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1

kesson, Joyce A. The complexity of the irregular verbal and nominal forms & the phonological changes in Arabic. Pallas Athena, 2009.

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2

Hinskens, Frans L., Roeland van Hout, and W. Leo Wetzels, eds. Variation, Change, and Phonological Theory. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.146.

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3

Frans, Hinskens, Hout Roeland van, and Wetzels Leo, eds. Variation, change, and phonological theory. J. Benjamins, 1997.

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4

Bethin, Christina Y. Slavic prosody: Language change and phonological theory. Cambridge University Press, 1998.

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5

Au, Ching-Pong. Acquisition and evolution of phonological systems. Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, 2008.

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6

Baranowski, Maciej. Phonological variation and change in the dialect of Charleston, South Carolina. Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society, 2007.

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7

Sullivan, Anthea E. Sound change in progress: A study of phonological change and lexical diffusion, with reference to glottalization and r-loss in the speech of some Exeter schoolchildren. University of Exeter Press, 1992.

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8

Kawahara, Shigeto, and Melanie Pangilinan. Spectral continuity, amplitude changes, and perception of length contrasts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0002.

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Japanese displays a singleton/geminate contrast in obstruents and nasals, but not in glides. Patterns of emphatic gemination show that Japanese avoids creating new nasal geminates. This chapter tests hypotheses about why Japanese shows these preferences. Concerning the distinction between obstruent geminates and sonorant geminates, dispreference of sonorant geminates may exist because these geminates are easily confused with corresponding singletons. This confusability problem arises because sonorants are spectrally continuous with flanking vowels, and consequently perception of their constric
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9

Lexicon in Phonological Change. De Gruyter, Inc., 2011.

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10

A comparative etymologic lexicon of common Indo-Germanisches (Indo-European) words: With discussion of phonological dialectical changes, common-historical, geographical, archaeological, mythological, cultural, legal, and scientific background. Sverge Haus Publishers, 1986.

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11

Bowie, David, and Malcah Yaeger-Dror. Phonological Change in Real Time. Edited by Patrick Honeybone and Joseph Salmons. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232819.013.004.

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12

Mailhammer, Robert, David Restle, and Theo Vennemann. Preference Laws in Phonological Change. Edited by Patrick Honeybone and Joseph Salmons. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232819.013.032.

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13

Cser, András. Basic Types of Phonological Change. Edited by Patrick Honeybone and Joseph Salmons. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232819.013.036.

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14

Hinskens, Frans L. Variation, Change, and Phonological Theory. Benjamins Publishing Company, John, 1997.

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15

Foulkes, Paul, and Marilyn Vihman. First Language Acquisition and Phonological Change. Edited by Patrick Honeybone and Joseph Salmons. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232819.013.001.

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16

Eckman, Fred R., and Gregory K. Iverson. Second Language Acquisition and Phonological Change. Edited by Patrick Honeybone and Joseph Salmons. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232819.013.005.

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17

Machan, Tim William. When English Became Latin. Edited by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212484.013.0014.

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The English language, at all grammatical levels, underwent a profound, albeit gradual, change between 1377 and 1642. These phonological changes include the Great Vowel Shift and the change in inflectional morphology. This article examines the transition from Middle English to Modern English and how English became Latin. It considers the retention of what might be called England’s sociolinguistic infrastructure, alongside a wide-ranging reconfiguration of English’s grammar and social uses. It discusses three unfamiliar constancies that characterize the decisive shift in the English language bet
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18

Bethin, Christina Y. Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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19

Bethin, Christina Y. Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory. Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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20

Andersson, Samuel, Oliver Sayeed, and Bert Vaux. The Phonology of Language Contact. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.55.

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This chapter surveys the impact of language contact on phonological systems. The phonology of one language may influence that of another in several ways, including lexical borrowing, rule borrowing, Sprachbund features, and interlanguage effects. Illustrations of these phenomena are drawn from interactions between English and French, Hawaiian, and Japanese at different historical periods; from Quichean languages; from Slavic-influenced dialects of Albanian; from Dravidian influences on Sanskrit; and from South African English, among other examples. The evidence indicates that language contact
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21

John, Harris. Phonological Variation and Change: Studies in Hiberno-English. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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22

Phonological variation and change: Studies in Hiberno-English. Cambridge University Press, 1985.

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23

Bouzouita, Miriam, Anne Breitbarth, Lieven Danckaert, and Elisabeth Witzenhausen, eds. Cycles in Language Change. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824961.001.0001.

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The notion of ‘linguistic cycle’ has long been recognized as being relevant to the descriptions of many processes of language change. In a process known as grammaticalization, a given linguistic form loses its lexical meaning as well as some of its phonological content, and then gradually weakens, until it ultimately vanishes. This process of change becomes cyclic when the grammaticalized form is replaced by an innovative item, which can develop along exactly the same pathway. This volume unites thirteen chapters which address aspects of cyclical change from a wide variety of empirical perspec
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24

Noske, Roland, and Bert Botma. Phonological Architecture: Empirical, Theoretical and Conceptual Issues. De Gruyter, Inc., 2012.

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25

Zampaulo, André. Palatal Sound Change in the Romance Languages. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807384.001.0001.

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This monograph presents a thorough investigation of the main historical and present-day variation and change patterns undergone by palatal sounds in the Romance languages. By relying on phonetic and phonological information to motivate a formal account of palatal sound change, the analyses proposed in this book offer a principled, constraint-based explanation for the evolution of palatals in the Romance-speaking world. It provides a robust and up-to-date literature review on the subject, taking into consideration not only the viewpoints and data from diachronic research, but also the results f
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26

Zimmermann, Eva. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747321.003.0001.

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The phenomenon of Morphological Length-Manipulation is introduced and defined and it is discussed why an investigation of this phenomenon is challenging and interesting for both morphological and phonological theory. For example, the existence of subtractive MLM—instances where the shortening or deletion of segments marks a morpheme—is the most obvious challenge that MLM poses for any theory of morphology that wants to maintain the theorem that morphology is additive. The chapter defines the empirical scope of this book and discusses why, for example, reduplication is disregarded for most part
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27

Bethin, Christina Y. Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics). Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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28

Phonological Variation and Change in the Dialect of Charleston, South Carolina. American Dialect Society, 2008.

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29

Maiden, Martin. Origins, substance, and persistence of Romance morphomic patterns. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199660216.003.0012.

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This chapter reviews the evidence for the origins of morphomic patterns in the effects of defunct sound changes or extinct functional motivations and reflects on their substance and on the types of alternation involved, concluding that morphomic patterns exist independently of their phonological substance and that it is possible that any kind of formal difference (suppletion, defectiveness, heteroclisis, periphrastic structure, internal allomorphy) is liable to morphomic distribution. The chapter reasserts the crucial role of lexical identity in explaining morphomic structures in the face of f
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30

The role of phonological structure in sound change from Latin to Spanish and Portuguese. P. Lang, 1997.

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31

Schembri, Adam, and Trevor Johnston. Sociolinguistic Variation and Change in Sign Languages. Edited by Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0025.

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This chapter describes sociolinguistic variation and change in sign languages, the natural language of deaf communities. Factors that drive sociolinguistic variation and change in both spoken- and signed-language communities are broadly similar. Social factors include, for example, a signer’s age group, region of origin, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Linguistic factors include phonological processes such as assimilation and reduction, and grammaticalization. Deaf signing communities are invariably minority communities embedded within larger majority communities whose languages a
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32

Vajda, Edward J. Patterns of Innovation and Retention in Templatic Polysynthesis. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.21.

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Polysynthetic verb morphology can be extraordinarily complex, with interacting subsystems arranged in phonological and morphological layers, some of which are more readily transparent on the synchronic level. Historical-linguistic comparisons demonstrate that this type of structure can be surprisingly persistent across time, with slow phonological attrition being one of the primary causal agents. Metathesis and reanalysis of morphemes and morpheme positions was also noted as an important agent of change. This chapter examines what is known about the historical layering of two distinct, but pos
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33

Treiman, Rebecca. Beginning to Spell. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062199.001.0001.

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This groundbreaking study on the psycholinguistics of spelling presents the author's original empirical research on spelling and supplies the theoretical framework necessary to understand how children's ability to write is related to their ability to speak a language. The author explores areas in a field dominated by work traditionally concerned with the psychodynamics of reading skills and, in so doing, highlights the importance of learning to spell for both psycholinguists and educators, since as they begin to spell, children attempt to represent the phonological, or sound form, of words. Th
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34

Maiden, Martin. The Romance Verb. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199660216.001.0001.

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This book is the first ever comprehensive comparative–historical survey of patterns of alternation in the Romance verb that appear to be autonomously morphological in the sense that, although they can be shown to be persistent through time, they have long ceased to be conditioned by any phonological or functional determinant. Some of these patterns are well known in Romance linguistics, while others have scarcely been noticed. The sheer range of phenomena that participate in them far surpasses what Romance linguists had previously realized. The patterns constitute a kind of abstract leitmotif,
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35

Dworkin, Steven N. A Guide to Old Spanish. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687312.001.0001.

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This book describes the linguistic structures that constitute Medieval or Old Spanish as preserved in texts written prior to the beginning of the sixteenth century. It emphasizes those structures that contrast with the modern standard language. Chapter 1 presents methodological issues raised by the study of a language preserved only in written sources. Chapter 2 examines questions involved in reconstructing the sound system of Old Spanish before discussing relevant phonetic and phonological details. The chapter ends with an overview of Old Spanish spelling practices. Chapter 3 presents in some
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36

Bostoen, Koen, and Yvonne Bastin. Bantu Lexical Reconstruction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.36.

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Lexical reconstruction has been an important enterprise in Bantu historical linguistics since the earliest days of the discipline. In this chapter a historical overview is provided of the principal scholarly contributions to that field of study. It is also explained how the Comparative Method has been and can be applied to reconstruct ancestral Bantu vocabulary via the intermediate step of phonological reconstruction and how the study of sound change needs to be completed with diachronic semantics in order to correctly reconstruct both the form and the meaning of etymons. Finally, some issues
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37

Ridouane, Rachid, and Pierre A. Hallé. Word-initial geminates. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0004.

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This study investigates the relationship between the production and perception of word-initial gemination in stops and fricatives in Tashlhiyt Berber. Gemination in this language is primarily implemented through longer duration, even for utterance-initial voiceless stops. This timing information is sufficient for native listeners to identify geminate fricatives and voiced stops and distinguish them from their singleton counterparts. For voiceless stops, however, native listeners’ discrimination performance is only slightly above chance level. Native speakers can thus encode a phonemic contrast
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38

Warner-Lewis, Maureen. The African Diaspora and Language. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657543.003.0015.

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Nowhere in the Americas is any African language used for routine communicative purposes. But fossilized spoken texts, songs, and chants are still performed for rituals, largely but not exclusively of a religious nature. Such events exist in non-mainstream cultural spaces. However, African lexical items and phrases have been retained in the lingua francas of the Americas, languages which have themselves been shaped by the confluence of African, European, and Native American language speakers. Most of these languages are considered “creoles.” They contain not only lexical but also syntactic, pho
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39

Maiden, Martin. The western Romance future and conditional. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199660216.003.0008.

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This chapter considers the well-known phonologically conditioned phenomenon of distinctive root identity between the synthetic future and conditional forms in western Romance languages, asking whether there are grounds to consider the resultant pattern morphomic. We find (e.g. in Italian) cases where an apparent semantic underpinning of such identity fails, but also, surprisingly (following work by Esher), Occitan cases in which the identity sometimes fails despite retention of the assumed common semantic motivation, apparently as a consequence of sporadic sound changes that compromise that id
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40

Wälchli, Bernhard. The rise of gender in Nalca (Mek, Tanah Papua). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0004.

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This chapter reconstructs how Nalca, a Mek language of the Trans-New Guinea phylum, has acquired gender markers and describes the non-canonical properties of this highly unusual gender system. Gender in Nalca is mainly assigned by two different defaults, phonological assignment is holistic, there is a gender switch depending on the syntax of the noun phrase, controller and target are adjacent, and gender has the function of case marker hosts. Gender in Nalca is only weakly entrenched in the lexicon and predominantly phrasal. It is argued that canonical gender is an attractor (a complex, diachr
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41

Loporcaro, Michele. Grammatical gender in Romance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199656547.003.0003.

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The most widespread type of gender system is exemplified with Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, French, Italian, and Sardinian data. These languages all have parallel binary systems, with the masculine selected by default (e.g. for gender resolution, non-agreement, or—in most cases—agreement with non-nominal controllers). While dialect variation is covered in the following chapters, here a flavour thereof is conveyed by introducing binary convergent systems, which represent a further development (due to sound change merging agreement targets in the plural) of the mainstream binary system. The chap
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42

McQueen, Diana, and Jo Williams. Supporting the Development of Speech, Language and Communication in the Early Years. 2nd ed. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781805016212.

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Speech and language impairment can have a huge impact on cognitive development. Identifying what is going wrong - and what effective intervention looks like - can be daunting. Short of retraining you as a speech and language therapist, this thorough guide will give you everything you need to change that. An essential resource, the book contains a wide variety of online resources, including phonological and sound awareness documents, assessment tools, and recording forms that can be downloaded straight to your device, providing excellent materials and activities to use in the classroom. Written
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