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Journal articles on the topic 'Phosphenes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Et.al, Manami, K. "Investigation of Electrical Interference towards Phosphene-Based Walking Support System." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (2021): 2178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1164.

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A walking support system with phosphenes for blind people has been investigated. Phosphene is a phenomenon where a flash of light is recognized in the brain by giving an electrical stimulus to human’s visual pathway. Phosphenes can be perceived even if their eyes are closed or they are blind. It has been clarified that phosphenes can be induced to several directions if electrodes placements are precisely selected. When phosphenes are presented to two directions for recognizing two obstacles, two pairs of electrodes must be applied. In such a case, however, the electrical interference occurs du

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Kvašňák, E., M. Orendáčová, and J. Vránová. "Phosphene Attributes Depend on Frequency and Intensity of Retinal tACS." Physiological Research 71, no. 4 (2022): 561–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.934887.

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Phosphene is the experience of light without natural visual stimulation. It can be induced by electrical stimulation of the retina, optic nerve or cortex. Induction of phosphenes can be potentially used in assistive devices for the blind. Analysis of phosphene might be beneficial for practical reasons such as adjustment of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) frequency and intensity to eliminate phosphene perception (e.g., tACS studies using verum tACS group and sham group) or, on the contrary, to maximize perception of phosphenes in order to be more able to study their dynamics

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Niketeghad, Soroush, Abirami Muralidharan, Uday Patel, et al. "Phosphene perceptions and safety of chronic visual cortex stimulation in a blind subject." Journal of Neurosurgery 132, no. 6 (2020): 2000–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.3.jns182774.

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Stimulation of primary visual cortices has the potential to restore some degree of vision to blind individuals. Developing safe and reliable visual cortical prostheses requires assessment of the long-term stability, feasibility, and safety of generating stimulation-evoked perceptions.A NeuroPace responsive neurostimulation system was implanted in a blind individual with an 8-year history of bare light perception, and stimulation-evoked phosphenes were evaluated over 19 months (41 test sessions). Electrical stimulation was delivered via two four-contact subdural electrode strips implanted over

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Sadrzadeh-Afsharazar, Faraz, and Alexandre Douplik. "A Phosphenotron Device for Sensoric Spatial Resolution of Phosphenes within the Visual Field Using Non-Invasive Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation." Sensors 24, no. 8 (2024): 2512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24082512.

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This study presents phosphenotron, a device for enhancing the sensory spatial resolution of phosphenes in the visual field (VF). The phosphenotron employs a non-invasive transcranial alternating current stimulation (NITACS) to modulate brain activity by applying weak electrical currents to the scalp or face. NITACS’s unique application induces phosphenes, a phenomenon where light is perceived without external stimuli. Unlike previous invasive methods, NITACS offers a non-invasive approach to create these effects. The study focused on assessing the spatial resolution of NITACS-induced phosphene

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Indahlastari, Aprinda, Aditya K. Kasinadhuni, Christopher Saar, et al. "Methods to Compare Predicted and Observed Phosphene Experience in tACS Subjects." Neural Plasticity 2018 (December 6, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8525706.

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Background. Phosphene generation is an objective physical measure of potential transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) biological side effects. Interpretations from phosphene analysis can serve as a first step in understanding underlying mechanisms of tACS in healthy human subjects and assist validation of computational models. Objective/Hypothesis. This preliminary study introduces and tests methods to analyze predicted phosphene occurrence using computational head models constructed from tACS recipients against verbal testimonies of phosphene sensations. Predicted current densiti

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Császár, Noémi, Felix Scholkmann, Vahid Salari, Henrik Szőke, and István Bókkon. "Phosphene perception is due to the ultra-weak photon emission produced in various parts of the visual system: glutamate in the focus." Reviews in the Neurosciences 27, no. 3 (2016): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2015-0039.

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AbstractPhosphenes are experienced sensations of light, when there is no light causing them. The physiological processes underlying this phenomenon are still not well understood. Previously, we proposed a novel biopsychophysical approach concerning the cause of phosphenes based on the assumption that cellular endogenous ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) is the biophysical cause leading to the sensation of phosphenes. Briefly summarized, the visual sensation of light (phosphenes) is likely to be due to the inherent perception of UPE of cells in the visual system. If the intensity of spontaneous

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Gebrehiwot, Adonay N., Tatsuya Kato, and Kimitaka Nakazawa. "Inducing lateralized phosphenes over the occipital lobe using transcranial magnetic stimulation to navigate a virtual environment." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0249996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249996.

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Electrical stimulation involving visual areas of the brain produces artificial light percepts called phosphenes. These visual percepts have been extensively investigated in previous studies involving intracortical microsimulation (ICMS) and serve as the basis for developing a visual prosthesis for the blind. Although advances have been achieved, many challenges still remain with implementing a functional ICMS for visual rehabilitation purposes. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary occipital lobe offers an alternative method to produce phosphenes non-invasively. A main chall

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Kanamaru, Manami, Phan Xuan Tan, and Eiji Kamioka. "Simulation-Based Designing of Suitable Stimulation Factors for Presenting Two Phosphenes Simultaneously to Lower Side of Field of View." Bioengineering 9, no. 12 (2022): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9120752.

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Using a phosphene has been discussed as a means of informing the visually impaired of the position of an obstacle. Obstacles underfoot have a risk, so it is necessary to inform the visually impaired. A previous study clarified a method of presenting phosphene in three directions in the lower vision; however, the simultaneous presentation of these phosphenes has not been discussed. Another study discussing the effect of electrical interference when stimulating the eyeball with multiple electrodes indicated that it is important to select appropriate stimulation factors to avoid this effect. Howe

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Niketeghad, Soroush, Abirami Muralidharan, Uday Patel, Jessy Dorn, Robert Greenberg, and Nader Pouratian. "150 Effect of Stimulation Parameters on Visual Percepts Elicited by Stimulation of a Visual Cortical Prosthesis for the Blind." Neurosurgery 64, CN_suppl_1 (2017): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyx417.150.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION Stimulation of human visual cortex is known to elicit visual percepts (phosphenes) which makes it a suitable candidate for generating artificial vision for blind. Although there have been a few attempts to build visual cortical prostheses, a greater understanding of the physiology of stimulation is required to generate useful perceptions. This study aims to characterize the phosphenes elicited by a neurostimulation device and explore the effects of stimulation parameters (amplitude, frequency, pulse-width and burst duration) on the quality of these percepts. METHODS A 30-

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Kanamaru, Manami, Phan Xuan Tan, and Eiji Kamioka. "Design of Electrode Placement for Presenting Phosphenes in the Lower Visual Field Based on Electric Field Simulation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 22 (2021): 10972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112210972.

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Presenting visual information, called phosphenes, is a critical method for providing information on the position of obstacles for users of walking support tools for the visually impaired. A previous study has established a method for presenting phosphenes to the right, center, and left of the visual field. However, a method for presenting information on the position of obstacles around the feet using phosphenes, which is essential for the visually impaired, has not been clarified. Therefore, in this study, a method for presenting phosphenes in the lower visual field is presented, towards the a

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Chen, Xing, Feng Wang, Eduardo Fernandez, and Pieter R. Roelfsema. "Shape perception via a high-channel-count neuroprosthesis in monkey visual cortex." Science 370, no. 6521 (2020): 1191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abd7435.

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Blindness affects 40 million people across the world. A neuroprosthesis could one day restore functional vision in the blind. We implanted a 1024-channel prosthesis in areas V1 and V4 of the visual cortex of monkeys and used electrical stimulation to elicit percepts of dots of light (called phosphenes) on hundreds of electrodes, the locations of which matched the receptive fields of the stimulated neurons. Activity in area V4 predicted phosphene percepts that were elicited in V1. We simultaneously stimulated multiple electrodes to impose visible patterns composed of a number of phosphenes. The

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Tehovnik, E. J., W. M. Slocum, C. E. Carvey, and P. H. Schiller. "Phosphene Induction and the Generation of Saccadic Eye Movements by Striate Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 1 (2005): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00736.2004.

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The purpose of this review is to critically examine phosphene induction and saccadic eye movement generation by electrical microstimulation of striate cortex (area V1) in humans and monkeys. The following issues are addressed: 1) Properties of electrical stimulation as they pertain to the activation of V1 elements; 2) the induction of phosphenes in sighted and blind human subjects elicited by electrical stimulation using various stimulation parameters and electrode types; 3) the induction of phosphenes with electrical microstimulation of V1 in monkeys; 4) the generation of saccadic eye movemen

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Kanamaru, Manami, Keita Tanaka, and Eiji Kamioka. "Evaluation of Phosphene Shifts During Eye Movements to Enhance Safe Visual Assistance for Visually Impaired Individuals." Bioengineering 12, no. 3 (2025): 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12030281.

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Hands-free visual assistive devices that consider the safety of the visually impaired have been researched, but many of them interfere with other senses, such as hearing. Therefore, phosphenes have been researched as a method of presenting visual information. Phosphenes are flashes that are recognized by electrical stimulation, and the presentation position can be adjusted by the electrode arrangement. However, it has been reported that the presentation position changes significantly when the eyeballs are moved as far left and right as possible. As a walking assistive device for the visually i

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Aurora, SK, KMA Welch, and F. Al-Sayed. "The Threshold for Phosphenes is Lower in Migraine." Cephalalgia 23, no. 4 (2003): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00471.x.

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We have reported a preliminary study confirming hyperexicitability of occipital cortex in migraine with aura (MwA) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We have now completed a blinded study to investigate the occipital cortex in MwA and without aura (MwoA) compared with normal controls (NC) using TMS. TMS was performed using the Caldwell MES-10 stimulator. A circular coil 9.5 cm diameter was applied to the occipital scalp (7 cm above the inion). Stimulator intensity was increased in 10% increments until subjects reported visual phenomena or 100% intensity was reached. Stimulation int

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Kar, Kohitij, and Bart Krekelberg. "Transcranial electrical stimulation over visual cortex evokes phosphenes with a retinal origin." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 8 (2012): 2173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00505.2012.

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Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a promising therapeutic tool for a range of neurological diseases. Understanding how the small currents used in tES spread across the scalp and penetrate the brain will be important for the rational design of tES therapies. Alternating currents applied transcranially above visual cortex induce the perception of flashes of light (phosphenes). This makes the visual system a useful model to study tES. One hypothesis is that tES generates phosphenes by direct stimulation of the cortex underneath the transcranial electrode. Here, we provide evidence for

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Avraham, David, and Yitzhak Yitzhaky. "Effects of Depth-Based Object Isolation in Simulated Retinal Prosthetic Vision." Symmetry 13, no. 10 (2021): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13101763.

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Visual retinal prostheses aim to restore vision for blind individuals who suffer from outer retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. Perception through retinal prostheses is very limited, but it can be improved by applying object isolation. We used an object isolation algorithm based on integral imaging to isolate objects of interest according to their depth from the camera and applied image processing manipulation to the isolated-object images. Subsequently, we applied a spatial prosthetic vision simulation that converted the isolated-ob

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Nissi, Janita, and Ilkka Laakso. "Magneto- and electrophosphene thresholds in the retina: a dosimetry modeling study." Physics in Medicine & Biology 67, no. 1 (2022): 015001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac46df.

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Abstract Objective. Sensations of flickering light produced by time-varying magnetic fields or electric currents are called magneto- or electrophosphenes. Phosphene thresholds have been used in international guidelines and standards as an estimate of the thresholds of exposure that produce effects in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the estimated threshold values have a large range of uncertainty. Approach. Phosphene thresholds were approximated by simulating five phosphene threshold experiments. Retinal electric fields and currents induced by electric and magnetic stimulation were c

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Kaido, Takanobu, Tohru Hoshida, Toshiaki Taoka, and Toshisuke Sakaki. "Retinotopy with coordinates of lateral occipital cortex in humans." Journal of Neurosurgery 101, no. 1 (2004): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2004.101.1.0114.

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Object. The lateral occipital cortex in humans is known as the “extrastriate visual cortex.” It is, however, an unexplored field of research, and the anatomical nomenclature for its surface has still not been standardized. This study was designed to investigate whether the lateral occipital cortex in humans has retinotopic representation. Methods. Four right-handed patients with a diagnosis of intractable epilepsy from space-occupying lesions in the occipital lobe or epilepsy originating in the occipital lobe received permanently implanted subdural electrodes. Electrical cortical stimulation w

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Bohotin, V., A. Fumai, M. Vandenheede, C. Bohotin, and J. Schoenen. "Excitability of Visual V1-V2 and Motor Cortices To Single Transcranial Magnetic Stimuli in Migraine: A Reappraisal Using A Figure-Of-Eight Coil." Cephalalgia 23, no. 4 (2003): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00475.x.

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We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with a figure-of-eight coil to excite motor and visual V1-V2 cortices in patients suffering from migraine without (MO) ( n = 24) or with aura (MA) ( n = 13) and in healthy volunteers (HV) ( n = 33). Patients who had a migraine attack within 3 days before or after the recordings were excluded. All females were recorded at mid-cycle. Single TMS pulses over the occipital cortex elicited phosphenes in 64% of HV, 63% of MO and 69% of MA patients. Compared with HV, the phosphene threshold was significantly increased in MO ( P = 0.001) and in MA ( P = 0

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Sarıhan, Işık. "Double Vision, Phosphenes and Afterimages." European journal of analytic philosophy 16, no. 1 (2020): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/ejap.16.1.1.

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Pure representationalism or intentionalism for phenomenal experience is the theory that all introspectible qualitative aspects of a conscious experience can be analyzed as qualities that the experience non-conceptually represents the world to have. Some philosophers have argued that experiences such as afterimages, phosphenes and double vision are counterexamples to the representationalist theory, claiming that they are non- representational states or have non-representational aspects, and they are better explained in a qualia-theoretical framework. I argue that these states are fully represen

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Khan, E., F. Maréchal, R. Dendale, et al. "Anomalous phosphenes in ocular protontherapy." Advances in Space Research 45, no. 7 (2010): 846–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2009.11.021.

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Thariat, Juliette, Cecilia Leal, Alessander d'Ascoli, et al. "Phosphenes in patients receiving radiotherapy." Lancet Oncology 17, no. 7 (2016): 869–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30034-1.

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Convento, Silvia, Chiara Galantini, Nadia Bolognini, and Giuseppe Vallar. "Neuromodulation of crossmodal influences on visual cortex excitability." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x647810.

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Crossmodal interactions occur not only within brain regions deemed to be heteromodal, but also within primary sensory areas, traditionally considered as modality-specific. So far, mechanisms of crossmodal interactions in primary visual areas remain largely unknown. In the present study, we explored the effect of crossmodal stimuli on phosphene perception, induced by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS) delivered to the occipital visual cortex. In three experiments, we showed that redundant auditory and/or tactile information facilitated the detection of phosphenes induced by o

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Oswalt, Denise, William Bosking, Ping Sun, et al. "Multi-electrode stimulation evokes consistent spatial patterns of phosphenes and improves phosphene mapping in blind subjects." Brain Stimulation 14, no. 5 (2021): 1356–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2021.08.024.

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Mathis, Thibaud, Stephane Vignot, Cecila Leal, et al. "Mechanisms of phosphenes in irradiated patients." Oncotarget 8, no. 38 (2017): 64579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.18719.

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Drover, Jonathan D., and G. Bard Ermentrout. "Phase Boundaries as Electrically Induced Phosphenes." SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems 5, no. 4 (2006): 529–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/050646469.

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Fan, Jin, Jing Wang, Qiushi Ren, et al. "Estimating the Position of Simulated Phosphenes Using a Tactile Guide." Seeing and Perceiving 24, no. 2 (2011): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847511x570088.

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AbstractA visual prosthesis provides usable visual information to the patient in the form of phosphenes, that is, punctate photic sensations seen after electrical stimulation. Stimulation via different electrodes results in phosphenes in different positions within the visual field. Simulation studies can provide data on the possible limitations of prosthetic stimulation. We used a head mounted screen to monocularly present constant or flickering light spots of different sizes, or luminance to normally sighted subjects. Subjects were asked to judge the location of the spots using a polar coordi

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Bhatt, NikunjK, Aniruddha Phadke, SourabhD Patwardhan, and NidhiS Patwardhan. "Ivabradine-induced photosensitivity and phosphenes: Case report." Indian Journal of Ophthalmology - Case Reports 2, no. 1 (2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijo.ijo_1606_21.

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Thariat, J. O., G. Loreti, C. Maschi, J. P. Caujolle, and J. Herault. "Phosphenes Under Proton therapy for Eye Tumors." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 93, no. 3 (2015): E79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.07.744.

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Dagnino, Bruno, Marie-Alice Gariel-Mathis, and Pieter R. Roelfsema. "Microstimulation of area V4 has little effect on spatial attention and on perception of phosphenes evoked in area V1." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 3 (2015): 730–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00645.2014.

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Previous transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies suggested that feedback from higher to lower areas of the visual cortex is important for the access of visual information to awareness. However, the influence of cortico-cortical feedback on awareness and the nature of the feedback effects are not yet completely understood. In the present study, we used electrical microstimulation in the visual cortex of monkeys to test the hypothesis that cortico-cortical feedback plays a role in visual awareness. We investigated the interactions between the primary visual cortex (V1) and area V4 by app

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Duret, Florence, Måten E. Brelén, Valerie Lambert, Benoît Gérard, Jean Delbeke, and Claude Veraart. "Object localization, discrimination, and grasping with the optic nerve visual prosthesis." Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 24, no. 1 (2006): 31–40. https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-2006-00328.

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Purpose: This study involved a volunteer completely blind from retinis pigmentosa who had previously been implanted with an optic nerve visual prosthesis. The aim of this two-year study was to train the volunteer to localize a given object in nine different positions, to discriminate the object within a choice of six, and then to grasp it. Methods: In a closed-loop protocol including a head worn video camera, the nerve was stimulated whenever a part of the processed image of the object being scrutinized matched the center of an elicitable phosphene. The accessible visual field included 109 pho

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Silvanto, Juha, Nilli Lavie, and Vincent Walsh. "Stimulation of the Human Frontal Eye Fields Modulates Sensitivity of Extrastriate Visual Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 2 (2006): 941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00015.2006.

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The precise role of frontal eye fields (FEF) in vision independent of their role in eye movements remains a matter of debate. One proposal is that the FEF exert top-down influences on the extrastriate visual cortex prior to eye movement preparation. Here we establish, by use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), that activity in the human FEFs has a direct effect on the sensitivity of extrastriate visual area MT/V5, and that the spatial organization of this top-down effect is lateralized in the human brain. We show that phosphene threshold—the TMS intensity required to elicit a visual pe

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Chen, Xing, Feng Wang, Roxana Kooijmans, et al. "Chronic stability of a neuroprosthesis comprising multiple adjacent Utah arrays in monkeys." Journal of Neural Engineering 20, no. 3 (2023): 036039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ace07e.

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Abstract Objective. Electrical stimulation of visual cortex via a neuroprosthesis induces the perception of dots of light (‘phosphenes’), potentially allowing recognition of simple shapes even after decades of blindness. However, restoration of functional vision requires large numbers of electrodes, and chronic, clinical implantation of intracortical electrodes in the visual cortex has only been achieved using devices of up to 96 channels. We evaluated the efficacy and stability of a 1024-channel neuroprosthesis system in non-human primates (NHPs) over more than 3 years to assess its suitabili

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Taylor, John-Paul, Michael Firbank, Nicola Barnett, et al. "Visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies: transcranial magnetic stimulation study." British Journal of Psychiatry 199, no. 6 (2011): 492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.090373.

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BackgroundThe aetiology of visual hallucinations is poorly understood in dementia with Lewy bodies. Pathological alterations in visual cortical excitability may be one contributory mechanism.AimsTo determine visual cortical excitability in people with dementia with Lewy bodies compared with aged-matched controls and also the relationship between visual cortical excitability and visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies.MethodVisual cortical excitability was determined by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied to the occiput to elicit phosphenes (transient subjective vis

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Fu, Xingyang, Xinyao Li та Jiaxi Xu. "Synthesis of β-Phosphinolactams from Phosphenes and Imines". Organic Letters 23, № 22 (2021): 8733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03182.

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Hodgson. "Shamanism, Phosphenes, and Early Art: An Alternative Synthesis." Current Anthropology 41, no. 5 (2000): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3596749.

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Cervetto, L., G. C. Demontis, and C. Gargini. "Cellular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological induction of phosphenes." British Journal of Pharmacology 150, no. 4 (2007): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706998.

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Chen, Spencer C., Gregg J. Suaning, John W. Morley, and Nigel H. Lovell. "Simulating prosthetic vision: I. Visual models of phosphenes." Vision Research 49, no. 12 (2009): 1493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2009.02.003.

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Wu, D. A., Y. Kamitani, F. Maeda, and S. Shimojo. "Interaction of TMS-induced phosphenes and visual stimuli." Journal of Vision 1, no. 3 (2010): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/1.3.198.

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Meador, K. J., P. G. Ray, and D. W. Loring. "Physiology of perception: parameters of TMS-induced phosphenes." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 102, no. 1 (1997): P12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4694(97)86260-8.

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Hodgson, Derek. "Shamanism, Phosphenes, and Early Art: An Alternative Synthesis." Current Anthropology 41, no. 5 (2000): 866–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/317415.

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Grüsser, Otto-Joachim. "Migraine phosphenes and the retino-cortical magnification factor." Vision Research 35, no. 8 (1995): 1125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(94)00187-q.

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Silva, Andrew E., Katelyn Tsang, Syeda Javeria Hasan, and Benjamin Thompson. "Precise oculocentric mapping of transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked phosphenes." NeuroReport 32, no. 11 (2021): 913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0000000000001683.

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Cowey, Alan, and Vincent Walsh. "Magnetically induced phosphenes in sighted, blind and blindsighted observers." NeuroReport 11, no. 14 (2000): 3269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200009280-00044.

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Peer, J., and A. Kendl. "Transcranial stimulability of phosphenes by long lightning electromagnetic pulses." Physics Letters A 374, no. 29 (2010): 2932–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2010.05.023.

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Bagattini, Chiara, Chiara Mazzi, and Silvia Savazzi. "Waves of awareness for occipital and parietal phosphenes perception." Neuropsychologia 70 (April 2015): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.021.

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Schutter, Dennis J. L. G., and Ruud Hortensius. "Retinal origin of phosphenes to transcranial alternating current stimulation." Clinical Neurophysiology 121, no. 7 (2010): 1080–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009.10.038.

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Lee, Cheng-Chun, Chao-Yang Kuo, Shuan-Mien Wang, et al. "Does visual phosphenes associate with fraction dose of radiotherapy?" Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 9 (June 2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.21037/tro-23-39.

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Wang, Jing, Rongfeng Zhao, Peitong Li, et al. "Clinical Progress and Optimization of Information Processing in Artificial Visual Prostheses." Sensors 22, no. 17 (2022): 6544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176544.

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Abstract:

Visual prostheses, used to assist in restoring functional vision to the visually impaired, convert captured external images into corresponding electrical stimulation patterns that are stimulated by implanted microelectrodes to induce phosphenes and eventually visual perception. Detecting and providing useful visual information to the prosthesis wearer under limited artificial vision has been an important concern in the field of visual prosthesis. Along with the development of prosthetic device design and stimulus encoding methods, researchers have explored the possibility of the application of

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Kanamaru, Manami, Keita Tanaka, and Eiji Kamioka. "Consideration of Electrode Placement to Improve Presentation Resolution of Phosphenes." Proceedings of the ISCIE International Symposium on Stochastic Systems Theory and its Applications 2024 (April 1, 2024): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5687/sss.2024.93.

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