P. Lane. "Susceptibility baselines for DDT metabolism and related enzyme systems in the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psychodidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 79, no. 4 (November 1989): 679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300018836.

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AbstractDDT metabolism in Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) was investigated and compared to that in DDT-resistant and susceptible strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Anopheles gambiae Giles with the objective of establishing baselines for sandfly studies. P. papatasi produced eight metabolites of DDT, with DDE predominating, as in the two mosquito species. Both oxidases and glutathione transferases were found to be involved in DDT metabolism in insecticide-susceptible adults of P. papatasi. The activity level of glutathione transferases and the reduced and oxidized difference spectra of cytochrome P-450 were measured spectrophotometrically. The level of glutathione transferase activity in P. papatasi was lower than that in susceptible C. quinquefasciatus adults when expressed in terms of the activity per milligram of soluble protein but, in contrast, the cytochrome P-450 was slightly higher in both the reduced and oxidized states.

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10

El Sawaf, B. M., N. S. Mansour, S. M. El Said, S. Daba, F. G. Youssef, M. A. Kenawy, and J. C. Beier. "Feeding Patterns of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus langeroni (Diptera: Psychodidae) in El Agamy, Egypt." Journal of Medical Entomology 26, no. 5 (September 1, 1989): 497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/26.5.497.

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11

Blackburn, K., K. R. Wallbanks, D. H. Molyneux, D. R. Lavin, and S. L. Winstanley. "The peritrophic membrane of the female sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 82, no. 6 (January 1988): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1988.11812297.

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12

MAVALE, M. S., P. V. FULMALI, P. C. KANOJIA, Y. S. GHODKE, V. A. ARANKALLE, G. GEEVARGHESE, and A. C. MISHRA. "VENEREAL TRANSMISSION OF CHANDIPURA VIRUS BY PHLEBOTOMUS PAPATASI (SCOPOLI)." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 1151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.1151.

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13

Ismail, R. Ben, M. Gramiccia, L. Gradoni, H. Helal, and M. S. Ben Rachid. "Isolation of Leishmania major from Phlebotomus papatasi in Tunisia." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81, no. 5 (September 1987): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(87)90018-6.

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14

Srinivasan, R., K. N. Panicker, and Vijai Dhanda. "Population dynamics of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera:Phlebotomidae) in Pondicherry, India." Acta Tropica 54, no. 2 (August 1993): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-706x(93)90058-j.

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15

Chelbi, Ifhem, Olfa Mathlouthi, Sami Zhioua, Wasfi Fares, Anis Boujaama, Saifedine Cherni, Walid Barhoumi, et al. "The Impact of Illegal Waste Sites on the Transmission of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Tunisia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010066.

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Illegal waste disposal represents a risk health factor for vector-borne diseases by providing shelter for rodents and their ectoparasites. The presence of the Phlebotomus papatasi vector of Leishmania major, an etiologic agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), was assessed at illegal waste sites located at the vicinity of villages in endemic areas of Central Tunisia. The study was performed over a two-year period over three nights from July to September 2017, and over three nights in September 2018. Household waste is deposited illegally forming dumpsites at the vicinity of each village and contains several rodent burrows of Psammomys obesus, the main reservoir host of L. major. Sandflies were collected from rodent burrows in the natural environment and in dumpsites using sticky traps and were identified at species level. Female sandflies were tested for the presence of L. major by PCR. Our entomological survey showed that Phlebotomus papatasi is the most abundant sandfly species associated with rodent burrows in these waste sites. The densities of P. papatasi in dumpsites are significantly higher compared to the natural environment. The minimum infection rate of P. papatasi with L. major in these illegal waste sites is not significantly different compared to the natural environment. Considering the short flight range of P. papatasi, increases in its densities, associated with burrows of P. obesus in illegal waste sites located at the edge of villages, expands the overlap of infected ZCL vectors with communities. Thus, illegal waste sites pose a high risk of spreading ZCL to neighboring home ranges. Waste management is an environmentally friendly method of controlling sandfly populations and should be included in an integrated management program for controlling ZCL in endemic countries.

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16

Yaghoobi Ershadi, M. R., A. A. Akhavan, A. V. Zahraei Ramazani, M. R. Abai, B. Ebrahimi, R. Vafaei Nezhad, A. A. Hanafi Bojd, and R. Jafari. "Epidemiological study in a new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 9, no. 4 (September 4, 2003): 816–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2003.9.4.816.

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An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis [CL] in Sabzevar county prompted this study of the epidemiology and the ecology of vectors and reservoirs. Examination of 541 schoolchildren showed rates of 9.4% for scars and 5.9% for ulcers. Among 807 inhabitants of 4 villages, 10.4% had scars and 3.0% had active lesions. The most highly infected age group was 0-4 years with a rate of 5.9%. A total of 12 849 sandflies representing 7 species were collected in the study area. Leptomonad infection was found in Phlebotomus papatasi, P. caucasicus and Sergentomyia sintoni. Parasites from man, P. papatasi and Rhombomys opimus, were isolated and characterized as Leishmania major. Based on this survey, this is an epidemic of zoonotic CL, with R. opimus the main reservoir host, and P. papatasi the main vector

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17

Denlinger, David S., Andrew Y. Li, Susan L. Durham, Phillip G. Lawyer, Joseph L. Anderson, and Scott A. Bernhardt. "Comparison of In Vivo and In Vitro Methods for Blood Feeding ofPhlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Laboratory." Journal of Medical Entomology 53, no. 5 (June 12, 2016): 1112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw074.

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Abstract Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli is a medically important insect that has been successfully colonized in the laboratory, and blood feeding is critical for colony propagation. There has been much interest in developing established protocols for in vitro blood-feeding systems. The objective of this study was to determine if a Parafilm membrane and a hog’s gut membrane could be successfully used with in vitro feeding systems. We evaluated percentages ofP. papatasi females that blood fed on different blood-feeding systems (a mouse, a Hemotek feeder, or a glass feeder) used with either a Parafilm or a hog’s gut membrane, with cohorts of 250 and 500P. papatasi females, and with or without external exhalations. For all feeding system combinations, femaleP. papatasi blood fed in higher percentages when in cohorts of 500 individuals and in the presence of exhalations. Higher percentages ofP. papatasi fed on a mouse, but this study also demonstrates thatP. papatasi will readily feed with in vitro feeding systems using a Parafilm membrane or a hog’s gut membrane. This study suggests that femaleP. papatasi may use an invitation effect to blood feed and are attracted to blood sources via chemical olfaction cues, both of which have been characterized in other blood-feeding arthropods. Our study demonstrates that a Parafilm membrane or a hog’s gut membrane, in conjunction with the Hemotek or glass feeder system, is potentially a viable alternative to live rodents to blood feed a colony ofP. papatasi.

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18

Khamesipour, Ali, Soheila Molaei, Navid Babaei-Pouya, and Eslam Moradi-Asl. "Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Situation and Predicting the Distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti as Vectors of Leishmaniasis in Ardabil Province, Iran." Korean Journal of Parasitology 58, no. 3 (June 26, 2020): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.229.

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Cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL) is the most common form of leishmaniasis.CL caused by L. major and L. tropica is endemic in 17 provinces of Iran. This study was carried out to elucidate situation of CL in Ardabil province and to predict distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus sergenti (Diptera: Psychodidae) as vectors of CL in the region. In this cross-sectional study, data on CL patients were collected from local health centers of Ardabil province, Iran during 2006-2018 to establish a geodatabase using ArcGIS10.3. A total of 20 CL cases were selected randomly and skin samples were collected and analyzed by PCR method. MaxEnt 3.3.3 model was used to determine ecologically suitable niches for the main vectors. A total, 309 CL human cases were reported and the highest incidence rate of disease was occurred in Bilasavar (37/100,000) and Germi (35/100,000). A total of 2,794 sand flies were collected during May to October 2018. The environmentally suitable habitats for P. papatasi and P. sergenti were predicted to be present in northern and central areas of Ardabil province. The most variable that contributed ratio in the modeling were Isothermality and slope factors. Ardabil province is possibly an endemic are for CL. The presence of P. papatasi and P. sergenti justifies local transmission while the vectors of CL are existing in the northern and central areas of the province.

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Bordbar, A., S. Soleimani, F. Fardid, M. R. Zolfaghari, and P. Parvizi. "Three strains of Wolbachia pipientis and high rates of infection in Iranian sandfly species." Bulletin of Entomological Research 104, no. 2 (February 3, 2014): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485313000631.

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AbstractIndividual wild-caught sandflies from Iran were examined for infections of Wolbachia pipientis by targeting the major surface protein gene wsp of this intracellular α-proteobacterium. In total, 638 male and female sandflies were screened, of which 241 were found to be positive for one of three wsp haplotypes. Regardless of geographical origins and habitats, Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi and other sandfly species were found to be infected with one common, widespread strain of A-group W. pipientis (Turk 54, GenBank accession EU780683; AY288297). In addition, a new A-group haplotype (Turk07, GenBank accession KC576916) was isolated from Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) mongolensis and Phlebotomus (Pa.) caucasicus, and a new B-group haplotype (AZ2331, GenBank accession JX488735) was isolated from Phlebotomus (Larroussius) perfiliewi. Therefore, Wolbachia was found to occur in at least three of the incriminated vectors of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in different geographical regions of Iran. It may provide a new tool for the future control of leishmaniasis.

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20

Takahashi, Emi A., Lina Masoud, Rami Mukbel, Javier Guitian, and Kim B. Stevens. "Modelling habitat suitability in Jordan for the cutaneous leishmaniasis vector (Phlebotomus papatasi) using multicriteria decision analysis." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): e0008852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008852.

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a zoonotic vector-borne neglected tropical disease transmitted by female Phlebotomine sand flies. It is distributed globally but a large proportion of cases (70–75%) are found in just ten countries. CL is endemic in Jordan yet there is a lack of robust entomological data and true reporting status is unknown. This study aimed to map habitat suitability of the main CL vector, Phlebotomus papatasi, in Jordan as a proxy for CL risk distribution to (i) identify areas potentially at risk of CL and (ii) estimate the human population at risk of CL. A literature review identified potential environmental determinants for P. papatasi occurrence including temperature, humidity, precipitation, vegetation, wind speed, presence of human households and presence of the fat sand rat. Each predictor variable was (a) mapped; (b) standardized to a common size, resolution and scale using fuzzy membership functions; (c) assigned a weight using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP); and (d) included within a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) model to produce monthly maps illustrating the predicted habitat suitability (between 0 and 1) for P. papatasi in Jordan. Suitability increased over the summer months and was generally highest in the north-western regions of the country and along the Jordan Valley, areas which largely coincided with highly populated parts of the country, including areas where Syrian refugee camps are located. Habitat suitability in Jordan for the main CL vector—P. papatasi—was heterogeneous over both space and time. Suitable areas for P. papatasi coincided with highly populated areas of Jordan which suggests that the targeted implementation of control and surveillance strategies in defined areas such as those with very high CL vector suitability (>0.9 suitability) would focus only on 3.42% of the country’s total geographic area, whilst still including a substantial proportion of the population at risk: estimates range from 72% (European Commission’s Global Human Settlement population grid) to 89% (Gridded Population of the World) depending on the human population density data used. Therefore, high impact public health interventions could be achieved within a reduced spatial target, thus maximizing the efficient use of resources.

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21

SÁDLOVÁ, J., and P. VOLF. "Occurrence of Leishmania major in sandfly urine." Parasitology 118, no. 5 (May 1999): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099004254.

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Promastigotes of Leishmania major were frequently detected in the urine droplets discharged by infected Phlebotomus papatasi and P. duboscqi females during feeding. Parasites were present in the urine of 37·5% P. papatasi and 16·1% P. duboscqi females, even in those with low intensity gut infections. Free-swimming forms (elongated nectomonads, short slender promastigotes and metacyclic forms) predominated in excreted droplets. Viability of excreted parasites was proved by cultivation on blood agar, and the presence of metacyclic forms in urine droplets was confirmed by specific fluorescence assay with 3F12 antibodies. While the release of promatigotes from the anus of the sandfly was frequent, these were rarely egested from the mouth-parts of sandfly females (1·3% for P. duboscqi and 0% for P. papatasi) fed on microcapillaries, even if the females were heavily infected. The possible role and significance of the discharge of parasites in sandfly urine are discussed.

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22

Karmaoui, Ahmed. "Seasonal Distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi, Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis." Acta Parasitologica 65, no. 3 (April 28, 2020): 585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-020-00201-6.

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23

Junnila, Amy, Günter C. Müller, and Yosef Schlein. "Attraction of Phlebotomus papatasi to common fruit in the field." Journal of Vector Ecology 36 (March 2011): S206—S211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00132.x.

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Yuval, Boaz, and Yosef Schlein. "Age determination of Phlebotomus papatasi by detection of cuticular growthlines." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81, no. 1 (January 1987): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(87)90319-1.

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25

Ribeiro, J. M., O. Katz, L. K. Pannell, J. Waitumbi, and A. Warburg. "Salivary glands of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi contain pharmacologically active amounts of adenosine and 5′-AMP." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 11 (June 1, 1999): 1551–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.11.1551.

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Salivary gland homogenates of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi contain large amounts of adenosine and 5′-AMP, of the order of 1 nmol per pair of glands, as demonstrated by liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectrometry, mass spectrometry and bioassays. These purines, 75–80 % of which are secreted from the glands following a blood meal, have vasodilatory and anti-platelet activities and probably help the fly to obtain a blood meal. Salivary 5′-AMP is also responsible for the previously reported protein phosphatase inhibitor in the salivary glands of P. papatasi, which is shown to be artifactual in nature as a result of allosteric modification by AMP of the phosphatase substrate used (phosphorylase a).

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Wahid, Shah, Khurshaid Khan, and Nazma Habib Khan. "Sand Fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) Species Diversity, Habitat Preferences, and Ecological Aspects of Distribution in Bajaur District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 5 (March 28, 2020): 1432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa050.

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Abstract The species composition, distribution, and bionomics of sand flies was investigated from January to December 2017 in four tehsils (20 villages) of district Bajaur (formally Bajaur agency), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. In total, 4,173 adult specimens comprising of seven species of Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae) and three species of Sergentomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae) were collected by oral aspirator, insecticide spray, and sticky traps from June to October. Highest numbers of flies were collected indoors in July and August when relative humidity and temperature were highest. Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot (Diptera: Psychodidae) was the most abundant species from all the collection sites, making approximately 70% of the total capture. Combined dwellings and chicken cages harbored the highest number of adult and immature flies (unrotated external genitalia). Abundance of P. sergenti had a significant (P ≤ 0.05) positive correlation with monthly average temperature, relative humidity, and average rainfall in indoor collections. On the other hand, P. papatasi Scopoli displayed similar correlation in the indoor and nighttime collections. Both the species were apparently abundant in the elevation range ≤ 419 m above sea level and on rangelands. Phlebotomus papatasi, however, also occurred on agricultural lands. The number of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases did not significantly correlate with the abundance of sand fly vectors across the villages surveyed. The results reported herein can serve as a baseline for an all-extensive future work in Bajaur. Our investigations will benefit the public health experts and medical entomologists for improved control and surveillance vectors of leishmaniasis.

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Abdel-Badei, Noha M., Emad I. M. Khater, Suzan Daba, and Magdi G. Shehata. "Morphometrics and protein profiles of the salivary glands of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus langeroni sand flies." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 106, no. 4 (April 2012): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.01.006.

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Valenzuela, J. G., Y. Belkaid, E. Rowton, and J. M. Ribeiro. "The salivary apyrase of the blood-sucking sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi belongs to the novel Cimex family of apyrases." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 2 (January 15, 2001): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.2.229.

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Apyrases are enzymes that hydrolyze nucleotide di- and triphosphates to orthophosphate and mononucleotides. At least two families of enzymes, belonging to the 5′-nucleotidase and to the actin/heat shock 70/sugar kinase superfamily, have evolved independently to serve the apyrase reaction. Both families require either Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) for their action. A novel apyrase enzyme sequence, with no homology to any other known protein sequence, was found recently in the salivary glands of the hematophagous bed bug Cimex lectularius. This enzyme functions exclusively with Ca(2+). Here, we report the finding of a cDNA similar to that of the C. lectularius salivary apyrase isolated from a salivary gland cDNA library of Phlebotomus papatasi. Transfection of insect cells with the P. papatasi salivary gland apyrase cDNA resulted in the secretion of a Ca(2+)-dependent apyrase whose activity was indistinguishable from that in salivary homogenates of P. papatasi. Homologous sequences were found in humans, in another sand fly (Lutzomyia longipalpis), in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and in the protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum, indicating that this family of enzymes is widespread among animal species.

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Warburg, Allon, and Katherine Ostrovska. "Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Viruses in Phlebotomus papatasi Inhibit Development of Leishmania major." Journal of Parasitology 73, no. 3 (June 1987): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3282139.

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Watts, Douglas M., James M. Meegan, Carolyn MacDonald, Kelly T. McKee, C. J. Peters, and Charles L. Bailey. "Experimental Infection of Phlebotomus Papatasi with Sand Fly Fever Sicilian Virus." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 39, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1988.39.611.

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Warburg, Alon. "The structure of the female sand fly (Phlebotomus papatasi) alimentary canal." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 102, no. 2 (February 2008): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.10.004.

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32

Belen, A., B. Alten, and A. M. Aytekin. "Altitudinal variation in morphometric and molecular characteristics of Phlebotomus papatasi populations." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 18, no. 4 (December 2004): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-283x.2004.00514.x.

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Guernaoui, S., K. Ramaoui, N. Rahola, C. Barnabe, D. Sereno, and A. Boumezzough. "Malformations of the genitalia in male Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psychodidae)." Journal of Vector Ecology 35, no. 1 (June 25, 2010): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2010.00052.x.

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Sigle, Leah Theresa, and Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigao. "Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitors in the midgut of Phlebotomus papatasi." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 108, no. 6 (September 2013): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0074-0276108062013001.

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35

Mukbel, Rami M., Rehab H. Khasharmeh, Nawal S. Hijjawi, Mohammed S. Khalifeh, Ma’mon M. Hatmal, and Mary Ann McDowell. "Human immune response to salivary proteins of wild-caught Phlebotomus papatasi." Parasitology Research 115, no. 9 (May 10, 2016): 3345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5094-2.

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36

Chelbi, I., and E. Zhioua. "Biology of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Laboratory." Journal of Medical Entomology 44, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[597:boppdp]2.0.co;2.

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37

Barhoumi, Walid, Ifhem Chelbi, Wasfi Fares, Sami Zhioua, Mohamed Abbas, Mohamed Derbali, Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigao, and Elyes Zhioua. "Risk Assessment of the Role of the Ecotones in the Transmission of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Tunisia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 9274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179274.

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Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), endemic in Central and Southern Tunisia, is caused by Leishmania major (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), which is transmitted by the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi. In Tunisia, the fat sand rat Psammomys obesus and the desert jird Meriones shawi are the principal reservoir hosts of L. major. The presence of the P. papatasi vector of the L. major etiologic agent of ZCL was assessed in the vicinity of villages in endemic areas of Central Tunisia. The study was performed from September through October 2019, a period corresponding to the main peak of activity of P. papatasi. Sand flies were collected from rodent burrows located at the ecotone level, which is the transition zone between the natural environment and human settlement. Sand flies were identified to species level and tested for the presence of L. major by PCR. Our entomological survey showed that P. papatasi is the most abundant sand fly species associated with rodent burrows, and this abundance is even higher in ecotones primarily occupied by P. obesus in comparison to ecotones occupied by M. shawi. Infections with Leishmania major were detected only in P. papatasi, with an overall minimum infection rate (MIR) of 2.64%. No significant difference was observed between the MIRs in ecotones of P. obesus and of M. shawi. Incidence of ZCL in the studied areas ranged from 200 to 700 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, with a mean incidence of 385.41 per 100,000. Higher ZCL incidence was identified in ecotones of M. shawi compared to ecotones of P. obesus. ZCL cases are positively correlated with the MIRs. Considering the short flight range of P. papatasi, increases in its densities associated with burrows of P. obesus or M. shawi at the ecotone level expand the overlap of infected vectors with communities and subsequently increase ZCL incidence. Therefore, control measures should target P. papatasi populations at the ecotones.

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Dohm, David J., Edgar D. Rowton, Phillip G. Lawyer, Monica O’Guinn, and Michael J. Turell. "Laboratory Transmission of Rift Valley Fever Virus byPhlebotomus duboscqi, Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus sergenti,andSergentomyia schwetzi(Diptera: Psychodidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 37, no. 3 (May 1, 2000): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/37.3.435.

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39

Lestinova, Tereza, Michaela Vlkova, Jan Votypka, Petr Volf, and Iva Rohousova. "Phlebotomus papatasi exposure cross-protects mice against Leishmania major co-inoculated with Phlebotomus duboscqi salivary gland homogenate." Acta Tropica 144 (April 2015): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.01.005.

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40

Al-Koleeby, Zalalham, Ahmed El Aboudi, Souhail Aboulfadl, and Chafika Faraj. "Diversity and Bionomics of Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of an Endemic Focus of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Zagora Province, Southeast of Morocco." Journal of Parasitology Research 2021 (January 22, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8812691.

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The diversity and seasonality for sandflies were studied in 2019 at a focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Zagora province, southern Morocco. Standardized sampling with CDC light traps was used. A total of 4504 sandflies (4024 Phlebotomus and 480 Sergentomyia) was collected during the study period. Seven species belonging to genus Phlebotomus and six species of genus Sergentomyia were identified. The most abundant species were Ph. papatasi (33.6%) and Ph. longicuspis (25.7%), highlighting the risk for local disease transmission foci. The seasonal activity of sandflies extended from April to November, showing two peaks, one in June-July and one, less important, in late-September-October. Abundance was highest during the months May, June, and July and lowest in August, September, and October. Results of this study provide important baseline data for planning control interventions.

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41

Guernaoui, Souad, Omar Hamarsheh, Deborah Garcia, Didier Fontenille, and Denis Sereno. "Population Genetics of Phlebotomus papatasi from Endemic and Nonendemic Areas for Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Morocco, as Revealed by Cytochrome Oxidase Gene Subunit I Sequencing." Microorganisms 8, no. 7 (July 6, 2020): 1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8071010.

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Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) caused by Leishmania major Yakimoff & Shokhor and transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) is a public health concern in Morocco. The disease is endemic mainly in pre-Saharan regions on the southern slope of the High Atlas Mountains. The northern slope of the High Atlas Mountains and the arid plains of central Morocco remain non-endemic and are currently considered high risk for ZCL. Here we investigate and compare the population genetic structure of P. papatasi populations sampled in various habitats in historical foci and non-endemic ZCL areas. A fragment of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene was amplified and sequenced in 59 individuals from 10 P. papatasi populations. Haplotype diversity was probed, a median-joining network was generated (FST) and molecular variance (AMOVA) were analyzed. Overall, we identified 28 haplotypes with 32 distinct segregating sites, of which seven are parsimony informative. The rate of private haplotypes was high; 20 haplotypes (71.4%) are private ones and exclusive to a single population. The phylogenetic tree and the network reconstructed highlight a genetic structuration of these populations in two well defined groups: Ouarzazate (or endemic areas) and Non-Ouarzazate (or nonendemic areas). These groups are separated by the High Atlas Mountains. Overall, our study highlights differences in terms of population genetics between ZCL endemic and non-endemic areas. To what extent such differences would impact the transmission of L. major by natural P. papatasi population remains to be investigated.

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Dohm, David J., Edgar D. Rowton, Phillip G. Lawyer, Monica O’Guinn, and Michael J. Turell. "Laboratory Transmission of Rift Valley Fever Virus by Phlebotomus duboscqi, Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus sergenti, and Sergentomyia schwetzi (Diptera: Psychodidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 37, no. 3 (May 1, 2000): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2000)037[0435:ltorvf]2.0.co;2.

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43

Al-Ajmi, Reem. "Individual Variations in Phlebotomus papatasi Collected from Different Localities in Saudi Arabia." Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajbsa.2013.13821.

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44

Jacobson, Raymond L., and Yosef Schlein. "Phlebotomus papatasi and Leishmania major parasites express α-amylase and α-glucosidase." Acta Tropica 78, no. 1 (January 2001): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(00)00164-9.

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KALYANASUNDARAM, M., R. SRINIVASAN, S. SUBRAMANIAN, and K. N. PANICKER. "Relative potency of DEPA as a repellent against the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 8, no. 1 (January 1994): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00388.x.

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46

Nekouie, Hassan. "Leishmanial antigen detecting by dot immunoblot assay in phlebotomus papatasi, in Iran." World Allergy Organization Journal &NA; (November 2007): S219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wox.0000301952.84961.80.

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Boussaa, S., S. Perrotey, A. Boumezzough, R. Harrak, S. Hilali, and B. Pesson. "Isoenzymatic Characterization of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the Marrakech Area, Morocco." Journal of Medical Entomology 45, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/45.3.370.

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Chelbi, Ifhem, DP Bray, and JGC Hamilton. "Courtship behaviour of Phlebotomus papatasi the sand fly vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis." Parasites & Vectors 5, no. 1 (2012): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-5-179.

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Probst, R. J., B. T. Wellde, P. G. Lawyer, J. S. Stiteler, and E. D. Rowton. "Rhesus monkey model for Leishmania major transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi sandfly bites." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 15, no. 1 (March 2001): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2001.00283.x.

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Shehata, M. G., M. Wahba, T. A. Morsy, S. El Said, and B. M. El Sawaf. "Development ofLeishmania majorin the Phlebotomine sandflies,Phlebotomus papatasi(Scopoli) andPhlebotomus langeroni(Nitzulescu)." Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 63, no. 2 (1988): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1988632146.

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