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Journal articles on the topic 'Phobias'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Loken, E. K., J. M. Hettema, S. H. Aggen, and K. S. Kendler. "The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for fears and phobias." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 11 (2013): 2375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713003012.

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BackgroundAlthough prior genetic studies of interview-assessed fears and phobias have shown that genetic factors predispose individuals to fears and phobias, they have been restricted to the DSM-III to DSM-IV aggregated subtypes of phobias rather than to individual fearful and phobic stimuli.MethodWe examined the lifetime history of fears and/or phobias in response to 21 individual phobic stimuli in 4067 personally interviewed twins from same-sex pairs from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Disorders (VATSPSUD). We performed multivariate statistical analyses usin

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Kendler, Kenneth S., Michael C. Neale, Ronald C. Kessler, Andrew C. Heath, and Lindon J. Eaves. "Major depression and phobias: the genetic and environmental sources of comorbidity." Psychological Medicine 23, no. 2 (1993): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700028464.

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SynopsisIn a population based sample of 2163 personally interviewed female twins, substantial comorbidity was observed between DSM-III-R defined major depression (MD) and 4 subtypes of phobia: agoraphobia, social phobia, animal phobia and situational phobia. However, the level of comorbidity of MD with agoraphobia was much greater than that found with the other phobic subtypes. We conducted bivariate twin analyses to decompose the genetic and environmental sources of comorbidity between MD and the phobias. Our results suggest that a modest proportion of the genetic vulnerability to MD also inf

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Manikandan, S., Asha Ashokan, and Laya Vijayan. "Phobos & Phobia: Myths and Science Explained." Emerging Trends in Psychiatric Nursing 1, no. 1 (2025): 38–52. https://doi.org/10.46610/etpn.2025.v01i01.006.

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A phobia can be described as an excessive and irrational fear. Phobias are a widespread but multifaceted manifestation of anxiety disorders, defined as longstanding and irrational fear of particular objects, situations, or activities. The present review article describes the psychological, physiological, and behavioural features of phobias, discussing their etiology, classification, and influence on persons' everyday lives. Also, the paper evaluates several different approaches to treatment, such as exposure therapy, cognitive-behavioural therapies, and medications, examining how effective the

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SUBRAHMANYAN, MANIKANDAN. "Phobos & Phobia: Myths and Science Explained." Emerging Trends in Psychiatric Nursing 01, no. 01 (2025): 38–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15379969.

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A phobia can be described as an excessive and irrational fear. Phobias are a widespread but multifaceted manifestation of anxiety disorders, defined as longstanding and irrational fear of particular objects, situations, or activities. The present review article describes the psychological, physiological, and behavioural features of phobias, discussing their etiology, classification, and influence on persons' everyday lives. Also, the paper evaluates several different approaches to treatment, such as exposure therapy, cognitive-behavioural therapies, and medications, examining how effective the

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Bener, A. "Prevalence of common phobias and their socio-demographic correlates in children and adolescents in a traditional developing society." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71978-2.

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BackgroundEpidemiological data indicate that anxiety disorders are the most common childhood disorders and phobias are the most common form of anxiety disorders.AimTo identify the most common phobias in children and adolescents and to determine the prevalence, age distribution, and socio-demographic correlates of phobias.DesignA cross sectional studySettingPublic and Private schools of the Ministry of Education, State of QatarSubjectsA total of 2188 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years were approached and 1703 (77.8%) students participated in this study.MethodsThe questionnaire included

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Flatt, Natalie, and Neville King. "Building the Case for Brief Psychointerventions in the Treatment of Specific Phobias in Children and Adolescents." Behaviour Change 25, no. 4 (2008): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.25.4.191.

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AbstractSpecific phobias are one of the most prevalent childhood anxiety disorders. Research suggests that phobias in children, such as animal or situational phobias, lead to significant impairments in peer relations, social and academic competence. Hence it is imperative to treat phobias within children and adolescents early to avoid more serious, engrained symptoms later in the lifespan. This review focuses on traditional exposure-based cognitive–behavioural therapies, and the more recent one-session exposure therapy for phobia treatment (Ost, 1987), a procedure that has only begun to be adm

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Petersen, João, Vítor Carvalho, João Tiago Oliveira, and Eva Oliveira. "Usability Analysis of a Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy Serious Game for Blood Phobia Treatment: Phobos." Electronics 13, no. 7 (2024): 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071350.

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Phobias are characterized as the excessive or irrational fear of an object or situation, and specific phobias affect about 10% of the world population. Blood-injection-injury phobia is a specific phobia that has a unique physical response to phobic stimuli, that is, a vasovagal syncope that causes the person to faint. Phobos is a serious game intended for blood phobia treatment that was created to be played in virtual reality with an HTC Vive that has photorealistic graphics to provide a greater immersion. We also developed a console application in C# for electrocardiography sensor connectivit

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Czajkowski, N., K. S. Kendler, K. Tambs, E. Røysamb, and T. Reichborn-Kjennerud. "The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for phobias in women." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 9 (2011): 1987–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710002436.

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BackgroundTo explore the genetic and environmental factors underlying the co-occurrence of lifetime diagnoses of DSM-IV phobia.MethodFemale twins (n=1430) from the population-based Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel were assessed at personal interview for DSM-IV lifetime specific phobia, social phobia and agoraphobia. Comorbidity between the phobias were assessed by odds ratios (ORs) and polychoric correlations and multivariate twin models were fitted in Mx.ResultsPhenotypic correlations of lifetime phobia diagnoses ranged from 0.55 (agoraphobia and social phobia, OR 10.95) to 0.0

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Cottraux, J., E. Mollard, and A. Duinat-pascal. "Agoraphobia with panic attacks and social phobia: a comparative clinical and psychometric study." Psychiatry and Psychobiology 3, no. 1 (1988): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0767399x00001310.

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SummarySeventy one agoraphobie patients with panic attacks, and 54 social phobics, diagnosed according to DSM III criteria have been compared. The two groups were balanced for age, sex, and educational level. Statistical comparisons of clinical, and psychometric variables differentiated the two groups. Panic attacks frequency characterized the agoraphobie patients, while very low assertion scores on Radius’ Assertiveness Schedule characterized social phobies. An association with simple phobias was more frequently found in agoraphobic patients. Comparable levels of generalized anxiety and avoid

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AuBuchon, Peter G., and Karen S. Calhoun. "The Effects of Therapist Presence and Relaxation Training on the Efficacy and Generalizability of in vivo Exposure." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 18, no. 3 (1990): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300009666.

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The present study examined the effects of therapist presence and the addition of relaxation training on the efficacy and generalizability of in vivo exposure procedures in the treatment of multiply-phobic individuals. Thirty-two individuals who were severely phobic of at least two objects/situations were assigned to one of three treatment groups or a waiting list control group, but received treatment for only one phobia. The Exposure Alone group received prolonged exposure to a phobic stimulus while alone in a room with that stimulus. The Exposure + Relaxation group were also exposed to a phob

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KENDLER, K. S., K. C. JACOBSON, J. MYERS, and C. A. PRESCOTT. "Sex differences in genetic and environmental risk factors for irrational fears and phobias." Psychological Medicine 32, no. 2 (2002): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170100513x.

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Background. For irrational fears and their associated phobias, epidemiological studies suggest sex differences in prevalence and twin studies report significant genetic effects. How does sex impact on the familial transmission of liability to fears and phobias?Methods. In personal interviews with over 3000 complete pairs (of whom 1058 were opposite-sex dizygotic pairs), ascertained from a population-based registry, we assessed the lifetime prevalence of five phobias and their associated irrational fears analysed using a multiple threshold model. Twin resemblance was assessed by polychoric corr

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Solyom, L., B. Ledwidge, and C. Solyom. "Delineating Social Phobia." British Journal of Psychiatry 149, no. 4 (1986): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.149.4.464.

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The natural history-including psychiatric symptoms, precipitating factors, onset and course of illness, and personality characteristics-of 47 social phobics, 80 agoraphobics, and 72 simple phobics was examined. The social phobia group differed from the agoraphobia group by having a lower mean age, fewer females and married members, and a higher educational and occupational status. They were less fearful generally, less obsessive, and less likely to follow a fluctuating or phasic course. There was overlap between the two groups with regard to main phobias, and they were similar with regard to a

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Tilley, Stephen. "Multiple Phobias and Grief: A Case Study." Behavioural Psychotherapy 13, no. 1 (1985): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300009332.

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This is a report of a 29-year-old man who presented with (1) multiple phobias, including fears of eating with others, blood and injury, and fainting in crowds; (2) ejaculatory incompetence; and (3) grief unresolved five years after his first wife's death, causing distress and avoidance of grief cues. As he declined an offer of behavioural treatment for the grief, the intention of the case design was to measure changes in grief-related distress and avoidance, but not treat it. However, exposure in vivo for the largely non-grief-related phobias involved inadvertent exposure to cues for grief and

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KENDLER, K. S., L. M. KARKOWSKI, and C. A. PRESCOTT. "Fears and phobias: reliability and heritability." Psychological Medicine 29, no. 3 (1999): 539–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799008429.

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Background. Familial factors, which are partly genetic, influence risk for phobias. Prior family and twin studies, however, were based on a single lifetime assessment, which may be only moderately reliable.Methods. We obtained, 8 years apart, two assessments of lifetime history of five unreasonable fears and phobias (agoraphobia and social, situational, animal and blood-injury phobia) from face-to-face and telephone interviews from 1708 individual female twins from a population-based registry. We also obtained, 1 month apart, test–retest reliability on 192 twins. We fitted, using the program M

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Lukin, Yu F. "Arctic Phobias, Social Fears of Russians, Russophobia." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 14, no. 4 (2021): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2020-4-103-119.

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The purpose of this paper is to study the concepts and content of phobias in societies, to understand the differences between them, and to classify people’s fears. In their study, the authors use methods of the Humanities: philosophy, conflictology, historicism; data from sociological surveys of the population. The formation of fears in the life of any society occurs both under the influence of traditional views of people inherent in antiquity, and under the influence of the societal pattern as a whole — culture, civilization, as well as modern transformations related to ecology, climate, deve

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Donga, João, Paulo Veloso Gomes, António Marques, Javier Pereira, and João Azevedo. "Application of Adaptive Virtual Environments Through Biofeedback for the Treatment of Phobias." Proceedings 54, no. 1 (2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020054042.

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This study proposes solutions to help people with phobias through the use of virtual environments that allow a contact between the subjects and these phobias. Using neurofeedback, the systems, depending on the emotional state of the user, adapt the scenarios allowing more or less intensity. The phobias these systems treat are social phobia, entomophobia and claustrophobia. The solutions have been developed using Unity, Muse 2 and Vive HTC.

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Corchs, Felipe, Juliane P. P. Mercante, Vera Z. Guendler, et al. "Phobias, other psychiatric comorbidities and chronic migraine." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 64, no. 4 (2006): 950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2006000600012.

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BACKGROUND: Comorbidity of chronic migraine (CM) with psychiatric disorders, mostly anxiety and mood disorders, is a well-recognized phenomenon. Phobias are one of the most common anxiety disorders in the general population. Phobias are more common in migraineurs than non-migraineurs. The clinical profile of phobias in CM has never been studied. METHOD: We investigated the psychiatric profile in 56 patients with CM using the SCID I/P interview. RESULTS: Lifetime criteria for at least one mental disorder was found in 87.5% of the sample; 75% met criteria for at least one lifetime anxiety disord

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Pomohaibo, V., O. Berezan, and A. Petrushov. "GENETICS OF PHOBIC DISORDERS." Psychology and Personality, no. 2 (September 14, 2021): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2226-4078.2021.2.239990.

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At present time, on the basis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), several authors found linkage of phobic disorders with certain regions of chromosomes – 3q26 (agoraphobia), 14q13 (specific phobias), 16q21 (social phobias), 16q22 (social phobias) and 4q31-q34 (phobic disorders). We propose 19 genes that are localized in these regions and are expressed in the brain: PRKCI, CLDN11, EIF5A2, TNIK, CLCN3, CPE, GLRB, GRIA2, NEK1, NPY2R, NPY5R, RAPGEF2, TRIM2, SMAD1, ADGRG1, BEAN1, CDH8, DOK4 and KATNB1. Therefore, these genes may be investigated as candidate genes of phobic disorders. V

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Metwally, A. M., Marwa M. El-Sonbaty, Ghada A. Abdellatif, et al. "Common Phobias among Egyptian Primary Schoolchildren: An Emergency Trigger for Panic Disorder due to Corona Pandemic." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, T1 (2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4766.

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BACKGROUND: In the wake of the adverse situation we are currently facing globally due to the coronavirus pandemic outbreak, it is normal to feel stressed, confused, and scared but what is abnormal is to turn this to panic. Phobias are more pronounced than fears. They develop when a person has an exaggerated or unrealistic sense of danger that may be evolved to experience panic attacks. AIM: Our objective was to identify the prevalence of most common phobias as well as panic disorder (PD) due to the coronavirus pandemic among Egyptian primary schoolchildren and their determinants. M

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Savage, Tony. "Can robots have phobias?" Pragmatics and Cognition 19, no. 1 (2011): 60–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.19.1.03sav.

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This paper evaluates the use of synthetic modeling to investigate the relationship between organic and artificial forms of behavioral mal-adaptability. In particular, it addresses the character of organic phobias and the issue of testing the validity of artificial models of these phobias. The two main accounts of organic phobias, the biological or evolutionary and the associative learning explanation, are used as the starting points of this exercise. The learning approach is explored in terms of a probability based model which uses a discrepancy mechanism to represent the artificial phobia, wh

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Bowen, Rudradeo C., Donald G. Fischer, Peter Barrett, and Carl D'Arcy. "The Relationship between Agoraphobia, Social Phobia and Blood-Injury Phobia in Phobic and Anxious-Depressed Patients." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 4 (1987): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378703200405.

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This paper reports the results of principal components and stepwise discriminant analyses of anxiety, depression and fear scores for 74 phobic and anxious-depressed psychiatric patients. Factor analysis indicated a coherent agoraphobia factor, with less coherent blood-injury and social phobia factors. Discriminant analysis showed a high degree of correct classification of diagnosed agoraphobic, blood-injury and social phobic patients particularly for agoraphobia. A frequency distribution of the phobia scores indicated an all or nothing quality to agoraphobic fears. The results indicate that ag

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Karon, Bertram P., and Anmarie J. Widener. "Cognitive Fears and Psychoanalytic Phobias." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 15, no. 1 (2013): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.15.1.59.

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Today, most psychologists and psychiatrists diagnose any excessive fear as a phobia. But psychoanalysts make an important distinction: True phobias must be inconsistent with the conscious learning experiences of the individual, that is, they involve unconscious meanings. Severe fears that are not true phobias respond well to cognitive behavior therapies, for example, deconditioning or exposure. But true phobias do not respond to deconditioning alone; they do respond well to psychoanalytic therapy which makes conscious their unconscious meaning.

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Saimbi, Desiree, Shabdita R. Sarmah, Atmesh Kumar, Rupali P. Shivalkar, and Sanjeeta Prasad. "A Curious Case of Flower Phobia: Anthophobia." Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) 53, no. 03 (2017): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1712760.

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ABSTRACTFears, anxieties and speciﬁc phobias are classiﬁed as internalizing behavior problems. The development of speciﬁc phobias may result from the pairing of a speciﬁc object or situation with the emotion of fear. Flowers are usually perceived as pleasant stimulus, producing a relaxing effect on our mind and body, but here we present a rare case, wherein ﬂowers are perceived as a malevolent stimulus and producing phobic anxiety in an eleven-year old boy, leading to avoidance behaviors and much interference in normal functioning. He was diagnosed to have Speciﬁc Phobia of natural environment

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Zhou, Siyi. "A comparative analysis of arachnophobia and claustrophobia." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 8 (February 7, 2023): 1190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v8i.4450.

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Nowadays, mental health and the psychological state starts to draw attention from people as the significance of treating them is the same as solving physical diseases. However, unlike depression, phobia – as a type of common anxiety, is often neglected in the wider society. This review aims to highlight the importance of looking at specific phobias in the right way and the necessity of accepting professional advices. It is conducted by collecting and analysing online references and data, comparing two specific phobias: arachnophobia and claustrophobia in three main aspects (causes, symptoms, a

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Varadhila Peristianto, Sheilla, and Kamsih Astuti. "DECREASING SYMPTOMS OF SPECIFIC PHOBIAS WITH COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY." Malaysian Mental Health Journal 1, no. 1 (2022): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/mmhj.01.2022.12.14.

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Emotions are inborn within every individual. Joy, sadness, and fear are among many forms of emotions. Fear emerges as a reaction to any threatening and dangerous objects or situations. Extreme fear of a certain object or situation for irrational reasons and incoherent with reality is called a specific phobia. One effective therapy to treat specific phobias is cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). This research sought to discover the effectiveness of CBT in decreasing symptoms of specific phobias. This research hypothesized that CBT was effective in decreasing symptoms of specific phobias, as shown

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Groshev, Igor V. "Differences in Phobia Phobias Associated with Diseases in Men and Women." Psikhologicheskii zhurnal 44, no. 2 (2023): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020595920024907-3.

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The relationship between the presence of the disease and the formation of its phobic plot in men and women has been investigated. The methodology of the work was based on a secondary analysis of the results of conducted and published studies on the existing objects (diseases) of phobias. Based on a meta–analysis of data from more than 70 scientific papers, a sample of 35620 thousand people was obtained and 136 diseases were identified for which men and women form FTD, of which 44 diseases in the group of men, 76 diseases in women; 15 diseases simultaneously determine the appearance and formati

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Koval, O. I. "Choice of dental treatment in adolescent children based on the results of monitoring brain oxygen saturation – cerebral oximetry." Biomedical and Biosocial Anthropology, no. 35 (May 5, 2019): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/bba35-2019-09.

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To solve the problem of choosing the method of oral cavity sanitation, it is necessary to determine a safe period of time for performing dental procedures of varying severity and the number of visits. This will provide the opportunity to formulate clear indications for oral sanitation in conditions of general anesthesia in order to minimize the risk of cognitive dysfunctions against the background of hypoxic damage to the brain. The purpose of the study: to establish a safe period of time for various dental procedures in school-aged children on an outpatient dental appointment based on an obje

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Zhu, Xiaohang. "Social psychological factors and strategies for women’s incarceration-induced phobias." CNS Spectrums 28, S2 (2023): S25—S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852923003139.

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BackgroundThe incarceration of women is a risk factor for phobias in women. Depth phobia can seriously affect patients’ quality of life and even induce the risk of suicide. However, this phenomenon is common in many countries and regions. To study the social and psychological reasons for this phenomenon and propose strategies to help patients escape their fear.Subjects and MethodsFifty women with a history of incarceration and phobias were selected as the experimental group, and 50 women with a history of imprisonment and no phobias were selected as the control group. The Anxiety Disorders Int

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Mikayilova, Yegana. "The problem of the emotion of fear in psychology." Scientific Works 18, no. 1 (2024): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.62706/bqiz.2024.v18i1.118.

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What is a phobia? Phobias are unrealistic and unrealized fears that cause problems in our daily activities, our work life, our interactions with people, and our relationship with things. The fact that the majority of people regularly turn to psychologists for fear, phobias and anxiety indicates that the problem is of urgent importance.

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Caseras, X., V. Giampietro, A. Lamas, et al. "The functional neuroanatomy of blood-injection-injury phobia: a comparison with spider phobics and healthy controls." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 1 (2009): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709005972.

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BackgroundMost neuroimaging studies of specific phobia have investigated the animal subtype. The blood-injection-injury (BII) subtype is characterized by a unique biphasic psychophysiological response, which could suggest a distinct neural substrate, but direct comparisons between phobia types are lacking.MethodThis study compared the neural responses during the presentation of phobia-specific stimuli in 12 BII phobics, 14 spider (SP) phobics and 14 healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).ResultsSubjective ratings showed that the experimental paradigm produced the d

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Salim, Anika, Gnaneswar Chandrasekharuni, José R. Almeida, et al. "Snake phobia among the general population of Tamil Nadu, India." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 18, no. 11 (2024): e0012284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012284.

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Background A specific phobia is an anxiety disorder that is characterised by persistent and excessive fear in the presence of the object of the phobia. Animal phobias are the most prevalent forms of specific phobia among humans. Fear of snakes (snake phobia) is present in non-human primates which suggests its evolutionary origins as the ability to detect the threat of snakes was critical for survival. Snake phobia is a critical factor in protecting snakes and mitigating snakebite burden. To date, only one standardised psychometric test [the Snake Questionnaire (SNAQ) developed in 1974] has bee

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Falak, Nazish, Sadia Nisar Ahmed, Syed Shah Faisal Jan, Haris ., Alina Iqbal, and Saima Gul. "Dental Psychological Stress or Phobia among Orthodontic Patients of Mardan." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 12 (2021): 3442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115123442.

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Objective: To assess the psychological stress or phobia due to dental procedure among patients. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthodontic, Bacha Khan College of Dentistry/Medical Teaching Institute, Mardan from 1st January 2020 to 31st August 2021. Methodology: One hundred and twenty patients coming for orthodontal treatment with age between 12-31 years were enrolled. The demographic and psychological stress information was recorded. Results: There were more females (65%) than males (35%). The mean age was 15.5±3.2 years. About 82.5%

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Jimenez, Daniel, Rebecca L. Bond, Harri Sivasathiaseelan, et al. "053 Altered phobic responses in frontotemporal dementia." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 90, no. 12 (2019): A22.4—A23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-abn-2.74.

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Abnormal reactivity to emotional stimuli is a hallmark of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). In everyday life, we rarely experience intense fear but this can occur in the context of phobias. Some patients with dementia, particularly the behavioural and semantic variants of FTD, experience altered phobic responses. However, these have not been systematically studied. Here we collected caregiver reports about phobic responses following onset of disease in a cohort of patients representing different dementia syndromes, relative to healthy older controls. A number of patients with sporadic and genetic

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Barreiros, Rafael Martin. "Four-session treatment for specific phobias: Memory regression as a therapeutic tool for blood phobia." Research, Society and Development 13, no. 5 (2024): e11513545622. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v13i5.45622.

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This study addresses the effectiveness of memory regression as a therapeutic method for individuals with blood-injection-injury (BII) phobia, a condition that manifests itself through extreme fear and avoidance of seeing blood, receiving injections, or being present in invasive medical situations. Differentiated from other phobias by its unique physiological response, including fainting, and the feeling of disgust, BII significantly impacts patients' lives, limiting access to essential medical care and influencing professional and lifestyle choices. The prevalence of this phobia ranges from 0.

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Singh, Vinita, Susanta Kumar Padhy, Manoj Kumar Sahoo, and Harshita Biswas. "Primary Vaginismus and Associated Phobia: Successful Treatment with Behavior Therapy." Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Education and Research 48, no. 3 (2014): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1121.

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ABSTRACT Objectives To report two cases of primary vaginismus with associated phobia, successfully treated with behavior therapy. Results In our two reports, we describe the successful treatment of vaginismus with associated phobias using behavioral therapy. The behavioral approach involved psycho education, graded exposure, relaxation therapy and systematic desensitization. Conclusion The report demonstrates a successful approach toward managing vaginismus and associated phobias in a clinical setting. How to cite this article Sahoo MK, Biswas H, Singh V, Padhy SK. Primary Vaginismus and Assoc

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Hofmann, Stefan G., David A. Moscovitch, and Nina Heinrichs. "Evolutionary Mechanisms of Fear and Anxiety." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 16, no. 3 (2002): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.16.3.317.52519.

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This article examines evolutionary mechanisms in human fear and anxiety, with a particular focus on specific phobias and social phobia. The contribution of evolutionary factors to the development of specific phobias has led to refinements and modifications of earlier conditioning theories. Evolutionary mechanisms further affect cognitive factors of fear and anxiety, such as self-related processes and social comparisons, as in the case of social phobia. Although not without controversy, an evolutionary theory of human fear and anxiety adds a unique perspective that could potentially lead to imp

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Nocon, A., T. Brückl, P. Zimmermann, et al. "Different Pathways into Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia and Specific Phobia." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70770-9.

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Background:In light of the ongoing debate whether agoraphobia [AG] should be viewed as a severe phobic disorder similar to specific phobia [SPE] or as a complication of panic disorder [PD] we aim to study the vulnerability structure of PD, AG and SPE.Methods:3021 14-24 year-olds from the general population were followed-up over 10 years. DSM-IV syndromes were assessed via computerized M-CIDI interview and vulnerability factors via questionnaires. Associations were assessed with odds ratios from logistic regression. Latent class analysis (LCA) regressed on vulnerability factors was used to deri

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Mukba, Gamze. "Examination of the Effectiveness of EMDR Intervention in Children with Animal Phobias: Case Study." International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research 10, no. 4 (2023): 845–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52380/ijcer.2023.10.4.484.

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This study aims to examine the effectiveness of EMDR interventions for two different children with animal phobias through case studies. In the interventions conducted with the children in this study, facilitative techniques such as allowing the children to express themselves through drawings were utilized in addition to EMDR procedures. The study utilized a multiple case study design, which is among qualitative research methods. One of the cases is a 9-year-old boy who developed a phobic condition related to dogs after being attacked by a dog and experiencing psychological distress associated

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Gauer, Gabriel José Chittó, Cristine Boaz, Prisla Ücker Calvetti, and Leonardo Machado da Silva. "Instruments for assessing social phobias in infants and adolescents in the Portuguese language." Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) 27, no. 1 (2010): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-166x2010000100011.

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The diagnosis of social phobia is the most prevalent of the anxiety disorders. Some diagnostic evaluation tools have been validated in Brazil targeting more precise and specific evaluations for each age group. The main objective of this study is to review the tools for assessing social phobias in infants and adolescents, currently validated in Brazil. The most commonly used tools and their purpose to evaluate social phobias are discussed, as well as their interventions. With this goal in mind, a bibliographical review was conducted in databases. The existence was observed of a significant numb

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Newell, Robert, and Isaac Marks. "Phobic nature of social difficulty in facially disfigured people." British Journal of Psychiatry 176, no. 2 (2000): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.176.2.177.

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BackgroundOver 390 000 people in the UK are disfigured. Facial disfigurement distresses sufferers markedly but has been studied little.AimsTo compare fearful avoidance of people with a facial disfigurement with that of a group of patients with phobia.MethodComparison of Fear Questionnaire agoraphobia, social phobia and anxiety depression sub-scale scores of 112 facially disfigured people (who scored high on Fear Questionnaire problem severity in three survey studies) with those of 66 out-patients with agoraphobia and 68 out-patients with social phobia.ResultsFacially disfigured people and pati

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Watts, Fraser N. "Cognitive Processing in Phobias." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 14, no. 4 (1986): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300014919.

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A programme of research is described which investigates the cognitive processing of phobic stimuli. Phobics show good perceptual “pick-up” of phobic words on a version of the Stroop test. However, their encoding appears to be poor, as indexed by recognition memory for phobic stimuli. Consistent with this, cognitive representations of phobic stimuli are poorly elaborated and differentiated. Brief desensitization was found to have stronger effects on perceptual and encoding phenomena than on cognitive representations. Finally, spider phobics were found to have poor recall of phobic words. This c

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Perczel-Forintos, Dóra, and Ann Hackmann. "TRANSFORMATION OF MEANING AND ITS EFFECTS ON COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL TREATMENT OF AN INJECTION PHOBIA." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 27, no. 4 (1999): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465899000909.

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A five session cognitive behavioural treatment of an injection phobia is described, in which the patient’s dysfunctional attitudes about not being able to control events played a central role. The extreme negative meaning of the phobic situation was explored, and then the patient was asked to say when in her life she could first remember having those types of thoughts and emotions. This helped her to understand some of the origins of her fear, and then to transform the negative meaning into a more realistic positive one. The “Stress-In-Dynamic-Context” model of acquisition of phobias was used

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Golchinheydari, Sirous. "The Role of Glucocorticoids in Enhancing Exposure Therapy for Phobias: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies 8, no. 6 (2024): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32553/ijmbs.v8i6.2896.

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Phobias, a common subset of anxiety disorders, are commonly treated with psychological therapies. However, there are limits to the achievements of these therapies and in some severe or treatment-resistant cases, there are requirements for adjuncts. Glucocorticoids (GC), such as cortisol, can enhance the therapy by modulating the fear responses and facilitating the extinction of the fear memories. This systematic review (SR) examined the role of GCs as adjuncts to psychologies therapies in several phobias. A total of seven papers, eight studies met the inclusion criteria with findings that show

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Becker, Eni S., Mike Rinck, Veneta Türke, et al. "Epidemiology of specific phobia subtypes: Findings from the Dresden Mental Health Study." European Psychiatry 22, no. 2 (2007): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.09.006.

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AbstractThis study determined the prevalence, age of onset, comorbidity, and impairment associated with specific phobia subtypes in the community. Data were drawn from the Dresden Mental Health Study (N = 2064), a representative community-based sample of young women in Dresden, Germany. The lifetime prevalence of any specific phobia was 12.8%, with subtypes ranging in prevalence between 0.2% (vomiting, infections) and 5.0% (animals). There were significant differences in the mean age of onset of specific phobias. Significant differences in comorbidity patterns also emerged between subtypes. No

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De la Cruz Gil, Ricardo, Claudette Portelli, and Elena Boggiani. "Eficacia y eficiencia de la terapia breve estratégica en el tratamiento de las fobias." KIRIA: Revista Científica Multidisciplinaria 3, no. 5 (2025): 91–110. https://doi.org/10.53877/hasqpa61.

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The different types of phobias are common and highly prevalent disorders among the global population. Their prevalence is high, affecting both men and women. A phobia is defined as an intense fear of the real or imagined presence of a particular situation, thing, or animal. The objective of this research is to evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of brief strategic therapy in the treatment of phobias. A systematicreview of the scientific literature is conducted. Three databases are analyzed: Scopus, PubMed, and Scielo. Twenty-two articles are obtained; after the filtering and analysis process,

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Öhman, Arne. "Eggs in more than one basket: Mediating mechanisms between evolution and phobias." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18, no. 2 (1995): 310–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00038632.

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AbstractThe evolutionary origin of phobias is strongly supported by behavioral genetics and monkey vicarious conditioning data. Prepared Pavlovian conditioning may be only one of the mechanisms mediating the evolutionarily determined outcome in phobias, avoidance. Davey's alternative biased expectancy hypothesis has merit in accounting for some aspects of laboratory data, but it is insufficient to explain the unconscious origin of phobic fear.

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Vera V., Antropova, та Fedorov Vasilii V. "Verification of Value Dominants in the Regional Media Discourse: а Traumatic-Phobic Segment of the Information Field". Humanitarian Vector 16, № 4 (2021): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-4-158-168.

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The relevance of the research is due to the fact that under the influence of the relativistic axiological paradigm, traditional humanistic values are “tested” in mass media discourse, and the irrelevance for the modern mass consciousness is constantly verified. Such tendencies are manifested in the existence of a specific agenda, in which fears and phobias are accumulated in relation to the existing type of culture and moral and ethical norms. The paper presents a modern and unique empirical material the discourse of regional media, which represents the mechanisms of verification of values and

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Edlund, Matthew J. "Social Phobia Secondary to Pathological Sweating." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 3 (1989): 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.3.403.

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An individual with agenesis of the corpus callosum associated with recurrent severe sweating and hypothermia developed a social phobia. Phobias may be adaptations to real and potentially dangerous physiological events.

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Meng, Charles Teng Tat, Kenneth C. Kirkby, Frances Martin, Lisa J. Gilroy, and Brett A. Daniels. "Computer-Delivered Behavioural Avoidance Tests for Spider Phobia." Behaviour Change 21, no. 3 (2004): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.21.3.173.55994.

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AbstractBehavioural avoidance tests (BATs) are a cornerstone of objective assessment of phobias. However, live BATs have several disadvantages. They are practically difficult and time-consuming to set up and are not standardised. This study examined two computer-delivered BATs (using slide and video presentations of phobic stimuli respectively): first, in respect to their ability to discriminate fearfuls from nonfearfuls, and second, in terms of convergent validity with a live BAT and the Spider Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ). Sixty-four low (n = 32) and high (n = 32) spider-fearful undergraduate

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Oredein, Afolakemi O., and Mobolaji T. Ayanshina. "Exploring the Interplay between Digital Phobias and Blended Learning Effectiveness among Secondary School Teachers." Journal La Edusci 5, no. 3 (2024): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallaedusci.v5i3.1419.

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This study examines the correlation between teachers' digital phobia and the effectiveness of blended learning in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. Through a multistage sampling process involving 186 teachers from private and public secondary schools, the research sheds light on various aspects. It highlights a predominance of female teachers, with public schools hosting a majority of educators. Notably, social media tools like WhatsApp are extensively used for instructional purposes in public schools. The study observes instances of public-school teachers teaching multiple subjects, cont

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