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Journal articles on the topic 'Phloem mobility'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Kleier, Daniel A. "Phloem Mobility of Xenobiotics." Plant Physiology 86, no. 3 (1988): 803–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.86.3.803.

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2

Hsu, Francis C., Daniel A. Kleier, and Wayne R. Melander. "Phloem Mobility of Xenobiotics." Plant Physiology 86, no. 3 (1988): 811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.86.3.811.

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3

Brudenell, A. J. P., H. Griffiths, J. T. Rossiter, and D. A. Baker. "The phloem mobility of glucosinolates." Journal of Experimental Botany 50, no. 335 (1999): 745–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/50.335.745.

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4

Lichtner, Frank. "Phloem mobility of crop protection products." Functional Plant Biology 27, no. 6 (2000): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp99185.

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Phloem mobility of a crop protectant is an attribute that contributes positively to its efficacy. Herbicides, insecticides and fungicides, generally organic molecules of small molecular weight, are applied foliarly and often must move to remote plant parts (such as meristems, emerging leaves, roots and fruits) via the phloem to achieve economically useful activity. In addition, insecticides must move within the phloem to be effective against piercing and sucking insects. Conversely, phloem mobility of crop protectants and their metabolites can also contribute to detectable residues in raw agricultural commodities. This is especially true of compounds that are biologically stable and applied during fruit development or seed set. Thus, the knowledge of phloem mobility allows an understanding of potential benefits (efficacy) and potential risks (dietary exposure) of a crop protection chemical. The customers for this knowledge range from the discovery chemist and biologist (who participate in the design of the chemical), through to the regulatory official (who grants permission to sell) and the farmer, the ultimate beneficiary of the technology. One can estimate or predict phloem mobility (based on physical/chemical properties and molecular structure) using a number of models, or measure it directly (in whole plants or explants) with a variety of techniques. In the future, crop protection and crop production technology will increasingly rely on effective transport of macro-molecules, such as protein toxins for insect control and mRNA for signal initiation and coordination of growth and development processes. Phloem mobility will be equally important for these macromolecules and for the small molecules that currently control pests and influence plant growth and development. Understanding the processes that control macromolecular transport in the phloem will lay the foundation for effective use of this technology in the decades to come.

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5

BROWN, P. "Phloem Mobility of Boron is Species Dependent: Evidence for Phloem Mobility in Sorbitol-rich Species." Annals of Botany 77, no. 5 (1996): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0060.

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6

Yu, Linhua, Di Huang, Xiang Zhu, et al. "Design, Synthesis, Phloem Mobility, and Bioactivities of a Series of Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid-Amino Acid Conjugates." Molecules 23, no. 9 (2018): 2139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092139.

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Developing fungicides with phloem mobility that can be applied to leaves to control root or vascular pathogens has long been desirable. To achieve this goal, an efficient and economical strategy involves introducing an amino acid into the existing highly active parent pesticide molecule. Hence, 12 L-phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA)-amino acid conjugates 4a–l were designed and synthesized via a simple synthetic route. In vitro bioassays results showed that all synthesized compounds 4a–l exhibited certain fungicidal activities against six tested fungi. Compound 4c exhibited relatively good fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, and the EC50 value was 0.084 ± 0.006 mmol/L. The phloem mobility experiments revealed that introducing an amino acid to PCA could effectively endow PCA with phloem mobility in R. communis L. Among them, nine conjugates were found in phloem sap, and L-PCA-Valine 4d exhibited the highest phloem mobility. Analysis results from the prediction of the Kleier model indicated that an active carrier-mediated mechanism may be involved in L-PCA-amino acid conjugates—a result that needs to be confirmed and complemented with further tests. The current research provides useful data for modifying non-phloem-mobile fungicidal molecules to phloem-mobile types.

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7

Wang, Ning, Sze-Mei Cindy Lau, Gregory Rogers, and Thomas Ray. "A new method for rapid screening of xenobiotic phloem mobility in plants." Functional Plant Biology 27, no. 9 (2000): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp99158.

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This paper originates from a presentation at the International Conference on Assimilate Transport and Partitioning, Newcastle, NSW, August 1999 The deposition of hydrophobic polymers in the xylem of wheat grain floral axes prevents water and solute movement into grains via the xylem (xylem discontinuity). The only pathway for translocation of photosynthate or externally applied xenobiotics into wheat grains is via the phloem. We have developed a new method based on the xylem discontinuity for rapidly screening phloem mobility of xenobiotics. By quantifying xenobiotic concentration in grains and excised plants after the compounds were applied through the cut stems, the phloem mobility can be estimated quantitatively. The phloem mobility obtained with our new grain-based method was correlated to xenobiotic chemical properties such as log Kow, pKa and electrical charge, and is consistent with published literature. Phloem mobility values determined by the grain-based assay were correlated to those from the direct phloem sap (aphid stylet exudate) assay of excised and intact plants, indicating that the grain-based assay is as reliable as the direct assay with aphid stylectomy. The new grain-based method is simple, quick, and can be scaled up for rapid screening of xenobiotic phloem mobility in plants. Similar seed (fruit)-based assay could also be developed with wide ranges of plant species that use the phloem as the only pathway for supplying water and nutrients into their seeds or fruits.

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8

Kleier, Daniel A., and Francis C. Hsu. "Phloem Mobility of Xenobiotics. VII. The Design of Phloem Systemic Pesticides." Weed Science 44, no. 3 (1996): 749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500094637.

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We have developed a mathematical model for the plant vascular system that enables the prediction of a compound's phloem systemicity as a function of its partition coefficients and acid dissociation constants. The mathematical model can account for the sensitivity of systemicity to plant parameters such as plant size and pH of the phloem sap. This paper reviews this model and demonstrates how it accounts for the phloem systemic properties of most herbicides as well as that of many endogenous substances such as plant hormones. The model also can be used to design phloem systemic pesticides as illustrated for a pronematicide that successfully controls nematodes when applied foliarly to transgenic tobacco plants capable of regenerating the parent nematicide in a root specific fashion.

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9

Kleier, Daniel A. "Phloem mobility of xenobiotics. V. Structural requirements for phloem-systemic pesticides." Pesticide Science 42, no. 1 (1994): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780420102.

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10

Geiger, Donald R., and Hank D. Bestman. "Self-Limitation of Herbicide Mobility by Phytotoxic Action." Weed Science 38, no. 3 (1990): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500056599.

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Translocation of phloem-mobile herbicides was inhibited by their phytotoxic action on processes that maintain assimilate translocation. Glyphosate lowered import into developing sink leaves soon after it was applied to exporting sugarbeet leaves. Later, photosynthesis slowed down and starch accumulation stopped, but export of both assimilate and glyphosate continued until it was limited by starch availability at night Experiments with field pennycress and Tartary buckwheat indicated that self-limitation of chlorsulfuron translocation probably occurred and that it resulted from lowered assimilate entry into phloem rather than from inhibition of photosynthesis or carbon allocation. Leakage of chlorsulfuron from the phloem when export was slowed down also may have contributed to its reduced translocation.

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11

Brown, P. H., and H. Hu. "Phloem Boron Mobility in Diverse Plant Species." Botanica Acta 111, no. 4 (1998): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1998.tb00717.x.

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12

Mach, Jennifer. "Swept Away: Protein Mobility in the Phloem." Plant Cell 28, no. 9 (2016): 1990–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.16.00722.

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13

Zhivotovsky Castello, Olena, Andrew J. Bowling, Gerrit Deboer, and Yelena Adelfinskaya. "Assessment of phloem mobility of xenobiotics in Triticum aestivum and Brachypodium distachyon." Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 6 (2014): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13267.

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Due to evolved resistance and environmental regulations, there is a particular need in the agricultural market for a new graminicide. An essential requirement of a novel, foliar applied graminicide is sufficient phloem mobility in the plant to reach meristematic tissues for the expression of activity leading to the desired control of unwanted vegetative growth. A robust and reliable phloem bioassay utilising a monocot species is highly desirable for early stage experimental compounds. Vascular tissues and translocation patterns of organic compounds in purple false brome (Brachypodium distachyon L. P. Beauv.), a model organism for temperate grasses, were studied and compared with those of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Microscopic studies with tracer dyes were used to determine if B. distachyon has a xylem discontinuity between the developing seed and the rachilla xylem, the same as found in T. aestivum. Based on 14C-radiolabelled and non-radiolabelled studies using known xylem and phloem mobile pesticidal compounds, there was a significant difference in the amount of the xylem mobile compounds in the chaff and stem as compared with the phloem mobile compounds found in the grain. The findings described in this report show a clear evidence of xylem discontinuity in B. distachyon, and provide a novel system for a rapid screening of phloem mobility of herbicides in monocot species.

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14

He, Hongxia, Izabela Chincinska, Aleksandra Hackel, Bernhard Grimm, and Christina Kühn. "Phloem Mobility and Stability of Sucrose Transporter Transcripts." Open Plant Science Journal 2, no. 1 (2008): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874294700801010001.

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15

He, Hongxia, Izabela Chincinska, Aleksandra Hackel, Bernhard Grimm, and Christina Kuhn. "Phloem Mobility and Stability of Sucrose Transporter Transcripts." Open Plant Science Journal 2, no. 1 (2008): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874294700802010001.

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16

Mattiello, Edson Marcio, Hugo Alberto Ruiz, Ivo Ribeiro da Silva, Jorge Eduardo Souza Sarkis, Júlio César Lima Neves, and Murilo Marques Pucci. "Phloem mobility of Boron in two eucalypt clones." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 33, no. 6 (2009): 1695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832009000600018.

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Boron deficiency causes large productivity losses in eucalypt stands in extensive areas of the Brazilian Cerrado region, thus understanding B mobility is a key step in selecting genetic materials that will better withstand B limitation. Thus, in this study B mobility was evaluated in two eucalypt clones (68 and 129), under B sufficiency or B deficiency, after foliar application of the 10B isotope tracer to a single mature leaf. Samples of young tissue, mature leaves and roots were collected 0, 1, 5, 12 and 17 days after 10B application. The 10B:11B isotope ratio was determined by HR-ICP-MS. Samples of leaves and xylem sap were collected for the determination of soluble sugars and polyalcohols by ion chromatography. Boron was translocated within eucalypt. Translocation of foliar-applied 10B to the young tissues, mature leaves and roots was higher in clone 129 than in 68. Seventeen days after 10B application to a single mature leaf, between 14 and 18 % of B in the young tissue was originated from foliar B application. In plants with adequate B supply the element was not translocated out of the labeled leaf.

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17

Neumann, Peter M., and André Chamel. "Comparative Phloem Mobility of Nickel in Nonsenescent Plants." Plant Physiology 81, no. 2 (1986): 689–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.81.2.689.

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18

Hsu, Francis C., and Daniel A. Kleier. "Phloem mobility of xenobiotics VIII. A short review." Journal of Experimental Botany 47, Special_Issue (1996): 1265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/47.special_issue.1265.

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19

Owens, R. A., M. Blackburn, and B. Ding. "Possible Involvement of the Phloem Lectin in Long-Distance Viroid Movement." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 14, no. 7 (2001): 905–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.7.905.

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Incubation with cucumber phloem exudate in vitro results in a dramatic decrease in the electrophoretic mobility of Hop stunt viroid. UV cross-linking and a combination of size exclusion and ion exchange chromatography indicate that this phenomenon reflects a previously unsuspected ability of phloem protein 2, a dimeric lectin and the most abundant component of phloem exudate, to interact with RNA. In light of its demonstrated ability to move from cell to cell via plasmodesmata as well as long distances in the phloem, our results suggest that phloem protein 2 may facilitate the systemic movement of viroids and, possibly, other RNAs in vivo.

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20

Brown, Patrick H., Hening Hu, and Warren G. Roberts. "Occurrence of Sugar Alcohols Determines Boron Toxicity Symptoms of Ornamental Species." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124, no. 4 (1999): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.124.4.347.

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The phloem mobility of boron (B) in plants varies dramatically among species. Variations in phloem B mobility occur as a consequence of the presence of sugar alcohols (polyols) in some species but not in others, and these differences in phloem B mobility profoundly affect the expression of B toxicity symptoms. Twenty-four species including common ornamental species varying in sugar alcohol content, were selected to test their response to B toxicity. Species that do not produce sugar alcohols exhibited previously described B toxicity symptoms that include accumulation of high concentrations of B in, and burning of, the tip and margin of old leaves. In the sugar-alcohol-producing species these symptoms were absent, and B toxicity was expressed as meristematic dieback and an accumulation of B in apical tissues. These symptoms have not previously been associated with B toxicity in these species and hence may have been frequently misdiagnosed.

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21

Rakowski, Krzysztof J., and Tomasz J. Wodzicki. "Proteolytic activity in the stem cambial region of Pinus sylvestris L. - A contribution to the specific differentiation of secondary xylem and phloem." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 63, no. 3-4 (2014): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1994.032.

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Proteolytic activity was studied in the differentiating xylem and phloem of Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.) to determine the specificity of xylem and phloem differentiation. The activity of autolytic proteases was demonstrated in the differentiating xylem during spring, summer and autumn and it was not detectable during winter. It was initiated with the onset of cambial activity in spring and unchanged during subsequent stages of xylem differentiation. The same proteolytic activity was not detectable in the extract of fresh phloem tissue. It could be detected in phloem after removal of the inhibitor found in the extract. The same pH optimum was determined for proteases extracted from xylem and phloem. However, their identity remains uncertain because of different electrophoretic mobility. On the other hand the presence of protease inhibitor in phloem tissue can be an important factor im determining the specificity of xylem an phloem differentiation.

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22

Li, Tian Xing, Yao Chen, Hui Fang Liu, Chi Yu Ma, and Wen Yang. "Vectorizing Pro-Insecticide: Influence of Linker Length on Insecticidal Activity and Phloem Mobility of New Tralopyril Derivatives." Molecules 26, no. 15 (2021): 4570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154570.

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To improve the proinsecticidal activity and phloem mobility of amino acid–tralopyril conjugates further, nine conjugates were designed and synthesized by introducing glutamic acid to tralopyril, and the length of the linker between glutamic acid and tralopyril ranged from 2 atoms to 10 atoms. The results of insecticidal activity against the third-instar larvae of P. xylostella showed that conjugates 42, 43, 44,and 45 (straight-chain containing 2–5 atoms) exhibited good insecticidal activity, and their LC50 values were 0.2397 ± 0.0366, 0.4413 ± 0.0647, 0.4400 ± 0.0624, and 0.4602 ± 0.0655 mM, respectively. The concentrations of conjugates 43–45 were higher than that of conjugate 42 in the phloem sap at 2 h, and conjugate 43 showed the highest concentration. The introduction of glutamic acid can improve phloem mobility. The in vivo metabolism of conjugates 42 and 43 was investigated in P. xylostella, and the parent compound tralopyril was detected at concentrations of 0.5950 and 0.3172 nmol/kg, respectively. According to the above results, conjugates 42 and 43 were potential phloem mobile pro-insecticide candidates.

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23

Yang, Wen, Han-Xiang Wu, Han-Hong Xu, An-Long Hu, and Meng-Ling Lu. "Synthesis of Glucose–Fipronil Conjugate and Its Phloem Mobility." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59, no. 23 (2011): 12534–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf2031154.

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24

Buhtz, Anja, Janin Pieritz, Franziska Springer, and Julia Kehr. "Phloem small RNAs, nutrient stress responses, and systemic mobility." BMC Plant Biology 10, no. 1 (2010): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-10-64.

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25

Eichert, T., and H. E. Goldback. "AMBIENT AIR HUMIDITY AFFECTS PHLOEM MOBILITY OF FOLIAR-APPLIED BORON." Acta Horticulturae, no. 700 (January 2006): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2006.700.6.

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26

Stangoulis, James, Max Tate, Robin Graham, et al. "The Mechanism of Boron Mobility in Wheat and Canola Phloem." Plant Physiology 153, no. 2 (2010): 876–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.155655.

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27

Bellaloui, Nacer, Ram C. Yadavc, Maw-Sheng Chern, et al. "Transgenically enhanced sorbitol synthesis facilitates phloem-boron mobility in rice." Physiologia Plantarum 117, no. 1 (2003): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.1170110.x.

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28

Qin, Pei-Wen, Jie Wang, Hao Wang, et al. "Synthesis of Rotenone-O-monosaccharide Derivatives and Their Phloem Mobility." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62, no. 20 (2014): 4521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf500197k.

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29

Lei, Zhiwei, Jie Wang, Genlin Mao, et al. "Glucose Positions Affect the Phloem Mobility of Glucose–Fipronil Conjugates." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62, no. 26 (2014): 6065–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf5010429.

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30

Wright, K. M., R. W. Horobin, and K. J. Oparka. "Phloem mobility of fluorescent xenobiotics inArabidopsisin relation to their physicochemical properties." Journal of Experimental Botany 47, no. 11 (1996): 1779–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/47.11.1779.

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31

Chollet, Jean-François, Françoise Rocher, Cyril Jousse, Céline Delétage-Grandon, Georges Bashiardes, and Jean-Louis Bonnemain. "Synthesis and phloem mobility of acidic derivatives of the fungicide fenpiclonil." Pest Management Science 60, no. 11 (2004): 1063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.906.

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32

Grayson, B. Terence, and Daniel A. Kleier. "Phloem mobility of xenobiotics. IV. Modelling of pesticide movement in plants." Pesticide Science 30, no. 1 (1990): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780300108.

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33

Hsu, Francis C., and Daniel A. Kleier. "Phloem Mobility of Xenobiotics. III. Sensitivity of Unified Model to Plant Parameters and Application to Patented Chemical Hybridizing Agents." Weed Science 38, no. 3 (1990): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500056587.

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A refined model for the phloem translocation of xenobiotics in living plants is presented. The model accounts for the translocation of a xenobiotic that can exist in several ionic forms in terms of the permeabilities of these forms and the fractions of the forms that exist both within the sieve tubes and in the surrounding apoplast. Predictions of the model are quite sensitive to the description of the membranes used in the model, with optimum log Kow's and pKa's becoming more positive as the membranes become less permeable. The literature generally supports the predictions of the model. When applied to patented chemical hybridizing agents, the model predicts that most are phloem-mobile. This prediction strongly suggests that the chemical hybridizing agents exert their pollen-suppressing activity by direct effects on pollen and/or the surrounding maternal tissues. With low transpiration rates and the discontinuity of xylem in many reproductive tissues, phloem translocatability may be an essential requirement for the whole plant activity of many chemical hybridizing agents.

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34

Hsu, Francis C., Kingmo Sun, Daniel A. Kleier, and Max J. Fielding. "Phloem mobility of xenobiotics VI. A phloem-mobile pro-nematicide based on oxamyl exhibiting root-specific activation in transgenic tobacco." Pesticide Science 44, no. 1 (1995): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780440103.

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35

Yuan, Jian-Guo, Han-Xiang Wu, Meng-Ling Lu, Gao-Peng Song, and Han-Hong Xu. "Synthesis of a Series of Monosaccharide–Fipronil Conjugates and Their Phloem Mobility." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61, no. 18 (2013): 4236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf400888c.

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36

Picchioni, Geno A., Steven A. Weinbaum, and Patrick H. Brown. "UPTAKE AND PHLOEM MOBILITY OF FOLIAR-APPLIED, LABELLED BORON IN VARIOUS TREE FRUIT SPECIES." HortScience 27, no. 6 (1992): 594b—594. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.594b.

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Factors affecting the phloem mobility of foliar-applied B have received little study. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate foliar retention of B solutions, foliar uptake kinetics, and phloem mobility of foliar-applied B among four tree fruit species. Leaves on current-year shoots of nonbearing 'Red Delicious' apple, 'Bartlett' pear, 'French' prune, and 'Bing' cherry were immersed in 1000 mg/liter B solutions (supplied as 10B-enriched boric acid) in midsummer. Export of the applied label from leaves was monitored between 0 and 24 h, and throughout the following 20 days by ICP-mass spectrometry. Uptake by leaves increased steadily in all species between 0 and 24 h, and reached 80% to 95% of the applied quantity within 24 h. By 24 h, 62% to 75% of the applied label, depending on species, had been exported from the treated leaves. Apple leaves retained, absorbed, and exported over twice the amount of labelled B as prune and pear leaves, and nearly four times the amount of cherry leaves. Foliar retention largely controlled the capacity for uptake and export.

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37

Niu, Junfan, Danyue Nie, Diya Yu, et al. "Synthesis, fungicidal activity and phloem mobility of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid-alanine conjugates." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 143 (November 2017): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.10.004.

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38

Chen, Xiao-Jun, Hai-Rong Cui, Shu-Qin Fan, Meng Wang, Chunliang Lu, and Yi-Zhong Yang. "Systemicity of Chlorantraniliprole in Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 96, no. 1 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.12-166.

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Abstract The systemicity of chlorantraniliprole was investigated and evidence was collected for formulating strategies in controlling vegetable or rice pests. Systemicity of chlorantraniliprole was investigated through chlorantraniliprole application on velvetleaf ( butilon theophrasti) leaves as well as through hydroponic experiments. The roots of velvetleaf were incubated in chlorantraniliprole solution with a concentration of 50 μg/mL; the concentrations of chlorantraniliprole in xylem above the solution parts were 3.14, 5.67, and 6.89 μg/g at 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment. When the roots were incubated in chlorantraniliprole solution with a concentration of 200 μg/mL, the concentrations of chlorantraniliprole in xylem above the solution reached 6.48, 8.76, and 10.55 μg/g at 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment. Chlorantraniliprole was not detected in the phloem above the solution after these two treatments. When chlorantraniliprole solution with a concentration of 100 μg/mL was applied on mature leaves, chlorantraniliprole was found in xylem above the mature leaves at concentrations of 0.55, 0.74, and 0.92 μg/g at 24, 48, and 72 h after the treatment. No chlorantraniliprole was detected in the leaves below the mature leaves or the phloem above them. When chlorantraniliprole solution with a concentration of 100 μg/mL was applied on apical leaves, no chlorantraniliprole was detected in the xylem or phloem below them. These results indicated that chlorantraniliprole can be transported through xylem only upward, but chlorantraniliprole has no phloem mobility in velvetleaf.

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39

Brown, P. H., and H. Hu. "The Phloem Mobility of Boron Alters Symptom Expression and Management of Boron in Plants." HortScience 32, no. 3 (1997): 519C—519. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.519c.

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We have demonstrated that boron (B) is freely phloem mobile in a number of crop species and we predict that B will be mobile in all species that transport polyols (mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol). This finding directly contradicts accepted dogma and profoundly influences the diagnosis and management of B in almond, apple, apricot, cherry, pear, peach, plum, prune, celery, and other species. In the majority plants, B moves in the xylem with the transpiration stream. Once B enters the leaf, it remains there with little or no redistribution. As a result, there is always a decreasing concentration gradient of B from old to young leaves and B toxicity symptoms always occurs in the old leaves first, typically exhibiting tip and margin burn. In species in which B is mobile, these symptoms do not occur. When almond, peach, and plum were exposed to high B in the growth medium, the predominant site of B accumulation was fruit, young stems and apical meristems. As a consequence, the earliest symptoms of B toxicity in species in which B is phloem mobile are observed in the young shoot meristems and fruits. Foliar application of 10B isotope demonstrates that B is readily transported to neighboring fruits and buds of almond, apple, and nectarine. In apple seedlings, plant B requirements can be fully satisfied solely by foliar application to a few mature leaves. This strongly suggest that foliar B applications can be used as an efficient means for B fertilization in Malus, Prunus, and Pyrus species. Details of the studies and their implications for B management will be discussed.

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40

Bromilow, Richard H., and Keith Chamberlain. "The herbicide glyphosate and related molecules: physicochemical and structural factors determining their mobility in phloem." Pest Management Science 56, no. 4 (2000): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1526-4998(200004)56:4<368::aid-ps153>3.0.co;2-v.

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Lei, Zhiwei, Jie Wang, Genlin Mao, Yingjie Wen, and Hanhong Xu. "Phloem mobility and translocation of fluorescent conjugate containing glucose and NBD in castor bean (Ricinus communis)." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 132 (March 2014): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.01.011.

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Brudenell, A. J. P., D. A. Baker, and B. T. Grayson. "Phloem mobility of xenobiotics: tabular review of physicochemical properties governing the output of the Kleier model." Plant Growth Regulation 16, no. 3 (1995): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00024777.

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Chen, Yao, Zhi Lei, Ying Zhang, et al. "Influence of Pyranose and Spacer Arm Structures on Phloem Mobility and Insecticidal Activity of New Tralopyril Derivatives." Molecules 22, no. 7 (2017): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22071058.

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Hu, H., S. G. Penn, C. B. Lebrilla, and P. H. Brown. "Isolation and Characterization of Soluble Boron Complexes in Higher Plants (The Mechanism of Phloem Mobility of Boron)." Plant Physiology 113, no. 2 (1997): 649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.2.649.

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Bogiani, Júlio César, and Ciro Antônio Rosolem. "Compared boron uptake and translocation in cotton cultivars." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 36, no. 5 (2012): 1499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832012000500014.

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The mobility of boron (B), a commonly deficient micronutrient in cotton, has been shown to be low in the plant phloem. Nevertheless, studies have indicated that cotton cultivars can respond differently to B application. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare B absorption and mobility in cotton cultivars grown in nutrient solution. Treatments consisted of three cotton cultivars (FMT 701, DP 604BG and FMX 993), and five B rates (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 µmol L-1). Plant growth and development were monitored for four weeks from the appearance of the first square. The time of onset and severity of B deficiency symptoms varied among cotton cultivars. Initial B uptake of cv. DP 604BG was lower than of the other cultivars, but a greater amount of available B in the nutrient solution was required to prevent deficiency symptoms in this cultivar. Boron deficiency impairs cotton growth, with no differences among cultivars, regardless of the time of appearance and intensity of B deficiency symptoms.

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Song, Guo-qing, Aaron E. Walworth, and Wayne H. Loescher. "Grafting of Genetically Engineered Plants." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 140, no. 3 (2015): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.140.3.203.

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Grafting is a well-established agricultural practice, and it now has implications for the commercialization of transgenic plants. In transgrafted plants, only one part (scion or rootstock) is transgenic with the other part untransformed. However, transgenes may affect both mobile and immobile endogenous metabolites (e.g., RNAs, proteins, and phytohormones) and mobility has implications for transgrafting. In the phloem, long-distance transport of mobile metabolites can play important roles in plant development and signaling. In a transgrafted plant, an immobile transgene product (ITP) is not likely to be translocated across the graft union. In contrast, mobile transgene products (MTP) may be translocated across the graft. Regardless of the mobility of transgene products (TP), interaction of transgenic and nontransgenic parts in transgrafted plants through either the MTP or ITP has been demonstrated to be effective in facilitating changes in nontransgenic portions of the plant. Consequently, and particularly in fruit crops, transgrafting provides the potential for improving products from their nontransgenic parts with the possibility of minimizing the controversy over transgenic crops. This review focuses mainly on the mobility of TP and effects on the whole transgrafted plant.

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Chamberlain, Keith, Dennis N. Butcher та Jean C. White. "Relationships between chemical structure and phloem mobility inRicinus communisvar. Gibsonii with reference to a series of ω-(1-naphthoxy)alkanoic acids". Pesticide Science 17, № 1 (1986): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780170106.

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Newsom, Larry J., David R. Shaw, and Thomas F. Hubbard. "Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of AC 263,222 in Selected Soybean (Glycine Max) Cultivars." Weed Science 43, no. 4 (1995): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500081601.

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The goal of this research was to determine if differing levels of tolerance to AC 263,222 exist in soybean.14C-AC 263,222 was foliar-applied to ‘Coker 6955,’ ‘Hartz 6686,’ ‘Hutcheson,’ ‘9581 Pioneer,’ ‘9681 Pioneer,’ and ‘RA 606’ soybean cultivars. Differential absorption of14C-AC 263,222 was evident among cultivars 48 and 96 h after application. Movement out of the treated leaf was both acropetal and basipetal, indicating xylem and phloem mobility. Although absorption and translocation differences occurred among cultivars, these differences do not explain the differential response of soybean cultivars to AC 263,222. Metabolism of14C-AC 263,222 differed greatly among cultivars and increased with time. Ninety-six h after application, 9581 Pioneer metabolized 66% of the absorbed14C-AC 263,222, compared to RA 606, which metabolized only 41%. The large differences in metabolism that occurred 48 and 96 h after application suggest that metabolism is responsible for the differential response of soybean cultivars to AC 263,222.

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Ibragimova, Nadezda, Natalia Mokshina, Marina Ageeva, Oleg Gurjanov, and Polina Mikshina. "Rearrangement of the Cellulose-Enriched Cell Wall in Flax Phloem Fibers over the Course of the Gravitropic Reaction." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (2020): 5322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155322.

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The plant cell wall is a complex structure consisting of a polysaccharide network. The rearrangements of the cell wall during the various physiological reactions of plants, however, are still not fully characterized. Profound changes in cell wall organization are detected by microscopy in the phloem fibers of flax (Linum usitatissimum) during the restoration of the vertical position of the inclined stems. To characterize the underlying biochemical and structural changes in the major cell wall polysaccharides, we compared the fiber cell walls of non-inclined and gravistimulated plants by focusing mainly on differences in non-cellulosic polysaccharides and the fine cellulose structure. Biochemical analysis revealed a slight increase in the content of pectins in the fiber cell walls of gravistimulated plants as well as an increase in accessibility for labeling non-cellulosic polysaccharides. The presence of galactosylated xyloglucan in the gelatinous cell wall layer of flax fibers was demonstrated, and its labeling was more pronounced in the gravistimulated plants. Using solid state NMR, an increase in the crystallinity of the cellulose in gravistimulated plants, along with a decrease in cellulose mobility, was demonstrated. Thus, gravistimulation may affect the rearrangement of the cell wall, which can enable restoration in a vertical position of the plant stem.

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Marhadour, Sophie, Hanxiang Wu, Wen Yang, Cécile Marivingt-Mounir, Jean-Louis Bonnemain, and Jean-François Chollet. "Vectorisation of agrochemicals via amino acid carriers: influence of the spacer arm structure on the phloem mobility of phenylpyrrole conjugates in theRicinussystem." Pest Management Science 73, no. 9 (2017): 1972–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.4575.

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