Journal articles on the topic 'Phonologyx'

ABSTRACTFrench liaison has long been a favourite testing ground for phonological theories, a situation which can undoubtedly be attributed to the complexity of the phenomenon, involving in particular phonology/syntax, phonology/morphology, phonology/lexicon interfaces. Dealing with liaison requires stepping into all the components of the grammar, while at the same time tackling the quick sands of variation. The data on which a number of formal analyses are based have often been a source of concern since liaison, in part because of its intrinsic variable character, requires extensive and robust data. In the wake of the results from the study of other corpora, we present here extensive results based on the PFC database (Phonologie du français contemporain: usages, variétés et structures) and point to their implications for models of linguistic structure. While we do not believe that a motivated theoretical account can be mechanically extracted from the data, we conclude that future analyses will have to take explicitly into account the results of extensive corpus work as well as sociolinguistic surveys, acquisition studies, experimental phonetics and (neuro-)psycho-linguistic investigations, including the relationship between speech and writing. As stressed in Chevrot, Fayol and Laks (2005), these analyses will have to acknowledge that French liaison is not a homogeneous locus but a multi-faceted phenomenon requiring us to accept, without demur, the crossing of disciplinary boundaries.

Purpose This study investigated the relationship between non-orthographic language abilities and reading in order to examine assumptions of the primary systems hypothesis and further our understanding of language processing poststroke. Method Performance on non-orthographic semantic, phonologic, and syntactic tasks, as well as oral reading and reading comprehension tasks, was assessed in 43 individuals with aphasia. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between these measures. In addition, analyses of variance examined differences within and between reading groups (within normal limits, phonological, deep, or global alexia). Results Results showed that non-orthographic language abilities were significantly related to reading abilities. Semantics was most predictive of regular and irregular word reading, whereas phonology was most predictive of pseudohomophone and nonword reading. Written word and paragraph comprehension were primarily supported by semantics, whereas written sentence comprehension was related to semantic, phonologic, and syntactic performance. Finally, severity of alexia was found to reflect severity of semantic and phonologic impairment. Conclusions Findings support the primary systems view of language by showing that non-orthographic language abilities and reading abilities are closely linked. This preliminary work requires replication and extension; however, current results highlight the importance of routine, integrated assessment and treatment of spoken and written language in aphasia. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7403963

One of the most significant challenges in the study of speech production is to acquire a theoretical understanding of how speakers coordinate articulatory movements. A variety of work has demonstrated that articulatory, prosodic and extralinguistic factors all influence speech timing in a complex and interactive way. Models such as Articulatory Phonology that stipulate the relative timing of articulatory units must be revised to allow for this variability. Such a revision is outlined below.The following work should be viewed as a presentation of a new framework for conceptualising articulatory timing. This approach, meant to be programmatic rather than conclusive, is productive if it motivates research that might not otherwise have been undertaken. §1 overviews Articulatory Phonology. The implementation of articulatory timing in terms of phasing relations is discussed. Speech production data bearing on timing variability are discussed in §2. §3 argues for an alternative to Articulatory Phonology's current rule-based approach to intergestural timing that can allow for linguistic and extralinguistic variables to systematically influence phasing relations. §3.2 introduces the PHASE WINDOW framework, which allows the degree of articulatory overlap between linguistic gestures to vary within a constrained range. Finally, §4 concerns the relation of intergestural timing to the postulation of the segment as a primitive unit in phonology. It is hypothesised that certain intergestural timing relations are stable and lexically specified. Gestures whose coordination is constrained by lexical PHASE WINDOWS seem to bear a close relation to those conglomerates of gestures that constitute what is traditionally considered to be a segment.

Indonesian people have so many tribes that various language are used. It happens for many cultures growing around citizens. Various language used by fishmongers also have unique varieties that could be distinguished from other sellers. It could be seen when they sell their goods. Language variety viewed from phonology aspect could interpret phoneme addition, reduction or change. Fishmongers� speech in Demak market have their own unique characteristics. These varieties were the attractions of this research. Purpose of this research was to describe fishmongers� speech in Demak Regency based on phonologic study. The used method was qualitative description method which do not need numbers. Data needed by this research were in forms of words, phrases, sentences and speeches of fishmongers in Demak Regency. Result of the study described language variety as viewed from phonologic study. There were phoneme change (to make buyers clearly heard what fish was being offered), phoneme reduction (to make sellers quickly delivered speech to offer their fish to buyers), and phoneme addition (to ease fishmongers to deliver speech) so that fishmongers� aim to sell their fish could be accepted by the buyers.

PURPOSE: To compare the performance of hearing-impaired and normal-hearing people on phonologic and semantic verbal fluency tests. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 48 hearing-impaired adults and 42 individuals (control group) with no hearing or language complaints. Sociodemographic data were collected, as well as the characteristics of hearing loss and of the electronic auditory device (hearing aids or cochlear implant), when relevant. Verbal fluency was tested in two different tasks: by semantic category (animals) and by phonology (letter F). RESULTS: Educational level has influenced the results of fluency tests in both groups, with more evidence in the hearing-impaired subjects (p<0.001). Hearing-impaired subjects showed worse performance in verbal fluency tests when compared to normal-hearing people in groups with up to 10 years of schooling. In the comparison of performance in the two tests, both groups showed better results in the semantic fluency task. CONCLUSION: The hearing-impaired subjects with low educational level evoked fewer words in semantic and phonologic verbal fluency tests in comparison to normal-hearing subjects. Educational level is a relevant issue to the study of verbal fluency in deaf and hearing-impaired people.

All writing systems represent speech, providing a means for recording each word of a message. This is achieved by symbolizing the phonological forms of spoken words as well as information conveying grammar and meaning. Alphabetic systems represent the segmental phonology by providing symbols for individual consonants and vowels; some also convey morphological units. Other systems represent syllables (typically CVs) or morphosyllables. In all cases, learning to read requires a learner to discover the forms of language that writing encodes, drawing on metalinguistic abilities that are not needed for the acquisition of speech. Therefore, learning to read is harder and rarer than acquiring speech. Research reveals that skilled readers of every studied orthography access phonological language forms automatically and early in word reading. Although reading processes differ according to the cognitive demands of specific orthographic forms, the differences are subservient to the universal phonologic principle that all readers access phonological language forms.

The errors on word-initial consonant clusters made by children in the Iowa-Nebraska Articulation Norms Project (Smit, Hand, Freilinger, Bernthal, & Bird, 1990) were tabulated by age range and frequency. The error data show considerable support for Greenlee’s (1974) stages in the acquisition of clusters: the youngest children show cluster reduction, somewhat older children show cluster preservation but with errors on one or more of the cluster elements, and the oldest children generally show correct production. These stages extended to three-element clusters as well. Typical cluster reduction errors were (a) reduction to the obstruent in obstruent-plus-approximant clusters and (b) reduction to the second element in /s/-clusters. When clusters were preserved, but one member was in error, the error was typically the same as for the singleton consonant. Cluster errors are discussed in terms of theories of phonologic development, including open genetic programs and feature geometry. These data are expected to be useful in evaluation and treatment of disorders of phonology.

Bahasa Bali dialek Ungasan (BBDU) memiliki keunikan jika dibandingkan dengan bahasa Bali baku (BBB), di sisi lain memiliki beberapa kemiripan dengan bahasa Bali dialek Bali Aga (DBA). Penelitian in berfokus pada tataran fonologis, yakni: menentukan ruas-ruas vokal dan konsonan, menentukan distribusi ruas-ruas asal, dan menentukan proses fonologis, proses fonologis pascaleksikal, dan kaidah-kaidah fonologis BBDU. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori fonologi generatif. Metode simak dan cakap digunakan dalam penyediaan data, metode padan dan agih digunakan dalam analisis data, serta metode formal dan informal digunakan dalam penyajian analisis data.
 Hasil analisis data menunjukkan BBDU memiliki 24 ruas asal yang meliputi 18 ruas asal konsonan dan 6 ruas asal vokal. Kedelapan belas ruas konsonan tersebut adalah /p, b, t, d, c, j, k, g, s, h, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, l, r, w, dan y/ dan memiliki sembilan belas realisasi fonetis, yakni [p, b, t, d, c, j, k, ʔ, g, s, h, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, l, r, w, dan y]. BBDU memiliki enam ruas vokal, yakni /i, e, ə, a, u dan o/, tetapi secara fonetis ditemukan 10 bunyi, yakni [i, ɪ, e, ɛ, ə, a, u, ʊ, o, dan ɔ]. Semua konsonan BBDU dapat menempati posisi tengah morfem, tetapi tidak semua konsonan dapat menempati posisi awal dan akhir morfem. Semua vokal BBDU dapat menempati posisi awal dan tengah, tetapi tidak semua bisa menempati posisi akhir morfem.
 Enam belas kaidah fonologis yang ditemuka dalam penelitian ini mengungkap proses-proses fonologis yang terjadi. Proses fonologis yang dibahas meliputi proses fonologis leksikal dan pascaleksikal. Sebelas kaidah fonologis yang dibacarakan membahas proses fonologi leksikal, yakni: 1) KF Asimilasi Nasal /ŋ-/; 2) KF Pelesapan Obstruen; 3) KF Penambahan [n]; 4) KF Penambahann [h]; 5) KF Penambahan Nasal; 6) KF Penambahan Semivokal; 7) KF Penambahan Vokal; 8) KF Pengenduran Vokal; 9) KF Pembulatan Vokal /a/; 10) KF Pembulatan Vokal /ə/; dan 11) KF Glotalisasi Konsonan. Lima kaidah fonologis pascaleksikal yang dibagi menjadi tiga bagian. Kaidah fonologis yang diakibatkan karena adanya klitik dalam BBDU, yakni: 12) KF Penambahan konsonan [n]; 13) KF Penambahan konsonan [n]; dan 14) KF Pengenduran Vokal /u/. Kaidah fonologis pada kata-kata tanya pada BBDU, yakni 15) KF: Penambahan vokal. Kaidah fonologis yang terjadi pada kata-kata yang menyatakan arah mata angin, yakni 16) KF: Penambahan Suku Kata /su/.

While considerable swathes of the phonology and morphology of proto-languages have been reconstructed using the comparative method, syntax has lagged behind. Jeffers (1976) and Lightfoot (2002a), among others, have questioned whether syntax can be reconstructed at all, claiming that a fundamental problem exists in applying the techniques of phonological reconstruction to syntax. Others, such as Harris & Campbell (1995) and, following them, Barðdal & Eythórsson (2012), have claimed that the problem does not arise in their frameworks. This paper critically examines the isomorphism between phonological and syntactic reconstruction, made possible by an ‘item-based’ view of syntactic variation as assumed within Minimalist theories of syntax as well as Construction Grammar and others. A case study dealing with the ‘middle voice’ suffix -sk in early North Germanic is presented in support of the approach. While the conclusion drawn is not as pessimistic as that of Lightfoot (2002a), it is argued that the ‘correspondence problem’ is real and that reconstruction of syntax is therefore necessarily more difficult, and speculative, than that of phonology. Resume Si des pans entiers de la phonologie et de la morphologie des proto-langues ont pu etre reconstruits grace a la methode comparative, la syntaxe est restee, elle, peu touchee. Jeffers (1976) et Lightfoot (2002a), entre autres, ont emis des doutes sur la possibilite de reconstruire veritablement toute syntaxe, avancant un probleme fondamental dans l’application a la syntaxe des techniques de la reconstruction phonologique. D’autres, tels que Harris & Campbell (1995), et, par la suite, Barddal & Eythorsson (2012), ont fait valoir que ce probleme ne survenait pas dans leur systeme. Nous faisons ici un examen critique de l’isomorphisme entre les reconstructions phonologique et syntaxique, en nous appuyant sur la vision ‘par item’ de la variation syntaxique telle qu’elle est concue dans le cadre des theories de la syntaxe du programme minimaliste, des grammaires de construction et de bien d’autres encore. Afin d’etayer cette demarche, nous presentons une etude de cas portant sur le suffixe -sk en vieux scandinave. Si nous n’en tirons pas une conclusion aussi pessimiste que celle de Lightfoot (2002a), nous n’en pensons pas moins que ‘le probleme de la correspondance’ est bel et bien reel, et que, necessairement, la reconstruction de la syntaxe est plus difficile et plus conjecturale que celle de la phonologie. Zusammenfassung Wahrend die Phonologie und Morphologie von Proto-Sprachen zu einem bemerkenswert grosen Teil unter Anwendung der komparativen Methode rekonstruiert worden sind, hinkt die Syntax hinterher. Nicht nur Jeffers (1976) und Lightfoot (2002a) haben Bedenken daruber geausert, ob Syntax uberhaupt rekonstruiert werden kann, da es problematisch sei, Techniken, die fur die phonologische Rekonstruktion entwickelt wurden, auf die Syntax anzuwenden. Andere Forscher wie Harris & Campbell (1995) sowie Barddal & Eythorsson (2012) haben behauptet, dass dieses Problem in ihrem Framework nicht auftauche. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird die Isomorphie zwischen phonologischer und syntaktischer Rekonstruktion einer kritischen Prufung unterzogen. Ermoglicht wird dies durch eine ‘Item-basierte’ Sicht auf die syntaktische Variation, wie sie beispielsweise innerhalb minimalistischer und konstruktionsgrammatischer Syntaxtheorien und vergleichbaren Ansatzen vertreten wird. Eine Fallstudie zum Suffix -sk im fruhen Nordgermanischen wird zugunsten dieser Herangehensweise angefuhrt. Obwohl die Schlussfolgerung nicht so pessimistisch ausfallt wie diejenige von Lightfoot (2002a), ergibt sich doch, dass das ‘Korrespondenzproblem’ tatsachlich existiert und dass die Rekonstruktion der Syntax daher notwendigerweise schwieriger und spekulativer ist als die der Phonologie.

SUMMARY Generative phonology comes out of phonemic and morphonemic theory, except that it gives up the phonemic level. Since the early 1970s, a number of attempts have been made to bring the phoneme back. One of the earliest and strongest was that of Schane (1971). His claim was that features which are phonemic in some enviornments but nonphonemic in others tend to get lost in the latter but are preserved and accentuated in the former. We find a number of conceptual and factual problems with Schane's case. Most importandy, the phonemic/nonphonemic distinction is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for feature loss in the examples cited by Schane or in other parallel cases. In the article, we give a different explanation of these phenomena: feature loss, like all sound change, is determined by phonetic conditions and not formal ones (such as the phonemic/nonphonemic distinction). This, together with other arguments given in various publica-tions, supports our theory of 'broad phonology'. RÉSUMÉ La phonologie generative trouve ses sources dans les théories phoné-mique et morphophonémique, mais elle abandonne le niveau phonémique. Au debut des années 70 certaines tentatives ont été faites pour reintroduire la notion du phonème. Une des premières et des plus fortes est celle de Schane (1971). Son argument est que les traits qui sont phonémiques dans un certain environnement et qui ne le sont pas dans un autre, ont tendance a disparaître dans le dernier cas mais sont preservés, même exaggérés dans le premier. Nous montrons un nombre de problèmes conceptuels et factuels dans la démonstration de Schane. Le plus important est que la distinction entre le statut phonémique et non-phonémique n'est une condition ni nécessaire ni suffisante de la disparition des traits dans les cas cités par Schane ou dans d'autres cas semblables. Dans l'article nous donnons une autre explication de ces phénomènes: la disparition des traits, comme tout changement phonétique, est déterninée par des conditions phonétiques et non pas formelles (comme suggérée par la distinction phonémique/non-phonémique). Ceci, couplé avec d'autres observations présentées dans nombre d'autres études, nous offrent un bon argument en faveur de notre théorie d'une 'phonologie de grande envergure'. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die generative Phonologie ist eine Tochter der phonemischen und mor-phophonemischen Theorie, mit der Einschränkung, daB sie die phonemische Ebene aufgibt. Seit den frühen siebziger Jahren sind eine Reihe von Versuchen unternommen worden, das Konzept des Phonems wiedereinzufiihren. Einer der ersten und folgenreichsten war der Schanes dJ. 1971. Er behauptete, daB Eigenschaften, die in einigen Umgebungen phonemisch sind, jedoch nicht-phonemisch in anderen, neigten im letzteren Fall dazu, verloren zu gehen, während sie im ersteren starker betont wurden. Eine Reihe von faktischen und konzeptuellen Problemen mit Schanes Argumentation werden aufgezeigt, ins-besondere, daB die phonemisch/nichtphonemische Unterscheidung weder eine notwendige, noch eine hinreichende Bedingung ist zur Erklärung der Bei-spiele, die Schane anführt, oder solcher, die àhnliche Fälle aufweisen. Statt dessen wird eine andere Erklärung dieser Phänomene gegeben, nâmlich daB der Verlust von bestimmter Eigenschaften, wie im Lautwandel generell, von phonetischen Bedingungen herruhrt, und nicht formalen Gründen (wie etwa die Unterscheidung zwischen phonemisch und nicht-phonemisch). Zusammen mit Beobachungen, die in anderen Veröffentlichungen analysiert worden sind, wird hier das Argument für eine 'breite Phonologie' geführt.

This article describes the basic aspects of the phonology of Jumjum, a littleknown Western Nilotic language. The treatment includes syllable structure and word shapes, vowels and vowel harmony, consonants and consonant assimilation, and tones and tonal processes.

This article describes the basic aspects of the phonology of Kurmuk, a previously undescribed language belonging to the Northern Burun subbranch of the Western Nilotic family. After a morpho syntactic overview, the treatment of the phonology includes syllable structure and word shapes, vowels and vowel alternation, consonants and consonant alternation, and tones and tonal processes.

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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} --> <!--[endif] --> <!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "ＭＳ 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Two problematic trends have dominated modern phonological theorizing: over-reliance on machinery of Universal Grammar, and reification of functional properties in grammar. The former trend leads to arbitrary postulation of grammatical principles because UG “has no cost”, which leads to a welter of contradictory and unresolvable claims. The latter trend amounts to rejection of phonology and indeed grammatical computation, as a legitimate independent area of scientific investigation. This paper outlines Formal Phonology, which is a metatheoretical approach rooted in an inductive epistemology, committed to seriously engaging the fundamental logic of the discipline, one which demands justification of claims and an integrated consideration of what is known about phonological grammars, eschewing <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ad libitum</em> conjectures and isolated positing of novel claims without evaluating how the claim interacts with other aspects of phonology. Debate over the proper mechanism for apparent segment-transparency in harmony, or the binary vs. privative nature of features, is ultimately doomed if we do not have a clear awareness of what a “grammar” and a “phonology” are. Misconstruing the nature of a phonology as being a model of observed behavior negatively affects theoretical choices, leads to confusion over what could motivate a claim about the nature of grammar, and in general, a lack of developed epistemological foundation leads to confusion over how to approach theory-construction.</span><!--EndFragment-->

The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce a recent advance in phonological theory, “nonlinear phonology,” which differs fundamentally from previous theories by focusing on the hierarchical nature of relationships among phonological units. We first introduce the basic concepts and assumptions of nonlinear phonological theory and then demonstrate clinical applications of the theory for assessment and intervention. Data from a child with a severe phonological disorder are used to illustrate aspects of nonlinear theory. The data are first analyzed in terms of phonological processes in order to provide the readers with a familiar starting point for comprehension and comparison. The nonlinear frameworks are shown to provide a deeper analysis of the child’s phonological system than the phonological process analyses and to lead to a more clearly defined intervention plan.

Phonological principles and procedures provide a framework for identifying broad deviation patterns and for expediting intelligibility gains. The number of clinicians currently incorporating phonological research findings in their assessment and remediation procedures, however, is rather small. In this article, possible factors that may have deterred clinicians from employing phonological constructs are explored, and phonological assessment and remediation issues, principles, and practices are discussed. In addition, underlying concepts and target patterns that have helped expedite intelligibility gains are explained.