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Journal articles on the topic 'Phonetic erosion'
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1
Picos, Andrei, Mândra Eugenia Badea, and Dan Lucian Dumitrascu. "DENTAL EROSION IN GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 91, no. 4 (October 30, 2018): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-1017.
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The growing interest reflected in the studies on dental erosion is justified by the severe health problems it entails, i.e. esthetic, phonetic, masticatory disturbances and pulp complications. Most studies investigate the prevalence of dental erosion in adults and children, the severity of lesions and etiopathogenetic factors.Background and aim. Dental erosions (DE) are one of the extraesophageal complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). An increasing amount of papers shed light on this topic. We carried out a systematic review on the association between GERD and DE.Methods. We studied the association between DE and GERD in adults and children. The search for published studies was performed in PubMed using search terms “dental erosion” and “gastro-esophageal reflux disease”. References published since 2007 were included and a systematic review was carried out. Articles not assessing DE in GERD patients were excluded, and also case presentations and articles in languages of limited circulation. The prevalence of DE in patients with GERD, extrinsic and intrinsic etiological factors of DE and the severity of dental erosion lesions were analyzed.Results. A total of 273 articles were found, 10 studies being retained for analysis. Correlations between DE and GERD, namely the prevalence and severity of dental erosion in GERD patients, were investigated. DE prevalence was between 10.6% - 42%, median 25.5%. Mean values of DE prevalence were 48.81% in GERD patients, compared to 20.48% in non-GERD controls. Comparative values of DE frequency in adults with GERD was 38.96%, compared to 98.1% in children with GERD.Conclusions. DE is a condition associated with GERD. DE prevalence is higher in GERD patients. Intrinsic pathogenetic factors with direct action on the hard dental tissues are GERD, while extrinsic factors are represented by diet. Among the patients diagnosed with GERD, youth under the age of 18 had a higher frequency compared to adults.
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Detges, Ulrich. "Strong pronouns in modern spoken French: Cliticization, constructionalization, grammaticalization?" Linguistics 56, no. 5 (August 28, 2018): 1059–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2018-0017.
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AbstractIn this article, I show that in spoken French 1smoi, unlike 3slui, has undergone both semantic bleaching and heavy prosodic erosion and has therefore progressed along Lehmann’s parameters of grammaticalization. As will be argued, this person-asymmetry is rooted in the fact thatmoi, unlikelui, is largely used as a discourse-structuring device. Based on a phonetic analysis, I show that the main factor underlying the prosodic weakening of left-detachedmoiis string frequency, i.e., the degree of predictability of the element immediately followingmoi. The erosion ofmoiin spoken French is particularly strong when it is followed by the clitic 1sje; it is even stronger in those cases wheremoiintroduces a stance-verb expression of the typemoi je trouve que… ‘I think that …’. However, despite the massive effects produced by string frequency, the prosodic, distributional and discourse-pragmatic data presented here do not support the view that the prosodically weakened variants ofmoiinstantiate a construction that is distinct from non-cliticmoi.
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Van linden, An. "Comparative modals." Functions of Language 22, no. 2 (September 10, 2015): 192–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.22.2.02lin.
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This article examines modal expressions with the comparative adverbs better, rather and sooner in American English, and assesses to what extent they have grammaticalized. The corpus data offer evidence that the three comparative modal groups exhibit considerable phonetic reduction in the 1810–2009 period studied. Analysis of several aspects of the constructions, such as subject types, temporal reference and comparative meaning, reveals which conditions promoted this erosion. However, the data also indicate that the three groups are semantically and constructionally quite heterogeneous. In fact, this article proposes a grammaticalization scenario for the rather and sooner structures that is different from the one posited for the better structures.
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Willms, Lothar. "Augusta Treverorum Vulgaris: Linguistic Change and Cultural Integration in the Vulgar Latin Inscriptions of Trier (germany)." Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 1-4 (September 25, 2020): 651–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.56.
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SummaryThe copious corpus of deviations from standard Latin from Trier spans more than 800 years (50 BC–800 AD) and comprises both pagan and Christian inscriptions, the latter exclusively on tombstones. This paper points out the most salient non-standard features in the categories of phonetics, morphology, syntax and vocabulary. Most of them conform to standard Vulgar Latin, but some yield features of the inscriptions’ area, such as Western Romance (preservation of final -s, voicing intervocalic stops), Gallo-Romance (qui instead of quae, nasalisation), and the extinct Moselle Romance. A few features might reflect Gaulish substrate influence ([u] > [y], e before nasals > i, ē > ī, ō > ū, -m > -n). Clues for palatalisation and the raisings ē > ī, ō > ū are the most prominent phonetic features, the latter supporting, combined with the preservation of final -s, a renewed paradigm of nominal inflection. Morphosyntactic changes are driven by analogy and regularisations. Starting at the fringes, the erosion of case syntax ended up in a complete breakdown. Christianity fostered the recording of previously undocumented substandard features, completed the assimilation of Celtic (which pagan polytheism and the upwards mobility of Roman society had initiated) and supported the cultural integration of Germanic immigrants.Piae memoriae Henrici Heinen, viri doctissimi
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McDonnell, Bradley. "Roadblocks in the Grammaticalization Highway: When Phonology Gets in the Way." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 39, no. 1 (December 16, 2013): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v39i1.3879.
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In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:In light of recent proposals that question the unidirectionality of grammaticalization and the necessity of phonetic erosion (or more broadly autonomy), the third person pronominal suffix -nye in Besemah, a little-known Malay language of southwest Sumatra, presents an interesting puzzle. In the majority of constructions -nye attaches directly to the root and has undergone phonetic erosion (i.e., -nye > -e): anak-nye > anak-e ‘their child’. In deverbal noun constructions suffixed with -an, or circumfixed with peN- -an, however, the -nye is separated from the root and surfaces as a separate phonological word (i.e., -nye > anye): langkah-an-nye > langkah-an anye ‘his stride’ (from the root langkah ‘to step’). One might expect that the most phonetically robust and prosodically independent form (anye) is the oldest, but there is strong evidence going back to Proto-Austronesian that it is not. Therefore, what do we make of a case where a suffix by all other accounts is grammaticalizing, but in some constructions is phonetically strengthened and phonologically less bound (i.e., suffix > word)? Arguably, such a case should be added to the growing list of examples of degrammaticalization because -nye is apparently climbing up the cline. However, what is more interesting than this taxonomy is determining the conditions, pressures, and/or motivations by which this change emerged. It turns out that this unexpected alternation between –e, –nye, and anye can be attributed to a morphophonological (or more specifically morpho-prosodic) preference in Besemah for no more than one suffix per word. This preference alongside restrictions on phonological words and routinization has resulted in a number of unusual patterns, most importantly the alternations resulting from the suffix -nye attaching to other suffixes.
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Benczik, Vilmos. "Communication as source and motivator of language evolution." Language Problems and Language Planning 27, no. 3 (October 18, 2003): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.27.3.04ben.
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Language emerges and changes primarily through communication; therefore communication technologies play a key role in the history of language change. The most powerful communication technology from this point of view is phonetic writing, which has a double effect on language: on the one hand it impoverishes suprasegmental linguistic resources; on the other hand it evokes in language a profound and sophisticated semantic precision, and also syntactic complexity. The huge progress in abstract human thought that has taken place over the past three or four centuries has come about on the basis of these linguistic changes. Today, when writing seems to be losing its earlier hegemony over communication, the question arises as to whether this will lead to the erosion of human language, and also of human thought.
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Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages." Diachronica 28, no. 4 (December 14, 2011): 468–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.28.4.02jac.
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Naxi, Na and Laze are three languages whose position within Sino-Tibetan is controversial. We propose that they are descended from a common ancestor (‘Proto-Naish’). Unlike conservative languages of the family, such as Rgyalrong and Tibetan, which have consonant clusters and final consonants, Naxi, Na and Laze share a simple syllabic structure (consonant+glide+vowel+tone) due to phonological erosion. This raises the issue of how the regular phonological correspondences between these three languages should be interpreted, and what phonological structure should be reconstructed for Proto-Naish. The regularities revealed by comparing the three languages are interpreted in light of potential cognates in conservative languages. This brings out numerous cases of phonetic conditioning of vowels by place of articulation of a preceding consonant or consonant cluster. Overall, these findings warrant a relatively optimistic conclusion concerning the feasibility of unraveling the phonological history of highly eroded language subgroups within Sino-Tibetan.
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Lomheim, Francine Girard. "Le système pronominal du français louisianais." Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 10, no. 1 (November 7, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/bells.v10i1.1437.
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This paper discusses the pronominal system of Louisiana French, a variety of French spoken mainly in the south-western part of Louisiana State.
The analysis of data (Girard Lomheim, 2016) shows that although Louisiana French clitics share certain features with clitics from other informal varieties of French and dialects of French, they cannot be analysed along quite the same lines. They have reached a more advanced stage of grammaticalization. They are moving away from the status of syntactic argument towards the status of agreement marker. The fact that they are subject to strong phonetic erosion and have been gradually replaced by weak pronouns shows that they are coming closer to the ultimate stadium of their grammaticalization cycle (van Gelderen, 2011), the null stadium.
The progressive reduction of the clitic paradigm is accompanied by the emergence of a new class of weak pronouns, which leads us to claim that the pronominal system of this vernacular is organized in three classes of pronouns: strong pronouns and two classes of deficient pronouns: weak pronouns and clitics in the terms of Cardinaletti et Starke (1994 and 1999). We claim that the difference between strong and weak pronouns should be addressed in terms of syntax and morphology whereas the difference between weak pronouns and clitics should be accounted for in terms of morphosyntax and phonology.
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Heath, Jeffrey. "Lost Wax." Diachronica 14, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 197–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.14.2.02hea.
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SUMMARY Richly inflected languages often have morphologies in which one or two key relational morphemes serve as the glue which binds other, more substantive morphemes together. When an important relational morpheme suffers phonetic erosion, it may be replaced rather abruptly by a successor morpheme which obtains a foothold in the relevant paradigm and then spreads rapidly, replacing the old morpheme throughout the system. We will refer to this as the 'lost-wax' (cire perdue) method of formal renewal, on the analogy of an ancient method for casting bronze artefacts. The point is illustrated by a close case study of two morphemes, Inverse and Potential, connected with the pronominal agreement system of a set of closely related Australian languages. The mechanics are somewhat different in the two cases, but both can be described as variations on the lost-wax method. RÉSUMÉ Dans les langues à inflexion riche, il se trouve souvent que la morphologie possède un ou deux morphèmes relationnels qui servent à lier d'autres morphèmes à plus grande substance sémantique. Quant un tel morphème relationnel risque de disparaître à cause d'érosion phonétique, il peut se faire remplacer d'un coup par un autre morphème qui gagne une entrée dans le paradigme et puis s'étend rapidement jusqu'à occuper la même position relationnelle de l'ancien morphème. Nous proposons la métaphore de 'cire perdue' pour décrire cette méthode de renouvellement formel, par analogie avec une méthode classique de mouler les figures en bronze. Dans ce contexte nous étudions l'histoire de deux morphèmes, inverse et potentiel, dans le système de désinences personnelles d'un groupe de langues australiennes. Chaque cas présente une mécanique originelle, mais tout les deux rentrent dans le cadre général de la méthode 'cire perdue'. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Sprachen mit reicher Inflexion haben oft eine Morphologie, in der ein oder zwei zusammenhängende Morpheme andere wesentlichere Morpheme zusam-menbinden. Wenn ein solches Morphem phonetisch zerfällt, kann es ein anderes Morphem plötzlich ersetzen und eine Stelle im Paradigma finden, von dem es sich im System schnell ausbreiten kann, indem es das alte Morphem im ganzen System ersetzt. Wir nennen hier diesen Vorgang 'verlorene Wachs'-Methode der formellen Erneuerung, als Analogie zur althergebrachten Methode der Gußform von Bronzekunstgegenständen. Wir illustrieren den Vorgang anhand einer Fallstudie von zwei Morphemen im pronominalen System der grammatischen Ubereinstimmung in einigen eng verwandten Sprachen Australiens.
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Picos, Alina Monica, Andrei Picos, Petra Nicoara, and Monica M. Craitoiu. "Dental erosion in a partially edentulous patient with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a case report." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 87, no. 4 (December 19, 2014): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-388.
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Diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), bulimia, anorexia, and extrinsic alimentary factors may cause dental erosion (DE). The minimally invasive therapeutic attitude preserves the remaining healthy tooth structure. In the earlier stages, the direct restoration of dental lesions is possible, using composite materials. In advanced stages of DE, prosthetic treatments are recommended for stable esthetic and functional results. We present a case of DE in a partially edentulous patient who benefited from a complex therapy. The prosthetic project of the case involves ceramic veneers associated with dental and implant supported fixed prosthesis for the restoration of esthetics, mastication, phonetics and their maintenance
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Shetty, Mallika S., Sanath Kumar Shetty, Suhaim Sayyed Karkala, Zahid Mohammed, and Tushar Milind Wankhede. "Prosthetic Management of a Posterior Ridge Defect Case with Fixed Removable Type of Hybrid Prosthesis - A Case Report." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 36 (September 6, 2021): 3192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/648.
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The main aim of prosthetic dentistry is restoring the form, function, comfort and appearance of the patient by the placement of a prosthesis replacing the missing teeth and contiguous tissues.1 Various prosthetic options for partially edentulous patients include an interim removable partial denture (RPD) to a cast partial denture, a fixed dental prosthesis (FDP), and a more implant-retained prosthesis. However, FDP and implant-retained prosthesis are not always feasible, particularly in patients with excessive residual ridge resorption and jaw defects due to trauma and / or surgical ablation. In such a situation, a dentist may resort to another option of fixed-RPD prosthesis, to restore the defective hard and soft tissues to achieve natural aesthetics, phonetics, comfort, and better hygiene. This hybrid prosthesis fulfils the objectives of the rehabilitation such as support, stability, and retention characteristics similar to a fixed prosthesis and aesthetics and hygiene maintenance of a removable prosthesis.2,3,4,5 Any prosthesis designed or fabricated should be based on the prosthetic principles of support, stability, retention, and preservation of remaining structures.1 From the patient's perspective, retention is one of the important factors for its acceptability. These retentive options range from simple bar and clip attachments to more sophisticated spark erosion overdentures.6,7 Spark erosion prosthesis is technique sensitive, bulky, and requires expensive equipment.6,7 On the other hand, precision attachments provide better vertical support and stimulation to the underlying tissue through intermittent vertical massage.8 Treatment with a hybrid denture is an affordable choice to fulfil the patient's aesthetic demands along with providing a good prognosis for the prosthesis and preservation of the remaining dentition. This article presents two case reports of prosthodontic rehabilitation of a patient with mandibular defects using an attachment-retained fixed-removable hybrid prosthesis.
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Hinskens, Frans. "The future of dialects and the dialectology of the future." Taal en Tongval 72, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 39–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tet2020.1.hins.
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Abstract The days when dialectology was a quiet island in the (sometimes rough) ocean of modern linguistics seem to be over. Since the so-called social turn and the integration of quantitative methods into the study of urban as well as rural dialects, the barriers between early ‘Labovian’ sociolinguistics and dialectology have gradually been broken down. Of late, the study of dialect variation has become more and more an integral part of mainstream formal theory as ‘micro-variation’. Even more recently, constructivist approaches (such as Usage-based Phonology and Exemplar Theory for phonetics as well as ethnographic perspectives) are entering and enriching the field. Apart from these various developments, at least in the Old World, the object appears to be changing more and more rapidly, giving rise to the erosion of traditional dialect landscapes and the emergence of supra-local koinai as well as dialect/standard continua. This paper addresses some of the main aspects of these tendencies. We will discuss questions such as: how can the new types of language variety be studied; can dialectology be enriched with other than the traditional data and methods; how far-reaching is the innovative impact of the various disciplinary, inter-subdisciplinary and inter-disciplinary cross-fertilisations?
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Singh, Charanjit. "Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? Should Justice Beware: A Review of Voice Identification Evidence in Light of Advances in Biometric Voice Identification Technology." International Commentary on Evidence 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ice-2014-0009.
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AbstractThe debate relating to the quality of voice identification evidence in the United Kingdom continues against the backdrop of advances being made in the use of biometric voice identification evidence (BIVE) and the technology (BVIT). Anecdotal evidence shows that BVIE is being adduced in criminal prosecutions across the United Kingdom (UK) predominantly in cases involving terror crimes. This also suggests that the courts are willing to accept BVIE as being reliable even though experts in the fields of phonetics and law disagree as to its veracity. The argument against admission rests on the lack of sophistication in the traditional ear-witness voice identification methods of acoustic and auditory analysis (AAA), and now biometrics because of its infancy. Experts therefore argue that scientific reliability should be demanded from such evidence if it is to be used for criminal prosecutions and this not currently achieved. Therefore, a number of issues arise as a result of this. For example, the potential erosion of civil rights, the legal implications that relate to obtaining and using mixed biometric voice identification evidence (MBVIE) – this is the evidence of an ear-witness verified using BVIT. Related to this is the notion that the jury and lawyers need to be educated on how such evidence should be received and used. Presently, there insufficient guidance on where the UKs courts should draw the line in admitting potentially hazardous evidence such as this. Exactly when BVIE becomes unreliable in a legal and scientific sense remains unclear. This significantly contributes to the debate surrounding the codification of evidence law and the introduction of a reliability test, along the lines of that used in other jurisdictions including the United States of America, to mitigate the risks that lie in admitting unreliable evidence. The purpose of this article is to contrast ear-witness and BVIE by exploring the contemporary debates that surround their admission and the notional extent to which BVIT is being used to police the UK. Furthermore, to review whether the advances made in BVIT can contribute to the reliability of the evidence by reducing error rates and false-positive identification.
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Gorbunova, V. A. "The Ulch language: current state and research prospects." Languages and Folklore of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia, no. 37 (2019): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2312-6337-2019-1-103-110.
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The paper discusses the current linguistic situation of the Ulchs, a minor ethnic group occupying a small area in the Far East region of the Russian Federation. After several decades of gradual decline, the indigenous Ulch language has reached the point of near extinction. The presented statistical data shows that the number of native speakers has decreased dramatically since the beginning of the 21st century (from 732 down to 154 countrywide). The author suggests several factors that contributed heavily to the erosion of the language. The primary one is the lack of a written form up until late 20th century, which both stunted its development as a communication tool and hindered the process of passing down cultural knowledge and linguistic skills. Failing to cover a required range of registers, the Ulch language was eventually relegated to the language of informal social interactions, typically among family members, with Russian performing the rest of linguistic functions. As the government and community groups are growing aware of the Ulch linguistic situation and engaging in efforts to make the indigenous language more prominent, reversing the shift is still possible. Including Ulch into the curriculums of junior and middle schools has allowed the younger generation to achieve a certain degree of oral competence. Social activities are being organized for adult speakers to encourage the use of language in a wider range of contexts. However, the process of language documentation, essential for revitalization, is revealed to still be in the beginning stages. The author presents an overview of all linguistic studies dedicated to the Ulch language and concludes that only a general framework of the system has been traced. Until mid-twentieth century the researchers mostly focused on collecting and processing the language material, offering only standalone observations related to the linguistic features. T.I. Petrova and later O.P. Sunik provided more detailed accounts of the Ulch phonetics, grammar and lexis, but both works only present a broad strokes description of the language that can’t be considered comprehensive. Creating a full record of the Ulch grammar, vocabulary and syntax appears to be the primary task that needs to be undertaken in order to make the recovery a more likely outcome.
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Alekseeva, O. B. "ENGLISH BORROWINGS IN FRENCH IN THE ASPECT OF CANADIAN BILLINGVISM." Writings in Romance-Germanic Philology, no. 1(46) (August 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2307-4604.2021.1(46).234392.
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The article examines English borrowings into French in the context of Canadian bilingualism in connection with Canadian language policy, which combines several centralized language policies implemented by the federal government and regional policies pursued by provincial governments, including Quebec. To understand and analyze such a linguistic phenomenon, the article briefly discusses the historical causes of Canadian bilingualism. The study focuses on the lexical, grammatical and phonetic features of Canadian French and suggests that borrowing from both British and American versions of English into French has led to a unique combination that can only be identified as an independent phenomenon. The characteristics of Canadian French vocabulary, spelling, and grammar discussed in this article illustrate that Canadian French cannot be fully identified with any other type of French. The Canadian version of the French language is expressive, authentic, including through borrowings from the English language. The study emphasizes that the Canadian version of the French language, provided constant interaction with the English language, is learned naturally, and the rules naturally. Bilingual speakers agree on universal rules without knowing them, share and use these rules, but never clearly study them, because it seems impossible to teach how to change the code and maintain the structural integrity of the statement. The findings contradict the expectation that borrowed words harm the language that borrows them, so it was found that bilingual speakers who speak both English and French implicitly understand and use the rules of both languages, and borrowing and switching codes do not lead to language erosion.