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Journal articles on the topic 'Phonetic encoding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

McNeil, Malcolm R., Susan Shaiman, Sheila Pratt, and Diane L. Kendall. "Phonetic encoding of infrequent articulatory phonetic transitions." Aphasiology 19, no. 1 (January 2005): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02687030444000606.

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2

Abbott, Noelle T., and Antoine J. Shahin. "Cross-modal phonetic encoding facilitates the McGurk illusion and phonemic restoration." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 2988–3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00262.2018.

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In spoken language, audiovisual (AV) perception occurs when the visual modality influences encoding of acoustic features (e.g., phonetic representations) at the auditory cortex. We examined how visual speech (mouth movements) transforms phonetic representations, indexed by changes to the N1 auditory evoked potential (AEP). EEG was acquired while human subjects watched and listened to videos of a speaker uttering consonant vowel (CV) syllables, /ba/ and /wa/, presented in auditory-only or AV congruent or incongruent contexts or in a context in which the consonants were replaced by white noise (noise replaced). Subjects reported whether they heard “ba” or “wa.” We hypothesized that the auditory N1 amplitude during illusory perception (caused by incongruent AV input, as in the McGurk illusion, or white noise-replaced consonants in CV utterances) should shift to reflect the auditory N1 characteristics of the phonemes conveyed visually (by mouth movements) as opposed to acoustically. Indeed, the N1 AEP became larger and occurred earlier when listeners experienced illusory “ba” (video /ba/, audio /wa/, heard as “ba”) and vice versa when they experienced illusory “wa” (video /wa/, audio /ba/, heard as “wa”), mirroring the N1 AEP characteristics for /ba/ and /wa/ observed in natural acoustic situations (e.g., auditory-only setting). This visually mediated N1 behavior was also observed for noise-replaced CVs. Taken together, the findings suggest that information relayed by the visual modality modifies phonetic representations at the auditory cortex and that similar neural mechanisms support the McGurk illusion and visually mediated phonemic restoration. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using a variant of the McGurk illusion experimental design (using the syllables /ba/ and /wa/), we demonstrate that lipreading influences phonetic encoding at the auditory cortex. We show that the N1 auditory evoked potential morphology shifts to resemble the N1 morphology of the syllable conveyed visually. We also show similar N1 shifts when the consonants are replaced by white noise, suggesting that the McGurk illusion and the visually mediated phonemic restoration rely on common mechanisms.

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3

Vykhovanets, V. S., J. Du, and S. A. Sakulin. "An Overview of Phonetic Encoding Algorithms." Automation and Remote Control 81, no. 10 (October 2020): 1896–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0005117920100082.

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4

Schmidt-Kassow, Maren, Katharina Thöne, and Jochen Kaiser. "Auditory-motor coupling affects phonetic encoding." Brain Research 1716 (August 2019): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2017.11.022.

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Marczyk, Anna, and Lorraine Baqué. "Predicting segmental substitution errors in aphasic patients with phonological and phonetic encoding impairments." Loquens 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): e023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/loquens.2015.023.

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6

Shahin, Antoine J., Kristina C. Backer, Lawrence D. Rosenblum, and Jess R. Kerlin. "Neural Mechanisms Underlying Cross-Modal Phonetic Encoding." Journal of Neuroscience 38, no. 7 (December 20, 2017): 1835–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1566-17.2017.

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7

Chang, Edward F. "Acoustic-phonetic encoding in the human auditory." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, no. 5 (May 2017): 3891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4988729.

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Luo, Shan, Xiaoyi Tang, and Tianshu Qiao. "Phonetic detail encoding in explaining boundary-modulated coarticulation." Speech Communication 125 (December 2020): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2020.10.006.

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9

Mesgarani, N., C. Cheung, K. Johnson, and E. F. Chang. "Phonetic Feature Encoding in Human Superior Temporal Gyrus." Science 343, no. 6174 (January 30, 2014): 1006–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1245994.

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10

STEINSCHNEIDER, M., C. E. SCHROEDER, J. C. AREZZO, and H. G. VAUGHAN. "Temporal Encoding of Phonetic Features in Auditory Cortex." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 682, no. 1 Temporal Info (June 1993): 415–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb23010.x.

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11

Gordon, Peter C., and Elizabeth J. Pyatt. "Attentional effects on phonetic encoding of acoustic cues." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 93, no. 4 (April 1993): 2371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.406137.

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Masapollo, Matthew, Lauren Franklin, James Morgan, and Linda Polka. "Asymmetries in vowel perception arise from phonetic encoding strategies." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 143, no. 3 (March 2018): 1919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5036257.

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13

Savchenko, A. V. "Phonetic encoding method in the isolated words recognition problem." Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics 59, no. 4 (April 2014): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064226914040093.

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14

Langenmayr, Arnold, and Harald Schmitz. "Learning Test on Expressive Phonetic Symbolism." Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, no. 1 (August 1996): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.83.1.227.

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We asked 249 students to learn three different vocabulary lists, each containing 19 word-pairs (Indonesian, Suaheli, and one mixed list composed of items from 13 different languages) in three versions: “normal” (factual classification), “reversed” (opposite classification), and “disarranged” (word meaning imputed in a completely different dimension). That those word-pairs with “normal” classification would lead to best learning was not generally confirmed but was corroborated for favourable learning conditions (items at the top of the list, items at the beginning of the questioning, easy to learn items), whereas the effect of phonetic symbolism combined with “normal” presentation proved rather abstruse. We assume that in the latter cases encoding worked rather automatically, and additional information used energy. The encoding process uses so much energy that further information is not useful under unfavourable learning conditions. We found a relation between performance on each mode of presentation and sex. Independent of presentation mode, learning depends on age, sex, membership in a seminar, and subject matter studied. Therefore, we examined the distribution of these in our nine groups (three languages by three versions). Since no statistically relevant differences in distribution arose, our results do not have to be qualified.

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15

Han, Jeong-Im, Moongee Jeon, and Sujin Oh. "Examining the Temporal Development of Phonetic and Lexical Learning in Second Language." Psychological Reports 120, no. 5 (May 5, 2017): 785–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294117707946.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate how second-language (L2) learners lexically encode confusable phonemes. Given the inconsistency of previous studies on whether and if so how learners can establish separate lexical representations of confusable categories, we examined (1) how phonetic categorization and lexical encoding abilities were developed at the early stage of learning and (2) whether there are any differences in those abilities between the words with a sound pair from a corresponding native language (L1)-dominant category and those lacking such category. Native speakers of Korean learned Arabic words with these two types of sound pairs for four days and then their phonetic categorization and lexical processing abilities were evaluated in AXB discrimination and lexical decision tasks, respectively. The results showed that phonetic categorization of the words with a sound pair from an L1-dominant category developed very early. With success in their discrimination abilities, L2 learners began to overcome lexical competition from the words with such a sound pair. By contrast, learners showed poor sound discrimination and lexical encoding skills for words with a sound pair lacking an L1-dominant category. This suggests that (1) L2 learners’ accurate phonetic categorization abilities are prerequisite to success in L2 lexical encoding and (2) lexical representations of the L2 words with confusable phonemes depend on the distinct types of sound category matchup between L1 and L2.

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16

Boero, Daniela Lenti, and Luciana Bottoni. "From crying to words: Unique or multilevel selective pressures?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, no. 3 (June 2006): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06369063.

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In the first year of life, infants' utterances change from high-intensity crying to low-intensity acoustic sound strings, acoustically labelling the first word. This transition implies: (1) decoding of phonetic sounds, (2) encoding of phonetic sounds, and (3) a unique linking of an articulated sound to a specific object. Comparative, ontogenetic, and phylogenetic aspects are considered for multilevel selective pressures.

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17

Green, Kerry P., Gail R. Tomiak, and Patricia K. Kuhl. "The encoding of rate and talker information during phonetic perception." Perception & Psychophysics 59, no. 5 (January 1997): 675–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03206015.

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18

Savchenko, L. V., and A. V. Savchenko. "Fuzzy Phonetic Encoding of Speech Signals in Voice Processing Systems." Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics 64, no. 3 (March 2019): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064226919030173.

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19

GOLESTANI, NARLY. "Neuroimaging of phonetic perception in bilinguals." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19, no. 4 (October 6, 2015): 674–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728915000644.

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This review addresses the cortical basis of phonetic processing in bilinguals and of phonetic learning, with a focus on functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of phonetic perception. Although results vary across studies depending on stimulus characteristics, task demands, and participants’ previous experience with the non-native/second-language sounds, taken together, the literature reveals involvement of overlapping brain regions during phonetic processing in the first and second language of bilinguals, with special involvement of regions of the dorsal audio-motor interface including frontal and posterior cortices during the processing of new, or ‘difficult’ speech sounds. These findings converge with the brain imaging literature on language processing in bilinguals more generally, during semantic and syntactic processing of words and of connected speech. More brain imaging work can serve to better elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying phonetic encoding and its interaction with articulatory processes, in particular where multiple phonetic repertoires have been or are being acquired.

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20

Darcy, Isabelle, Danielle Daidone, and Chisato Kojima. "Asymmetric lexical access and fuzzy lexical representations in second language learners." Phonological and Phonetic considerations of Lexical Processing 8, no. 3 (December 31, 2013): 372–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.8.3.06dar.

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For L2-learners, confusable phonemic categories lead to ambiguous lexical representations. Yet, learners can establish separate lexical representations for confusable categories, as shown by asymmetric patterns of lexical access, but the source of this asymmetry is not clear (Cutler et al., 2006). Two hypotheses compete, situating its source either at the lexical coding level or at the phonetic categorization level. The lexical coding hypothesis suggests that learners’ encoding of an unfamiliar category is not target-like but makes reference to a familiar L1 category (encoded as a poor exemplar of that L1 category). Four experiments examined how learners lexically encode confusable phonemic categories. American English learners of Japanese and of German were tested on phonetic categorization and lexical decision for geminate/singleton contrasts and front/back rounded vowel contrasts. Results showed the same asymmetrical patterns as Cutler et al.’s (2006), indicating that learners encode a lexical distinction between difficult categories. Results also clarify that the source of the asymmetry is located at the lexical coding level and does not emerge during input categorization: the distinction is not target-like, and makes reference to L1 categories. We further provide new evidence that asymmetries can be resolved over time: advanced learners are establishing more native-like lexical representations.

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21

Lathroum, Amanda. "Feature encoding by neural nets." Phonology 6, no. 2 (August 1989): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001044.

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While the use of categorical features seems to be the appropriate way to express sound patterns within languages, these features do not seem adequate to describe the sounds actually produced by speakers. Examination of the speech signal fails to reveal objective, discrete phonological segments. Similarly, segments are not directly observable in the flow of articulatory movements, and vary slightly according to an individual speaker's articulatory strategies. Because of the lack of a reliable relationship between segments and speech sounds, a plausible transition from feature representation to the actual acoustic signal has proven elusive. This paper utilises a theory of information processing, known as PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING (PDP) NETWORKS (also called neural networks), to propose a model which begins to express this transition: translating the feature bundles indicated in a broad phonetic transcription into continuous, potentially variable articulator behaviour.

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22

Russell, Eric. "Sounding gay and sounding straight." Journal of Language and Sexuality 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2015): 30–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jls.4.1.02rus.

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This paper presents a performance-based approach to the study of the phonetic encoding of sexual identity in Italian. Six male speakers were recruited after being controlled for familiarity, interaction, and comfort with members of both hetero- and homosexual communities. They were recorded reading introductory, scientific, and narrative paragraphs with the goals of conveying straight and gay identities, respectively, as well as in an unmarked style. Analysis focused on segmental (vowels, /s/, liquids), suprasegmental, and pragmatic components of performances, the results of which suggest that speakers use a combination of phonetic features to instantiate socially salient identities.

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23

Corsten, S., M. Mende, J. Cholewa, and W. Huber. "Model-based treatment of phonetic encoding impairments: Two cases with apraxia of speech." Brain and Language 95, no. 1 (October 2005): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2005.07.095.

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24

Dogil, Grzegorz, and Jörg Mayer. "Selective phonological impairment: a case of apraxia of speech." Phonology 15, no. 2 (December 1998): 143–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095267579800356x.

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The present study proposes a new interpretation of the underlying distortion in APRAXIA OF SPEECH. Apraxia of speech, in its pure form, is the only neurolinguistic syndrome for which it can be argued that phonological structure is selectively distorted.Apraxia of speech is a nosological entity in its own right which co-occurs with aphasia only occasionally. This…conviction rests on detailed descriptions of patients who have a severe and lasting disorder of speech production in the absence of any significant impairment of speech comprehension, reading or writing as well as of any significant paralysis or weakness of the speech musculature.(Lebrun 1990: 380)Based on the experimental investigation of poorly coarticulated speech of patients from two divergent languages (German and Xhosa) it is argued that apraxia of speech has to be seen as a defective implementation of phonological representations at the phonology–phonetics interface. We contend that phonological structure exhibits neither a homogeneously auditory pattern nor a motor pattern, but a complex encoding of sequences of speech sounds. Specifically, it is maintained that speech is encoded in the brain as a sequence of distinctive feature configurations. These configurations are specified with differing degrees of detail depending on the role the speech segments they underlie play in the phonological structure of a language. The transfer between phonological and phonetic representation encodes speech sounds as a sequence of vocal tract configurations. Like the distinctive feature representation, these configurations may be more or less specified. We argue that the severe and lasting disorders in speech production observed in apraxia of speech are caused by the distortion of this transfer between phonological and phonetic representation. The characteristic production deficits of apraxic patients are explained in terms of overspecification of phonetic representations.

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25

Scharinger, Mathias, William J. Idsardi, and Samantha Poe. "A Comprehensive Three-dimensional Cortical Map of Vowel Space." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 12 (December 2011): 3972–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00056.

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Mammalian cortex is known to contain various kinds of spatial encoding schemes for sensory information including retinotopic, somatosensory, and tonotopic maps. Tonotopic maps are especially interesting for human speech sound processing because they encode linguistically salient acoustic properties. In this study, we mapped the entire vowel space of a language (Turkish) onto cortical locations by using the magnetic N1 (M100), an auditory-evoked component that peaks approximately 100 msec after auditory stimulus onset. We found that dipole locations could be structured into two distinct maps, one for vowels produced with the tongue positioned toward the front of the mouth (front vowels) and one for vowels produced in the back of the mouth (back vowels). Furthermore, we found spatial gradients in lateral–medial, anterior–posterior, and inferior–superior dimensions that encoded the phonetic, categorical distinctions between all the vowels of Turkish. Statistical model comparisons of the dipole locations suggest that the spatial encoding scheme is not entirely based on acoustic bottom–up information but crucially involves featural–phonetic top–down modulation. Thus, multiple areas of excitation along the unidimensional basilar membrane are mapped into higher dimensional representations in auditory cortex.

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26

Laganaro, Marina. "Phonetic encoding in utterance production: a review of open issues from 1989 to 2018." Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 34, no. 9 (April 1, 2019): 1193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2019.1599128.

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Ziegler, Wolfram, Anne‐Kathrin Thelen, Anja Staiger, and Michaela Liepold. "The domain of phonetic encoding in apraxia of speech: Which sub‐lexical units count?" Aphasiology 22, no. 11 (November 2008): 1230–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02687030701820402.

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28

Decheva, Svetlana. "English Syllabics as Part of the British-American Voiceworks." Armenian Folia Anglistika 3, no. 1 (3) (April 16, 2007): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2007.3.1.006.

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The article examines English voiceworks and syllable-forming opportunities from functional-communicative perspective with special reference to the role of the syllable in encoding and decoding of speech.The observations made in the article acquire special significance in the context of the expansion of the “global English” phonetic environment.The analysis of the factual material reveals the role of the British-American syllable stereotypes in the interpretation of literary communication.

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Mingote, Victoria, Antonio Miguel, Alfonso Ortega, and Eduardo Lleida. "Supervector Extraction for Encoding Speaker and Phrase Information with Neural Networks for Text-Dependent Speaker Verification." Applied Sciences 9, no. 16 (August 11, 2019): 3295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163295.

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In this paper, we propose a new differentiable neural network with an alignment mechanism for text-dependent speaker verification. Unlike previous works, we do not extract the embedding of an utterance from the global average pooling of the temporal dimension. Our system replaces this reduction mechanism by a phonetic phrase alignment model to keep the temporal structure of each phrase since the phonetic information is relevant in the verification task. Moreover, we can apply a convolutional neural network as front-end, and, thanks to the alignment process being differentiable, we can train the network to produce a supervector for each utterance that will be discriminative to the speaker and the phrase simultaneously. This choice has the advantage that the supervector encodes the phrase and speaker information providing good performance in text-dependent speaker verification tasks. The verification process is performed using a basic similarity metric. The new model using alignment to produce supervectors was evaluated on the RSR2015-Part I database, providing competitive results compared to similar size networks that make use of the global average pooling to extract embeddings. Furthermore, we also evaluated this proposal on the RSR2015-Part II. To our knowledge, this system achieves the best published results obtained on this second part.

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Venezia, Jonathan H., Marjorie R. Leek, and Michael P. Lindeman. "Suprathreshold Differences in Competing Speech Perception in Older Listeners With Normal and Impaired Hearing." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 2141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00324.

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Purpose Age-related declines in auditory temporal processing and cognition make older listeners vulnerable to interference from competing speech. This vulnerability may be increased in older listeners with sensorineural hearing loss due to additional effects of spectral distortion and accelerated cognitive decline. The goal of this study was to uncover differences between older hearing-impaired (OHI) listeners and older normal-hearing (ONH) listeners in the perceptual encoding of competing speech signals. Method Age-matched groups of 10 OHI and 10 ONH listeners performed the coordinate response measure task with a synthetic female target talker and a male competing talker at a target-to-masker ratio of +3 dB. Individualized gain was provided to OHI listeners. Each listener completed 50 baseline and 800 “bubbles” trials in which randomly selected segments of the speech modulation power spectrum (MPS) were retained on each trial while the remainder was filtered out. Average performance was fixed at 50% correct by adapting the number of segments retained. Multinomial regression was used to estimate weights showing the regions of the MPS associated with performance (a “classification image” or CImg). Results The CImg weights were significantly different between the groups in two MPS regions: a region encoding the shared phonetic content of the two talkers and a region encoding the competing (male) talker's voice. The OHI listeners demonstrated poorer encoding of the phonetic content and increased vulnerability to interference from the competing talker. Individual differences in CImg weights explained over 75% of the variance in baseline performance in the OHI listeners, whereas differences in high-frequency pure-tone thresholds explained only 10%. Conclusion Suprathreshold deficits in the encoding of low- to mid-frequency (~5–10 Hz) temporal modulations—which may reflect poorer “dip listening”—and auditory grouping at a perceptual and/or cognitive level are responsible for the relatively poor performance of OHI versus ONH listeners on a different-gender competing speech task. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12568472

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31

Rogers, Margaret A., and Holly L. Storkel. "Reprogramming Phonologically Similar Utterances." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 41, no. 2 (April 1998): 258–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4102.258.

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The effects of phonologic similarity on speech production latencies were investigated to explore the role of articulatory phonetic features and reprogramming operations during pre-motor stages of production. A form-based priming technique was used in five experiments to elicit rapid productions of single words. Subjects responded to visually presented pairs of minimally contrastive monosyllabic words, which varied with respect to the phonetic featural similarity of their onsets. Factors that were systematically manipulated across experiments included stimulus set size, duration of the interstimulus interval, and the use of feedback to subjects concerning their response latencies. Speech onset latencies obtained in a control condition in which no phonetic features were shared were compared to four other conditions in which the word initial phonemes of prime-target pairs did share features. Results revealed that shared manner was the most influential factor associated with the observed inhibitory phonologic similarity effect. In addition, smaller stimulus set size (6 words) yielded significantly slower overall response latencies than experiments employing larger stimulus sets (18 words). These findings suggested that inhibitory phonologic similarity effects did not stem from biomechanical constraints imposed by the articulatory system. Rather the methods employed in this investigation were supported as a means to investigate both the underlying units of representation and the processes involved in pre-motor planning apart from articulatory effects. The results of this investigation also supported the hypothesis that, during phonologic encoding, word form retrieval entails the selection and assembly of sublexical units into word form frames. No evidence of whole word retrieval during pre-motor encoding was obtained. The potential utility of this experimental paradigm in the investigation of pre-motor planning in disorders that putatively affect the processes involved in transforming word meaning into word form is also discussed.

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Laganaro, Marina, Odile Bagou, Violaine Michel, Géraldine Dayer, and Laurence Schneider. "On the Production of Sandhi Phenomena in French Aphasic Speakers with Impaired Phonological/Phonetic Encoding." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 6 (2010): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.08.039.

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Savchenko, V. V., and A. V. Savchenko. "Information-theoretic analysis of efficiency of the phonetic encoding–decoding method in automatic speech recognition." Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics 61, no. 4 (April 2016): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064226916040112.

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34

IKEDA, Saeko. "Accuracy and encoding of absolute pitch: The effect of phonetic interference on absolute pitch identification." Japanese Journal of Cognitive Psychology 8, no. 1 (2010): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5265/jcogpsy.8.41.

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35

Han, Jeong-Im, and Sujin Oh. "The Role of Phonetic Similarity and Orthographic Information in Asymmetrical Lexical Encoding in Second Language." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 47, no. 5 (March 12, 2018): 1015–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10936-018-9574-7.

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36

LLOMPART, MIQUEL, and EVA REINISCH. "Robustness of phonolexical representations relates to phonetic flexibility for difficult second language sound contrasts." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22, no. 5 (September 6, 2018): 1085–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728918000925.

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Listening to speech entails adapting to vast amounts of variability in the signal. The present study examined the relationship between flexibility for adaptation in a second language (L2) and robustness of L2 phonolexical representations. Phonolexical encoding and phonetic flexibility for German learners of English were assessed by means of a lexical decision task containing nonwords with sound substitutions and a distributional learning task, respectively. Performance was analyzed for an easy (/i/-/ɪ/) and a difficult contrast (/ε/-/æ/, where /æ/ does not exist in German). Results showed that for /i/-/ɪ/ listeners were quite accurate in lexical decision, and distributional learning consistently triggered shifts in categorization. For /ε/-/æ/, lexical decision performance was poor but individual participants’ scores related to performance in distributional learning: the better learners were in their lexical decision, the smaller their categorization shift. This suggests that, for difficult L2 contrasts, rigidity at the phonetic level relates to better lexical performance.

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Wiss, Corrinne A., and Wendy Burnett. "The Application of the Boder Test of Reading-Spelling Patterns To the Assessment of Learning Disabilities in French Immersion Poor Readers." Canadian Journal of School Psychology 4, no. 1 (January 1988): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/082957358800400106.

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The Boder Test of Reading-Spelling Patterns (Boder & Jarrico, 1982) is a widely used method for screening and defining reading problems at the level of the word. In order to apply this method in another language, in this case French, criteria for determining what constitutes a good phonetic equivalent for a misspelled word are required. It is essential to know which errors differentiate good and poor readers since errors that are commonly made by good readers are not diagnostic. This paper reports guidelines which have been developed by analyzing spelling errors in a sample of good and poor French immersion readers. These criteria for good phonetic equivalents can be applied, along with the method outlined in the Boder test manual, and used as an assessment tool for screening decoding and encoding problems in French immersion children. When used in conjunction with the English test, the assessment provides bilingual comparisons and guidelines for remedial programming.

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Pelczarski, Kristin M., Anna Tendera, Matthew Dye, and Torrey M. Loucks. "Delayed Phonological Encoding in Stuttering: Evidence from Eye Tracking." Language and Speech 62, no. 3 (July 6, 2018): 475–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830918785203.

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Stuttering is a multifactorial disorder that is characterized by disruptions in the forward flow of speech believed to be caused by differences in the motor and linguistic systems. Several psycholinguistic theories of stuttering suggest that delayed or disrupted phonological encoding contributes to stuttered speech. However, phonological encoding remains difficult to measure without controlling for the involvement of the speech-motor system. Eye-tracking is proposed to be a reliable approach for measuring phonological encoding duration while controlling for the influence of speech production. Eighteen adults who stutter and 18 adults who do not stutter read nonwords under silent and overt conditions. Eye-tracking was used to measure dwell time, number of fixations, and response time. Adults who stutter demonstrated significantly more fixations and longer dwell times during overt reading than adults who do not stutter. In the silent condition, the adults who stutter produced more fixations on the nonwords than adults who do not stutter, but dwell-time differences were not found. Overt production may have resulted in additional requirements at the phonological and phonetic levels of encoding for adults who stutter. Direct measurement of eye-gaze fixation and dwell time suggests that adults who stutter require additional processing that could potentially delay or interfere with phonological-to-motor encoding.

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Laganaro, Marina. "Time-Course of Phonetic Encoding and Diverging ERP Correlates in Two Patients with Apraxia of Speech." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 23 (2011): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.09.183.

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Cole, Jennifer, Stefanie Shattuck‐Hufnagel, and Yoonsook Mo. "Prosody production in spontaneous speech: Phonological encoding, phonetic variability, and the prosodic signature of individual speakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 128, no. 4 (October 2010): 2429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3508678.

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Darcy, Isabelle, Laurent Dekydtspotter, Rex A. Sprouse, Justin Glover, Christiane Kaden, Michael McGuire, and John HG Scott. "Direct mapping of acoustics to phonology: On the lexical encoding of front rounded vowels in L1 English– L2 French acquisition." Second Language Research 28, no. 1 (January 2012): 5–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658311423455.

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It is well known that adult US-English-speaking learners of French experience difficulties acquiring high /y/–/u/ and mid /œ/–/ɔ/ front vs. back rounded vowel contrasts in French. This study examines the acquisition of these French vowel contrasts at two levels: phonetic categorization and lexical representations. An ABX categorization task (for details, see Section IV) revealed that both advanced and intermediate learners categorized /œ/ vs. /ɔ/ and /y/ vs. /u/ differently from native speakers of French, although performance on the /y/–/u/ contrast was more accurate than on the /œ/–/ɔ/ contrast in all contexts. On a lexical decision task with repetition priming, advanced learners and native speakers produced no (spurious) response time (RT) facilitations for /y/–/u/ and /œ/–/ɔ/ minimal pairs; however, in intermediate learners, the decision for a word containing /y/ was speeded by hearing an otherwise identical word containing /u/ (and vice versa), suggesting that /u/ and /y/ are not distinguished in lexical representations. Thus, while it appears that advanced learners encoded the /y/–/u/ and /œ/–/ɔ/ contrasts in the phonological representations of lexical items, they gained no significant benefit on the categorization task. This dissociation between phonological representations and phonetic categorization challenges common assumptions about their relationship and supports a novel approach we label ‘direct mapping from acoustics to phonology’ (DMAP).

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Bradley, Evan D. "A Comparison of Stimulus Variability in Lexical Tone and Melody Perception." Psychological Reports 121, no. 4 (October 5, 2017): 600–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294117734832.

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Music and language share perceptual resources, and both map sound to invariant categories—invariant over and within speakers for language and over instruments and keys for music. The effects of stimulus variability on lexical tone and musical interval tasks among non-tone language speakers were compared using a matching (XAB) task under varying levels of stimulus variability. Listeners perceived Mandarin words better with single rather than multiple speakers and showed similar advantages in melodic interval perception for low (single instrument) versus high (multiple instruments) variability sets. Lexical tone and musical interval perception were affected similarly by increasing stimulus variability, on average. However, the magnitude of variability effects within subjects was not well correlated between the tasks, providing no evidence for shared category-mapping mechanism for the two domains. Instead, it suggests that crossover between tone and melody processing is driven by shared encoding of acoustic-phonetic features, and that differences in performance and learning by tone language speakers and musicians in the other domain represent progress along a phonetic–phonological–lexical continuum.

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Prabhakar, Dinesh Kumar, Sukomal Pal, and Chiranjeev Kumar. "Query Expansion for Tansliterated Text Retrieval." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 4 (January 7, 2021): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3447649.

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With Web 2.0, there has been exponential growth in the number of Web users and the volume of Web content. Most of these users are not only consumers of the information but also generators of it. People express themselves here in colloquial languages, but using Roman script (transliteration). These texts are mostly informal and casual, and therefore seldom follow grammar rules. Also, there does not exist any prescribed set of spelling rules in transliterated text. This freedom leads to large-scale spelling variations, which is a major challenge in mixed script information processing. This article studies different existing phonetic algorithms to handle the issue of spelling variation, points out the limitations of them, and proposes a novel phonetic encoding approach with two different flavors in the light of Hindi transliteration. Experiments performed over Hindi song lyrics retrieval in mixed script domain with three different retrieval models show that proposed approaches outperform the existing techniques in a majority of the cases (sometimes statistically significantly) for a number of metrics like nDCG@1, nDCG@5, nDCG@10, MAP, MRR, and Recall.

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Shpilnaya, N. N. "Signifier as Signified: Predictive Concept of Semiosis of the Phonetic Plan of Speech." Critique and Semiotics 39, no. 1 (2021): 220–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2021-1-220-237.

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The subject of the article is the prognostic concept of semiosis of the phonetic plan of speech. Interpretation of a signifier is considered as an act of its predictive recoding, the result of which is the phonetic appearance of the word perceived by the addressee. Based on the position that language and speech are two sides of speech activity, the relationship between which can be described by relations of predictive interpretation, the article formulates the idea of the presence of interpretative – predictive algorithms for encoding the signifier in the language. Reduction and assimilation are con-sidered as such algorithms. The interpretation of these processes in modern linguistics is reduced to the statement of positional changes in phonemes in the speech flow. The positional principle in this approach becomes a sound law. Howevr, the law is a statement of regularity, but not an explanation of why this happens. The paper substantiates that these processes are the result of a substantial interpretation inherent in language as a means of communication.

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Pereira, Olivia, and Joe Toscano. "The N1 event-related potential component as an index of speech sound encoding for multiple phonetic contrasts." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140, no. 4 (October 2016): 3217–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4970142.

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Laganaro, Marina, Grégoire Python, and Ulrike Toepel. "Dynamics of phonological–phonetic encoding in word production: Evidence from diverging ERPs between stroke patients and controls." Brain and Language 126, no. 2 (August 2013): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2013.03.004.

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Myers, Emily B., and Kristen Swan. "Effects of Category Learning on Neural Sensitivity to Non-native Phonetic Categories." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 8 (August 2012): 1695–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00243.

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Categorical perception, an increased sensitivity to between- compared with within-category contrasts, is a stable property of native speech perception that emerges as language matures. Although recent research suggests that categorical responses to speech sounds can be found in left prefrontal as well as temporo-parietal areas, it is unclear how the neural system develops heightened sensitivity to between-category contrasts. In the current study, two groups of adult participants were trained to categorize speech sounds taken from a dental/retroflex/velar continuum according to two different boundary locations. Behavioral results suggest that for successful learners, categorization training led to increased discrimination accuracy for between-category contrasts with no concomitant increase for within-category contrasts. Neural responses to the learned category schemes were measured using a short-interval habituation design during fMRI scanning. Whereas both inferior frontal and temporal regions showed sensitivity to phonetic contrasts sampled from the continuum, only the bilateral middle frontal gyri exhibited a pattern consistent with encoding of the learned category scheme. Taken together, these results support a view in which top–down information about category membership may reshape perceptual sensitivities via attention or executive mechanisms in the frontal lobes.

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Jarad, Najib Ismail. "THE EVOLUTION OF THE B-FUTURE MARKER IN SYRIAN ARABIC." Lingua Posnaniensis 55, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2013-0005.

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Abstract The formation of future markers from distinct lexical sources or from similar sources under specific circumstances follows universal pathways. It is standardly agreed that grammaticalization is a process which encompasses a range of changes which involve desemanticization (loss of meaning), decategorialization (loss of categorical features), generalization (use extended to new contexts), and phonetic reduction. The paper assumes that the b-prefix derives from two distinct lexical sources: volitional (encoding future) and prepositional (encoding indicative mood, progressive, and habitual aspect), and that the morphological overlap of these two prefixes is a mere coincidence. The paper will concentrate on the development of the future marker (b-prefix) from a verbal noun of volition in Syrian Arabic. The main goal is to explicate the nature of the grammaticalization paths of the b-future in Syrian Arabic based on synchronic data. The paper posits that the verbal noun of volition has undergone semantic, structural, and phonological changes.

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Bullock, Barbara E. "Quantitative verse in a Quantity-Insensitive language: Baïf's vers mesurés." Journal of French Language Studies 7, no. 1 (March 1997): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269500003355.

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AbstractMany Renaissance poets attempted to imitate classical verse metrics in their own vernaculars. This article examines the quantitative metrical verse of the French poet Baïf who is often criticized for producing unscannable verse using an incomprehensible phonetic orthography. This paper argues that the poet's rules for encoding length, while hermetic, are surprisingly consistent. It is demonstrated that Bai¨f's metrics derive largely from a system that is accentual with his orthography permitting the poet to encode quantitative distinctions that coincide with the metre. This article argues that Baïf's metrical verse provides us with a rare example of how prosody and rhythm in sixteenth century France might have been perceived.

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Steinschneider, Mitchell, Igor O. Volkov, M. Daniel Noh, P. Charles Garell, and Matthew A. Howard. "Temporal Encoding of the Voice Onset Time Phonetic Parameter by Field Potentials Recorded Directly From Human Auditory Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 5 (November 1, 1999): 2346–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2346.

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Voice onset time (VOT) is an important parameter of speech that denotes the time interval between consonant onset and the onset of low-frequency periodicity generated by rhythmic vocal cord vibration. Voiced stop consonants (/b/, /g/, and /d/) in syllable initial position are characterized by short VOTs, whereas unvoiced stop consonants (/p/, /k/, and t/) contain prolonged VOTs. As the VOT is increased in incremental steps, perception rapidly changes from a voiced stop consonant to an unvoiced consonant at an interval of 20–40 ms. This abrupt change in consonant identification is an example of categorical speech perception and is a central feature of phonetic discrimination. This study tested the hypothesis that VOT is represented within auditory cortex by transient responses time-locked to consonant and voicing onset. Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) elicited by stop consonant-vowel (CV) syllables were recorded directly from Heschl's gyrus, the planum temporale, and the superior temporal gyrus in three patients undergoing evaluation for surgical remediation of medically intractable epilepsy. Voiced CV syllables elicited a triphasic sequence of field potentials within Heschl's gyrus. AEPs evoked by unvoiced CV syllables contained additional response components time-locked to voicing onset. Syllables with a VOT of 40, 60, or 80 ms evoked components time-locked to consonant release and voicing onset. In contrast, the syllable with a VOT of 20 ms evoked a markedly diminished response to voicing onset and elicited an AEP very similar in morphology to that evoked by the syllable with a 0-ms VOT. Similar response features were observed in the AEPs evoked by click trains. In this case, there was a marked decrease in amplitude of the transient response to the second click in trains with interpulse intervals of 20–25 ms. Speech-evoked AEPs recorded from the posterior superior temporal gyrus lateral to Heschl's gyrus displayed comparable response features, whereas field potentials recorded from three locations in the planum temporale did not contain components time-locked to voicing onset. This study demonstrates that VOT at least partially is represented in primary and specific secondary auditory cortical fields by synchronized activity time-locked to consonant release and voicing onset. Furthermore, AEPs exhibit features that may facilitate categorical perception of stop consonants, and these response patterns appear to be based on temporal processing limitations within auditory cortex. Demonstrations of similar speech-evoked response patterns in animals support a role for these experimental models in clarifying selected features of speech encoding.

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