Relevant bibliographies by topics / Phosphite

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  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Phosphite'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Phosphite"

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Inoue, Hidenari, Hiromi Akahori, Yuri Ohno, Katsuo Nakazawa, Yoshimune Nonomura, Naoki Yoshioka, Gernot Heckmann, and Ekkehard Fluck. "Axial Coordination of Phosphine or Phosphite to Iron(III) Chlorophyll a." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 50, no. 8 (August 1, 1995): 1222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1995-0817.

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The adduct formation of iron(III) chlorophyll a with phosphines or phosphites has been studied by spectroscopic methods. The red-shift in the Soret and Q bands caused by the axial coordination of phosphine or phosphite to iron(III) chlorophyll a is an evidence for the autoreduction of the central iron(III) ion. The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of bis-adducts measured in the presence of excess phosphine or phosphite ligands gave a single peak in the down field range compared to that of the corresponding free ligand. The ESR and X-ray photoelectron spectra have revealed that the central iron atom of the bis-adduct of iron chlorophyll a with phosphines or phosphites is divalent and in the low-spin state. The axial coordination of phosphine or phosphite influences the electronic configuration of the central iron atom and the macrocyclic chlorine ligand to induce the autoreduction of the central iron(III) ion.
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Villa, Eric, Justin Cross, and Thomas Albrecht-Schmitt. "New Uranyl Open Framework and Sheet Compounds Formed via In-Situ Protonation of Piperazine by Phosphorous Acid." Minerals 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8110497.

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Two new uranyl compounds were hydrothermally synthesized employing piperazine as an organic templating agent. The piperazine was protonated in-situ by phosphorous acid, forming the piperazinium dication featured in these compounds. The two new structures presented here are a uranyl phosphite 2D sheet and a 3D uranyl mixed phosphite–phosphate network with cation occupied channels. Both included strong hydrogen bonding from the piperazinium cation to the uranyl phosphite or mixed phosphite–phosphate network. These two structures can be reliably formed through careful control of pH of the starting solution and the reaction duration. The piperazinium uranyl phosphite compound was the latest in a family of uranyl phosphites, and demonstrates the structural versatility of this combination. The mixed phosphite–phosphate compound builds on hydrothermal redox chemistry, illustrating the variety of compounds that can be isolated by exploiting in-situ redox processes to elucidate new uranium structure types.
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McDonald, Allison E., Julie O. Niere, and William C. Plaxton. "Phosphite disrupts the acclimation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to phosphate starvation." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 47, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 969–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w01-099.

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The influence of phosphite (H2PO3–) on the response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to orthophosphate (HPO42–; Pi) starvation was assessed. Phosphate-repressible acid phosphatase (rAPase) derepression and cell development were abolished when phosphate-sufficient (+Pi) yeast were subcultured into phosphate-deficient (–Pi) media containing 0.1 mM phosphite. By contrast, treatment with 0.1 mM phosphite exerted no influence on rAPase activity or growth of +Pi cells. 31P NMR spectroscopy revealed that phosphite is assimilated and concentrated by yeast cultured with 0.1 mM phosphite, and that the levels of sugar phosphates, pyrophosphate, and particularly polyphosphate were significantly reduced in the phosphite-treated –Pi cells. Examination of phosphite's effects on two PHO regulon mutants that constitutively express rAPase indicated that (i) a potential target for phosphite's action in –Pi yeast is Pho84 (plasmalemma high-affinity Pi transporter and component of a putative phosphate sensor-complex), and that (ii) an additional mechanism exists to control rAPase expression that is independent of Pho85 (cyclin-dependent protein kinase). Marked accumulation of polyphosphate in the Δpho85 mutant suggested that Pho85 contributes to the control of polyphosphate metabolism. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that phosphite obstructs the signaling pathway by which S. cerevisiae perceives and responds to phosphate deprivation at the molecular level.Key words: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phosphite, phosphate starvation, PHO regulon.
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Förster, H., J. E. Adaskaveg, D. H. Kim, and M. E. Stanghellini. "Effect of Phosphite on Tomato and Pepper Plants and on Susceptibility of Pepper to Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot in Hydroponic Culture." Plant Disease 82, no. 10 (October 1998): 1165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.10.1165.

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Tomato and pepper plants were grown hydroponically in a greenhouse using phosphate or technical and commercial formulations of phosphite as sources of phosphorus nutrition to determine the effects on plant development and susceptibility to Phytophthora root and crown rot. Phosphite-treated tomato and pepper plants were deficient of phosphate and developed phosphorus-deficiency symptoms. Growth of plants (leaf area and leaf, stem, and root dry weights) that were fertilized with phosphite was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced compared with phosphate-fertilized plants. In Phytophthora capsici–inoculated pepper plants, incidence of Phytophthora crown rot was significantly reduced in phosphite-treated plants compared with no phosphorus or phosphate-treated plants. Incidence of crown rot in pepper plants treated with 1 mM phosphate plus 0.3 mM phosphite was intermediate between plants treated with only phosphite (1 mM or 0.1 mM) and plants treated with phosphate (1 mM).
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Ávila, Fabricio William, Valdemar Faquin, Douglas Ramos Guelfi Silva, Carla Elisa Alves Bastos, Nilma Portela Oliveira, and Danilo Araújo Soares. "Phosphite as phosphorus source to grain yield of common bean plants grown in soils under low or adequate phosphate availability." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 36, no. 6 (December 2012): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542012000600006.

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The effects of foliar and soil applied phosphite on grain yield in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in a weathered soil under low and adequate phosphate availability were evaluated. In the first experiment, treatments were composed of a 2 x 7 + 2 factorial scheme, with 2 soil P levels supplied as phosphate (40 e 200 mg P dm-3 soil), 7 soil P levels supplied as phosphite (0-100 mg P dm-3 soil), and 2 additional treatments (without P supply in soil, and all P supplied as phosphite). In the second experiment, treatments were composed of a 2 x 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with 2 soil phosphate levels (40 e 200 mg P dm-3 soil), combined with 3 nutrient sources applied via foliar sprays (potassium phosphite, potassium phosphate, and potassium chloride as a control), and 2 foliar application numbers (single and two application). Additional treatments showed that phosphite is not P source for common bean nutrition. Phosphite supply in soil increased the P content in shoot (at full physiological maturity stage) and grains, but at the same time considerably decreased grain yield, regardless of the soil phosphate availability. Foliar sprays of phosphite decreased grain yield in plants grown under low soil phosphate availability, but no effect was observed in plants grown under adequate soil phosphate availability. In general, foliar sprays of phosphate did not satisfactorily improve grain yield of the common bean plants grown under low soil phosphate availability.
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Deliy, Irina, Ivan Shamanaev, Pavel Aleksandrov, Evgeny Gerasimov, Vera Pakharukova, Evgeny Kodenev, Ilya Yakovlev, Olga Lapina, and Galina Bukhtiyarova. "Support Effect on the Performance of Ni2P Catalysts in the Hydrodeoxygenation of Methyl Palmitate." Catalysts 8, no. 11 (November 3, 2018): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8110515.

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The effect of support nature, SiO2 and γ-Al2O3, on physicochemical and catalytic properties of nickel phosphide catalysts in methyl palmitate hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) has been considered. Firstly, alumina-supported nickel phosphide catalysts prepared by temperature-programmed reduction method starting from different precursors (phosphate–Ni(NO3)2 and (NH4)2HPO4 or phosphite–Ni(OH)2 and H3PO3) were compared using elemental analysis, N2 physisorption, H2-TPR, XRD, TEM, NH3-TPD, 27Al and 31P MAS NMR techniques and catalytic experiments. The mixture of nickel phosphide phases was produced from phosphate precursor on alumina while using of phosphite precursor provides Ni2P formation with the higher activity in methyl palmitate HDO. Besides, the comparative study of the performances of Ni2P/SiO2 and Ni2P/Al2O3 catalysts demonstrates the apparent superiority of alumina-supported Ni2P in the methyl palmitate hydrodeoxygenation. Considering the tentative scheme of methyl palmitate transformation, we proposed that cooperation of Ni2P and acid sites on the surface of alumina provides the enhanced activity of alumina-supported Ni2P through the acceleration of acid-catalysed hydrolysis.
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Oka, Yuji, Nadia Tkachi, and Mishael Mor. "Phosphite Inhibits Development of the Nematodes Heterodera avenae and Meloidogyne marylandi in Cereals." Phytopathology® 97, no. 4 (April 2007): 396–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-4-0396.

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Phosphonic acid (H3PO3) solutions were applied to wheat or to bristle oat as soil drenches before inoculation with juveniles of the sedentary, endoparasitic nematodes Heterodera avenae or Meloidogyne marylandi. All the solutions, which were pH adjusted and added at levels as low as 0.63 mg of phosphite (HPO32-) per plant, reduced the numbers of H. avenae females and M. marylandi egg masses. Phosphate (PO43-), applied as potassium phosphate at the same concentrations, did not reduce the number of female nematodes on the wheat. Addition of phosphate to the phosphite solutions did not change the inhibitory effect of phosphite on H. avenae, but it reduced phosphite's effect on M. marylandi. Phosphite also reduced the number of H. avenae females when applied as many as 20 days after addition of nematodes. The phosphite treatment did not prevent M. marylandi juveniles from penetrating wheat roots or inducing giant cells. However, phosphite inhibited giant cell development: 14 days after inoculation, the giant cells in the phosphite-treated wheat were almost completely vacuolated, whereas those in untreated wheat contained dense cytoplasm.
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Liu, Kunlu, Min Wang, Yubo Zhou, Hongxiang Wang, Yudong Liu, Lu Han, and Weiwei Han. "Exploration of the cofactor specificity of wild-type phosphite dehydrogenase and its mutant using molecular dynamics simulations." RSC Advances 11, no. 24 (2021): 14527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra00221j.

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Guidone, Stefano, Fady Nahra, Alexandra M. Z. Slawin, and Catherine S. J. Cazin. "Ruthenium indenylidene “1st generation” olefin metathesis catalysts containing triisopropyl phosphite." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 11 (September 1, 2015): 1520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.11.166.

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The reaction of triisopropyl phosphite with phosphine-based indenylidene pre-catalysts affords “1st generation” cis-complexes. These have been used in olefin metathesis reactions. The cis-Ru species exhibit noticeable differences with the trans-Ru parent complexes in terms of structure, thermal stability and reactivity. Experimental data underline the importance of synergistic effects between phosphites and L-type ligands.
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Araujo, Josinaldo Lopes, Fabrício William de Ávila, and Valdemar Faquin. "Phosphite and phosphate in the accumulation and translocation of nutrients in common bean1." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 46, no. 4 (December 2016): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632016v4640810.

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ABSTRACT Although used as an additional nutritional source of phosphorus in agriculture, little is known about the effects of phosphites on plants. In order to evaluate the influence of phosphite and phosphate on the accumulation and translocation of phosphorus and cationic nutrients, in common bean, three experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, five concentrations (0.5 mg L-1, 10 mg L-1, 20 mg L-1, 30 mg L-1 and 60 mg L-1) were studied in a nutrient solution combined with two forms of phosphorus [phosphate (Pi) and phosphite (Phi)]. In the second one, five Phi/Pi ratios were tested (0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and 100/0). In the third experiment, two phosphate levels (1.5 mg L-1 = limiting and 20 mg L-1 = adequate phosphorus) and three treatments related to foliar fertilization (KH2PO3, KH2PO4 and KCl solutions) were combined in the nutrient solution. Phosphite via roots caused a decrease in the accumulation of phosphorus and cationic nutrients, under phosphate deficiency. P-Phi decreased the Zn/P ratio more than P-Pi, increased the translocation of P and decreased the translocation of Fe. The foliar supply of P-Phi did not affect the phosphorus nutrition of bean plants or the translocation of nutrients, but decreased the accumulation of K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn. Foliar P-Pi, at an adequate P supply in the nutrient solution, increased the accumulation of this nutrient.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Phosphite"

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Deerenberg, Sirik. "Stereogenic phosphorus containing phosphine-phosphite ligands in asymmetric catalysis." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2000. http://dare.uva.nl/document/57171.

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Gudmunsen, David. "The synthesis, coordination chemistry and catalytic applications of phosphinite, phosphonite and phosphite ligands containing perfluoroalkyl substituents." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30048.

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A review is presented of the development and application of liquid-liquid biphase systems in homogeneous catalysis and the concept and application of fluorous biphase systems (FBS) in catalysis. Novel monodentate phosphorus(III) ligands of general formula PhxP(OC6H4-4-C6F,3)3.x and PhCHF-* (x = 0, 1 or 2), and the phosphite ligands P(OC6H4-4-C8Fl7)3, P(OC6H4-4-C10F2i)3, P(OC6H4-3-C6F13)3 and P(OC6H4-2-C6Fi3)3 have been synthesised and fully characterised by 'H, 19F and 3,P{1H} NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The monodentate phosphinite, phosphonite and phosphite ligands (L) have been reacted with a variety of transition metal complexes to form complexes of the type cis- and trans- MC 2L2 (M = Pt, Pd), cw- PtCl2(PEt3)L , M(n5-C5Me5)Cl2L (M = Ir, Rh) and RI1CIL3 . The complexes have been isolated and characterised using analytical techniques including H, 19F and 31P{!H} NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and elemental analysis. The steric and electronic influences of the perfluoroalkyl substituents on the chemical and physical properties of the metal complexes have been assessed by comparison of their spectroscopic and structural data with that for their related protio complexes. Preliminary catalytic studies involving P(OC6H4-4-C6Fi3)3 as a modifying ligand in the rhodium-catalysed hydroformylation of 1-hexene and 1-nonene under FBS conditions have been undertaken. The influence of the perfluoroalkyl substituents on the rate of reaction, product selectivity and catalyst/product separation has been examined. The synthesis of bidentate phosphonite and phosphite ligands containing perfluoroalkyl substituents has been investigated. The derivatised bidentate phosphonite ligands (C6F13-4-C6H40)2PCH2CH2P(OC6H4-4-C6F, 3)2 and {5,5' - (C6F13)2-2,2,-02C,2H6}PCH2CH2P{2,2,-02C,2H6-5,5,-(C6F13)2} (L-L) have been reacted with transition metal complexes to form coordination complexes of the type PtCl2(L-L) and Rh(u-C1)(L-L)]2.
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Auckland, Clare. "The dilution of phosphite in rapidly growing plants and how soil and plant phosphate levels interact with phosphite and its ability to control Phytophthora cinnamomi." Thesis, Auckland, Clare (2002) The dilution of phosphite in rapidly growing plants and how soil and plant phosphate levels interact with phosphite and its ability to control Phytophthora cinnamomi. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/32633/.

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The soil borne plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi has irreversibly altered the make-up and diversity of the plant communities found in Australia. Recently, the fungicide phosphite has been used to effectively reduce the impact of this pathogen in natural plant communities. However, little is known (a) about how rapidly phosphite is diluted in the tissues of rapidly growing plants and (b) how soil and plant phosphate levels interact with phosphite and its ability to induce host-resistant responses when challenged by P. cinnamomi. This study examined the effects of different phosphite rates (0, 24 and 48 kg/ha phosphite) applied as a mist application on three size classes of Banksia grand is, as well as the interaction of phosphate status on two Eucalyptus marginata forest vegetation types differing in soil phosphate status with phosphite. It also examined, under controlled glasshouse conditions, the effects different soil phosphate levels had on in planta phosphite and phosphate levels in B. hookeriana, and the subsequent control of P. cinnamomi. This study was the first to look at the role of phosphate in the soil and the plant, and its interaction with phosphite and the subsequent control of P. cinnamomi in planta. Results from the field trial indicated that phosphate in the soil did not play a role in the reducing the uptake of phosphite by the plant. It did suggest that stem and root colonisation was increased when phosphate in the soil was more plentiful. Further research is needed into this area. This study was also the first to look at the distribution of phosphite in planta. The highest concentration of phosphite was in the leaves, followed by the stem and then roots. Ph9sphite in the plant tissue was found to increase as the phosphite applied to 5 the plants increased. Plants classed as seedlings showed more phytotoxic symptoms than the intermediate and semi-mature plants. The concentration of phosphite in the roots of the intermediate sized plants was more than double the amount found in the seedling and semi-mature plants. The concentration of phosphite in the whole plant, as well as in the leaves and stems per plant, increased as the plant size increased. This was supported by results that showed that as the dry weight of the leaves increased so did the amount of phosphite in the leaves. The same was seen with the dry weights of the stems and roots that correlated with phosphite in the stem and the roots, respectively. Lesions and P. cinnamomi colonisation in the stems of non-phosphite treated plants were more than double those in stems of plants treated with 24 and 48 kg/ha phosphite. There was very little difference in the visible lesion lengths and P. cinnamomi colonisation between plants treated with 24 and 48 kglha of phosphite even though plants sprayed with 48 kg/ha phosphite had significantly more phosphite in their tissues than plants sprayed with 24kg/ha phosphite. This suggests that the phosphite in the plant may have been metabolised into another substance and that this substance was acting on the pathogen and/or the plant to reduce colonisation. This was further supported by no observed correlation between phosphite in the plant tissue and the extent of colonisation or visible stem lesion caused by P. cinnamomi. This was contradictory to other results in this study (Chapter 2) that clearly showed that phosphite did restrict the colonisation of the pathogen. Further research is needed into the mode of action of phosphite. In the glasshouse trial, a non-invasive inoculation technique failed to infect B. hookeriana plants with the pathogen. However, this is likely due to very high ambient temperatures experienced during the trial, since a preliminary trial 18 days earlier resulted in extensive colonisation of all plants inoculated. As phosphate levels increased, stem colonisation by the pathogen increased in the presence of phosphite. There was no difference in the concentration of phosphite in the leaves. As phosphite applied increased, so did the concentration of phosphite in the root tissue. This study shows that phosphate does interact with phosphite and the subsequent expression of P. cinnamomi, and as phosphate levels increased in planta so did the extent of colonisation by the pathogen. The exact nature of this interaction is still unknown and further research is required to better understand the nature of this relationship.
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Phung, Quang Linh. "Synthèse de ligands chiraux de type phosphine-phosphite et phosphine-carbène N-hétérocyclique pour la catalyse asymétrique." Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUES033.

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La catalyse organométallique est une méthode de choix pour la synthèse de composés chiraux. Afin d'atteindre une selectivité et efficacité élevées en catalyse asymétrique, plusieurs paramètres réactionnels doivent être optimisés, parmi lesquels le choix et la structure du ligand sont sans doute les points les plus importants. Nous avons développé deux familles de ligands bidentates de type phosphine-phosphite et phosphine-carbène N-hétérocyclique. Ces deux séries de ligands possèdent une caractéristique structurale commune, à savoir un centre asymétrique adjacent à la phosphine. Cette proximité du centre stéréogène et de l'atome de phosphore pourrait avoir un effet positif sur l'énantiodiscrimination. Les ligands phosphine-phosphites ont été testés en hydrogénation (ee jusqu'à 84%) et hydroformylation (pas d'induction asymétrique) asymétriques catalysées par le rhodium. Les ligands phosphine-carbènes N-hétérocycliques ont été testés en hydrogénation et hydrosilylation asymétriques catalysées à l'iridium (pas d'induction asymétrique), et avec des résultats prometteurs dans le couplage de Suzuki-Miyaura<br>Catalytic asymmetric synthesis using organometallic reagents has become one of the most active areas of research in modern organic synthesis. To achieve the highest levels of reactivity and selectivity in catalytic enantioselective reactions, several reactions parameters must be optimized. Among them, the selection and design of the chiral ligand is perhaps the most crucial step. We have developed two families of bidentate ligands : phosphine-phosphite and phosphine N-heterocyclic carbene. These two series of ligands have a chiral center to the α-position next to the phosphine moiety. This stereogenic α-position could be of great importance since the phosphorus atom is directly associated with the transition metal in the asymmetric reaction. Phosphine-phosphite ligands were tested in the Rh-catayzed asymmetric hydrogenation (ee up to 84%) and hydroformylation (no asymmetric induction). Phosphine N-heterocyclic carbene ligands were tested in the Ir-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation and hydrosilylation (no asymmetric induction), and with promising results in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction
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Meiswinkel, Andreas. "Chirale Monophosphite als effiziente Liganden für die asymmetrische Hydrierung." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968943152.

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Passays, Johan. "Nouveaux ligands mixtes de type phosphore / carbène N-hétérocyclique : synthèse et applications en catalyse asymétrique." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAM0008.

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Une méthode simple et efficace a été développée pour la préparation de ligands bifonctionnels associant les motifs phosphine ou phosphite d'une part, et carbène Nhétérocyclique(NHC) ou imidazolium d'autre part. Dans un premier temps, une série de ligands diphénylphosphine-carbène chiraux portant un centre stéréogène en a de la phosphinea été développée à partir b-hydroxyesters. Une famille de ligands a ainsi été développée afin d'évaluer l'influence de l'encombrement stérique de différents groupements alkyles en a de la phosphine et de la nature des groupements aromatiques portés sur l'imidazole sur leur activité catalytique. L’étude s’est ensuite étendue à la synthèse de ligands de type dialkylphosphine carbène et phosphite-carbène. Ces différents ligands ont été complexés avec des métaux tels que l’iridium ou le rhodium de manière à en étudier l’activité en hydrogénation asymétrique<br>A straightforward method for the preparation of new bidentate ligands containing aphosphine or a phosphite and a carbene function was developed. Different phosphorus-imidazolium compounds were prepared according to this method. First, diphenylphosphine-NHC ligands featuring a stereogenic center a to the phosphine were synthesized from b-hydroxyesters. This strategy was then extended to the preparation of phosphite-imidazoliumand dialkylphosphine-imidazolium compounds. Complexation of these phosphorus-NHCligands with different metals like Ir or Rh was performed in order to study there catalytic properties in asymmetric hydrogenation
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Sampson, Jacqueline Marie. "The extent of phosporus redox chemistry in west central Florida waters." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4939.

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Phosphorus (P) has long been acknowledged as a vital nutrient for living organisms and is a key factor responsible for the fresh water eutrophication. Our understanding of the phosphorus cycle has been limited by: (1) the common assumption that all P in the environment occurs primarily as phosphates and (2) by the limited analytical methods available to identify P speciation. In an attempt to understand the distribution and chemistry of phosphorus within a freshwater system we must be able to identify individual P species. To this end, we used a coupled High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) - Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICPMS) to determine concentrations of orthophosphate (+5), phosphite (+3) and hypophosphite (+1) in aqueous samples using methods modified from IC techniques developed by Ivey & Foster (2005) and Pech, et al. (2009) and Atlas et al. (in prep). The identification of different P species provides insight pertaining to contamination, bioavailability and sustainability within a freshwater system. Thirty-two individual water samples were collected from six different bodies of freshwater in the Tampa Bay area between the months of November 2012 to March 2013. The freshwater samples collected were from river and pond/swamp water locations. Two sampling sites were chosen at each location. At each site, one sample was collected from the water's surface and a second sample was collected from the sediment pore water. When depth was sufficient a third sample was obtained from the midpoint between the surface and sediment. Analytical results show that redox reactions of P occur in all freshwater samples collected as identified by HPLC-ICP-MS analysis. Our data show that the distribution and concentration of reduced P is controlled primarily by pH, and secondarily by water circulation, ORP and sediment type. Our results also imply biologic influence as a potential primary control of reduced P flux. Additional samples must be collected in order to quantify and differentiate the processes controlling P speciation. The ability to identify P speciation raises many questions concerning the validity of current methods used to measure P; other forms of reduced P may be present. Additional sample analysis will be necessary to determine how and if reduced forms of P affect the P cycle.
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李慧敏 and Huai-min Li. "Photochemical studies of binuclear platinum and rhodium complexes withbridging isocyanide, phosphite and phosphine ligands." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31231603.

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Philippon, David. "Lubrification par la phase gazeuse : tribochimie des additifs phosphorés et boratés." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00280892.

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La formulation des lubrifiants utilisés dans l'automobile est complexe du fait du nombre important d'additifs mélangés aux huiles de base. Pour orienter le choix des formulateurs, il est non seulement nécessaire de connaître le mécanisme d'action de chaque additif mais aussi les interactions entre ces additifs. Pour mieux appréhender ces mécanismes, une démarche originale a été mise en place dans cette étude. Celle-ci consiste à simuler expérimentalement la lubrification en régime limite par la lubrification en phase gazeuse. Pour cela, des molécules de faible poids moléculaire modélisant les différents constituants d'un lubrifiant ont été introduites sous ultravide. Ce type d'expérience a pu être réalisé grâce au développement d'un nouveau Tribomètre à Environnement Contrôlé (TEC) connecté à un système d'analyse de surface. Cette technique permet de simplifier le système tribologique et d'étudier in situ les tribofilms formés en phase gazeuse par des analyses de surface (XPS/AES). Différentes molécules ont été étudiées : triméthylborate (TMB), triméthylphosphite (TMPi) et triméthylphosphate (TMPa) modélisant respectivement les additifs boratés et phosphorés des lubrifiants de transmission. Cette simulation expérimentale a pu être validée en comparant les résultats en phase gazeuse avec ceux obtenus en phase liquide. Des observations en microscopie optique et des analyses chimiques ont mis en évidence la formation de tribofilms. Les expériences réalisées en présence de TMB ont permis de confirmer les résultats de la littérature sur la formation d'un tribofilm non sacrificiel de borates de type « minéral ». Les expériences réalisées avec les molécules phosphorées ont permis de montrer la différence entre les phosphates et les phosphites, notamment la formation d'un composé de type phosphure de fer en présence de TMPi. Les analyses in situ sur les tribofilms obtenus en présence de TMPi ont permis de déterminer le mécanisme de formation du composé phosphure de fer. La réalisation de mélanges de gaz a permis également de mettre en avant les effets de synergie et d'antagonisme entre les additifs
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Horiuti, Toshihide. "Studies on Enantioselective Addition to C=C Bonds Catalyzed by Transition Metal-Phosphine-Phosphite Complexes." Kyoto University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/202317.

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Books on the topic "Phosphite"

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Spence, Hugh S. Investigation of a reported discovery of phosphate in Alberta. Ottawa: Govt. Print. Bureau, 1997.

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Jane, Knoth-Anderson, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency, eds. Triphenyl phosphite-induced ultrastructural changes in bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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Jane, Knoth-Anderson, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency, eds. Triphenyl phosphite-induced ultrastructural changes in bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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Jane, Knoth-Anderson, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency., eds. Triphenyl phosphite-induced ultrastructural changes in bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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Lee, Sam. Synthesis and characterization of fluorescent-labelled oligoglycols by the phosphite-triester method. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1991.

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Burnett, John L. Mineral commodity report, phosphate rock. Sacramento, Calif: California Dept. of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, 1985.

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Z, Serazetdinov D., ed. Kompleksnai͡a︡ pererabotka fosforitov i fiziko-khimicheskie issledovanii͡a︡ neorganicheskikh materialov. Alma-Ata: "Gylym", 1991.

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Burnett, John L. Mineral commodity report, phosphate rock. Sacramento, Calif: California Dept. of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, 1985.

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Hardy, Giles E. St. J., ed. The potential of the fungicide phosphite to control Phytophthora cinnamomi in native plant communities associated with mining. East Perth, WA: MERIWA, 2000.

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Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada., ed. Report on apatite deposits, Ottawa County, Quebec. Montreal: Dawson Bros., 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Phosphite"

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Pasek, Matthew A. "Phosphite." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1229. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_1187.

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Pasek, Matthew A. "Phosphite." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1859. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_1187.

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Pasek, Matthew A. "Phosphite." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 2275. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65093-6_1187.

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Pasek, Matthew A. "Phosphite." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1187-4.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Tricresyl Phosphite." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 764. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12105.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Tridecyl Phosphite." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 765. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12107.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Trisnonylphenyl Phosphite." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 770. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12160.

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Malowan, J. E., T. P. Traise, and T. M. Beck. "Diethyl Phosphite." In Inorganic Syntheses, 58–60. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132357.ch19.

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Malowan, John E., T. P. Traise, and A. D. F. Toy. "Dioctyl Phosphite." In Inorganic Syntheses, 61–62. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132357.ch20.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 566. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_10774.

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Conference papers on the topic "Phosphite"

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Bussoloti, Robson, George E. Totten, and Lauralice de C. F. Canale. "Delta Ferrite in Heat Treated Bolts: Characterization and Consequences." In HT 2013, edited by B. Lynn Ferguson, 36–39. ASM International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2013p0036.

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Abstract This study examines the formation and consequences of delta ferrite (Fe₃P) in heat-treated bolts made from SAE10B30 microalloyed steel. The research demonstrates that when phosphated steel undergoes quenching and tempering in neutral or reducing atmospheres without proper cleaning, residual phosphate coating leads to the formation of delta ferrite—a brittle tetragonal phase with high hardness (approximately 450 HV) but poor toughness. Through comparative analysis of phosphate-treated and phosphate-free specimens heat-treated to 43-44 HRC, the authors identify that delta ferrite promotes micro-crack nucleation at grain boundaries, significantly reducing impact resistance, toughness, and fatigue life. The study confirms that proper alkaline cleaning to remove phosphate coatings before heat treatment is essential for preventing delta ferrite formation and maintaining the structural integrity of high-strength bolts (strength class 12.9), particularly those operating under fatigue conditions.
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Zetlmeisl, Michael J. "Naphthenic Acid Corrosion and Its Control." In CORROSION 1996, 1–8. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96218.

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Abstract This paper first presents a brief description of naphthenic acid corrosion and the main factors which influence its onset and severity. After a brief discussion of traditional control methods, it proceeds to a discussion of chemical inhibition, which is a relatively new control technique. Chemical inhibitors can be divided into two broad classifications: phosphorus-based and non-phosphorus-based. Three types of phosphorus-based inhibitors have been reported: amine-neutralized phosphate esters, alkaline earth phosphonate phenate sulfide plus trialkyl phosphate, and thiazolines plus di- and tri-alkyl phosphites. Non-phosphorus based inhibitors include: thiazolines, organic polysulfides, and sulfonated alkyl phenols. A description of each inhibitor and its effectiveness in the laboratory and field is presented.
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van Ooij, W. J. "Study of Paint-Metal Interfaces by Static and Imaging Sims." In CORROSION 1989, 1–25. NACE International, 1989. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1989-89615.

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Abstract The interfaces between phosphated galvanized steel and paint films have been characterized by static and imaging SIMS, in addition to analyses by SEM/EDX and XPS, in an attempt to detect the first stages of interfacial changes during atmospheric corrosion of painted automotive precoated steels. At about 500 μm ahead of the corrosion propagation, SIMS detected an extensive degree of hydrolysis of the phosphate-paint interface. Farther away from the scribe only minor changes were detected suggesting, however, a weakening of the paint-phosphate bond possibly caused by dissolution of water-soluble contaminants.
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Minch, Britt A., Mark McGuiness, Tom Oleksiak, Chris Wise, Frank Kroto, Julia Dyck, Jimmy Zhu, and Hong Jing. "Water Soluble Magnesium and Aluminum Corrosion Inhibitors." In CORROSION 2012, 1–9. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01675.

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Abstract Aluminum and magnesium are prone to surface attack (dark stains) when exposed to aqueous alkaline conditions. Surface active phosphorus and other chemistries have been employed in the industry to passivate these surfaces and prevent staining. Phosphonate and phosphate chemistries have been shown to be effective in controlling surface corrosion. The current work explores alkyl phosphates and investigates how structure impacts the efficacy of the corrosion inhibition. Corrosion inhibition is related not only to the ability of the phosphate to interact with the nonferrous surface, but also the solubility of the additive in the formulation. Magnesium machining processes are further complicated by hydrogen evolution from the reaction of magnesium and high alkalinity water. The prevention of hydrogen evolution was also investigated. Performance was measured relative to industry phosphate and phosphonate controls.
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Kwiatkowski, L., and M. Radzikowski. "Phosphating of Hot - Dipped Zinc - Aluminum Coated Steel: Formation and Properties of the Coatings." In CORROSION 1995, 1–15. NACE International, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1995-95387.

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Abstract 55%Al-Zn and 5%Al-Zn were phosphated in comparison with electrolytic zinc coatings. Potential measurements during phosphating were carried out in order to find the interpretation of differences in the crystal size. Impedance measurements were performed for the assessment of the corrosion properties of the phosphate coatings. It was found that there is no differences between coatings formed from the high or low- zinc baths. The best results were obtained for the phosphated 55%Al-Zn, however one may find also suitable treatment for 5%Al-Zn surface. From the X-ray diffraction data de- and rehydration tendency of the coating components were recorded. In the case of high - zinc processes it was found that the slowest rehydration rate occurs on the phosphated 5%Al - Zn surfaces. It was also found that depending on the kind of the bath, hopeite formed on the metal surface exhibited various thermal stabilities.
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Brown, V., J. Chalut, and D. Hartwick. "Application Experience with Low Phosphate Cooling Water Treatment." In CORROSION 2004, 1–15. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04084.

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Abstract Inorganic phosphates have a long history of being effective corrosion inhibitors however, with the trend to lower phosphate levels in cooling water, a new set of operating guidelines are required to minimize the risk of scaling/deposition. This paper will explore the chemistry of this type of program and outline application criteria that should be used to govern the application, in order to balance corrosion and fouling issues. Cases studies will be used to highlight the primary conclusions.
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van Ooij, W. J., H. Anderson, and G. Strom. "Mechanism of Corrosion Propagation in Precoated Automotive Steels." In CORROSION 1988, 1–18. NACE International, 1988. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1988-88051.

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Abstract The mechanism of underfilm corrosion in atmospheric conditions of painted precoated automotive steels has been investigated using electron microscopy techniques. The materials that were compared were hot-dip and electrogalvanized steel, electrogalvanized zinc-iron-coated steel and galvannealed steel, which were phosphated and electrocoated. Most of the panels were also topcoated. In some of these systems, a region of interfacial delamination preceeds a region where the metal coating has been converted into corrosion products. In hot-dip and electrogalvanized steel this delamination is usually at the phosphate-zinc interface; in the zinc-iron-coated steels delamination is at the phosphate-electrocoat interface. In electrogalvanized ZnFe coatings which were electrocoated only, delamination and corrosion were found to proceed through longitudinal cracks in the metal coating. Models for the mechanism of corrosion propagation and suggestion for improved systems are presented.
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Sabadash, Vira, Oleh Konovalov, Anna Nowik-Zajac, and Iwona Zawierucha. "Adsorption Properties of Natural and Synthetic Zeolites for Ammonium and Phosphate Removal from Wastewater." In 8th International Congress "Environment Protection. Energy Saving. Sustainable Environmental Management", 21–30. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-p0hfsd.

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Water resources are crucial in any region's overall natural resource complex. This research focuses on addressing these pollution issues through water treatment processes. The primary objective of this study was to examine the adsorption of phosphates using both natural and synthetic adsorbents, particularly aluminosilicates. Under static and dynamic conditions, the research assessed the sorption characteristics of natural zeolite, specifically clinoptilolite obtained from the Sokyrnytsia mineral deposits. Results indicated that the adsorption of phosphates is more effective in acidic environments. It was observed that clinoptilolite exhibits a higher adsorption capacity for unsubstituted phosphates, which diminishes when alkali metal ions replace orthophosphoric acid. Additionally, the study highlighted the significant influence of pH levels on the sorption properties of clinoptilolite, especially about P₂O₅. The kinetic coefficients of the adsorption process were determined using experimental data and theoretical frameworks. Furthermore, mathematical modelling was employed to describe the adsorption dynamics of the active components by granular sorbents, effectively capturing the transient nature of diffusive-kinetic processes in complex, multicomponent systems. This research deepens our understanding of phosphate adsorption mechanisms. It provides valuable insights into optimising water treatment strategies using natural adsorbents, which could play a critical role in mitigating the effects of water pollution in the region. Zeolites derived from fly ash produced by the Dobrotvir thermal power plant have been synthesised and modified to enhance their properties. This study focuses on the characteristics of these zeolites, with a particular emphasis on thermogravimetric analysis, to understand their stability and performance under varying conditions. The adsorption capabilities of the natural zeolite were tested against common pollutants found in wastewater from meat-processing plants, specifically targeting ammonium and phosphate contaminants. Experimental data allowed for determining equilibrium adsorption capacities and corresponding isotherms were constructed at a standard temperature of 20°C. The results indicate that zeolite adsorbs phosphates more effectively than ammonia nitrogen. Further analysis revealed that clinoptilolite's adsorption capacity is higher when interacting with single-component systems but decreases when it simultaneously adsorbs two different substances from the solution. This decrease suggests competitive adsorption dynamics when multiple contaminants are present. Given the finite availability of natural zeolite resources, this research highlights the importance of synthesising synthetic zeolites as a sustainable alternative.
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Jones, Denny A., Richard K. Blitz, and I. Hodjati. "Alternate Immersion Testing of Coated Automotive Sheet Steel." In CORROSION 1985, 1–14. NACE International, 1985. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1985-85384.

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Abstract Alternate immersion cyclic exposure of prime coated and scribed steel sheet resulted in lifting of the coating at the edges of the scribe. A thick oxide corrosion product film grew in the scribe and under the adjacent coating. Continuous immersion did not produce thick oxide films or lifting of the coating. A phosphate pretreatment limited growth of the oxide to an area within the scribe and prevented attack at the coating/metal interface in cyclic exposures. Polarization resistance, measured during the immersion segment of the cycle, was higher for phosphated specimens, reflecting the lower extent of corrosion at the scribe edges. However, sensitivity was not high enough to produce any advantage over simple visual examination and measurement. In the presence of thick oxide films in the scribe, potential changes were very slow, and a modified procedure was necessary to measure polarization resistance. Galvanized and Zincrometal treated specimens were resistant to lifting of the primer coat during cyclic exposure, and phosphate pretreatment had little effect. In these cases, polarization resistance to some extent measured galvanic dissolution of zinc and polarization resistance values were comparatively low.
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Alves, Helena, Friedrich Stenner, D. C. Agarwal, and Antoine Hoxha. "Alloys Suitable for Phosphoric Acid Applications." In CORROSION 2006, 1–17. NACE International, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2006-06221.

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Abstract More than 95% of the world demand for phosphoric acid is met by the wet-process, which involves the reaction of the phosphate rock with concentrated sulfuric acid. Pure phosphoric acid is only mildly corrosive to metals. However, the presence of impurities in the phosphate ores like chlorides, fluorides and silicates and the free sulfuric acid lead to complex corrosive conditions. The level of impurity depends on the origin of the phosphates and their processing, e.g. washing the ores with sea water further increases the level of chlorides. The corrosive attack is further aggravated by erosion resulting from the presence of phosphate rock particles and gypsum crystals, turbulence and deposit formation. Equipment for production and handling of phosphoric acid typically consists of rubber lined steel, AISI 316L type stainless steel and special steels like 904L and 28. For the most severe conditions nickel based alloys are used. Even though material selection has been continuously optimized, sufficient advantage is not being taken from the new, cost-effective 6%-molybdenum alloy 31 (UNS N08031) yet. This high Cr and Mo containing austenitic steel was designed to fill the gap in cost and performance between stainless steels and nickel alloys and significantly improves service life and reduces failure by localized corrosion when its lower alloyed counterparts are at the end of the usefulness limits. This work reports on the success achieved with alloy 31 in critical parts of the phosphoric acid process. Laboratory results are presented together with field experience and examples of application.
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Reports on the topic "Phosphite"

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Pellenbarg, Robert E., and Kia Cephas. Water Solubility of BIS (2-Ethylhexyl) Hydrogen Phosphite. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada234561.

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Deng, Zengqun, John Z. Zhang, Arthur B. Ellis, and Stanley H. Langer. Catalytic Oxidation of Triphenyl Phosphite with Ferric Ion-Modified Chromatographic Silica. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada266712.

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Jinawath, Supatra. Fabrication of porous calcium phosphates. Chulalongkorn University, 2002. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2002.29.

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The starting materials for this experiment were monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and anhydrous dicalcium phosphate synthesized in-house from the by-product of a local bone-gelatin manufacture. Porous calcium phosphates comprising hydroxyapatite either as a single phase or a composite containing traces of its congeners. i.e., β-TCP were fabricated in the forms of granules and compacts. The characteristics of typical compacts produced were 37 v % apparent porosity with interconnected pores of diameter 1-30 µm, and flexural and compressive strengths of 17.51 and 78.13 MPa, respectively. Effects of fabrication parameters on the properties of the products were also studied. In addition, coralline hydroxyapatite-converted coral with preservation of its 200-µm-pore architecture, was also successfully produced. Keywords: Coralline hydroxyapatite, hydrothermal synthesis, porous calcium phosphates.
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Cataldo, D. A., S. D. Harvey, B. D. McVeety, R. J. Fellows, and P. Van Noris. Chemistry and preliminary environmental effects of mixtures of triisopropyl phosphite, Bis-(2-ethylexyl)-phosphonate, and sulfur. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10115186.

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coates, john. Using a systems biology approach to describe the role of dissimilatory phosphite oxidation in the global phosphorus cycle. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2324750.

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White, William E. Quantum Chemical Study of the Phosphite-Phosphonate Tautomerization: Applications to bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Phosphonate (BIS) and Other Simulants for Chemical Warfare Agents. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada410497.

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Raghothama, Kashchandra G., Avner Silber, and Avraham Levy. Biotechnology approaches to enhance phosphorus acquisition of tomato plants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586546.bard.

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Abstract: Phosphorus is one of the least available macronutrient in the soil. The high affinity phosphate transporters are known to be associated with phosphate acquisition under natural conditions. Due to unique interactions of phosphate with soil particles, up to 80% of the applied phosphates may be fixed forcing the farmers to apply 4 to 5 times the fertilizers necessary for crop production. Efficient uptake and utilization of this essential nutrient is essential for sustainability and profitability of agriculture. Many predictions point to utilization/exhaustion of high quality phosphate rocks within this century. This calls for efforts to improve the ability of plants to acquire and utilize limiting sources of phosphate in the rhizosphere. Two important molecular and biochemical components associated with phosphate efficiency are phosphate transporters and phosphatases. This research project is aimed at defining molecular determinants of phosphate acquisition and utilization in addition to generating phosphate uptake efficient plants. The main objectives of the project were; Creation and analysis of transgenic tomato plants over-expressing phosphatases and transporters Characterization of the recently identified members (LePT3 and LePT4) of the Pi transporter family Generate molecular tools to study genetic responses of plants to Pi deficiency During the project period we have successfully identified and characterized a novel phosphate transporter associated with mycorrhizal symbiosis. The expression of this transporter increases with mycorrhizal symbiosis. A thorough characterization of mutant tomato lacking the expression of this gene revealed the biological significance of LePT3 and another novel gene LePT4. In addition we have isolated and characterized several phosphate starvation induced genes from tomato using a combination of differential and subtractive mRNA hybridization techniques. One of the genes, LePS2 belongs to the family of phospho-protein phosphatase. The functionality of the recombinant protein was determined using synthetic phosphor-peptides. Over expression of this gene in tomato resulted in significant changes in growth, delay in flowering and senescence. It is anticipated that phospho-protein phosphatase may have regulatory role in phosphate deficiency responses of plants. In addition a novel phosphate starvation induced glycerol 3-phosphate permease gene family was also characterized. Two doctoral research students are continuing the characterization and functional analysis of these genes. Over expression of high affinity phosphate transporters in tobacco showed increased phosphate content under hydroponic conditions. There is growing evidence suggesting that high affinity phosphate transporters are crucial for phosphate acquisition even under phosphate sufficiency conditions. This project has helped train several postdoctoral fellows and graduate students. Further analysis of transgenic plants expressing phosphatases and transporters will not only reveal the biological function of the targeted genes but also result in phosphate uptake and utilization efficient plants.
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Collings, R. K. Phosphate. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328633.

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Chandler, F. W., and R. L. Christie. Stratiform phosphate. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/207952.

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Hay, M., and W. King. PHOSPHATE MANAGEMENT: FY2010 RESULTS OF PHOSPHATE PRECIPITATION TESTS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1013047.

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