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1
McLaughlin, M. J., D. P. Stevens, D. G. Keerthisinghe, J. W. D. Cayley, and A. M. Ridley. "Contamination of soil with fluoride by long-term application of superphosphates to pastures and risk to grazing animals." Soil Research 39, no. 3 (2001): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00036.
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Fluoride (F) is an impurity in phosphatic fertilisers and significant amounts of F will be added to soils with long-term application of phosphatic fertiliser to soil. There is a risk that F concentrations in soil may increase to levels toxic to plants or grazing animals. If F added to soil remains in the upper soil profile, due to high reactivity with soil, grazing animals could increase their intake of F through inadvertent ingestion of F-enriched soil. This study determined the distribution of F in the soil profile of medium (>8 years) and long-term permanent pastures (>50 years) where F had been applied as an impurity in phosphatic fertiliser, and assessed the potential bioavailability of fertiliser F in soil. Long-term application of superphosphate was linked to increased concentrations of the more soluble fraction of F in soil. The more soluble F fraction in the soil surface led to increased F concentrations in herbage (from 11 to 22 mg F/kg). Fluoride concentrations in herbage were not high enough to be toxic to plants or grazing animals. Fluoride applied as an impurity in phosphatic fertiliser was generally found to accumulate in the upper soil profile (0–6 cm depth). Such increases could also increase F ingestion by ruminants through incidental soil ingestion while grazing. The risk of fluorosis to grazing animals is low at present, but with continued application of fertiliser to soil containing high concentrations of F, and depending on the bioavailability of fertiliser-derived F in soil, we estimate that fluorosis may become an issue in the next 25–50 years in highly fertilised pasture soils.
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Turner, J., and Marcia J. Lambert. "Long-term growth responses to phosphatic fertilisers in aPinus radiataplantation." Australian Forestry 78, no. 4 (August 17, 2015): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2015.1071679.
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Bolan, N. S., and M. J. Hedley. "Developments in some aspects of reactive phosphate rock research and use in New Zealand." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 8 (1997): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96104.
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Summary. There has been over 50 years of use and research into the agronomic effectiveness of reactive phosphate rocks (RPR) directly applied to New Zealand pastures. In recent years RPR-carrying fertilisers made up about 16% of phosphatic fertiliser sales in the North Island of New Zealand. Most is applied, as maintenance fertiliser, to hill country sheep and beef farms. Use has been recommended on soils with pH <6 and in annual rainfall regimes >800 mm. This is based on the poor performance of Sechura phosphate rock in summer dry areas receiving <750 mm of rainfall annually. Phosphate rocks that have more than 30% of their total phosphate soluble in 2% citric acid have been classed as ‘reactive’ and suitable for direct application. More recent research indicates that extraction with 2% formic acid, or a dissolution test performed in a simulated soil solution at a fixed pH, will provide improved measures of RPR quality. Field trials, undertaken by the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries [MAF; now AgResearch Crown Research Institute (CRI)] and others, to evaluate the relative agronomic effectiveness of RPR versus soluble P fertilisers in adequate to marginally P-deficient soils have proven to be a painstaking task. Long periods (3–6 years) of fertiliser withdrawal were required for pasture growth on some soils to become significantly responsive to applied P. Only then did differences between P sources become significant. This problem has encouraged efforts to relate measurements of the extent of RPR dissolution in soils to their agronomic effectiveness. Three main modelling approaches have been used to achieve this objective: Kirk and Nye (1986a, 1986b, 1986c); Sinclair et al. (1993a); and Watkinson (1994b). These models are reviewed and their explanation of RPR dissolution in mowing trials tested. Components of each model have then been combined to produce models to predict the agronomic effectiveness of RPR. The development of P tests for soils receiving RPR-containing fertilisers is reviewed. Separate Olsen P test–yield response calibration curves are required for soils fertilised with soluble P fertilisers and soils fertilised with sparingly soluble P sources or soluble P in the presence of heavy lime applications. Whereas alkaline P tests such as Olsen or Colwell underestimate the amount of plant-available P in these soils, acid P tests such as Bray 1 are likely to overestimate the available P. Tests involving cation and anion exchange resin membranes appear to be more appropriate for soils with unknown histories of soluble P and RPR use and may permit the use of single calibration curves. Trends observed in Olsen P soil test values, from farms on the North Island of New Zealand that have a history (3–15 years) of RPR use are presented. A predictive dissolution model is used to explain these trends but it is evident that spatial and temporal variation in soil test results on farmers’ paddocks will be a major constraint to the precision to which this or similar models may be used. The model, however, may provide the basis for sound advice on the strategic use of RPR for direct application to New Zealand pasture soils. It may prove useful in explaining the variation in RPR effectiveness in a wider range of climates and soils.
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Nash, David M., and David J. Halliwell. "Fertilisers and phosphorus loss from productive grazing systems." Soil Research 37, no. 3 (1999): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s98087.
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This paper reviews phosphorus loss from productive high rainfall grazing systems. In particular it describes the processes occurring when phosphatic fertilisers are added to soil, the different pathways through which fertiliser and other nutrient sources may contribute to phosphorus losses, and an evaluation of the management strategies aimed at minimising phosphorus loss. It is now generally accepted that soil is not an endless sink for phosphorus uptake and that at the landscape scale the highest concentrations of phosphorus loss occur in surface runoff, followed by macropore flow and vertical matrix flow. However, loads of phosphorus lost through these pathways are unknown. The development of an understanding of the transport mechanisms and phosphorus species being transported is fundamental to developing management strategies that are effective in decreasing phosphorus losses from grazing systems.
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McLaughlin, M. J., P. G. Simpson, M. K. Smart, N. Fleming, D. P. Stevens, and G. Cozens. "Effect of fertiliser type on cadmium and fluorine concentrations in clover herbage." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 8 (1997): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96117.
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Summary. This study investigated whether changing phosphatic fertiliser type affects the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and fluorine (F) in pasture herbage. North Carolina phosphate rock, and partially acidulated fertilisers derived from this rock, generally have higher Cd and F concentrations compared with single superphosphate currently manufactured in Australia. Clover herbage from sites of the National Reactive Phosphate Rock trial was collected and analysed for concentrations of Cd (11 sites) and F (4 sites). A comparison was made between pastures fertilised with 4 rates of single superphosphate, North Carolina phosphate rock, and partially acidulated phosphate rock having Cd concentrations of 283, 481 and 420 mg/kg P respectively, and F concentrations of 170, 271 and 274 g/kg P respectively. One site used Hamrawein (Egypt) phosphate rock (HRP) having a Cd and F concentration of 78 mg Cd/kg P and 256 g F/kg P respectively. To help identify differences in herbage Cd concentrations between sites, unfertilised soils from each site were analysed for total and extractable Cd contents. At one site Cd concentrations in bulk herbage (clover, grasses and weeds) were related to infestation of the pasture by capeweed (Arctotheca calendula L. Levyns). There were no significant differences between F in herbage from plots fertilised with either single superphosphate, partially acidulated phosphate rock or North Carolina phosphate rock, or between sites. Concentrations of F in herbage were low, generally less than 10 mg/kg. However, there were large differences in Cd concentrations in herbage between sites, while differences between fertiliser treatments were small in comparison. The site differences were only weakly related to total or extractable (0.01 mol CaCl2/L) Cd concentrations in soil. Significant differences in Cd concentrations in clover due to fertiliser type were found at 5 sites. North Carolina phosphate rock treatments had significantly higher Cd concentrations in clover compared with single superphosphate at 2 sites. Partially acidulated phosphate rock treatments had significantly higher Cd concentrations in clover compared with single superphosphate at 4 sites. At the site where Hamrawein was tested, this treatment had significantly lower Cd concentrations in clover compared with both single superphosphate and North Carolina phosphate rock treatments.
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Chaudhry, M. Ghaffar, and Shamim A. Sahibzada. "Agricultural Input Subsidies in Pakistan: Nature and Impact." Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 4II (December 1, 1995): 711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v34i4iipp.711-722.
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Pakistan has a history of subsidising agricultural inputs. Although none of the agricultural inputs were subsidised during the early 1950s, the process was initiated in the second half of the decade by subsidising chemical fertilisers in order to popularise their use [Niaz (1984)]. The list of subsidised inputs and the rate structure of the subsidies were expanded considerably throughout the Sixties. Towards the end of the Sixties, it was noted that almost all the agricultural inputs including fertilisers, insecticides, seeds, irrigation water, tubewell installations, and the operation and purchase of tractors and tractor-related equipment were subsidised in one form or another [Aresvik (1967) and Kuhnen (1989)]. In the 1970s, some curtailment of subsidies occurred as a result of input price increases which followed the worldwide recession, a major oil shock, the credit crunch, the war with India, and the consequent steep devaluation of Pakistani Rupee [Chaudhry (1982)]. Although the subsidies had survived the onslaught of the Seventies and tended to persist on most inputs, the government became totally committed to their removal beginning with the 1980s, under pressures from the IMF and the World Bank [Government of Pakistan (1980)]. As a consequence, there was a total withdrawal of subsidy from seeds, insecticides, tubewells, and tractors. A phased-out withdrawal of fertiliser subsidy, culminating in 1984-85 in the case of nitrogenous fertilisers and in 1989-90 in the case of phosphatic and potash fertilisers, was also to be undertaken [World Bank (1986)].
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Penm, Jammie H., and David P. Vincent. "SOME ESTIMATES OF THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR PHOSPHATIC AND NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS." Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics 31, no. 1 (April 1987): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8489.1987.tb00461.x.
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Loganathan, P., and M. J. Hedley. "Downward movement of cadmium and phosphorus from phosphatic fertilisers in a pasture soil in New Zealand." Environmental Pollution 95, no. 3 (1997): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(96)00142-x.
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Rama Rao, S. V., and V. Ramasubba Reddy. "Relative bio-availability and utilisation of phosphatic fertilisers as sources of phosphorus in broilers and layers." British Poultry Science 44, no. 1 (March 2003): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0007166031000085274.
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Jones, HR. "Effect of different phosphatic fertilisers applied at sowing on the survival of inoculated Rhizobium trifolii and on the nodulation of clover." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 4 (1986): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860437.
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Dical-super, a new phosphatic fertiliser, had little or no effect on the survival of rhizobia when the fertiliser was mixed with inoculated seed of subterranean clover. Superphosphate reduced rhizobial survival when the inoculated seed was not protected by a seed coating of lime. When dical-super was sown in rows with inoculated clover seed into very acid soil (pH 4.6, 1:5, soil:water) additional lime (in the form of a lime coating on the seed) was needed to ensure good nodulation of the clover. When sown in a less acid soil (pH 5.3) no lime was needed. When superphosphate was the fertiliser applied at sowing, additional lime, as fertiliser and/or lime pelleting of the seed, was needed to obtain a high number of nodulated plants in the very acid soil. Lime pelleting only was needed in a less acid soil to obtain good crown nodulation.
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Riley, IT. "Phosphorus nutrition of large-seeded chickpea cv. Macarena (Cicer arietinum) in the Ord River Irrigation Area, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 6 (1994): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940797.
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The phosphorus (P) nutrition of largeseeded chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cv. Macarena grown on Cununurra clay in the Ord River Irrigation Area was studied in field trials and by sampling commercial crops. Response to applied and residual P on a previously uncropped site (site 1) was examined over 2 growing seasons and to applied P on a site with a history of cropping (site 2) in 1 season. At site 1, yield increased with application of up to 50 kg P/ha in the first year and 100 kg P/ha in the second year. There was no significant response in the second year to the P applied in the previous season, probably because of rapid fixation of P in Cununurra clay. At site 2, with a residual soil P level of 24 �g/g (HCO3), no growth response to applied P was observed. The survey of commercial crops included determination of P in soil, foliage, and seed, and the recording of phosphatic fertilisers applied. The data indicate that excessive P fertiliser is applied to many chickpea crops, with only a few crops being inadequately supplied.
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Hocking, P. J., and M. J. McLaughlin. "Genotypic variation in cadmium accumulation by seed of linseed, and comparison with seeds of some other crop species." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, no. 4 (2000): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99124.
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The accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in plants is a health issue because a range of grain and vegetable crops can accumulate levels of Cd that are in excess of limits set by the World Health Organization and individual countries. Many Australian agricultural soils used to produce confectionery linseed have a history of intensive use of Cd-contaminated phosphatic fertilisers and this, combined with soil properties such as high chloride salinity, can result in enhanced availability of Cd to crops. We investigated genotypic variation in Cd accumulation in seed of 17 linseed and Linola (termed linseed) lines from Australia and elsewhere in a glasshouse study using a soil from southern Australia that had a history of the application of Cd-contaminated phosphatic fertiliser. Canola, Indian mustard, lupins, and wheat were also included in the study for comparison. Under the experimental conditions, Cd concentrations in seed of all but one of the linseed lines exceeded the maximum permitted concentration (MPC) of 250 µg/kg for confectionery linseed traded on the international market. There was a 2.3-fold variation in seed Cd concentrations between all the linseed lines (range, 233–545 µg/kg). Linseed lines from Australia and overseas were equally capable of accumulating Cd in seed. Brown-seeded and golden-seeded lines accumulated similar concentrations of Cd. Canola, Indian mustard, lupins, and wheat accumulated about 10-fold lower concentrations of Cd in seed than linseed, and did not exceed Australian or other MPCs. There was little difference in Cd concentrations between the seed and de-seeded capsules of linseed, but a large difference in Cd concentration between the seed and de-seeded fruit parts of the other crops. The mean seed to de-seeded fruit part Cd concentration ratio for linseed was 0.87 : 1 compared with a ratio of 0.35 : 1 for the other crops, suggesting that linseed has comparatively ineffective barriers discriminating against the transport of Cd to seed. Analysis of seed lots of confectionery linseed sampled from a grain receival depot showed that seed lots from farms in Victoria (range 140–560 µg Cd/kg) had 5-fold greater Cd concentrations than those from farms in New South Wales (range 20–160 µg/kg). This is presumably due to a more intensive history of the application of Cd-contaminated phosphatic fertiliser to pastures and crops in Victoria, as well as differences in environmental and soil conditions.
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Manoharan, V., P. Loganathan, RL Parfitt, and RW Tillman. "Changes in soil solution composition and aluminium speciation under legume based pastures in response to long term phosphate fertiliser applications." Soil Research 34, no. 6 (1996): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960985.
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This study describes some of the effects of 8 years of annual application of 6 types of phosphatic fertilisers on the chemical composition and aluminium (Al) speciation in soil solution extracted from a soil under pasture. Soil samples at 2 depths, 0-30 and 30-75 mm, were collected at the end of 8 years. Soil solutions were extracted by centrifuging at 12 000 RCF and analysed for Al, Na, K, Ca, Mg, F, NO3, Cl, and SO4, as well as pH and ionic strength. Soil and soil solution pH were significantly increased at both depths by application of North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) compared with the control. In contrast, diammonium phosphate (DAP) significantly decreased the soil and solution pH. Single superphosphate (SSP) did not have any significant effect on soil or solution pH compared with the untreated control. The surface soil (0-30 mm) solution pH was on average 0.6 of a unit higher than the subsurface soil (30-75 mm) solution pH. Total monomeric Al concentration [Al], measured by the pyrocatecol violet (PCV; 4 min) method, ranged from 1.5 to 4.8 �M in the surface soil and 2.5 to 12.2 �M in the subsurface soil. The DAP and higher rates of SSP application resulted in a large increase in total and inorganic monomeric [Al] in the soil solution extracted from the subsurface soil. Total soluble [F] ranged from 2.7 to 23.5 �M and 3.2 to 25.6 �M in the surface and subsurface soils, respectively, and was significantly increased by the application of NCPR and by higher rates of SSP. The predominant forms of inorganic monomeric Al present in the soil solution were estimated to be the non-phytotoxic Al-F complexes, AlF2+, and AlF2+. There was a marked decrease in toxic Al species (Al3+, Al(OH)2+, Al(OH)2+) in soil solution following NCPR and SSP application. This was due primarily to complexation of Al with F derived from these fertilisers forming non-toxic AI-F complexes. The results suggest that the long-term application of reactive phosphate rock such as NCPR may contribute to amelioration of soil acidity and Al toxicity under legume-based pastures. In contrast ammonium-containing phosphate fertilisers such as DAP probably decrease soil pH and increase the formation of toxic Al species in the soil solution.
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Weggler-Beaton, K., M. J. McLaughlin, and R. D. Graham. "Salinity increases cadmium uptake by wheat and Swiss chard from soil amended with biosolids." Soil Research 38, no. 1 (2000): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99028.
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Soil salinity has been shown to significantly increase cadmium (Cd) concentrations in crops grown on soils fertilised with phosphatic fertilisers containing Cd. However, the effect of soil salinity on plant availability of Cd derived from biosolids is unknown. This paper reports the influence of increasing chloride (Cl) (NaCl) concentrations in soil solution on the phytoavailability of Cd in soils amended with biosolids (equivalent to 50 t/ha). Wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Halberd) and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris cv. Foodhook Giant) were grown in biosolids-amended soil and watered daily with a dilute NaCl solution (0–27.4 mМ). After 30 days, plant shoots were analysed for Cd and soil solution was displaced. Major cations and anions in soil solution were determined and Cd speciation was calculated with the computer program GEOCHEM-PC. Cadmium concentrations in soil solution and shoots of wheat and Swiss chard plants increased linearly with increasing Cl concentration in soil solution of the biosolids-amended soil. The activity of CdCl+ species correlated best with the Cd uptake of both plant species. Increases in shoot Cd concentrations were unrelated or only weakly correlated to the activity of the free Cd2+ ion in solution. It was concluded that chloro-complexation of Cd increased the phytoavailability of Cd in biosolids-amended soil.
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Bolland, MDA, RJ Gilkes, and MFD' Antuono. "The effectiveness of rock phosphate fertilisers in Australian agriculture: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 5 (1988): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880655.
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Plant responses to apatite rock phosphates and Calciphos, a calcined calcium iron-aluminium rock phosphate fertiliser, have been measured in many pot and field experiments in Australia, but there is no consistent view of the agronomic effectiveness of these fertilisers. Quantitative indices of the effectiveness of freshly applied rock phosphates relative to freshly applied superphosphate (relative effectiveness or RE values) have been calculated from the data for 164 Australian pot and field experiments on the basis of the substitution value of the rock phosphates for superphosphate. RE values range from <0.1 to 2.5, with the mean value for apatite rock phosphates being 0.26 compared with 0.42 for Calciphos. Statistical analysis of the data demonstrate that variations in RE values were primarily due to systematic differences in experimental design and fertiliser solubility, and not to differences in soil pH, plant species, the capacity of the soil to adsorb P and mean annual rainfall. All RE values >0.4 were obtained from experiments in which only 1 or 2 levels of fertiliser were applied to soils that were poorly responsive to applied P; thus it was not possible to define the complete response curves required to obtain precise values of RE. In most cases, RE values were < 0.4 for experiments in which several levels of fertiliser P were applied to highly P-responsive soils so that complete response curves were defined and precise values of RE estimated. The effectiveness of previously applied rock phosphate (i.e, residual value) remained low and approximately constant for several years after application, being 5-30% as effective as freshly applied superphosphate for the various experiments. The corresponding average value of the relative effectiveness of superphosphate declined by 40% in the first year after application, by a further 15% in the second year, and by a further 30% over the remaining 6 years. However, the magnitude of these declines in relative effectiveness differed substantially between individual sites. The residual value of both the superphosphate and rock phosphate fertilisers appears not to have been systematically influenced by soil type, soil pH, the capacity of the soil to adsorb P, mean annual rainfall, and whether the fertilisers were topdressed or were incorporated. However, there is a need for additional experiments to investigate the influence of these factors on fertiliser effectiveness. It is concluded that, on the basis of published data, rock phosphate fertilisers cannot be regarded as economic substitutes for fertilisers containing water-soluble P for most agricultural applications in Australia. This is because, relative to freshly applied superphosphate, the fertiliser effectiveness of rock phosphates is low in the year of application and it remains low in subsequent years so that uneconomical, very high rates of application of rock phosphate are required.
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Afzal, Shahzad, Mohammad Younas, and Khadim Hussain. "Physical and chemical characterisation of the agricultural lands of the Soan - Sakesar Valley, Salt Range, Pakistan." Soil Research 37, no. 6 (1999): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr98097.
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Soil samples (depth, 0–20 cm) from the Soan–Sakesar Valley were analysed for a variety of parameters: pH, electrical conductivity (ECe), alkalinity, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4, Li, B, and NO3 in saturation extracts; organic carbon (C), NaHCO3-extractable phosphorus (P), and total P in whole soil; and mineralogical investigations in whole-soil and separated clay fractions. A Principal Component Analysis was carried out on the correlation matrix (i.e. on standardised attributes) and soil samples were subdivided into salinity groups. The mean ECe levels of Groups 1–4 were 1.27, 2.75, 2.07, and 5.67 dS/m, respectively; the corresponding sodium adsorption ratios were 5.36, 7.9, 15.7, and 29.6 mmol0.5, respectively. In these soil groups, suitable crops were suggested on the basis of their salt tolerance and the salinity of the irrigation water. The low availability of P from phosphatic fertilisers and farmyard manure as a result of fixation by calcite, which is present in these soils to the extent of 7.8–15.2%, resulted in a lower yield of grain crops (wheat and maize). On the other hand, higher application rate of nitrogen (N) fertilisers together with farmyard manure to irrigated crops and vegetables resulted in N leaching from the crop rooting zone into groundwater. The soils investigated had mixed clay mineralogy with a dominance of chlorite, illite, and kaolinite, whereas major non-clay minerals are predominantly albite, calcite, and quartz.
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Rogers, David, David Weaver, Robert Summers, Eric Dobbe, Ronald Master, Robert McFerran, Graham Mussell, et al. "Critical phosphorus values from the Better Fertiliser Decisions for Pastures project: early insights from validation trials." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 9 (2021): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20236.
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Phosphatic fertilisers have made grazing in the south-west of Western Australia (WA) viable. However, there is evidence that a large proportion of pasture paddocks exceed soil test critical values at which 95% of maximum yield is achieved as identified in the national Better Fertiliser Decisions for Pasture (BFDP) project. Of 22000 soil samples collected between 2009 and 2020, 56% exceeded the critical value for phosphorus (P), although there were constraints to potassium (K) and sulfur (S) and from soil acidity. Soils with available P exceeding the critical value are expected to lead to excessive losses of P to waterways, resulting in eutrophication. A trial program was established to validate the critical P values from BFDP so that concerns can be addressed about the relevance of these critical P values to WA conditions and to contemporary pasture varieties. Measured relative yields for 19 trials in the first year were mostly within 10% of that predicted from BFDP for soils with a P buffering index (PBI) >10. Soils with PBI <10 had measured relative yields up to 25% greater than predicted by BFDP, suggesting response calibrations for low PBI soils may require adjustment in the BFDP dataset. Some pasture yield gaps occurred when soil pH and P were low. Application of nitrogen (N), K and S almost doubled the yield when P was limiting or sufficient. Agronomic advice and practice should seek to optimise these multiple inputs, thereby optimising P use rather than applying P to levels above the critical value.
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Lottermoser, Bernd G. "Trace metal enrichment in sugarcane soils due to the long-term application of fertilisers, North Queensland, Australia: geochemical and Pb, Sr, and U isotopic compositions." Soil Research 47, no. 3 (2009): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr06178.
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This study aimed to determine whether >80 years of fertiliser application has led to recognisable changes in the trace metal (Cd, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Th, U, Zn) chemistry of topsoils (0–0.10 m) from sugarcane land, northern Queensland, Australia. The metal concentrations of commercial nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilisers currently used in northern Queensland were generally lower than those of phosphate fertilisers and fertiliser blends. Composite topsoil samples (0–0.10 m depth) taken from canelands had higher median Cd, Mo, Pb, Sr, Th, U, and Zn concentrations than topsoils from forested areas of the catchment. Niobium, Ta, and Ti were confirmed as refractory immobile elements and used as reference elements for the evaluation of trace metal enrichments. Bivariate plots of trace metal/immobile element ratios verified that Cd, Mo, Pb, Sr, Th, U, and Zn are enriched in sugarcane soils compared with background forest soils. Isotopic ratios for Pb, Sr, and U highlight that fertilisers, cane soils, and forest soils have isotopically distinct compositions. Phosphate fertilisers currently used in the agricultural industry possess the most radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U, 207Pb/206Pb, and 208Pb/206Pb ratios. Background forest soils have the highest 87Sr/86Sr, 207Pb/206Pb, and 208Pb/206Pb and lowest 234U/238U ratios. By contrast, cane soils exhibit 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb ratios that appear on a mixing line between the isotopically distinct background soils and phosphate fertilisers. Also, cane soils possess 234U/238U ratios similar to phosphate fertilisers. Thus, the application of phosphate fertilisers to canelands has resulted in higher Cd, Mo, Pb, Sr, Th, U, and Zn concentrations and more radiogenic Pb, Sr, and U isotope ratios in cane soils. Trace metal ratios and the Pb, Sr, and U isotopic composition of topsoils and fertilisers are useful tools to recognise fertiliser-derived trace metals in agricultural landscapes.
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Bolland, MDA, MJ Baker, and RJ Lunt. "Effectiveness of superphosphate and crandallite-millisite rock phosphates on a deep, very sandy soil as assessed by plant growth and soil extractable phosphate." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 5 (1987): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870647.
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The initial and residual effectiveness of superphosphate, Christmas Island C-grade ore (C-ore) and 500�C heated (calcined) C-ore (Calciphos) was measured on a deep, very sandy soil near Badgingarra, W.A. Different levels of each fertiliser were applied once only in May 1980. Yields of lupins (1980 and 1983) and subterranean clover (1981) were used to determine the effectiveness of the fertilisers, and in 1986 the residual value of the fertilisers was measured for wheat, oats, and barley, relative to freshly applied superphosphate. Samples of the top 10 cm of soil were collected each January-February for soil tests for P which were compared to plant yields measured in the following spring (Aug.-Dec.). Superphosphate was the most effective fertiliser, though its effectiveness declined by about 50% between years 1 and 2, and by a further 25% between years 2 and 4. C-ore was only about one-tenth as effective as superphosphate in the year of application, and its effectiveness declined by about 40% between years 1 and 2, and by a further 15% between years 2 and 4. Calciphos was about one-fifth as effective as superphosphate in the year of application, and its effectiveness declined by about 40% between years 1 and 2, and remained approximately constant between years 2 and 4. In 1986, the effectiveness of 1980 applied superphosphate was between about one-quarter to one-fifth as effective as freshly applied superphosphate for wheat, oats and barley, and the 1980 applied C-ore and Calciphos were about 15% as effective as freshly applied superphosphate. The amount of P extracted by sodium bicarbonate from soil fertilised with superphosphate decreased by about 50% between years 2 and 3, by a further 20% between years 3 and 4, and by a further 15% between years 4 and 7. For soil treated with Calciphos, the amount of extractable P doubled between years 2 and 3 and thereafter remained approximately constant. Very little P was extracted from soil fertilised with C-ore. Separate calibration curves were required in most cases for the relationship between yield and soil test values for superphosphate and rock phosphate in 1981 and 1983, and for each fertiliser and species in 1986. A substantial amount of superphosphate-added P (50-70%) and about 20% of rock phosphate-added P had leached below 50 cm of the topsoil 6 years after application.
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Stauffer, E., F. V. Andrade, E. S. Mendonça, and J. C. Polidoro. "Enhanced-efficiency phosphate fertilisers, diffusive flux of phosphorus and matric potential in Acrudox." Soil Research 58, no. 3 (2020): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr19233.
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Enhanced-efficiency phosphate fertilisers may play an important role in phosphorus (P) availability in tropical soils by increasing their concentration in solution and enhancing the diffusive flux of P (DFP). This work evaluated the DFP in soil influenced by polymer-coated phosphate fertilisers and organophosphates (enhanced-efficiency phosphate fertilisers) applied to soil, at two matric potentials. The experiment was conducted using a 4 × 2 × 4 + 2 factorial design in which four phosphate fertilisers (conventional monoammonium phosphate (MAP), polymer-coated monoammonium phosphate (POL), pelletised monoammonium phosphate with filter cake (FC) and granulated monoammonium phosphate with swine compost (SC)), two soil water contents corresponding to two matric potentials (–10 and –50 kPa), four anion exchange resin insertion distances (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 cm from the phosphate fertiliser granules) and two control treatments (matric potential of –10 and –50 kPa without fertiliser) were studied across four replicates. Enhanced-efficiency phosphate fertilisers increased the release of P into the soil solution. The values of DFP (nmol m–2 15 days–1) for MAP were in the range of 0.18–48.69, for POL were 0.19–32.20, for FC were 0.17–19.74 and for SC were 0.17–18.50. For –10 and –50 kPa matric potentials, the values ranged within 0.18–43.07 and 0.17–48.69 nmol m–2 15 days–1 respectively. In relation to the distances 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 cm, DFP (nmol m–2 15 days–1) ranged within 17.56–48.69, 0.42–11.39, 0.22–0.57 and 0.17–0.22 respectively. The decrease in the soil water matric potential decreased DFP in the short term for fertilisers with coating technologies compared to MAP. This result indicates that coating technologies hold promise for maintaining DFP over time.
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Zanders, J. M., A. S. Palmer, J. Lee, M. J. Hedley, and R. W. Tillman. "The source and distribution of cadmium in soils on a regularly fertilised hill-country farm." Soil Research 37, no. 4 (1999): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr98080.
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Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in New Zealand pastoral soils is often attributed to application of Cd-containing phosphatic fertiliser. Other sources may, however, contribute to the Cd load of the topsoil, e.g. atmospheric deposition and residues from the clearing and burning of native bush prior to the establishment of pasture. A study was conducted to evaluate the source of Cd to pastoral soils by comparing Cd loads to a 30 cm depth in 2 soil types at 2 pedologically matched sites: one fertilised and the other unfertilised. The Cd load in the fertilised soils (420 and 482 g/ha) was markedly greater than in their unfertilised counterparts (16 and 189 g/ha). A review of local pollution sources discounted atmospheric deposition as a potential source of this additional Cd. Estimates of Cd concentrations in the above-ground biomass of the native bush indicated a Cd store of probably <10 g/ha. Cadmium stores in the native bush and additions of Cd to the topsoil following clearing and burning of native bush were unlikely to account for differences in Cd load between the fertilised and unfertilised sites. Estimates of Cd additions from phosphatic fertiliser comfortably accounted for the difference, and indicated that fertiliser was the main Cd source for these soils.
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Thomas, B. M., and Z. Rengel. "Di-ammonium phosphate and mono-ammonium phosphate improve canola growth when banded in a P-fixing soil compared with triple superphosphate." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 11 (2002): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02023.
Full textAbstract:
Banding of fertiliser may restrict fixation of P by soils and thus improve P fertiliser use efficiency. Using pots that allow soil to be sectioned, we examined the effect of banding triple superphosphate (TSP), mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) on canola (Brassica napus L. cv. 'Karoo') growth and nutrition in P-fixing soils and the pattern of nutrient distribution from these bands. After 28 days, growth of canola fertilised with MAP or DAP was greater than that of canola fertilised with TSP. Nutrient analysis of the shoots indicated that these differences in growth were most likely the result of differences in nitrogen nutrition. Movement of P was greatest from the DAP band. This was attributed to less fixation of P as a result of an increase in the pH surrounding the DAP band that reduced the fixation of P as Al or Fe phosphate. This study showed that canola grew better when fertilised with DAP or MAP; given the greater movement and availability of P and N from the DAP compared with MAP band, the DAP fertiliser would result in the best canola production in this P-fixing soil.
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Ratkowsky, D. A., S. B. Tennakoon, P. W. G. Sale, and P. G. Simpson. "The use of substitution values for characterising fertiliser performance." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 8 (1997): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96107.
Full textAbstract:
Summary. The substitution value, or horizontal comparison between a fertiliser and some high-performing reference fertiliser, is shown to be a powerful and effective means of ranking the performance of various reactive phosphate rock fertilisers relative to a water-soluble phosphate such as a superphosphate. To take account of the variability due to random error in fertiliser field trials, the use of a standardised score, one measuring the relative departure of the substitution value from that expected for the standard fertiliser, is shown to be a suitable statistic for general use. Cluster analyses using these z-scores as input data can lead to appropriate decision making such as, for example, grouping experimental sites into: (i) those which perform as well as water-soluble phosphate, (ii) those which are somewhat worse than water-soluble phosphate, and (iii) those which are much worse than water-soluble phosphate. Substitution values obtained for different reactive phosphate rocks were compared both within and between sites, using appropriate statistical tests of significance. This approach assisted in ranking the performance of the 5 reactive phosphate rocks and the partially acidulated phosphate rock studied in the National Reactive Phosphate Rock Project, and helped predict which ones are likely to be suitable for use in differing environments.
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Scheer, Clemens, David W. Rowlings, Massimiliano De Antoni Migliorati, David W. Lester, Mike J. Bell, and Peter R. Grace. "Effect of enhanced efficiency fertilisers on nitrous oxide emissions in a sub-tropical cereal cropping system." Soil Research 54, no. 5 (2016): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15332.
Full textAbstract:
To meet the global food demand in the coming decades, crop yields per unit area must increase. This can only be achieved by a further intensification of existing cropping systems and will require even higher inputs of N fertilisers, which may result in increased losses of nitrous oxide (N2O) from cropped soils. Enhanced efficiency fertilisers (EEFs) have been promoted as a potential strategy to mitigate N2O emissions and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in cereal cropping systems. However, only limited data are currently available on the use of different EEF products in sub-tropical cereal systems. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three different EEFs on N2O emissions, NUE and yield in a sub-tropical summer cereal cropping system in Australia. Over an entire year soil N2O fluxes were monitored continuously (3h sampling frequency) with a fully-automated measuring system. The experimental site was fertilised with different nitrogen (N) fertilisers applied at 170kgNha–1, namely conventional urea (Urea), urea with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), polymer-coated urea (PCU), and urea with the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin (Nitrapyrin). Nitrous oxide emissions were highly episodic and mainly controlled by heavy rainfall events within two months of planting and fertiliser N application. Annual N2O emissions in the four treatments amounted to 2.31, 0.40, 0.69 and 1.58kgN2O-Nha–1year–1 for Urea, DMPP, PCU and Nitrapyrin treatments, respectively, while unfertilised plots produced an average of 0.16kgN2O-Nha–1year–1. Two of the tested products (DMPP and PCU) were found to be highly effective, decreasing annual N2O losses by 83% and 70%, respectively, but did not affect yield or NUE. This study shows that EEFs have a high potential to decrease N2O emissions from sub-tropical cereal cropping systems. More research is needed to assess if the increased costs of EEFs can be compensated by lower fertiliser application rates and/or yield increases.
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Fleming, N. K., M. D. A. Bolland, and M. A. Gilbert. "Effect of reactive phosphate rocks and water-soluble phosphorus fertilisers on extractable phosphorus concentrations in soil." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 8 (1997): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96116.
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Summary. Soil samples were collected each year from all plots at all sites in the National Reactive Phosphate Rock Project and analysed for bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus (P) using the Colwell procedure (soil test P). The relationship between soil test P and the level of P applied was adequately described by a linear equation. The slope coefficient of this equation provides a measure of the extractability of P from soil treated with a particular fertiliser and has been termed the ‘extractability’ for that particular fertiliser at that site. Extractability values were used to estimate phosphate rock effectiveness; this was done by dividing the extractability for each phosphate rock by the extractability of the reference water-soluble P fertiliser to provide a relative soil extractability (RSE). There was a good agreement between the RSE for a phosphate rock and its substitution value for water-soluble P fertiliser, which is a measure of fertiliser effectiveness based on pasture yield. Estimates of fertiliser effectiveness, based on increases in soil test P values, also agreed with estimates based on pasture yield with respect to the ranking of different P fertilisers, and the ranking of phosphate rocks in order of their reactivity. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify relationships between a range of soil properties and extractability values across sites, but no relationships were found.
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Weatherley, A. J., B. F. Quin, K. B. Dassanayake, and J. S. Rowarth. "Runoff losses from irrigated dairy pastures treated with phosphorus fertilisers of differing solubility in south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 49, no. 7 (2011): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11156.
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In response to increasing concern about environmental quality, water authorities in many countries are imposing legislation limiting phosphorus (P) concentrations in water, which is having an impact on farming practice. This experiment investigated the agronomic effects and runoff losses associated with different forms of P fertiliser applied to an irrigated dairy pasture (soils were Vertic Calcic Red Chromosols; average Olsen P, 50 mg P/kg) in north-central Victoria, Australia. Single superphosphate (SSP), a sulfurised diammonium phosphate, or partially acidulated phosphate rock was surface-applied at 50 kg P/ha in March 2005 to a border-check, flood-irrigated dairy pasture (ryegrass–white clover) ten days before a scheduled irrigation. Dissolved reactive P (DRP) and total P (TP) were measured in runoff from whole bays on one replicate and from microplots on all three replicates for a period of 9 weeks. In all runoff events and all treatments, concentrations of DRP and TP in runoff greatly exceeded water quality guidelines for acceptable limits (0.045 mg P/L). The SSP resulted in significantly higher concentrations of P in runoff than the less water-soluble fertilisers. Even after the fifth irrigation, runoff from all fertilisers still exceeded the control. These results suggest that: (i) P fertilisers should not be applied in high-risk situations as insurance against yield loss; (ii) the current recommendation of withholding irrigation for 3 days after fertiliser application is insufficient to prevent potentially significant losses occurring; and (iii) runoff losses were dependent on the type of fertiliser applied, with a smaller proportion of P applied as sulfurised DAP lost in runoff.
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Bolland, M. D. A., J. S. Yeates, and M. F. Clarke. "Single and coastal superphosphates are equally effective as sulfur fertilisers for subterranean clover on very sandy soils in high rainfall areas of south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 9 (2003): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02168.
Full textAbstract:
To reduce leaching of phosphorus (P) from fertilised pastures to shallow estuaries in the high rainfall (>800 mm annual average) areas of south-western Australia, and to supply extra sulfur (S) for subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in pasture, 'coastal superphosphate' was developed as a possible alternative P and S fertiliser to single superphosphate. Coastal superphosphate is made by adding phosphate rock and elemental S to single superphosphate as it comes out of the den before granulation. It has about 3 times more sulfur (S) and one-third the water-soluble P content than single superphosphate. Four long-term (5-year) field experiments were conducted in south-western Australia to compare the effectiveness of single and coastal superphosphate as S fertilisers for subterranean clover pasture grown on very sandy soils that are frequently S deficient after July each year due to leaching of S from soil. Seven different amounts of S were applied as fertiliser annually. Fertiliser effectiveness was assessed from clover herbage yield and S concentration in dried herbage. Fertiliser nitrogen was not applied in these experiments as this was the normal practice for pastures in the region when the research was conducted.Both coastal and single superphosphates were equally effective per unit of applied S for producing dried clover herbage and increasing S concentration in herbage. Previous research on very sandy soils in the region had shown that coastal superphosphate was equally or more effective per unit of applied P for production of subterranean clover herbage. It is, therefore, concluded that coastal superphosphate is a suitable alternative S and P fertiliser for clover pastures on very sandy soils in the region. The concentration of S in dried clover herbage that was related to 90% of the maximum yield (critical S) was about 0.20–0.35% S during August (before flowering) and 0.15–0.20% S during October (after flowering).
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González, C., B. Fernández, F. Molina, M. A. Camargo-Valero, and C. Peláez. "The determination of fertiliser quality of the formed struvite from a WWTP." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 12 (April 27, 2021): 3041–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.162.
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Abstract Struvite from nutrient-rich wastewaters has been identified as a potential substitute for commercial mineral fertilisers, with the added benefit of reducing threats to global food security by prolonging phosphate rock reserves. A fertilisation test using grass (Brachiaria brizantha Marandú) and a sand column leaching test was conducted to determine the agronomic effectiveness of struvite precipitates produced from the supernatant of dewatered sewage sludge (centrate) from a municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). The performance of this struvite as a fertiliser was compared with biosolids and commercial fertilisers (Urea and Triple15). The results show that the concentration of heavy metals in struvite was lower than in biosolids and below the limits of Colombia and European fertiliser regulations. Struvite increased the uptake of N and P in grass, resulting in crop yields similar to other treatments tested. Struvite use as an effective slow-release fertiliser is highly dependent on the size of crystal particles, particularly in achieving low P losses, but resulted in high N loss in the sand columns tested; N loses from struvite were higher than in the commercial fertilisers due to the struvite small particle size. Therefore, struvite represents a suitable opportunity to recover and recycle nutrients from municipal sewage sludge, facilitating the effective reuse of P and N in agriculture and uptake by plants.
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Jastrzębska, Magdalena, Marta K. Kostrzewska, and Agnieszka Saeid. "Can Phosphorus from Recycled Fertilisers Replace Conventional Sources? An Agronomic Evaluation in Field-Scale Experiments on Temperate Luvisols." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (May 21, 2019): 2086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102086.
Full textAbstract:
Facing phosphate rock scarcity, growing food requirements and pollution problems with phosphorus (P)-containing waste, re-using P as fertiliser is becoming a real need. Innovative fertilisers from sewage sludge ash, animal bones and blood, activated by phosphorus solubilising microorganisms (PSM), were tested in field experiments with winter or spring wheat and compared with commercial fertilisers (superphosphate, phosphorite). Three levels of P doses were established (17.6, 26.4 and 35.2 kg/ha). This paper discusses the fertilisers’ impact on total soil P content and on the P content and P accumulation in wheat grain and straw, weeds and post-harvest residues. Recycled fertilisers maintained soil P stocks and supplied plants with P in the same way as traditional fertilisers, and ensured a comparable P pool in the post-harvest residues to traditional fertilisers. They also did not favour weeds during competitive crop-weed interactions. The PSM included in waste-fertilisers did not exert an evident effect on the soil P content or on the P content and P accumulation in plant biomass. The findings show the potential of recycled fertilisers to act as a substitute to fertilisers from primary sources. Further field research is needed to settle the question of the reasonability of PSM inclusion into fertilisers.
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Lošák, Tomáš, Andrea Zatloukalová, Monika Szostková, Jaroslav Hlušek, Jiří Fryč, and Tomáš Vítěz. "Comparison of the effectiveness of digestate and mineral fertilisers on yields and quality of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea, L.)." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 3 (2011): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159030117.
Full textAbstract:
In a one-year vegetation pot experiment we compared the effect of the digestate from a biogas station and mineral fertilisers on yield and quality parameters of kohlrabi, variety Seguza. Four treatments were used in the trial: 1) untreated control, 2) urea, 3) digestate, 4) urea, triple super phosphate, KCl, MgSO4. The rate of N was the same in treatments 2–4, 1.5 g N/pot. In treatment 4 the rate of P, K and Mg corresponded with the rate of these nutrients in the digestate treatment (3). The weight of single bulbs of the control unfertilised treatment were significantly the lowest (22.9%), as well as the nitrate (6.0%) and ascorbic acid content (66.2%) compared to the urea treatment (100%) and the other fertilised treatments. After the application of the digestate (treatment 3) and mineral fertilisers (treatment 4) the weight of single bulbs significantly increased by 27.9 and 29.2%, respectively, compared to the urea treatment (2). The content of ascorbic acid in the fertilised treatments did not differ (772–789 mg/kg) but it increased significantly compared to the unfertilised treatment (511 mg/kg). There were no significant differences between the two treatments fertilised with mineral fertilisers in the bulb nitrate content (678 and 641 mg NO3−/kg fresh matter, respectively). After digestate application their contents decreased significantly to 228 mg NO3−/kg fresh matter. Digestate treatment resulted in comparable or better yield and qualitative parameters compared to treatment with mineral fertilisers.
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Schefe, C. R., and K. Tymms. "Phased addition of organic and phenolic acids with phosphate fertiliser increases P availability in an acid soil." Soil Research 51, no. 5 (2013): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13126.
Full textAbstract:
The role of carboxylic acids in increasing soil phosphorus (P) availability has been well established, using both organic and phenolic acids. However, the practical application of this knowledge in farming systems is still a developing research area. This study determined the amount of carboxylic acid required per unit P fertiliser for increased solution P concentrations and the optimum order of application, with carboxylic acids applied before (phased addition), or in conjunction with (co-addition), the P fertiliser. Two inorganic P fertilisers (potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KH2PO4; diammonium phosphate, DAP) were applied to an acid soil in conjunction with seven carboxylic acids (oxalic, malic, citric, 4-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, 4-hydroxycinnamic, and caffeic acids) in a series of short-term adsorption and desorption experiments. When the carboxylic acids were applied to soil without P, they all increased solution P concentrations. When applied with P fertiliser, the highest solution P concentrations were measured when solutions of oxalic, citric, or protocatechuic acids were equilibrated with soil before the addition of DAP fertiliser (phased addition). In comparison, phased addition of KH2PO4 fertiliser with malic or citric acids resulted in the greatest potential for subsequent desorption of P from the soil. It is proposed that coating of DAP fertiliser granules with an organic/phenolic acid blend may enhance P fertiliser efficiency in acidic cropping soil through reduced P loss via adsorption onto soil surfaces.
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Fulton, MC, LC Bell, and CJ Asher. "Mineral nutrition of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) grown in replaced soil after bauxite mining at Weipa, Queensland." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 7 (1996): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960905.
Full textAbstract:
The yield potential of cassava with optimal mineral nutrition was evaluated in a lateritic red earth that was replaced after bauxite mining at Weipa, Queensland. There were 9 field experiments. In 8 separate experiments, 5 rates each of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sulfur, copper, zinc (Zn), boron or molybdenum fertilisers were banded into the soil. In the phosphorus (P) experiment, triple superphosphate and rock phosphate were compared, each with 5 rates of P banded, broadcast or spot-placed into the soil. After 2 wet seasons (66 weeks after planting), maximum tuber yields were produced by the banded application of 200 kg P/ha as triple superphosphate, 20 kg Mg/ha and 8 kg Zn/ha. With rock phosphate, only the broadcast placement produced an increase in the yield of cassava, maximum yields being achieved with 400 kg P/ha. In addition, there was evidence that 100 kg N/ha and 300 kg K/ha were needed for maximum yields. Therefore, based on the results of these individual experiments over 2 seasons, 100 kg N/ha, 200 kg P/ha as triple superphosphate or 400 kg P/ha as rock phosphate, 300 kg K/ha, 20 kg Mg/ha and 8 kg Zn/ha are the fertiliser recommendations for cassava grown in replaced soil at Weipa. In addition, early Zn deficiency symptoms (not related to any applied fertilisers) may necessitate a foliar spray of 4 kg Zn/ha as well as the soil-applied Zn fertiliser. However, the use of dolomite at 80 kg Mg/ha may have decreased the tuber yields and/or increased the requirements for certain soil-applied fertilisers. An average yield of 26.0 t/ha of tubers (fresh weight) was obtained with a 51-week growing season, and the recommended rates of fertilisers. This yield was reasonable when compared with 32 t/ha of fresh tubers predicted by a growth model for cassava, grown in North Queensland for 52 weeks without irrigation.
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Oliver, D. P., K. G. Tiller (dec.), A. M. Alston, G. D. Cozens, and R. Naidu. "A comparison of three soil tests for assessing Cd accumulation in wheat grain." Soil Research 37, no. 6 (1999): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99017.
Full textAbstract:
Three extractants, namely ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), CaCl2, and Ca(NO3)2, were compared to assess the relationship between the amounts of cadmium (Cd) extracted from soil and the Cd concentration of wheat grain, with the view to using a soil test for predicting Cd concentrations in grain. The soils used came from 1 glasshouse experiment and 31 field sites sampled over 2 years, and they had received Cd only from historical applications of phosphatic fertilisers. The soils ranged from a heavy clay with a comparatively high carbon content to a sandy soil. The pH values ranged from 4.5 to 7.8. The relationship between Cd concentration in grain and CaCl2- and Ca(NO3)2-extractable soil Cd was variable and for most cases r2 value was <0.6. The use of pH alone to predict Cd concentration in wheat grain was significant (P < 0.05) for all soils used in the glasshouse except the soil with the highest clay content (Inman Valley). In the field experiments, the relationships between Cd concentration in grain and soil pH were significant (P < 0.05) but the r2 values were low, ranging from 0.28 to 0.66. The inclusion of pH and extractable soil Cd (CaCl2- and Ca(NO3)2-extractable) to determine Cd concentration in grain only improved the relationship in one half of the cases in this study. This suggests that there may be little to be gained in prediction of Cd concentration in grain from the use of extractants compared with using soil pH. Soil pH is also an easier, cheaper, and quicker measurement than an extractable soil Cd measurement, particularly in soils with low Cd concentrations where the extraction procedure involves a concentration step. In all cases, grain Cd concentration and EDTA-extractable soil Cd were poorly correlated.
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Schwenke, Graeme D., David F. Herridge, Clemens Scheer, David W. Rowlings, Bruce M. Haigh, and K. Guy McMullen. "Greenhouse gas (N2O and CH4) fluxes under nitrogen-fertilised dryland wheat and barley on subtropical Vertosols: risk, rainfall and alternatives." Soil Research 54, no. 5 (2016): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15338.
Full textAbstract:
The northern Australian grains industry relies on nitrogen (N) fertiliser to optimise yield and protein, but N fertiliser can increase soil fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). We measured soil N2O and CH4 fluxes associated with wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) using automated (Expts 1, 3) and manual chambers (Expts 2, 4, 5). Experiments were conducted on subtropical Vertosol soils fertilised with N rates of 0–160kgNha–1. In Expt 1 (2010), intense rainfall for a month before and after sowing elevated N2O emissions from N-fertilised (80kgNha–1) wheat, with 417gN2O-Nha–1 emitted compared with 80g N2O-Nha–1 for non-fertilised wheat. Once crop N uptake reduced soil mineral N, there was no further treatment difference in N2O. Expt 2 (2010) showed similar results, however, the reduced sampling frequency using manual chambers gave a lower cumulative N2O. By contrast, very low rainfall before and for several months after sowing Expt 3 (2011) resulted in no difference in N2O emissions between N-fertilised and non-fertilised barley. N2O emission factors were 0.42, 0.20 and –0.02 for Expts 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In Expts 4 and 5 (2011), N2O emissions increased with increasing rate of N fertiliser. Emissions were reduced by 45% when the N fertiliser was applied in a 50:50 split between sowing and mid-tillering, or by 70% when urea was applied with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole-phosphate. Methane fluxes were typically small and mostly negative in all experiments, especially in dry soils. Cumulative CH4 uptake ranged from 242 to 435g CH4-Cha–1year–1, with no effect of N fertiliser treatment. Considered in terms of CO2 equivalents, soil CH4 uptake offset 8–56% of soil N2O emissions, with larger offsets occurring in non-N-fertilised soils. The first few months from N fertiliser application to the period of rapid crop N uptake pose the main risk for N2O losses from rainfed cereal cropping on subtropical Vertosols, but the realisation of this risk is dependent on rainfall. Strategies that reduce the soil mineral N pool during this time can reduce the risk of N2O loss.
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Nash, D., M. Hannah, L. Clemow, D. Halliwell, B. Webb, and D. Chapman. "A field study of phosphorus mobilisation from commercial fertilisers." Soil Research 42, no. 3 (2004): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03062.
Full textAbstract:
Fertilisers contribute to phosphorus (P) exported from agricultural catchments in south-eastern Australia. Phosphorus concentrations were initially measured in overland flow caused by rainfall after broadcasting either single superphosphate [SSP, Ca(H2PO4)2] or diammonium phosphate [DAP, (NH4)2HPO4] blends to pastures. In addition, P concentrations in overland flow were measured at intervals down border irrigation bay before and after fertiliser application. The period between fertiliser application and irrigation varied from 1 to 10 days.For the rainfall-induced overland flow, total dissolved P (TDP) concentrations were higher where DAP rather than SSP had been applied. For the irrigation study, sampling position behind the wetting front, irrigation pre and post fertiliser application, and irrigation number post fertiliser application explained 49.7, 20.5, and 15.2% of the total sum of squares, respectively. TDP concentrations were highest in the wetting front and diminished with distance behind the wetting front. For the irrigation before, and 2 irrigations following, fertiliser application, concentrations in the wetting front were 2.3, 17.6, and 6.5 mg TDP/L, respectively. In general, wetting front concentrations were c. 4 times the mean concentrations for the bays. As most P is exported when the wetting front enters the drainage network, sampling behind the wetting front would appear to underestimate P exports. The TDP concentration decreased as the time between fertiliser application and irrigation increased but the effects were variable between farms and fertilisers. Contrary to the rainfall induced overland flow study, in the irrigation study higher TDP concentrations were measured where SSP rather than DAP had been applied. This finding is explained in terms of differing rates of P mobilisation from the 2 fertiliser blends and an interaction with soil hydrology. The rapidly infiltrating water at the wetting front of irrigation-induced overland flow is likely to carry with it P mobilised at, or near, the soil surface and P infiltration will be proportional to mobilisation rates. It is suggested that higher rates of P mobilisation from DAP than SSP would reduce P exports in border irrigation systems where DAP is applied to the soil.
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Buragohain, Smrita, Banashree Sarma, Dhruba J. Nath, Nirmali Gogoi, Ram S. Meena, and Rattan Lal. "Effect of 10 years of biofertiliser use on soil quality and rice yield on an Inceptisol in Assam, India." Soil Research 56, no. 1 (2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr17001.
Full textAbstract:
In the present study, field experiments were performed over 10 consecutive years (2006–15) to assess the effects of biofertiliser and enriched biocompost on soil quality, total organic carbon (TOC) and rice yields in an Inceptisol. Experiments were conducted in a randomised block design with four replicates and five treatments: unfertilised control (T1); recommended doses of inorganic fertiliser (T2); biofertiliser with reduced (50%) inorganic N and P fertilisers (T3); reduced (50%) inorganic N and P fertilisers with 1 t ha–1 enriched biocompost (T4); and reduced (75%) inorganic N and P fertilisers with 2 t ha–1 enriched biocompost (T5). T3 improved soil chemical and biological properties with enhanced soil quality index (40%), total P (23%), total K (42%) and fungal (38%) and bacterial (44%) colony counts. T5 significantly improved the carbon pool index (29%) and available nutrients (N, P and K at rates of 37%, 22% and 10% respectively) and increased soil pH (11%), resulting in a higher sustainable yield index (39%) of rice. Fraction 2 (labile carbon) of TOC, total P, available K, microbial biomass carbon and phosphate-solubilising bacteria were key indicators to assess the suitability of these fertilisers in rice cultivation in north-east India.
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Porter, Ian, David Riches, and Clemens Scheer. "Benchmarking and mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions from manures and fertilisers used in temperate vegetable crops in Australia." Soil Research 55, no. 6 (2017): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr17043.
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This study benchmarked N2O and CO2 emissions in heavily (>1 Nitrogen t annually) manured and fertilised sandy soils in temperate Australia and demonstrated the mitigation of N2O emissions using the nitrification inhibitor (NI) 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP). Three field trials conducted on celery crops from 2014 to 2016 showed that the traditional practice of adding composted chicken manure (4.5–8.0 t ha–1) to the surface of sandy soils produced large spikes in daily emissions of N2O (up to 1860 g ha–1 day–1) and that further spikes occurred with each subsequent fertiliser application. Pre-crop incorporation of manure (8–9 t ha–1) rather than surface application reduced the daily N2O-N emission flux from 1800 to <200 g ha–1 day–1. The use of DMPP, applied to both manures and fertilisers, reduced cumulative N2O emissions during the cropping period by 64–76%, with greater reductions occurring for surface-applied manures and fertilisers. DMPP-treated plots had higher levels of ammonium-N in soil. CO2 emissions were not affected by DMPP, indicating no negative effect on microbial activity. There was no difference in yields or product quality between the standard grower practice plots and plots treated with DMPP at the full or half rate, indicating overuse of N inputs and no negative effects of DMPP. Because N2O emissions were markedly reduced and yields unaffected by lower rates of NI-treated inputs, the use of NIs, particularly with manures, is an excellent cropping practice for these sandy soils to reduce the negative effect of excess N on the environment and to avoid the overuse of fertilisers and manures by growers. This study showed that the cumulative emissions of N2O for celery production over the cropping period using the standard grower practice translated to annual emissions of 27–68 kg N ha–1 year–1, among the highest recorded for Australian crops.
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Shukla, Sushil Kumar, Tarun Adak, Atul Singha, Kailash Kumar, Vinod Kumar Singh, and Achal Singh. "Response Of Guava Trees (Psidium Guajava) To Soil Applications Of Mineral And Organic Fertilisers And Biofertilisers Under Conditions Of Low Fertile Soil." Journal of Horticultural Research 22, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2014-0027.
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AbstractThe goal of this study was to assess the influence of different organic fertilisers - vermicompost, mulching, Azotobacter, phosphate solubilising microbes (PSM) and Trichoderma harzianum added each year to mineral fertilisers containing NPK and to farmyard manure (FYM) on leaf nutrient status, tree growth, fruit yield and quality of guava grown in low fertile soil. The results revealed that vermicompost, bio-fertilisers and organic mulching resulted in yield and fruit quality boosters, as compared to application of NPK and FYM as the only organic fertiliser. Significant differences in plant height, canopy spread and stem girth of guava plants were obtained in combination, where Azotobacter, T. harzianum, PSM and organic mulching were applied. The leaf nutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn) were within sufficient ranges. Fruit yields and quality were highest in combination, where vermicompost, Azotobacter, T. harzianum, PSM and organic mulching was applied. Fruit quality parameters viz. soluble solid concentration, titratable acidity, total sugars and ascorbic acid showed positive correlation with the available macro- and micronutrients in the soil.
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Ratkowsky, D. A., P. W. G. Sale, S. B. Tennakoon, D. Johnson, and P. G. Simpson. "Models for pasture yield in response to phosphate application." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 8 (1997): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96106.
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Summary. This paper examines the response of total annual dry matter production of pastures to a range of rates of phosphate application supplied in fertilisers from various sources. Data from the National Reactive Phosphate Rock Project were used to compare the goodness-of-fit of 2 non-linear regression models, the Mitscherlich and rational functions models, both of which are convex curves lacking an inflection point. These models were fitted to the data from the 2 ‘core experiments’ and tended to give closely equivalent results, with the Mitscherlich model fitting somewhat better in two-thirds of the cases. Generally, both models fitted the data well, with a test for ‘lack of fit’ being non-significant. The models proved capable of fitting all the various responses observed in the 2 experiments, including: (i) the ‘classic’ asymptotic regression response where dry matter production rises gradually with decreasing slope from a baseline at zero added phosphorus to approach an asymptote at very high rates of phosphate application; (ii) a very rapid rise at a low phosphate rate to an almost constant response value with increasing phosphate application; and (iii) an almost linear growth rate with non-zero slope throughout the phosphate application rate range. The Mitscherlich model was generally more stable for the less classical responses, and its parameters were consistently easy to interpret. Hence, the Mitscherlich model is recommended as suitable for describing pasture yield as a function of phosphate application. A new measure of relative fertiliser performance is proposed, based upon the area below the curved line defined by the fitted Mitscherlich curve, which is simultaneously above the horizontal straight line representing the baseline of no added phosphate. The ratio of this area calculated for a test fertiliser to the similarly defined area calculated for a soluble reference fertiliser such as superphosphate serves as a relative performance index. Also, when the area calculated for the reference fertiliser is less than 10% of the total area under the fitted curve, the site is considered to be unresponsive to phosphate addition.
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Schefe, C. R., A. F. Patti, T. S. Clune, and W. R. Jackson. "Organic amendment addition enhances phosphate fertiliser uptake and wheat growth in an acid soil." Soil Research 46, no. 8 (2008): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08035.
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The effect of 2 organic amendments (lignite and compost) on wheat growth and phosphate fertiliser efficiency (triple superphosphate, TSP; di-ammonium phosphate, DAP) in an acid soil was investigated in a glasshouse experiment. Organic amendments were incorporated into the top 40 mm of soil at rates resulting in a 1% and 2.5% increase in soil C, and fertilisers were banded within the seed row at rates equivalent to 5, 10, and 25 kg P/ha. When no P was applied, addition of both organic amendments increased shoot height, with greatest growth recorded in the compost-amended treatments. Addition of organic amendments and P fertiliser resulted in additive effects, with increased shoot height, tiller number, and shoot dry matter (DM) in both the lignite- and compost-amended soils with fertiliser addition. The addition of 1% C resulted in plant growth equal to that measured at a higher rate of addition (2.5% C), resulting in a higher relative efficiency of application. Tissue P uptake was significantly increased when soil amendment was combined with 25 kg P/ha DAP addition. Significant differences in nutrient uptake were also measured for other important plant nutrients. As the addition of organic amendments resulted in increased DM compared with untreated soil per unit of P fertiliser applied, it is feasible that this growth response may translate into increased yield. However, further study is required to define the agronomic and economic feasibility of broad-scale application of such amendments for production gains.
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Sakamoto, Naohisa, Masayuki Tani, Ian A. Navarrete, Masanori Koike, and Kazutaka Umetsu. "Covering dairy slurry stores with hydrophobic fertilisers reduces greenhouse gases and other polluting gas emissions." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 2 (2008): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07267.
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The objectives of this study were to verify the effects of using various types of hydrophobic fertilisers to cover dairy slurry on polluting gas emissions and to evaluate the mechanisms by which the reduction of emissions occurred. The hydrophobic fertilisers were prepared by mixing finely ground chemical fertilisers (SP, superphosphate; CC, calcium carbonate; and AP + AS, a mixture of ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate) with hydrophobic silica (8% w/w) to make the cover moisture-proof and thus able to float on the slurry. Laboratory trials were carried out for 13 days using a pilot scale device. The cumulative volumes of the NH3 and CH4 gases emitted from the digested slurry were considerably higher than those from the raw slurry. In contrast, the volumes of CO2 and H2S gases emitted from the digested slurry were lower than those from the raw slurry. Nitrous oxide was not detected in the present study. The hydrophobic fertilisers composed of SP and AP + AS remarkably reduced the NH3 and CH4 emissions from the digested slurry. None of the fertilisers had an effect on the emissions of CO2 from the raw slurry, but when the digested slurry was covered with the SP and AP + AS fertilisers, an increase in the cumulative volumes of CO2 emissions was induced compared with the control slurry (uncovered), probably due to the relatively high activity of methane-oxidising bacteria. The CC and SP fertilisers were able to reduce the H2S emissions from the raw dairy slurry. The effect of the novel covers on greenhouse gas and other polluting gas emissions varied with the types of chemical fertilisers, depending on acidity or alkalinity, solubility, and the ability to adsorb these gases. The partial dissolution of the nutritional constituents under the hydrophobic fertiliser covering produced changes in the fermentation process of the dairy slurry during storage and consequent gas emissions.
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Lošák, Tomáš, Ludmila Musilová, Andrea Zatloukalová, Monika Szostková, Jaroslav Hlušek, Jiří Fryč, Tomáš Vítěz, Martin Haitl, Eduardo von Bennewitz, and Anna Martensson. "Digestate is equal or a better alternative to mineral fertilization of kohlrabi." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 1 (2012): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260010091.
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In a one-year vegetation pot experiment, we compared the effect of digestate from a biogas station and mineral fertilisers on yield and quality parameters of kohlrabi, variety Segura F1. Four treatments were used in the trial: 1) untreated control, 2) urea, 3) digestate, 4) urea, triple super phosphate, KCl, MgSO4. The N dose was the same in treatments 2–4, 1.5 g N/pot. In treatment 4 the P, K and Mg doses corresponded to those supplied in the digestate treatment (3). The weight of single kohlrabi bulbs in the unfertilised control was significantly lower (36.2%) than in the urea treatment (100%) and the other fertilised treatments. After application of digestate (treatment 3) and mineral fertilisers (treatment 4), the weight of single bulbs significantly increased by 36.2 and 33.6%, respectively, compared with the urea treatment (2). The content of ascorbic acid did not differ between the fertilised treatments (282–301 mg/kg), but was significantly lower than in the unfertilised control (334 mg/kg). There were significant differences between all fertilised treatments (2, 3, 4) in bulb nitrate content (745, 187, 462 mg NO3−/kg fresh matter, respectively). After digestate application the content decreased significantly, to 187 mg NO3−/kg fresh matter. The soil Nmin content after harvest varied between 4.19–5.79 mg/kg in all fertilised treatments and the N-NH4+ form prevailed over N-NO3− only in the digestate treatment (3.45/2.34 mg/kg). We recommend the use of digestate to kohlrabi as it results in comparable or better yield and qualitative parameters of kohlrabi compared with mineral fertilizers.
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Riches, D. A., S. W. Mattner, R. Davies, and I. J. Porter. "Mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions with nitrification inhibitors in temperate vegetable cropping in southern Australia." Soil Research 54, no. 5 (2016): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15320.
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Intensive vegetable production in southern Australia is characterised by high inputs of nitrogen (N) fertiliser, water, and occasionally animal manures, which creates the potential for high nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Three field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of the nitrification inhibitors 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), 3-methyl pyrazole plus 1H-1,2,4 triazole (3MP+TZ), and dicyandiamide (DCD) on N2O emissions and yields in broccoli (Brassica oleracea), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) crops in southern Australia. The inhibitor treatments on fertilisers and poultry manure were compared with standard commercial practice for vegetable crops in this region, and N2O emissions were measured using manual chambers through to harvest. Daily fluxes ranged from 0.81gN2O-Nha–1day–1 for untreated soil to 11.65gN2O-Nha–1day–1 for manure treated soil. Extrapolation of these results translate to annual emissions of 0.30kgN2O-Nha–1year–1 to 4.24kgN2O-Nha–1year–1, respectively. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes from the manure treatments were ~4-fold greater than the standard inorganic fertiliser program for a given crop. Nitrous oxide direct emission factors were in the range 0.02–0.16% for inorganic fertilisers and from 0.19% to 0.43% for poultry manure. The greatest decrease in N2O emissions occurred when DMPP or a combination of 3MP+TZ were added to poultry manure (62% and 66% decrease, respectively). Decreases in N2O emissions from nitrification inhibitors were smaller and less consistent when used with inorganic fertilisers, but DMPP decreased emissions in two out of three trials, with a maximum decrease of 32% observed in the broccoli trial. DCD proved ineffective for mitigating N2O emissions in all trials.
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Dwivedi, B. S., V. K. Singh, and V. Dwivedi. "Application of phosphate rock, with or without Aspergillus awamori inoculation, to meet phosphorus demands of rice - wheat systems in the Indo - Gangetic plains of India." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 10 (2004): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03208.
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A 3-year field experiment beginning in 1995–96 was undertaken on a Gangetic alluvial soil (Typic Ustochrept) at Modipuram, India, to examine how phosphorus (P) demands of rice–wheat cropping systems might be met with heavy initial dressings of phosphate rock. Treatments were: (i) 1 rice–wheat cycle where P was applied as phosphate rock to each successive rice crop (54 kg P/ha i.e. 27 kg P/ha to rice and 27 kg P/ha to wheat); (ii) 2 rice–wheat cycles where P was applied as phosphate rock to alternate rice crops (108 kg P/ha); and (iii) 3 rice–wheat cycles where P was applied as phosphate rock to the initial rice crop (1995–96) (162 kg P/ha). The performance of these treatments was compared with those that received fertiliser P at the recommended rate of 27 kg P/ha for each crop as diammonium phosphate or phosphate rock, and with a nil-P (control). In phosphate rock treatments, rice and wheat were established with or without an inoculation of the P-solubilising microorganism Aspergillus awamori. Compared with nil-P, fertiliser P applied as diammonium phosphate increased rice and wheat yields significantly in different years. Equivalent P levels, applied as phosphate rock, did not increase the yields of either crop significantly over nil-P plots. Application of 54 kg P/ha as phosphate rock to every rice crop, however, resulted in significantly greater yields of rice compared with those that received nil-P or 27 kg P per crop as phosphate rock, but the subsequent wheat yields suffered due to P stress. A further increase in P application rate as phosphate rock to the initial rice crop (1995–96) increased the magnitude of yield response compared with lower rates of initial application. The residual effect in subsequent crops varied in accordance with the amount of P applied. Pre-plant inoculation of rice seedling-roots or wheat seeds with P-solubilising microorganism led to a yield increase over non-inoculated treatments of 0.09–0.22 t/ha in rice and 0.15–0.45 t/ha in wheat, in different years. The agronomic efficiency and recovery efficiency of fertiliser P in the rice–wheat system were highest (57.2 kg grain/kg P and 40.4%, respectively) under diammonium phosphate-fertilised treatments. The agronomic efficiency ranged from 14.3 to 44.4 kg grain/kg P and the recovery efficiency ranged from 7.7 to 26.4% for phosphate rock treatments. The agronomic efficiency and recovery efficiency increased with increasing initial phosphate rock application rate and with P-solubilising microorganism inoculation. Economic returns (per rupee invested in fertiliser P) were greater (Rs.9.46–12.95) under heavy initial phosphate rock application (108 or 162 kg P/ha), compared with those (Rs.8.60) under diammonium phosphate-fertilised treatments. Overall, we recommend that, in rice–wheat cropping systems on neutral soils when phosphate rock is the available fertiliser, heavier application every 2–3 years should be considered over application to every crop. Outcomes would be marginally improved with P-solubilising microorganism inoculation.
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Pereira, José, João Coutinho, David Fangueiro, and Henrique Trindade. "Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emissions from cattle-slurry and mineral fertiliser treated with nitrification inhibitor to an agricultural soil: A laboratory approach." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 13, no. 4 (December 2, 2015): e0305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015134-7622.
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<p>The application of organic and mineral fertilisers to soil can result in increased gaseous emissions to the atmosphere such as nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) gases. The aim of this study was to evaluate under laboratory conditions the effects on mineral N dynamics and NO and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions of application to soil of cattle slurry derived liquid fraction (LF) obtained by screw press and mineral fertiliser (MF), both treated with or without the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP). An aerobic laboratory incubation was performed over 93 days with a Dystric Cambisol amended with mechanically separated LF or mineral fertiliser ammonium sulphate only or combined with DMPP. Two additional treatments were included: soil only and soil amended with DMPP. Nitrogen immobilisation was the dominant process with MF amendment, whereas N mineralisation has been observed with LF. The application of LF reduced significantly NO emissions by 80% relative to mineral but no differences were observed with N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. The addition of DMPP to MF induced a decrease of 18 and 29% in NO and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions whereas DMPP combined with LF reduced (numerically but not statistically) these emissions in 20 and 10%, respectively. Results obtained in our study suggest that N (NO + N<sub>2</sub>O) losses can be mitigated by adding DMPP to mineral fertilisers or replacing mineral fertiliser by LF.</p>
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Trolove, SN, MJ Hedley, JR Caradus, and AD Mackay. "Uptake of phosphorus from different sources by Lotus Pedunculatus and three genotypes of Trifolium Repens .1. Plant yield and phosphate efficiency." Soil Research 34, no. 6 (1996): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9961015.
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The breeding of phosphate (P) efficient pastoral legumes could reduce the amount of fertiliser required on pastoral farms. In this study, Lotus pedunculatus and 3 genotypes of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) known to differ in their ability to respond to added P were grown on unfertilised soil and soil to which either monocalcium phosphate (MCP) or North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) were added. White clover genotype 8D (a selection line from Crau) had a greater (P < 0.05) internal P efficiency (shoot DM production per unit plant P) than 1A (a selection line from Gwenda) or lotus on unfertilised soil, whereas on fertilised soil, lotus had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) internal P efficiency than 2 of the white clover genotypes on MCP-fertilised soil (P < 0.01) and all 3 white clover genotypes on NCPR-fertlised soil (P < 0.01). Lotus also had a higher (P < 0.01) external P efficiency (total P uptake) than all 3 white clover genotypes on the 2 fertilised treatments. This was due to a greater root length, not a greater P uptake per unit length.
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Zörb, Christian, Dorothee Steinfurth, Victoria Gödde, Karsten Niehaus, and Karl H. Mühling. "Metabolite profiling of wheat flag leaf and grains during grain filling phase as affected by sulfur fertilisation." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 2 (2012): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp11158.
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Increasing prices for wheat products and fertilisers call for an adjusted agricultural management to maintain yield and to improve product quality. With the increased use of sulfur-free fertilisers in modern cropping systems and the decrease of atmospheric sulfur emissions by industry, sulfur has become a major limiting factor for crop production. The presented data showed that by using GC-MS it was possible to quantitatively detect a set of 72 different metabolites including amino acids, organic acids, sugars, sugar phosphates, and sugar alcohols, phenolic compounds and nucleotides from wheat grains and flag leaves of a pot experiment. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a clear separation of flag leaves and grains and a clear separation of non-fertilised and fertilised flag leaves. It could further be shown by PCA, that the low level sulfur fertilisation is also separated from the higher fertilised grains. A considerable influence of the sulfur fertilisation not only on sulfur rich amino acids but also on the sugar metabolism was detected. With increasing sulfur fertilisation six sugars and sugar derivates in the grain such as glucose-6P, galactose, trehalose, cellobiose, melibiose, fumarate, glycerate and the nucleotide uracil were enhanced. Therefore, it was concluded that photosynthesis was limited in developing plants suffering from sulfur deficiency. Late sulfur fertilisation is a procedure that can help to prevent sulfur deficiency. A latent sulfur deficiency at ear emergence can be compensated by late sulfur fertilisation, as wheat plants can replenish sulfate deficits within a short time.
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Li, Xue, Qiu-Xiang Wen, Shi-Yu Zhang, Na Li, Jin-Feng Yang, and Xiaori Han. "Long-term rotation fertilisation has differential effects on soil phosphorus." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 11 (November 2, 2020): 543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/263/2020-pse.
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The application of organic fertiliser is a commonly used method to improve the utilisation efficiency of phosphorus (P) fertiliser. However, long-term over-fertilisation will cause environmental pollution. This study analysed a field test was conducted to study the impacts of P forms in soil under long-term (40 years) rotation fertilisation, to evaluate the contribution of different fertilisation to the available P form, to clarify how to apply pig manure to improve the concentration of available P forms. The results show that the main P compounds were orthophosphate and phosphate monoester. The combination of a high amount of manure and NPK fertilisers can increase the content of orthophosphate that can be absorbed and utilised by crops, the orthophosphate was 477.2 mg/kg, and phosphate monoester was 190.4 mg/kg. The long-term addition of nitrogen fertiliser significantly reduced the pH value of soil, and the addition of manure slowed down the trend of pH reduction. Furthermore, manure in combination with NPK fertiliser, can extremely increase the total P extracted by NaOH-EDTA by changing soil pH. The NaHCO<sub>3</sub>-soluble P (Ca<sub>2</sub>-P), NH<sub>4</sub>Ac-soluble P (Ca<sub>8</sub>-P), NH<sub>4</sub>F-soluble P (Al-P), and occluded-P (O-P) were positively correlated with orthophosphate, while middle stable and high stable organic P was positively correlated with monophosphate.
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Weatherley, AJ, MDA Bolland, and RJ Gilkes. "A comparison of values for initial and residual effectiveness of rock phosphates measured in pot and field experiments." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 6 (1988): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880753.
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The effectiveness of Calciphos (500�C calcined calcium-aluminium C-grade rock phosphate from Christmas Island), Queensland rock phosphate (low carbonate substituted apatite, from Duchess deposit, Northern Queensland [QRP]), and granular North Carolina rock phosphate (highly carbonate substituted apatite from U.S.A. [NCRP]) were compared with the effectiveness of monocalcium phosphate (MCP) fertilisers in pot and field experiments. Three different lateritic soils from south-western Australia and different plant species were used. In the pot experiment, the effectiveness of the fertilisers was measured relative to freshly applied MCP for 5 successive crops. Subterranean clover, oats, triticale and barley were grown for about 1 month before harvesting. In the field experiment, the same plants were grown, and the effectiveness of the fertilisers was measured relative to freshly applied triple superphosphate for 3 successive years. On a dry matter yield basis, the effects of freshly applied rock phosphate dressings measured in the pot experiment were in a similar range to those measured in the field experiment for the same soil types, and the same plant species, indicating that pot trials can substitute for field trials for the evaluation of the initial effectiveness of fertilisers. However, the residual effectiveness values for both MCP and the RPs were generally much lower for the pot experiment, indicating that pot experiments cannot replace long-term field experiments for the reliable measurement of residual effectiveness of fertilisers. For the pot experiment, the relative effectiveness values of freshly applied NCRP and Calciphos for all soils were 0.2-0.3 and 0.1-0.2 respectively. The corresponding values for the field experiment were 0.1-0.3 for NCRP and 0.1 for Calciphos. For the pot experiment, the relative effectiveness of freshly applied QRP on all soils ranged from 0.03 to 0.1, compared with from 0.1 to 0.3 for the field experiment. The relative effectiveness of all fertilisers declined markedly with successive crops (i.e. crops 2-5) in the pot experiment, whereas in the field experiment the relative effectiveness of QRP and NCRP showed no systematic change for the 3-years of the experiment. For the pot experiment the relative effectiveness of residual MCP decreased to about 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1, compared with 0.5, 0.2 and 0.5 for the field experiment for West Dale, South Bodallin and Gibson soils, respectively. For the pot experiment and for all soils the residual relative effectiveness of NCRP and Calciphos was about 0.01- 0.04, compared with 0.003-0.02 for QRP. For the field experiment the corresponding values were 0.05-0.2 for NCRP and Calciphos and 0.01-0.1 for QRP. For both the pot and the field experiments the relationship between yield and phosphorus content was sometimes dependent on fertiliser type.
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Forge, T. A., and S. W. Simard. "Short-term effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on nitrogen mineralization and trophic structure of the soil ecosystem in forest clearcuts in the southern interior of British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 81, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s00-018.
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Ammonium sulphate and an ammonium sulphate-ammonium phosphate mixture were applied at 200 kg N ha-1 and 200 kg P ha-1 at three clearcut sites within the Interior Cedar-Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone in southern British Columbia. N mineralised under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, nitrification, biomasses of fungi and bacteria,the abundance of protozoa, and the trophic structure of nematode communities were studied at 4, 12, 16, and 28 mo after fertilisation. Nitrogen mineralised under aerobic conditions was greater in fertilised soil than in non-fertilised soil at 4 and 16 mo after fertiliser applications. Nitrification also increased after fertilisation. Fertilisation did not affect bacterial or fungal biomasses, but did increase the ratio of bacterial biomass/fungal biomass, the abundance of bacterivorous nematodes, and the ratio of bacterivorous nematodes/fungivorous nematodes. Thus, the fertiliser-induced increase in N mineralization appears to have been the result of increased bacterial decomposition and flow of carbon and nitrogen through bacteria-bacterivore channels of the soil food web. Key words: N mineralization, fertilisation, microbial biomass, microfauna, nematode ecology