Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Phosphorus filter'

This study investigated the effectiveness of vegetative filter strips (VFS) in removing phosphorus from surface runoff. Dissolved and particulate nutrients were treated separately due to differing transport and removal mechanisms. Nutrient transport in VFS appears to be a function of runoff rate, concentration and size distribution of suspended solids, and biological factors that influence hydrologic and chemical processes in filter strips. Three sets of experimental field plots were constructed to simulate VFS. Each set consisted of three plots containing sediment and nutrient source areas and 0.0, 4.6, or 9.1 m grass filter strips. Artificial rainfall was applied to the plots, and surface runoff, soil, and plant material samples were collected and physically and chemically analyzed. The VFS reduced surface runoff, suspended solids, and phosphorus losses. Most removal of sediment and phosphorus was accomplished in the first few meters of the VFS. The filter strips did not remove phosphorus as effectively as sediment, due to their ineffectiveness for filtering dissolved phosphorus and sediment-bound phosphorus associated with fine particles. The VFS often increased orthophosphorus losses in surface runoff. Laboratory batch experiments of phosph~rus desorption reaction suggested that plant residues, living plant canopy, and soil components of the strips could release dissolved phosphorus to surface runoff. A modified Elovich equation and a diffusion-control model were used to describe the phosphorus release from the plant and soil materials. A computer model, GRAPH, was developed to simulate phosphorus transport in VFS by incorporating phosphorus transport submodels into the VFS model in SEDIMOT II, a stormwater and sediment transport model. The model considers the effects of advection processes, infiltration, biological uptake, phosphorus desorption from the soil surface to runoff, the adsorption of dissolved phosphorus to suspended solids in runoff, and the effects of dynamic changes in the sediment size distribution on chemical transport. GRAPH was verified using the results of the physical plot simulations. The model's predictions and observed phosphorus transport compared favorably. Sensitivity analysis suggested that sediment and phosphorus removal was sensitive to the input parameters in the order: filter length and width, grass spacing, and filter slope and surface roughness. Increased filter width and length and aboveground biomass increased orthophosphorus loss from VFS.
Ph. D.

Thesis (M.S. in environmental engineering)--Washington State University, December 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Jan. 12, 2010). "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering." Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-53).

This thesis focused on testing the suitability of reactive filter media used for phosphorus (P) removal from wastewater as fertilizers, thus recycling P to agriculture. The work compared the P sorption capacity of several materials in order to assess their suitability as a source of P for plants. The selected materials (Filtra P, Polonite and wollastonite) were saturated with P and used as soil amendments in a pot experiment. The amendments tended to improve the yield of barley and ryegrass compared with no P addition. The amendments also increased soil pH, P availability and cation exchange capacity in the studied soils. The substrates studied here can be of particular interest for acid soils. Of the materials studied, Polonite appears to be the most suitable substrate for the recycling of P from wastewater to agriculture

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the convenience and effectiveness of using a disc filter to treat washing water from the sand filters at Sundet wastewater treatment plant. The disc filter is used aiming for the reduction of suspended solids and phosphorus. The study was divided in two main experimental stages. During the first stage laboratory jar-tests were performed in order to identify which flocculation aid was more suitable, this was further on used to improve the water treatment. Based on the laboratory trials results, two different polymers (1 and 2) were chosen to be tested at pilot scale. The second stage involved the pilot filter operation itself; this period was as well divided in two sub-stages where filter cloths with two different pore openings were tested. During the first sub-stage the pilot operated with an 18 μm pore opening filters cloth and both polymers. At the end of the first half polymer 1 showed to be more efficient and so it was further used throughout the second sub-stage in combination with a 10μm pore opening filter cloth. As from theoretical knowledge the phosphorus and suspended solid removal were expected to be between 75% and 90%, results which were achieved during both laboratory trials and pilot filter. The best results were observed with the 10μm pore opening filter cloth and polymer 1. Also, additional results from pilot trials performed at Sundet after the study period are presented.

Phosphorus is an essential component in all living organisms; it is one of the components of the DNA and the key element in the energy supplying molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Throughout the history, humans have been recycling phosphorus to agriculture; thereby increasing the yield, examples of this includes the burning of plants and the use of manure. Today, we rely on commercial fertilizers with high concentrations of phosphorus. The manufacturing of these products include extraction of phosphorus from phosphate rock. However, phosphate rock is a limited and non-renewable resource and the reserves are declining. The population on our planet in constantly increasing, hence the shortage of fertilizers would have consequences of catastrophic measurements, the most obvious being starvation. In order to avoid this scenario it is of uttermost importance to reuse the phosphorus that passes through our society and is subsequently released in the wastewater. The inadequate small-scale wastewater treatment facilities in Sweden of today are contributing with 20% to the release of phosphorus. By implementing the use of reactive filter materials in these systems, direct release of phosphorus to the recipient can be prevented. After a period of time these materials have to be exchanged, and they can thereafter be used as fertilizers, thereby re-cycling the phosphorus back to agriculture. The effectiveness of the reactive materials is affected by several parameters, such as pH, specific surface area, hydraulic properties of the material and the characteristics and distribution of the wastewater. In order to compare the phosphorus retention capacity in three different materials, two experiments utilizing septic-tank wastewater was conducted. The first was a pilot-scale-experiment that included Polonite and blast furnace slag (BFS) as filter materials. This experiment was conducted in two phases, using wastewater with high respectively low concentrations of organic matter. The study investigated the effect of organic matter on the phosphorus retention capacity in the materials; additionally the reduction of indicator bacteria (Enterococci) and organic matter (TOC) was studied. The second experiment was conducted at the laboratory, using wastewater with high concentrations of organic matter. In this study, the phosphate retention capacity in Polonite and Sorbulite was investigated in a re-circulatory system, where the treated wastewater was re-circulated back to the influent volume of water. The additional parameters investigated in this experiment were the removal of nitrogen and TOC as well as the retention of indicator bacteria (E. coli and Enterococci). The results showed that Polonite performed better compared to the other materials with regards to the removal of phosphate, total phosphorus and bacteria. Sorbulite had a higher removal rate of TOC and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) compared to Polonite, which in turn removed more TOC than BFS. Furthermore, both Polonite and BFS had a higher phosphorus retention capacity when using wastewater with low concentrations of organic matter. These two materials showed a higher percentage reduction of indicator bacteria when using wastewater with high concentrations of organic matter. However, since the results showed that the bacteria count in the effluent was lower when using wastewater with low concentrations of organic matter, the higher reduction rate was therefore ascribed to a higher concentration of bacteria in wastewater with high concentrations of organic matter. Therefore, the conclusion was drawn that low concentrations of organic matter is preferable also in respect of bacteria reduction. In order to ensure a high removal of phosphorus and bacteria, as well as to prolong the lifetime of the filter material, the wastewater should be pre-treated to obtain a BOD7 value below 20 mg L-1.

QC 20121109

Developing low-cost and effective technologies to upgrade phosphorus (P) removal from the catchment runoffs and rural wastewater treatment facilities is one of the main research agendas to save the Baltic Sea from eutrophication. In Sweden, the construction of the constructed wetlands has been one of the environmental objectives for wastewater quality improvement in the small communities. However, the insufficiently understanding of the mechanisms underlying the process of phosphorus mobility and sorption in the constructed wetlands has limited design of the effective constructed wetlands. To provide the better understanding of sorption process in the catchment and constructed wetland system, this thesis used the GIS-based Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to predict phosphorus mobility and identify the critical diffusing sources of phosphorus loss in the Oxunda catchment (Paper I). Then, the study developed the three-dimensional numerical Reactive TRAnsPort Model (RETRAP - 3D) in the COMSOL Multiphysics® for evaluating the long - term sorption processes and removal efficiencies of the porous reactive media for upgrading the performance of constructed wetlands (Paper II and III). The latter model coupled many physics equations to solve process of water flow, reaction kinetics and solute transport in the porous reactive adsorbent media for application in the constructed wetlands. The data from the field measurements and column experiments have been used to demonstrate the model simulation accuracy to capture the process of phosphorus sorption in the real environment. Modeling results ranked the phosphorus removal efficiency of the adsorbent media as follows: Polonite® (88 %), Filtralite P® (85%), BFS (62%), Wollastonite (57 %). The satisfactory agreement which obtained between the simulated outputs and measured data confirmed that the SWAT and RETRAP-3D are useful tools for describing various processes in the complicated system. However, further study is required to generate and validate more experimental data to evaluate the sensitivity of local parameters.

This reserch project was finacially supported by Lars Erik Lundberg scholarship foundation for projectnumber (2015/34 and 2016/12), ÅkeochGreta Lissheds Stiftelsen for project number (2015-00026), J.Gust. Richert Stiftelsen and Ecopool researchproject for smart and sustainable environment. QC 20170523

Degradation of surface water quality by excess nutrients in stormwater is a substantial environmental and economic problem in the U.S. Phosphorus (P) is often the limiting nutrient for harmful algal blooms and the best target to prevent degradation. Natural treatment strategies such as constructed wetlands (CW) demonstrate effective and economical P management but obstacles exist to implementation. Biological P removal has large land requirements that limit the use of best management practices (BMP) in high land-value areas. Various BMP also utilize sorption processes (SP) for P removal but variations in performance and finite sorption capacity limit SP as a viable long-term removal strategy. However, by understanding variability and making sorption capacity renewable, SP could provide, with shorter retention times, a space-efficient, long-term removal strategy. This multi-study research program developed the urban wetland filter (UWF), a concept intended to overcome the unique limitations of high land-value areas to natural treatment strategies and provide a low-cost, easily implemented BMP to meet P management goals while harvesting sequestered P for use as a fertilizer. Experimental factors included substrate and influent properties pertinent to understanding performance variation and optimizing microbial iron (Fe) reduction for rejuvenation of sorption capacity. Regarding performance, modeling identified major sources of variability including, by order of importance, magnitude of a solution/substrate concentration gradient, length of the "antecedent dry period" between loadings, and pH. Field-scale results confirmed this multifactor dependence of P-removal while also supporting the inclusion of cast-iron filings in substrate to improve P removal. Regarding rejuvenation, results indicated that microbial Fe reduction is capable of releasing previously sequestered P from substrates. A sufficient carbon source was necessary, but microbial inoculation was not necessary to facilitate Fe reduction, which released most of the previously sequestered P, albeit more slowly than P sequestration. Field-scale results indicated that Fe reduction might occur faster under field conditions, possibly due to humic acids, and that inclusion of cast-iron filings enabled additional P removal after rejuvenation by providing a conservative source of Fe for the creation of new sorption sites; however, cast-iron filings may also limit the release of P during rejuvenation.
Ph. D.

Excess nutrients, particularly phosphorus (P), significantly contribute to anthropogenic eutrophication, which negatively impacts ecosystems, human health, and the economy. Traditional Best Management Practices (BMPs) such as wet retention ponds prevent eutrophication by acting as a sink for nutrients, but can become a source of pollutants if not properly monitored and maintained. A proposed solution is a standalone, multi-stage filter system that can attach to BMPs with standing water for targeted removal of excess nutrients and with the potential to recycle the filter media. The studies in this dissertation seek to address the feasibility of this solution through the following tasks: 1.) develop a tool that can identify ponds and locations within ponds with high total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, 2.) evaluate filter media that can remove P and can be recycled along with captured P, and 3.) develop a filter system that can remove pollutants in separate stages for the option to recycle certain pollutants. The studies focused primarily on P because the nutrient has the potential to be recycled if captured within the filter. Models developed in the first task showed that TP concentrations in the water were correlated with the pond outlet, pH of the water, and iron concentrations. TP concentrations in the sediment were correlated with the pond's length-to-width ratio and the concentration of aluminum and copper. For the second task, a batch experiment and measurements of physicochemical properties were conducted on four biochars (corn stover pyrolized at 400°C , corn stover pyrolized at 600°C, mixed hardwood, and rice husk). Results indicated that mixed hardwood biochar could sorb dissolved phosphorus (DP) above a solution concentration of 2.9 mg P/L. The properties that could allow this biochar to sorb DP were a smaller negative surface charge, high surface area, smaller concentration of elemental P, and more water-extractable cations. A laboratory-scale test of a three-stage filter system was performed as part of the third task. The filter effectively separated nitrogen and P in different stages, but did not separate lead from P. Median water quality parameters (pH, conductivity, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, carbon, iron) met U.S. EPA recommended limits, but some parameters violated the recommended limits at a few time points. These studies demonstrate that excessive pollutant concentrations exist in current BMPs, which can benefit from a filter system. The filter system has the potential to collect pollutants separately provided that the correct media mix and configuration is identified such that P can be more completely isolated and water quality parameters are met.
PHD

Onsite wastewater treatment systems in Sweden are getting old and many of them lack sufficient phosphorus, nitrogen and organic carbon reduction. Biochar is a material that has been suggested as an alternative to the common sand or soil used in onsite wastewater treatment systems. The objective of this study was to compare the phosphorus removal capacity between three different modified biochars and one untreated biochar in a batch adsorption and column filter experiment. The modifications included impregnation of ferric chloride (FeCl3), calcium oxide (CaO) and untreated biochar mixed with the commercial phosphorus removal product Polonite. To further study nitrogen removal a filter with one vertical unsaturated section followed by one saturated horizontal flow section was installed. The batch adsorption experiment showed that CaO impregnated biochar had the highest phosphorus adsorption, i.e. of 0.30 ± 0.03 mg/g in a 3.3 mg/L phosphorus solution. However, the maximum adsorption capacity was calculated to be higher for the FeCl3 impregnated biochar (3.21 ± 0.01 mg/g) than the other biochar types. The pseudo 2nd order kinetic model proved better fit than the pseudo 1st order model for all biochars which suggest that chemical adsorption was important. Phosphorus adsorption to the untreated and FeCl3 impregnated biochar fitted the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model best. This indicates that the adsorption can be modeled as a homogenous monolayer process. The CaO impregnated and Polonite mixed biochars fitted the Freundlich adsorption model best which is an indicative of heterogenic adsorption. CaO and FeCl3 impregnated biochars had the highest total phosphorus (Tot-P) reduction of 90 ± 8 % and 92 ± 4 % respectively. The Polonite mixed biochar had a Tot-P reduction of 65 ± 14 % and the untreated biochar had a reduction of 43 ± 24 %. However, the effluent of the CaO impregnated biochar filter acquired a red-brown tint and a precipitation that might be an indication of incomplete impregnation of the biochar. The FeCl3 effluent had a very low pH. This can be a problem if the material is to be used in full-scale treatment system together with biological treatment for nitrogen that require a higher pH. The nitrogen removal filter showed a total nitrogen removal of 62 ± 16 % which is high compared to conventional onsite wastewater treatment systems. Batch adsorption and filter experiment confirms impregnated biochar as a promising replacement or addition to onsite wastewater treatment systems for phosphorus removal. However the removal of organic carbon (as chemical oxygen demand COD) in the filters was lower than expected and further investigation of organic carbon removal needs to be studied to see if these four biochars are suitable in real onsite wastewater treatment systems.
Många av Sveriges små avloppssystem är gamla och saknar tillräcklig rening av fosfor, kväve och organiskt material. Följden är förorenat grundvatten samt övergödning i hav, sjöar och vattendrag. Lösningar för att förbättra fosfor- och kvävereningen finns på marknaden men många har visat brister i rening och robusthet. Biokol är ett material som har föreslagits som ersättare till jord eller sand i mark och infiltrationsbäddar. Denna studie syftade till att i skak- och kolonnfilterexperiment jämföra fosforreduktion mellan tre modifierade biokol och ett obehandlat biokol. Modifieringen av biokolet innebar impregnering med järnklorid (FeCl3), kalciumoxid (CaO) samt blandning med Polonite som är en kommersiell produkt för fosforrening. För att undersöka förbättring av kväverening installerades även ett filter med obehandlat biokol där en vertikal aerob modul kombinerades med en efterföljande horisontell anaerob modul. Skakstudien där biokolen skakades i 3.3 mg/L fosforlösning visade att adsorptionen var högst i det CaO-impregnerade biokolet, 0.3 ± 0.03 mg/g. Den maximala potentiella fosforadsorptionen beräknades dock vara högst för biokolet som impregnerats med FeCl3, 3.21 ± 0.01 mg/g. Skakförsöket visade också att fosforadsorptionen var främst kemisk då adsorptionen passade bättre med pseudo andra ordningens modell än pseudo första. Adsorption av fosfor på obehandlat biokol och FeCl3 impregnerat biokol modellerades bäst med Langmuir modellen, vilket tyder på en homogen adsorption. Det Polonite-blandade biokolet och CaO-impregnerade biokolet modellerades bäst med Freundlich modellen vilket är en indikation på en heterogen adsorptionsprocess. Biokol impregnerat med CaO och FeCl3 gav de högsta totalfosforreduktionerna på 90 ± 8 % respektive 92 ± 4 %. Biokolet som var blandat med Polonite hade en reduktion på 65 ± 14 % och det obehandlade biokolet 43 ± 24 %. Ett problem med filtratet från CaO-filtret var att det fick en rödbrun färg samt en fällning vilket kan ha berott på ofullständig pyrolysering och impregnering. Filtratet från det FeCl3 impregnerade biokolet hade mycket lågt pH vilket kan vara problematiskt om mikrobiologisk tillväxt i filtret för rening av kväve och organiskt material vill uppnås. Filtret för kväverening gav en total kvävereduktion på 62 ± 16 % vilket är högre än kommersiella system. Resultaten från skak och filterstudien visade på att impregnerade biokol kan ge en förbättrad fosforrening om de skulle användas i små avloppssystem. Rening av organiskt material, kemisk syreförbrukning (COD), var dock låg i alla filter och behöver studeras ytterligare för att avgöra om dessa biokol är lämpliga för småskalig avloppsvattenrening.

This thesis studied the viability of recycling filter substrates as soil amendments after being used in on-site systems for phosphorus (P) removal from wastewater. Focus was put on the materials Filtra P and Polonite, which are commercial products used in compact filters in Sweden. A prerequisite for this choice was to review filter materials and P sorption capacity. The filter substrates (Filtra P, Polonite and wollastonite tailings) were recycled from laboratory infiltration columns as soil amendments to a neutral agricultural soil and to an acid meadow soil to study their impacts on soil properties and yield of barley and ryegrass. The amendments tended to improve the yield and showed a liming effect, significantly increasing soil pH and the availability of P. In another experiment, samples of Filtra P and Polonite were equilibrated in batch experiments with the two soils in order to study the P dynamics in the soil-substrate system.  Batch equilibrations confirmed the liming potential of Filtra P and Polonite and showed that improved P availability in soils was strongly dependent on substrate P concentration, phase of sorbed P, and soil type. Finally, samples of Polonite used for household wastewater treatment were recycled as soil amendments to a mountain meadow and to an agricultural field for wheat cropping. The liming effect of Polonite was confirmed under field conditions and the results were similar to those of lime for the mountain meadow soil. However, the results were quite different for the agricultural field, where Polonite did not affect soil pH or any other chemical and physical soil properties investigated and had no impact on wheat yield and quality. The results from field experiments suggested that Polonite can be safely recycled to meadows and cropping fields at rates of 5-10 ton ha-1 but long-term studies are needed to forecast the effects of accumulation.
QC 20100708

Literature reviews and laboratory work were used to examine the phosphorus removal efficiency of the reactive filter material Polonite®. This material is produced from the calcium carbonate and silica based rock Opoka. The thesis mainly focuses on adsorption of phosphorus from wastewater with Polonite® but also discuss the possibilities of recycling the filter and the adsorbed phosphorus back into agriculture. This would be beneficial to the environment and a path to a sustainable use of phosphorus. It is important to reduce the employment of phosphorus because of the upcoming “Peak Phosphorus” and the negative impact that an excess of the nutrient has on water bodies. The two main objectives of this thesis were to evaluate and display the phosphorus sorption capacity of Polonite® in a breakthrough curve and to obtain adsorption isotherms of phosphorus on Polonite®.  To achieve these objectives experiments were performed in a pilot-plant and in a laboratory at Hammarby Sjöstadsverk. A 500 kg Polonite® filter was connected to flow of wastewater of 400 L/hr and samples were collected and analyzed regularly. The filter did not perform as well as expected, having already shown promising results in other experiments. This is most likely due to the high flow of wastewater and to a too short residence time. The phosphorus reduction was down to 60 % after approximately 30 days and a breakthrough was noticed after 53 days. When saturated, the filter contained 0.6 kg of phosphorus, the equivalent of a sorption capacity of 0.12 %. The pH in the effluent from the Polonite® filter was 10.2 at the first measurement but then dropped fast. When the filter was saturated the pH was down to 8.7. The breakthrough curve gave some indications of that the saturated Polonite® filter might be able to release adsorbed phosphorus. It was also concluded that the Polonite® filter was acting mainly by sorption and thus reduced the dissolved, but not much of the particular, phosphorus.Equilibrium experiments were conducted using solutions with different concentrations of phosphorus. 1 g of Polonite® was added to each solution which was then stirred. With the help of adsorption isotherms the maximum loading capacity was estimated at 330 mg of phosphorus per gram of Polonite®. This corresponds to a 33 % capacity and is a very high number.    Recommendations for future studies would be to further examine the wastewater residence time in the Polonite® filter to improve sorption capacity of phosphorus. It could also be interesting to redo the equilibrium experiments to obtain a more probable loading capacity. The possible presence of pharmaceuticals and/or heavy metals in the filter is also important to investigate, as is the economic aspect of the employment of Polonite® filters for removal of phosphorus from wastewater.

In tropical soils, phosphorus (P) is adsorbed onto the oxide surface reducing the availability to plants. Thus, the solubility of the P sources and the particular plant characteristics which increases the absorption efficiency becomes important in the rhizosphere where roots and soil microorganisms interacts together. The objectives of this research were to evaluate sugarcane cultivars in relation to changes in the rhizosphere and the efficiency of P absorption and to evaluate the dynamics of P in the rhizosphere of sugarcane under the application of filter cake combined with mineral fertilizers. Four experiments were conducted in a greenhouse. The soil was a sandy clay loam Ferralsol from Piracicaba - SP, with low soil P, arranged in a randomized block design with four replications for each experiment. The experiment 1 was conducted in a 5x2 factorial arrangement with four sugarcane cultivars: RB92-579; RB85-5156; RB86-7515; RB86-6928 or no plants subjected to presence or absence of phosphate fertilizer (78.4 mg P kg-1) and soil adhering to the root was considered rhizosphere. The experiment 2 evaluated five doses of phosphate fertilizers: 0; 9.8; 19.6; 39.2 and 78.4 mg P kg-1 soil with the most promising cultivar for P absorption from experiment 1, and the rhizosphere was collected in five distances from the rhizoplane (mm): i) 0-2; ii) 2-4; iii) 4-6; iv) 6-8; v) 8-10. Experiment 3 was conducted in a 2x3 factorial: absence or presence of filter cake (5 g DM kg-1) with rock phosphate, soluble phosphate (78.4 mg soluble P kg-1 soil) or phosphate absence, and the rhizosphere soil was sampled 2 mm from the rhizoplane. Experiment 4 involved five filter cake rates: 0; 2.5; 5; 10 and 15 g DM kg-1 applied to the bulk soil or in the planting furrow. The cultivar RB96-6928 showed better adaptation characteristics under low availability of phosphorus, with good root development and P uptake. The rate 38.5 mg P kg-1 was the most suitable to promote optimal seedling development. The filter cake was efficient to increase P uptake and the interaction between filter cake and rock phosphate was efficient to increase production factors as the number of tillers per plant. The highest P uptake occurred when filter cake was applied to planting furrow at a rate of 10 g DM kg-1.
Em solos tropicais o fósforo (P) é adsorvido nas superfícies dos óxidos, reduzindo a disponibilidade às plantas. Assim, a solubilidade das fontes de P e as características particulares da planta que aumentam a eficiência de absorção tornam-se importantes na rizosfera, onde as raízes, microrganismos e solo interagem biologicamente de forma intensa. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram avaliar cultivares de cana-de-açúcar quanto a mudanças na rizosfera e eficiência na absorção de P e avaliar a dinâmica do P na rizosfera de cana-de-açúcar sob a aplicação de torta de filtro juntamente com fertilizantes minerais. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos em casa de vegetação. O solo utilizado foi um Latossolo Vermelho amarelo arenoso da região de Piracicaba - SP, com baixo teor de P, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições para todos os experimentos. O experimento 1 foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 5x2, com 4 cultivares de cana-de-açúcar: RB92-579; RB85-5156; RB86-7515; RB86-6928 ou ausência de plantas, submetidos a presença ou ausência de adubação fosfatada (78.4 mg P kg-1), e o solo aderido a raiz foi amostrado com sendo rizosférico. O experimento 2 avaliou cinco doses de adubação fosfatada: 0; 9.8; 19.6; 39.2 e 78.4 mg P kg-1 solo com o cultivar mais promissor para absorção de P do experimento 1, sendo o solo rizosférico coletado em cinco distâncias a partir do rizoplano (mm): i) 0-2; ii) 2-4; iii) 4-6; iv) 6-8; v) 8-10. O experimento 3 foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 2x3: ausência ou presença de torta de filtro (5 g MS kg-1) com fosfato natural, fosfato solúvel (78.4 mg P solúvel kg-1 solo) ou ausência de fosfato, sendo o solo rizosférico amostrado a 2 mm do rizoplano. O experimento 4 envolveu cinco doses de torta de filtro: 0; 2.5; 5; 10 e 15 g MS kg-1 aplicados no volume total do solo ou no sulco de plantio. A cultivar RB96-6928 mostrou características de melhor adaptação sob baixa disponibilidade de P, com destacado desenvolvimento radicular e boa absorção de P. A dose 38.5 mg P kg-1 foi a mais apropriada para promover um adequado desenvolvimento das mudas. A torta de filtro foi eficiente para aumentar a absorção de P e a interação entre torta de filtro e fosfato natural foi eficiente para incrementar fatores de produção como o número de perfilhos por planta. A maior absorção de P se deu quando a torta de filtro foi aplicada no sulco de plantio na dose de 10 g MS kg-1.

Existing small scale wastewater treatment systems in Nordic countries have generally low treatment efficiency regarding phosphorus and nitrogen. Even though only 15% of the Swedish population is connected to on-site wastewater treatment systems, the total discharge of phosphorus from these systems exceeds the total discharge from all municipal treatment plants in Sweden. The overall objective of this thesis was to investigate certain components of small wastewater treatment systems that improve the effluent quality and facilitate the recovery of wastewater phosphorus and nitrogen. Reactive filter materials intended for filter systems and local sludge handling were investigated. The experimental methodology used to investigate reactive filter materials was also examined. The materials studied were blast furnace (BF) slag, wollastonite and clinoptilolite, which were investigated by agitation, column and pilot scale experiments as well as by literature studies. Ammonium and phosphate solutions and municipal wastewater were used in the experiments. The local sludge handling was investigated by a full-scale field study consisting of sludge freezing, drying and composting. Factors influencing phosphorus (P) sorption on BF slag in agitation experiments were grain size, weathering, initial P concentration and type of solution. The highest P sorption value obtained was 1,500 mg tot-P/kg slag for fresh BF slag treating a PO4-P solution of 20 mg tot-P/L. The results showed that the properties of BF slag had changed during storage, and the handling of BF slag before being used in a reactive filter system may affect the P treatment efficiency of full-scale filters. Considerable release of sulphuric compounds was seen in the pilot scale experiment even though the used slag was weathered. Thus, the use of fresh slag to optimise the P sorption may be a problem when considering sulphuric leakage. The P sorption of wollastonite was 90-93% for initial concentrations 14-61 mg PO4- P/L and the sorption was 190 mg PO4-P/kg wollastonite for a solution of 14 mg PO4-P/L. For the investigated wastewater, the PO4-P sorption of wollastonite was negligible. Wollastonite showed minor NH4+ removal, varying between 3 and 15%. Neither the reaction times nor the initial ammonium and phosphate concentrations influenced the ammonium sorption. In column experiments, where clinoptilolite was loaded with wastewater, the highest adsorption was obtained for the finest (4-8 mm) clinoptilolite, i.e. 2,700 mg NH4-N/kg. Breakthrough of ammonium occurred immediately in all clinoptilolite experiments. Laboratory experiments are easily performed with prepared solutions instead of wastewater. However, obtained sorption values from prepared solutions and wastewater differ, as shown in agitation experiments where the P sorption for fresh BF slag was almost 100% for an initial phosphate solution of 5 mg tot-P/L. The corresponding P sorption for a wastewater solution with an initial concentration of 4.2 mg tot-P/L was 56%. Filter experiments using wastewater are the laboratory experiment that can best forecast the performance of full-scale applications. A sorption capacity of the filter material can be obtained as well as information about other operation parameters, such as suitable grain size, hydraulic load and risk of clogging. Most small scale wastewater treatment systems include a sludge separation unit that separates a large fraction of the wastewater's suspended solids. The investigated full-scale septic sludge application was a promising method for septic sludge treatment in cold regions, due to its simple design and operation. Freezing and drying efficiently dewatered the sludge. The dried sludge and kitchen refuse were then intensively composted and a maximum temperature of 73 degrees C was achieved. Using the investigated sludge treatment method would contribute to the local recovery of wastewater nitrogen and phosphorus from small-scale wastewater treatment systems by approximately 5-20%.
Godkänd; 2006; 20061205 (haneit)

Phosphorus (P) is an important plant nutrient and essential for life. However, thephosphate rock used for fertilizer production is a non-renewable resource and itsproduction is expected to peak. At the same time, the discharge of P into naturalwaters is causing eutrophication, a severe problem in areas such as the Baltic Sea. Onsitewastewater treatment facilities in Sweden contribute substantially to this discharge because of their inadequate retention of P. Filter beds are a potentially useful technique to capture P in on-site facilities. However, many variables need to be considered when the P retention of potential filter materials is estimated in laboratory tests prior to designing full-scale filters. The overall aim of this thesis was therefore to increase the reliability of forecasting P retention in full-scale filters by increasing the understanding of P retention in P filters under varying conditions and by identifying measures that could lead to more reliable methods of testing filter materials at laboratory scale.The effects of influent type, influent P concentration, loading rate and ambienttemperature on the filter materials Filtra P, Filtralite P, Top16 and Polonite wereinvestigated in filter column experiments using 22 factorial designs. Furthermore, the P binding mechanism was studied using mineral phase investigations and by determining the reaction time of the P in the filter. In addition, filter performance was estimated by means of hydro-geochemical transport modelling.The investigated factors significantly (Į = 0.05) affected the retention of P in the filter materials showing that it is important to consider those factors when designing laboratory filter experiments and full-scale filters. Using secondary wastewater as an influent instead of P solution decreased the P binding capacity of Filtralite P, probably due to organic compounds contained in the wastewater. Increasing influent P concentration decreased the number of bed volumes treated before breakthrough in Filtra P by 82%. The loading rate was shown to be an important design parameter. Increasing the loading rate, something commonly done in the laboratory to accelerate the testing, significantly increased the amount of washed-out particulate P in Filtra P and Filtralite P. However, the residence time was also shown to be important; it should be maximised in filter tests as far as practical constraints allow. Increasing the temperature from 4.3 to 16.5°C increased the P binding capacity in both Top16 and Polonite which was attributed to an enhanced precipitation of calcium phosphates. This indicates that results obtained from experimental filters at room temperature might overestimate filter performance in the field where the temperature can be lower. In addition, full-scale filters might function better in warm rather than cool climates. The results further showed that it is crucial to measure both the concentration of dissolved P and particulate P in the filter effluent, as P-containing particles were observed to escape from the experimental filters in this study. Hydroxylapatite was detected in the outflow hose of the Filtra P columns indicating that this mineral phase may form in the filters under certain conditions. The geochemical models, however, indicated that the only precipitated calcium phosphate compound was amorphous tricalcium phosphate.Two hydro-geochemical transport models were developed that satisfactorily described the experimentally derived P breakthrough curves and effluent pH of the filter columns with Filtralite P. The simulations suggested that calcium oxide, calcite and the calcium-silicate phase wollastonite supplied the Ca2+ and OH- ions required for the precipitation of phosphate.
Godkänd; 2014; 20140408 (ingher); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Inga Herrmann Ämne: VA-teknik/Sanitary Engineering Avhandling: Filter Beds for On-Site Wastewater Treatment Towards More Reliable Estimations of Phosphorus Retention Opponent: Professor Petter Jenssen, Institutt for miljøvitenskap, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norge Ordförande: Professor Maria Viklander, Avd för arkitektur och vatten, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag den 13 juni 2014, kl 10.00 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet

Sanitary landfill leachate is a source of environmental concern due to its high organic strength and chemical diversity. The widespread use of sanitary landfills has resulted in regulatory authorities requiring municipalities to give serious consideration to the treatment and safe disposal of this wastewater. A number of lab-scale and pilot scale studies have indicated that the anaerobic filter .is highly competitive with other forms of biological treatment and has distinct economic advantages. While there have been a number of studies based on a general overall approach to leachate treatment by the anaerobic filter, limited' information is available on the role played by essential nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) in the biological treatment process. Laboratory studies were conducted at room temperature (22°C) to study the effect of nutrient addition (specifically, phosphorus, the deficient constituent of most leachates) on treatment efficiency of landfill leachate by the upflow anaerobic filter. Two anaerobic filters (0.975 metres x 0.15 metres diameter) were constructed using plexiglass pipes and packed with strips of corrugated fibre-glass sheets in four layers to form the filter bed. Leachate collected from a nearby landfill was applied at moderate organic loadings (2.0-4.2 kg COD/m³.day) to the two units maintaining a HRT of 0.987 days. During runs 2 and 4, leachate collected from the Premier landfill had a very low organic strength, necessitating the addition of acetic acid to raise that strength to around 2000 mg/l COD. When phosphorus addition was made at the 10 mg/l level to this feed, no favourable effect on COD removal was observed, possibly because the feed was VFA based and not inclusive of complex organics. During run 3, the strength of the leachate increased to around 4000 mg/l, with a relatively lower proportion of the COD present as VFA (around 1600 mg/l as acetic acid). When phosphorus addition was made to this feed at a 40 mg/l level, COD removal capacity of the anaerobic filter improved significantly, indicating that phosphorus may be added to an organically diverse waste with distinct advantages.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

Excessive phosphorus (P) in runoff contributes to eutrophication of fresh water bodies. Studies have shown that manure and effluent applied from animal feeding operations to waste application fields (WAFs) have contributed to excess P in segments of the North Bosque River in east central Texas. There is a growing need for environmentally sound, economically viable, and easy to establish best management practices to control such pollution. Vegetative buffer strips offer a potential solution for reducing runoff P from WAFs by extracting it from soil and by reducing sediment P delivery (due to reduced runoff and soil erosion) to streams. In a field study, ten plots (5m x 5m) were assigned to five replicated treatments, namely control (bare, without having any plant cover), cool season grass, warm season forb, warm season grass, and warm season legume to assess their efficacy of runoff sediment control and P sequestration potential from soil. These plots were established on a coastal Bermuda grass WAF that received dairy lagoon effluent. A runoff collection system, a 1m x 1m sub-plot with a runoff conveyance and collection apparatus, was installed on the upstream and downstream margins of each plot. Natural rainfall runoff samples were collected and analyzed subsequently for total P, soluble P, and total suspended solids in the laboratory. Additionally, the total mass of runoff collected from each sub-plot was calculated. Results suggested that the warm season forb and warm season grass were the most effective vegetative covers for the reduction of runoff P, followed by coastal Bermuda and cool season grass, respectively. The lesser amount of runoff total P in these two treatments was due to lesser runoff mass and lesser sediments in the runoff due to initial interception of rain and less raindrop impact on soil because of denser vegetative cover in both treatments compared to all other treatments.

An excessive input of nutrients to lakes and other water bodies has created a problem with eutrophication in Sweden. Untreated, or partially treated, domestic sewage is a major source for discharge of phosphorus (P), which is the nutrient most frequently responsible for eutrophication of most fresh waters and the Baltic Sea. The waste water can be cleaned by filter materials, which have a high P-retention ability and which after saturation may be used as fertilizers. Four potentially suitable filter materials were tested in batch- and column experiments in this study. In the batch experiments, the following materials were shaken with waste water in time series ranging from 5 seconds to 60 minutes: coarse (1-4 mm) and fine (0-2 mm) Polonite® (heated bedrock from Poland); Filtralite® (light expanded clay aggregates with limestone added before burning); water cooled blast furnace slag (BF-slag) and BF-slag mixed with 10% burned limestone. In the column experiment, the phosphorus sorption capacity in BF-slag and BF-slag mixed with burned limestone was observed under saturated and unsaturated flow conditions for 10 weeks. The waste water used in both experiments originated from the full scale testing site at Ångersjön in Sweden. After the column experiment was ended, the filter materials were investigated with XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (scanning electron microscope) in order to figure out which chemical reactions that had taken place.

The results from the batch experiments show that fine Polonite® and BF-slag mixed with limestone have the fastest P sorption capacity. Already after 5 seconds of shaking the materials showed effective retention of P. The coarse Polonite®, Filtralite® and BF-slag showed similar sorption capacities, although the coarse Polonite® tended to be somewhat inferior. The column studies showed that the materials used in the columns had a sorption capacity of 98 % or more. The XRD and SEM indicated that an amorphous calcium-P-compound was created in the filter material.

I Sverige är reningen av fosfor i vatten från enskilda avlopp ofta bristfällig, vilket bland annat kan leda till övergödning av sjöar, hav och vattendrag. Sedan några år tillbaka har olika filtermaterial med speciella reaktiva egenskaper, som bland annat avskiljer fosfor från avloppsvatten, undersökts. Tanken med filtermaterialen är att de efter mättnad med näringsämnen ska kunnas användas som jordförbättringsmedel. I denna rapport har några olika filtermaterial, lämpade för fosforavskiljning, undersökts genom skak- och kolonnförsök. I skakförsök, där skaktiderna varierade mellan 5 sekunder och 60 minuter, testades Polonite®, Filtralite®, Hyttsand och Hyttsand blandad med 10 % bränd kalk. Polonite® är en upphettad form av bergarten opoka varav två olika kornstorleksfraktioner (0-2 mm och 1-4 mm) användes. Filtralite® och Hyttsand är antropogena filtermaterial. Filtralite® tillverkas i Norge och består av kalkhaltiga kulor av expanderad lera (Leca®). Hyttsand framställs genom vattenkylning av masugnsslagg som bildas vid framställningen av råjärn vid stålverket i Oxelösund. I kolonnförsöken, som utfördes under 10 veckor, studerades Hyttsand och Hyttsand blandad med 10 % bränd kalk under omättade och mättade flödesförhållanden. I samtliga experiment användes avloppsvatten från reningsverket vid Ångersjön, där Filtralite® och Hyttsand testas i fullskala. Efter kolonnförsöken avslutats undersöktes filtermaterialen med XRD (röntgendiffraktion) och SEM (svepelektron mikroskop) för att utreda vilka mekanismer som medverkat vid avskiljningen av fosfor.

Resultaten från skakförsöken visade att finkornig Polonite® och Hyttsand blandad med kalk avskiljer fosfor effektivt redan efter skakning i 5 sekunder. Grovkornig Polonite, ren Hyttsand och Filtralite® sorberade fosfor tämligen likartat, även om den grovkorniga Poloniten® tenderade att vara aningen sämre än de övriga. Resultaten från kolonnförsöken visade att fosfor kunde avskiljas till över 98 % i alla kolonner och att det bildats amorfa fosfatföreningar, främst med kalcium, under den 2,5 månader långa experimentperioden.

Passive reactive filters have the potential to provide effective phosphorus (P) removal from stormwater or agricultural drainage, or to act as an add-on P-removal technology for decentralized or small community wastewater treatment systems. Passive filters require minimal energy consumption and human maintenance. Direct-reduced iron (DRI), a steel-making intermediate, was investigated as a passive filter media for wastewaters phosphorus reduction. Phosphorus is a biologically active element that is in excess in many natural waterways due to intensive human activity. Eutrophication can occur when P concentrations exceed 0.02 mg/L in freshwater lakes and rivers. The harmful consequence of this phenomenon includes oxygen deprivation, fish death and cyanobacteria-produced toxins. There is a pressing need to limit phosphorus over-discharge into natural waterways. DRI is a novel media in the application of wastewater treatment and was characterized to have a porous structure with high metallic iron content. The phosphorus retaining mechanisms in batch and column studies suggest a combination of adsorption and surface crystal formation as the dominant removal mechanisms. Batch studies demonstrated increasing removal capacity with P concentration with a plateau observed at 21 mg P/g DRI relating to initial 3000 mg P/L. Media rejuvenation was investigated through chemical treatment with two iron solutions (Fe2(SO4)3, FeCl3) and two acidic solutions (H2SO4 and HCl) at varying molarity. P removal capacity could be fully recovered with 0.05 M Fe3+ or 0.4 N H+ (HCl/H2SO4), while a 37.6% P recovery was also achieved in an acidic solution at 1.2 N H+ (HCl/H2SO4). A column study utilizing three media sizes of DRI (3.5, 11, 19 mm) and one media size of activated alumina (AA) (7.5 mm) was conducted for 315 days using synthetic P solution varying from 2 to 10 mg/L and hydraulic retention times (HRTs) varying from 0.7 – 15 h. The results demonstrated that removal efficiency increased with HRT and decreased with increasing media size and concentration with minimum HRTs to maintain an 80% removal efficiency varying from 4.4 to 15 hrs for DRI and 3.9 hrs for AA for influent P concentrations of 10 mg/L and below. After 1 year of column operation, the DRI media had demonstrated a minimum removal capacity of 1.82 mg P/g DRI, which can be used as a conservative design parameter. A short duration column study (34 days) utilizing municipal lagoon effluent exhibited similar removal efficiencies to the synthetic column study under the same operational conditions. The 10 years lifespan DRI filter with 80% removal rate in the treatment of stormwater, municipal lagoon effluent, septic tank effluent and dairy wastewater application would have been estimated to have filter volumes of 0.24, 4.69, 15.3 and 36.2 m3, respectively.

Replacing the lost Phosphates from different ecosystems is not a question it’s an onus. This none replaceable and renewable resource is one of the vital nutrients where without it, cells, crops and human beings cannot function and live. Though available in environment, its natural cycle is disturbed as its need especially in agriculture sector increases significantly. Phosphorus recovery from waste water sorbents is one of the innovative and promising concepts. The core goal of this paper is to evaluate the phosphorus desorbing capacity of two reactive materials (waste water sorbents) using chemical extracts. The experimental work emphasized on investigation four extracts, HNO3, NaHCO3, P-AL and H2O on phosphate desorption capacity of two inorganic reactive materials namely Polonite® and Sorbulite® which are widely known for their high P-sorption capacity. The kinetics and desorption were examined in batch experiments and consequently the plant availability were investigated using Flow Injection Analyzing (FIA) spectroscopy (wet chemistry) method. The maximum average orthophosphate desorption at 100 rpp for 48 hrs was interpreted to be 33.12 mg g−1and 3.11 mg g−1 from Sorbulite® and Polonite® respectively using 4M HNO3 extract. The orthophosphate desorption characteristic using the above extracts tended to decrease in the following order HNO3 ≤ P-AL ≤ NaHCO3 ≤ H2O. Polonite® shows a higher recovery potential, where almost 6 times higher ammonium lactate (AL)-extractable P was observed when compared with Sorbulite®. Batch experiment was proved to be a tool for investigating and evaluating Phosphorus desorption capacity of mineral-based filter materials.

L’objectif de ce travail est la mise au point de filtres garnis de laitiers d’aciéries destinés au traitement du phosphore (P) des eaux usées au sein de petites installations. Deux types de laitiers on été testés: laitiers de four à arc électrique (EAF), et laitiers d'aciérie de conversion (BOF). Une approche intégrée a été suivie, avec investigations à différentes échelles: (i) Des expériences en flacons ont été réalisées pour établir les capacités de rétention du P de laitiers produits en Europe, et ainsi sélectionner les échantillons les plus adaptés pour l’élimination du P; (ii)Des expériences en colonnes ont été menées pour étudier l'effet de divers paramètres, notamment la taille et la composition du laitier, sur les performances hydrauliques et épuratoires des filtres; (iii) Enfin, des expériences sur terrain ont été conduites afin d’évaluer les performances hydrauliques et épuratoires de deux unités démonstration conçues pour le traitement du P au sein d’un marais artificiel. Les résultats expérimentaux ont indiqué que le principal mécanisme d'élimination du P est lié à la dissolution du CaO des laitiers, suivie de la précipitation de phosphate de Ca et recristallisation en hydroxyapatite (HAP). Après 100 semaines d'alimentation avec une solution de P (concentration moyenne de P totale 10,2 mgP/L), les colonnes remplies de laitiers de petite taille (BOF6-12 mm et EAF 5-16 mm) ont retenu >98% du P total en entrée, tandis que les colonnes remplies de laitiers de grande taille (BOF 20-50 mm et EAF 20-40) ont retenu 56et 86% du P total en entrée, respectivement. Il apparaît que, plus la taille des laitiers est petite, plus la surface spécifique disponible pour la dissolution du CaO et pour l’adsorption des phosphates de Ca est grande. Les expériences sur terrain ont confirmé que les laitiers sont efficaces pour le traitement du P de l'effluent d'un marais artificiel (concentration moyenne du P totale 8,3 mg P/L). Sur une période de 85 semaines d'opération, de laitiers EAF ont retenu le 36% du P total en entrée, tandis que les laitiers BOF ont retenu le 59% du P total en entrée.L’efficacité de rétention du P apparaît augmenter avec la température et le temps de rétention hydraulique (HRT),très probablement parce que l'augmentation de la température et du HRT a favorisé la dissolution de la CaO et la précipitation de phosphate de Ca. Toutefois, il a été constaté que HRT >3 jours peuvent produire des pH élevés (>9), à la suite d’une excessive dissolution de CaO.Cependant, les résultats des unités démonstration ont montré que, à HRT de 1-2 jours, les filtres produisent des pH élevés seulement pendant les 5 premières semaines de fonctionnement, puis les pH se stabilisent en dessous de 9. Enfin, une équation de dimensionnement sur la base des résultats expérimentaux a été proposée
This thesis aimed at developing the use of electric arc furnace steel slag (EAF-slag) and basic oxygen furnace steel slag (BOF-slag) in filters designed to upgrade phosphorus (P) removal in small wastewater treatment plants. An integrated approach was followed, with investigation at different scales: (i) Batch experiments were performed to establish an overview of the P removal capacities of steel slag produced in Europe, and then to select the most suitable samples for P removal; (ii)Continuous flow column experiments were performed to investigate the effect of various parameters including slag size and composition, and column design on treatment and hydraulic performances of lab-scale slag filters; (iii)Finally, field experiments were performed to investigate hydraulic and treatment performances of demonstration scale slag filters designed to remove P from the effluent of a constructed wetland. The experimental results indicated that the major mechanism of P removal was related toCaO-slag dissolution followed by precipitation of Caphosphate and recrystallisation into hydroxyapatite (HAP).Over 100 weeks of continuous feeding of a synthetic Psolution (mean inlet total P 10.2 mg P/L), columns filled with small-size slag (6-12 mm BOF-slag; 5-16 mm EAFslag)removed >98% of inlet total P, whereas columnsfilled with big-size slag (20-50 mm BOF-slag and 20-40mm EAF-slag) removed 56 and 86% of inlet total P,respectively. Most probably, the smaller was the size ofslag, the greater was the specific surface for CaO-slagdissolution and adsorption of Ca phosphate precipitates.Field experiments confirmed that EAF-slag and BOF-slagare efficient substrate for P removal from the effluent of aconstructed wetland (mean inlet total P 8.3 mg P/L). Overa period of 85 weeks of operation, EAF-slag removed 36%of inlet total P, whereas BOF-slag removed 59% of inlettotal P. P removal efficiencies increased with increasing temperature and void hydraulic retention time (HRTv),most probably because the increase in temperature and HRTv affected the rate of CaO dissolution and Caphosphate precipitation. However, it was found that longHRTv (>3 days) may produce high pH of the effluents(>9), as the result of excessive CaO-slag dissolution. However, the results of field experiments demonstrated that at shorter HRTv (1-2 days), slag filters produced pH that were elevated only during the first 5 weeks of operation, and then stabilized below a pH of 9. Finally, a dimensioning equation based on the experimental results was proposed

Bed filters using reactive materials are an emerging technology for on-site wastewater treatment. Chemical reactions transfer contaminants from the aqueous to the solid phase. Phosphorus is removed from domestic wastewater by sorption to filter materials, which can then be recycled to agriculture as fertilisers and soil amendments. This thesis presents long-term column and field-scale studies of nine filter materials, particularly the novel product Polonite®. Phosphorus, nitro-gen and metals were removed by the mineral-based materials to varying degrees. Polonite and Nordkalk Filtra P demonstrated the largest phosphorus removal capacity, maintaining a PO4-P removal efficiency of >95%. Analysis of filter bed layers in columns with downward wastewater flow, showed that phosphorus, carbon and nitrogen content was vertically distributed, with de-creasing values from surface to base layer. Polonite and Filtra P accumulated 1.9-19 g P kg-1. Nitrogen in wastewater was scarcely removed by the alkaline filter materials, but transformation from NH4-N to NO3-N was >90%. Pot experiments with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) revealed that after wastewater treatment, slags and Polonite could increase plant production. Batch experi-ments and ATR-FTIR investigations indicated that amorphous tricalcium phosphate (ATCP) was formed in the materials, so some of the accumulated PO4-P was readily available to plants. Low heavy metal contents occurred in the materials, showing that they can be applied as soil amend-ments in agriculture without contamination risks. A full-scale treatment system using Polonite as filter material showed an average PO4-P removal efficiency of 89% for a 92-week period, indicat-ing the robustness of the filter bed technology.
QC 20100907

Water pollution has become a global issue with impacts in all countries but particularly those undergoing rapid urbanisation such as China. The review for this thesis established that in 2015 China had 3,910 urban treatment plants with daily treatment capacity of 167million cubic metres. This treatment capacity was able to serve more than 90% of the population in urban regions. Compared to the previous 20 years, these treatment facilities represented a major improvement. However, the thesis uses recent annual environmental reports to show that this level of treatment is still not enough to avoid serious water pollution, more than 30% of Chinese rivers were classified as polluted. The main reason for this it is suggested is that most of treatment infrastructure is for urban areas and the rural areas still lack even basic treatment and rural communities represents about half the total Chinese population. The statistics reported in Chapter 2.1 indicates only 25.3% of towns and 11% of villages are connected to treatment facilities. It was concluded that this lower treatment rate was the major factor impacting on the water environment. Therefore, it is important to improve treatment infrastructure in China remote areas. The literature suggested that trickling filter (TF) technology had advantages as wastewater treatment in this type of situation namely Chinese rural areas. This thesis therefore reports on research to upgrade the TF basic processes to remove newly prioritized nutrient pollutants using novel, sustainable and easily available local media, these were; zeolite, maifan stone, recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), brick, blast furnace slag and dolomite. The media were screened using simple absorption tests first focussing on P removal and then a short-listed group tested under dynamic pilot scale. Further static experiments were carried out on this group to understand the mechanisms involved. The pilot tests used the selected concrete and brick. The best performers against traditional media controls and the results showed pollutant removal (COD, TSS, Turbidity, TOC and N) in line with previous models. The media, except concrete, however released phosphorus. This was further confirmed by batch tests with different operating conditions which found the media released P when the initial P concentration was below 10mg/l or above 15mg/l. Concrete was not affected and continued to adsorb P under all conditions (Chapter 4). It was recommended that tests using crushed concrete for tertiary treatment be carried out. Concrete was further studies by isotherm models the best fit was the Langmuir equation with a maximum adsorption of 6.88mg/g. The mechanism of adsorption was ionic attraction determined by kinetic study and thermodynamic models. The adsorption capacity was compared with other literature, and the results from this study suggested a larger size of crushed concrete (2-5mm) could be used for P removal as effectively as smaller sizes. In order to determine the phase of the P adsorbed, sequential extractions were carried out. The results confirmed labile or easily removed P (LBP) dominated (44%) followed by refractory or occluded P (O-P), Ca-P, Mg-P and Al-P. The literature, suggested LBP would be easily available to plants and the RCA could be reused for plant nutrient supply. Different grades of RCA in terms of their original water to cement ratio (W/C) were also tested for P removal. The study showed high W/C ratio removed more P due to the greater porosity and larger pore sizes than the lower W/C ratio.

Private wastewater treatment facilities release tons of phosphorus to the aquatic environment due to the insufficient removal efficiency in conventional soil infiltration systems. Reactive filter materials have demonstrated promising P removal rates. Laboratory-scale column experiments were carried out using Absol® and Polonite® in dual infiltration media and results were compared with Polonite® functioning as the only layer of reactive filter material. Two sets of experiments were arranged with layer lengths of 5 cm and 15 cm which were operated for 50 and 119 days respectively. Columns with an additional layer of Absol® demonstrated very good average removal rates of 85.99 % and 99.13 % in both experiments while the effluent in the former exceeded the maximum allowed P concentration shortly after half of the total time of the experiment. On the other hand, O-P concentration in collected samples from dual filter media with 15 cm layers of Absol® and Polonite® (column B1) was as low as 0.04 mg/l after 119 days of operation exhibiting high potentials for Absol® in local wastewater treatment. Levels of pH in treated samples showed a decreasing trend in all columns which was similarly simultaneous with high removal rates observed in B1.

Stormwater runoff is a known pollutant source capable of causing surface water degradation, especially in highly populated areas such as Central Florida. Wet detention ponds manage this stormwater, but most of the ponds do not remove enough nutrients, specifically nitrogen and phosphorus, to meet TMDL regulations. This research provides a possible addition to a detention pond in Seminole County, Florida using a Chamber Upflow Filter and Skimmer (CUFS), which can increase the removal of phosphorus and nitrogen by the system. Water enters the system through the skimmer, which floats on the surface of the detention pond. It travels from the skimmer to the bottom of the chamber, where heavier particles settle out before entering the upflow filter. The upflow filter contains twenty-four inches of Black and GoldTM media to remove nitrogen and phosphorus under anoxic conditions. Water flows up through the filter and out of the system, and eventually travels to Lake Jesup, a eutrophic lake. A total of twenty-eight storm events and seven baseflows were sampled from the site in Seminole County, and ten storm events were sampled from a pilot study CUFS. The results of this research show significant reductions by the Seminole County CUFS in turbidity, orthophosphorus, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids when the means were compared at a 95% confidence interval. Reductions also occurred for total nitrogen, but could not be proved by the mean comparison. The pilot scale application of the CUFS significantly reduced total nitrogen at a 95% confidence interval.
M.S.Env.E.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engr MSEnvE

Throughout Central Florida surface water and ground water are decreasing in quantity and quality in part because of excess Nitrate and Phosphorus nutrients. Stormwater runoff serves as a medium for transport of Nitrate and Phosphorus to surface water and ground water. The goal of this experiment is assess the Nitrate and Phosphorus removal in stormwater using select media. The results of a literature search, batch test experimentation and column test experimentation are used to determine an optimal media blend that may be implemented in detention ponds to reduce Nitrate and Phosphorus. The extensive literature search revealed 32 different media that may be used to remove Nitrate and Phosphorus. Each potential media was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated based on 5 criteria: 1) relevance, 2) permeability, 3) cost, 4) availability in Florida, and 5) additional environmental benefit. The top 7 performing media: Florida peat, sandy loam, woodchips, crushed oyster shell; crushed limestone, tire crumb and sawdust were selected for batch test experimentation. The aerobic conditions in batch test experimentation prohibited the growth of denitrifying bacteria, therefore media mixes were selected for column test experimentation based on Ammonia and Orthophosphate concentrations. Batch test experimentation showed the most effective media to be 50% sand, 30% tire crumb, 20% sawdust by weight (media mix 1) and 50% sand, 25% sawdust, 15% tire crumb, 10% limestone by weight (media mix 2). Media mix 1, media mix 2 and a control are tested in column test experimentation, where the control is site soil from Hunters Trace development in Ocala, Florida. Column test experimentation models a dry detention pond where water passes through a 48 inch unsaturated zone then a 48 inch saturated zone. To test Nitrate and Orthophosphate removal potential, pond water augmented with Nitrate (0.38, 1.26, 2.5 mg/L NO3-N) and Orthophosphate (0.125, 0.361, 0.785 mg/L PO4-P) was pumped into the columns. Media mix 1 and media mix 2 outperformed the control in both Nitrate and Orthophosphate removal. Media mix 1 and media mix 2 had Nitrate removal efficiencies ranging from 60% to 99% and the control had Nitrate removal efficiencies ranging from 38%-80%. Media mix 1 and media mix 2 averaged Orthophosphate removal efficiencies ranging from approximately 42% to 67%. For every run in every influent Orthophosphate concentration the saturated control added Orthophosphate to the water. The Nitrate and Orthophosphate removal performances for media mix 1 and media mix 2 could not be directly compared because of different influent saturated nutrient concentrations.
M.S.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engr MSEnvE

Small on-site sanitation systems for wastewater collection and treatment are prevalent in suburban and rural areas in many countries. However, these systems often underperform, causing potential impact to the receiving waters and increasing the risks to public health, thus hindering the overall sustainability of the systems. Understanding the different sustainability dimensions and trade-offs between assessment indicators can support the planning of sustainable on-site sanitation systems for a specific context. The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the sustainability and function of on-site sanitation systems by defining a set of indicators to assess on-site sanitation options and estimating them for different scenarios, and by investigating the treatment efficiency of on-site facilities for domestic wastewater treatment in a field study. Particular attention was given to the removal of phosphorus (P) and indicator bacteria due to their relevance in terms of eutrophication risk and public-health concern. In a multi-criteria approach, twelve indicators were defined to assess nine on-site sanitation systems. A reference group representing stakeholders’ views assigned weights to express the relative importance of each indicator. The reference group assigned the highest weights to the indicators robustness, risk of pathogen discharge and nutrient removal. Assessing the robustness proved to be challenging, as there is a gap between how the sanitation systems are expected to perform based on their design, and how they actually perform in practice, mainly due to incorrect construction, operation and maintenance. The discriminating power of the indicators was calculated using the entropy method, which showed that the indicators energy recovery and capital cost had little impact in the final ranking of the alternatives. A sustainability ranking was obtained by using the method ELECTRE III. A scenario analysis based on different settings of interest based on socio-economic and geographical factors was done to evaluate the changes in the ranking of alternatives. Overall, the greywater–blackwater separation system ranked the highest in the baseline scenario and when nutrient-related indicators were important (Scenario 2), together with the urine diversion system. The sand filter and drain field were the most sustainable options when nutrient removal and recycling was not important (Scenario 1), and (in combination with chemical P-removal) when the indicators related to energy and climate change had the highest weights (Scenario 3). In terms of P-removal, chemical removal outranked the alkaline P-filter. In a field study, the effluent wastewater from twelve on-site wastewater treatment facilities with sand and alkaline P-filters was evaluated in terms of removal and discharge of organic content, total and dissolved phosphorus, and indicator bacteria (E. coli, total coliforms, intestinal enterococci and C.perfringens). The results showed that the investigated sand filters generally had low P-removal capacity and sometimes exceeded the criteria for excellent water quality set by the EU bathing water directive with regard to intestinal enterococci and E. coli. Only one sand filter of eight was confirmed to remove P according to the Swedish guidelines for areas with non-sensitive receiving waters with a tot-P effluent concentration below 3 mg L−1. This indicates that a downstream treatment step is needed to meet the guidelines regarding P discharge concentrations. Alkaline P-filters generally removed P efficiently. Despite high effluent pH, the collected data did not generally confirm a further reduction of the bacterial content of the wastewater in the P-filters, as had been previously hypothesized. However, effluent concentrations of indicator bacteria showed moderate positive correlations with effluent concentrations of P and organic matter, indicating the potential of the P-filters to serve as a polishing step also for bacteria.
Små lokala avloppssystem för insamling och rening av avloppsvatten är vanligt förekommande i omvandlings- och landsbygdsområden i många länder. Dessa system fungerar ofta sämre än förväntat vilket kan leda till effekter på recipienter, ökad risk för folkhälsan och begränsa systemens hållbarhet. En djupare förståelse för hållbarhetsdimensioner och avvägningar mellan olika indikatorer kan stödja planering och implementering av hållbara lokala avloppsystem för specifika sammanhang. Det övergripande syftet med denna uppsats var att utvärdera hållbarhet och funktion av enskilda avloppssystem. Detta utfördes genom att först definiera en uppsättning indikatorer för bedömning av ett antal enskilda avloppsalternativ och sedan utvärdera dem för olika scenarier. Vidare var syftet att undersöka några systems prestanda för rening av hushållsavloppsvatten i en fältstudie. Särskilt fokus lades på reduktion av fosfor (P) och indikatorbakterier på grund av deras relevans i relation till övergödningsrisk och folkhälsoperspektiv. I en multikriteriestudie definierades tolv indikatorer för att bedöma nio typer av enskilda avloppssystem. En referensgrupp som representerade olika intressenter viktade indikatorerna för att uttrycka den relativa betydelsen av varje indikator. Referensgruppen gav systemens robusthet, risk för utsläpp av patogener, och näringsreduktion störst vikt. Att bedöma robusthet var en utmaning i studien, eftersom det finns ett gap mellan hur systemen förväntas fungera, och hur de faktiskt fungerar i praktiken, mestadels på grund av felaktig konstruktion, drift och underhåll. Indikatorernas diskriminerande effekt räknades ut med entropimetoden, som visade att indikatorerna energiåtervinning och kapitalkostnad hade liten inverkan på alternativens slutgiltiga rangordning. En scenarioanalys genomfördes baserad på socioekonomiska och geografiska faktorer. En hållbarhetsrankning erhölls genom att använda ELECTRE III-metoden. Överlag rankades system som separerar gråvatten – svartvatten samt urinseparerande system högst i basfallsscenariot och när näringsrelaterade indikatorer var viktiga (scenario 2). Markbäddar och infiltrationsanläggningar var de mest hållbara alternativen när rening och återvinning av näringsämnen inte var viktigt (scenario 1) och (i kombination med kemisk P-rening) när indikatorer relaterade till energi och klimatförändringar viktades högst (scenario 3). När det gäller P-rening, gav system med kemisk rening ett bättre utfall än de med alkaliska P-filter. I en fältstudie utvärderades tolv enskilda avloppsanläggningar med markbaserade system och alkaliska P-filter med avseende på rening och utsläpp av organiskt innehåll, totalt och löst P och indikatorbakterier (E.coli, totala koliformer, intestinala enterokocker och C.perfringens). Resultaten visade att de markbaserade systemen generellt hade låg P-reningskapacitet och ofta överskreds kriterierna för utmärkt vattenkvalitet enligt EUs badvattendirektiv avseende intestinala enterokocker och C. perfringens. Endast ett markbaserat system av åtta uppvisade en P-rening som låg under de svenska riktlinjerna för områden med normal skyddsnivå, med en utsläppskoncentration på under 3 mg L-1 tot-P. Detta indikerade att markbäddar behöver nedströms placerade reningssteg för att uppfylla nuvarande riktlinjer för utsläpp av P. Alkaliska P-filter avskilde generellt P effektivt. Trots högt pH-värde kunde ingen ytterligare minskning av bakterieinnehåll i avloppsvattnet från P-filtren påvisas statistiskt. Utsläppen av indikatorbakterier uppvisade emellertid måttliga positiva korrelationer med utsläpp av P och organiskt material, vilket visar på en viss potential att P-filtren kan fungera som ett ytterligare poleringssteg även för bakterier.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-28T12:47:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Agenor Bezerra de Almeida Junior.pdf: 333433 bytes, checksum: 136fccca22048987420e5fe5c8243fd0 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T12:47:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Agenor Bezerra de Almeida Junior.pdf: 333433 bytes, checksum: 136fccca22048987420e5fe5c8243fd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-24
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The use of organic wastes plays an important role in agriculture due to its potential for diminishing yield costs and minimize environmental impacts. The work was carried out to evaluate the effect of mineral fertilizer and filter cake doses on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) yield and soil chemical characteristics. The experimental was conducted in a greenhouse, in design was the casualized blocks with three replications, in a factorial outline (5x3), with five doses of filter cake (0; 9,25; 18,5; 27,75 e 35 g pot-1) and three levels of mineral fertilizer (0; 50 e 100% of the recommended dose). The results showed that cake filter addition favored soil fertility, increasing the contents of both macro and micronutrients and decreasing Al concentration. Filter cake promoted corrected soil acidity while mineral fertilizer acidified the soil. Sugarcane plants responded to filter cake application by increasing the uptake of phosphorus, potassium and copper. The use of filter cake associated with mineral fertilization is recommended in order to increase sugarcane yield while reducing costs with mineral fertilizers.
A utilização dos resíduos orgânicos assume relevante importância nos dias atuais, devido a sua potencialidade de reduzir custos de produção e minimizar impactos ambientais. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de fertilizantes orgânico e mineral na cultura da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) e nos atributos químicos do solo. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em delineamento blocos casualizados com três repetições,arranjo fatorial 5 x 3, representando cinco doses de torta de filtro (0; 9,25; 18,5; 27,75 e 35 g vaso-1) e três níveis de fertilizante mineral (0; 50 e 100% da dose recomendada). Os resultados indicaram que a aplicação de torta de filtro promoveu melhoria na fertilidade do solo, por aumentar os teores de macro e micronutrientes no solo, e reduzir os teores de Al. A torta de filtro promoveu ação corretiva da acidez do solo, enquanto os fertilizantes minerais promoveram a acidificação do solo. As plantas de cana-de-açúcar responderam a aplicação da torta de filtro por aumentar o acúmulo de fósforo, potássio e cobre na parte aérea das plantas. Recomenda-se o uso de torta de filtro associado à adubação mineral, como maneira de maximizar o efeito sobre a produtividade e reduzir custos com fertilizantes minerais.

Modern, small-scale wastewater treatment faces a twofold challenge: On the one hand requirements from legal authorities regarding removal of eutrophying substances have become more demanding. On the other hand high-quality phosphorus reserves are dwindling, which has raised calls for increased recycling. The problem is acute in the county of Stockholm where about 34 000 households are identified to not possess adequate wastewater treatment facilities. In this master’s thesis, four treatment systems, of which three had some phosphorus recycling potential, were compared using life cycle assessment methodology. The small-scale treatment systems analyzed were infiltration, filter beds with Filtralite® P and Filtra P respectively as filter material and a chemical precipitation system. The system boundaries included the extraction of raw materials, production of materials and components, the construction and operation of the systems as well as deconstruction and recycling of the treatment plants. Apart from impacts on human health and acidification potential, which both proved to be of less relevance to the final results, energy usage, consumption of abiotic resources, global warming potential and eutrophication potential were taken into account in this study.

The infiltration system attained the most favourable results in all impact categories save eutrophication potential, which was due to both the low usage of energy and resources as well as the system’s high life expectancy. The filter bed system using Filtralite® P demonstrated the best performance in reduction of eutrophying substances. However, the system’s energy demand and emissions of greenhouse gases by far exceeded the other systems’ results in these categories. Both the filter bed system using Filtra P and the chemical precipitation system fared relatively equal in the overall analysis, with moderate impacts in all categories. The nutrient recycling potential was shown to be limited by the waste products’ relatively high heavy metal content. Sludge from chemical precipitation had higher potential for replacement of fertilizer than filter bed material.

The chemical precipitation system fared best in the overall assessment. Its technical immaturity and limited data foundation put the alternative using Filtra P into second place. The infiltration system’s limited treatment performance and inexistent recycling potential put this alternative into third place. The alternative using Filtralite® P was ruled out entirely because of its high impact on fossil fuel consumption and global warming. Based on this ranking recommendations were made.

Even though the filter bed materials in this study showed excellent phosphorus removal capacity, further research into alternative filter bed materials will have to be made due to the materials’ environmental impacts in other areas. Focus should be on waste material and natural products (such as shell sand) with low environmental impacts from production. Ways of separating heavy metals from plant nutrients need to be explored if nutrient recycling is to be an aim. This study showed that good phosphorus removal characteristics can lead to an increase in other environmental impacts, which in some cases even may outweigh the positive effects of decreased eutrophication.

Modern, småskalig avloppsreningsteknik står inför två utmaningar. Å ena sidan har kraven från lagstiftaren på rening av eutrofierande ämnen ökat. Problemet är akut i Stockholms län där det finns ca. 34 000 hushåll som inte anses uppfylla reningskraven. Å andra sidan minskar fosforförekomsterna av hög kvalitet i allt större takt, vilket har väckt krav på ökad återföring av växtnäring. I detta examensarbete undersöktes fyra olika reningstekniker, varav tre har en viss återföringspotential, med hjälp av metodik från livscykelanalys. Systemen som undersöktes var infiltration, filterbäddar dels med Filtralite® P och dels med Filtra P som filtermaterial, samt ett kemikaliefällningssystem. Systemgränserna omfattade extraktion av råmaterial, produktion av anläggningsmaterial och –komponenter, uppförande och drift av systemen samt avveckling av anläggningarna och återföring av restmaterial. Förutom påverkan på mänsklig hälsa och försurningspotential, som visade sig vara mindre relevanta för slutresultaten, omfattade analysen även en undersökning av energianvändning, förbrukning av abiotiska resurser, potential för global uppvärmning och eutrofieringspotential.

Infiltrationslösningen fick de mest fördelaktiga resultatvärden i alla kategorierna förutom eutrofieringspotential, vilket kan förklaras med systemets låga energi- och resursbehov samt dess höga livslängd. Filterbädden med Filtralite® P som filtermaterial uppvisade den största förmågan att reducera eutrofierande substanser. Systemets energibehov och utsläpp av växthusgaser översteg dock de andra systemens resultat i dessa kategorier kraftigt. Både anläggningen med Filtra P och kemikaliefällningslösningen fick liknande resultat, med måttlig påverkan i alla kategorier. Systemens återföringspotential visade sig vara begränsad av restprodukternas höga tungmetallhalt. Kemikaliefällt slam hade högre återföringspotential än filterbäddsmaterial.

Kemikaliefällning klarade sig totalt sett bäst i studien. Den relativt obeprövade tekniska utformning och det osäkra dataunderlaget ledde till att Filtra P hamnade i rangordningen efter kemikaliefällning. Infiltrationssystemets begränsade reningsförmåga och den obefintliga återföringspotentialen ledde till att alternativet hamnade näst sist. Filtralite® P-alternativet blev placerat sist i rangordningen på grund av dess stora påverkan på förbrukning av fossila bränslen och global uppvärmning. Baserat på rangordningen utfärdades rekommendationer.

Trots att filtermaterialen som undersöktes i denna studie har en utmärkt fosforreningsförmåga, kommer det att krävas fler studier med avseende på alternativa filtermaterial, eftersom materialens användning av icke-förnybara energikällor är mycket stor vid tillverkningen. Fokus borde ligga på återvunna eller naturliga material (som t.ex. snäcksand) med låg miljöpåverkan vid tillverkning. Om återföring av växtnäring ska bli ett mål inom småskalig avloppsvattenrening, måste effektiva sätt att separera tungmetaller från växtnäringsämnen utforskas. Denna studie visade att goda fosforavskiljningsegenskaper kan medföra att andra typer av miljöpåverkan ökar, vilket i vissa fall kan leda till att de negativa konsekvenserna överväger nyttan av minskad eutrofiering.

Moderne, dezentrale Abwassertechnik steht zwei großen Herausforderungen gegenüber. Zum einen sind die Ansprüche von Seiten des Gesetzgebers gestiegen, die effektivere Abwasserreinigungstechniken erfordern. Zum andern werden Phosphorvorkommen von hoher Qualität zunehmend knapper, was Rufe nach verstärkter Rückführung von Phosphor hat laut werden lassen. Im Verwaltungsbezirk Stockholm, in dem es ungefähr 34 000 Haushalte mit unzureichender Abwasserreinigung gibt, ist das Problem von besonderer Bedeutung. In dieser Diplomarbeit wurden vier Abwasserreinigungssysteme, wovon drei ein gewisses Potential für Phosphorrückführung haben, mit Hilfe einer Ökobilanzierung untersucht. Folgende Systeme wurden untersucht: Eine Infiltrationsanlage, zwei Filterbettsanlagen, eine mit Filtralite® P und eine mit Filtra P als Filtermaterial sowie ein System mit Chemikaliefällung. Die Systemgrenzen umfassten die Gewinnung und Verarbeitung von Rohstoffen, das Errichten der jeweiligen Anlage, deren Betrieb sowie Rückgewinnung und Entsorgung von Restmaterialien. Neben Auswirkungen auf die menschliche Gesundheit und Versauerungspotential, die sich im Nachhinein als weniger relevant erwiesen, wurden Energiebedarf, Verbrauch abiotischer Resourcen, Potential für globale Erwärmung und Eutrophierungspotential untersucht.

Die niedrigsten Resultate in allen Kategorien außer Eutrophierungspotential wurden vom Infiltrationssystem erreicht. Filtralite® P erwies sich als am leistungsstärksten, was die Reduktion von eutrophierenden Substanzen angeht. Der Energiebedarf und die Emissionen von Treibhausgasen dieser Alternative überstieg die Ergebnisse der anderen Alternativen in diesen Kategorien doch bei weitem. Filtra P und Chemikaliefällung erzielten moderate Auswirkungen in allen Kategorien. Das Potential für die Rückführung von Pflanzennährstoffen wird, wie die Ergebnisse zeigen, vom relativ hohen Schwermetallhalt in den Restprodukten begrenzt.

Chemikaliefällung ist in dieser Studie die beste Alternative. Filtra P zeigte sich als technisch noch zu wenig ausgereift und die Datenunterlage als zu unvollständig, weswegen diese Alternative an zweiter Stelle steht. Die begrenzte Reinigungsfähigkeit des Infiltrationssystemes und das nicht vorhandene Potential für Rückführung von Phosphor führten dazu, dass diese Lösung an dritter Stelle steht. Das System mit Filtralite® P als Filtermaterial wurde wegen seines großen Verbrauchs von fossilen Brennstoffen für wenig brauchbar befunden und steht damit an letzter Stelle.

Trotz ihrer hervorragenden phosphorreduzierenden Eigenschaften, wird weitere Forschung im Bereich alternativer Filtermaterialien notwendig werden. Hierbei sollten natürliche Materialien (wie Muschelsand) oder Restprodukte im Mittelpunkt des Interesses stehen, um die Umweltauswirkungen gering zu halten. Wenn die Rückführung von Phosphor ein Ziel der Abwasserreinigung sein soll, müssen Lösungen, Schwermetalle von Pflanzennährstoffen zu trennen, gefunden werden. Diese Studie hat gezeigt, dass gute phosphorreduzierende Eigenschaften zu verstärkten Umweltauswirkungen in anderen Bereichen führen können, welche in manchen Fällen sogar die Vorteile einer verringerten Eutrophierung übersteigen können.

Pour respecter les normes limitant les émissions polluantes des échappements moteurs, les véhicules poids lourds sont désormais équipés d'une ligne complexe de post-traitement des effluents qui doit prouver son efficacité sur 700000 km. La source pétrolière du diesel devenant difficile à exploiter et la pollution atmosphérique augmentant, il est devenu nécessaire d'utiliser des carburants alternatifs. Par rapport à son équivalent diesel classique, le biodiesel contient des éléments inorganiques (El). Bien que leur présence soit normée, ils peuvent tout de même interagir avec les catalyseurs de la ligne de post-traitement et ainsi compromettre leur fonctionnement dans le cas d'une utilisation massive de biodiesel. L'impact de ce carburant sur le fonctionnement du filtre à particules (FAP) a été analysé. L'étude concernant l'impact de K, Na et P sur la réactivité de suies diesel modèles imprégnées a montré que Na et K ont un effet bénéfique sur les réactions C-N02 et C-02. P possède un effet inhibiteur sur C-02 mais un fort effet catalytique sur la réaction C-N02 en présence d'eau. L'étude de suies diesel réelles a montré que le biodiesel produit moins de suies et que ces dernières sont plus réactives. Le dopage par K et P d'un biodiesel a montré que ces El se retrouvent directement dans la composition des suies et modifient fortement leur réactivité. L'étude de I'oxydation des suies en présence d'un catalyseur représentatif d'un FAP commercial a mis en évidence que plus le contact entre le catalyseur et la suie est élevé, plus l'efficacité du catalyseur est importante. La présence d'El permet d'améliorer ce contact et ainsi d'augmenter l'efficacité du catalyseur
In order to respect the European standards concerning exhaust gas pollutant emissions, heavy-duty frucks are now equipped with a complex post-freatment line whose durability have to be proven over 700 000 Because of the possible rarefaction of fossil fuels and of the increase of atmospheric pollution, the use of alternative fuel becomes necessary. In comparison to classic diesel fuel, biodiesel contains inorganic elements. Even though their presence is limited, they can interact with the post-freatment line catalysts and thus compromise their behavior in case of massive biodiesel use. The impact of biodiesel on particulate filter (DPF) operation was investigated. The study concerning the impact of K, Na and P on impregnated model diesel soot reactivity has shown that K and Na have a beneficial effect on both C-N02 and C-02 reactions. P has an inhibiting effect on C-02 but a sfrong catalytic impact on C-N02 reaction in presence of water. The analysis of real diesel soot has shown that biodiesel leads to less soot but which are more reactive. K- and P-doping of biodiesel has shown that these inorganic elements are directly reffieved in soot composition and significantly modify their reactivity. The study of soot oxidation in presence of a catalyst which is representative of a comrnercial DPF has shown that the stronger is the soot-catalyst contact, the sfronger is the catalyst efficiency. The presence of inorganic elements enhances the contact and thus the catalyst efficiency

Excessive release of phosphorus from the effluent of on-site sanitation facilities to the environment is one source of aquatic pollution. The primary effect of excess phosphorus in the aquatic environment is eutrophication. In Sweden, there are about one million private on-site wastewater treatment facilities, half of which are considered unacceptable by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA). Recent guidelines issued by SEPA recommended total phosphorus reduction of 70-90 % in wastewater in small scale treatment facilities. Using reactive filter materials as compact filter systems following a biological pretreatment can be a convenient option for upgrading the present on-site sewage treatment facilities. Research on reactive filter materials has been undertaken in many different ways as there is no standard method for such investigations. Therefore, there is a need to develop methods and models to evaluate the reduction capacity and predict the longevity of potential reactive filter materials.In the first part of this thesis a filter material Filtra P (Nordkalk, Finland) is investigated. The phosphorus sorption characteristics of Filtra P were investigated in batch and column experiments. The batch test method was evaluated with respect to the effects of liquid-to-solid ratio and particle size on phosphorus sorption. Column experiments were carried out at different flow rates and phosphate (PO4-P) feed concentrations. The experimental data obtained from batch and column experiments were used to investigate the feasibility of modeling PO4-P breakthrough curves in fixed-bed columns by means of the convection-dispersion equation and a Langmuir isotherm. The model successfully predicted the PO4-P breakthrough curves for the columns with low influent concentration (11 mg dm-3), which is within the range normally found in wastewater (5-15 mg dm-3). Experimental observations however yield that the possibility to combine the convection-dispersion equation with a model accounting for precipitation of calcium-phosphate compounds in the bulk should be examined.The second part of the thesis focuses on dispersion in laminar flow through a randomly packed porous-medium model. The study of dispersion in flow through porous media is an important issue in many branches of science and engineering and has direct applications in several industries. For example, dispersion occurs in the disposal of sewage waste into aquifers and flow through reactive compact-bed filters that are used for on-site sanitation systems. In order to shed light on this phenomenon, a detailed longitudinal and transverse dispersion numerical experiments were performed in two-dimensional (2D) randomly packed beds of thousands of circular particles in a laminar flow regime. The calculated longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients were presented as Peclet numbers based on longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients versus Peclet number based on molecular diffusion coefficient, and were compared to three-dimensional (3D) experimental data available in the literature. It was found that at very low superficial liquid velocities both longitudinal and transverse dispersions were governed by molecular diffusion. Based on the comparisons between numerical results obtained from the 2D model to the 3D experimental data, it was found that the present 2D approach to study the longitudinal dispersion in flow through porous media can be considered to be acceptable.The present numerical data may be used to estimate the longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients in a 2D process by which one fluid is displaced from a porous medium by a second fluid which is miscible with the first in a laminar flow regime.
Godkänd; 2011; 20110502 (amijou); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Strömningslära/Fluid Mechanics Examinator: Professor Staffan Lundström, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Dr. Andy George, Swerea SICOMP Tid: Fredag den 27 maj 2011 kl 10.15 Plats: D770, Luleå tekniska universitet

La gestion « durable » des ressources en phosphore est aujourd’hui un enjeu important du fait de l’épuisement des réserves naturelles et des besoins croissants de l’agriculture notamment. En parallèle, la protection des écosystèmes conduit à des réglementations de plus en plus strictes des rejets de phosphore. L’objectif scientifique de cette thèse est de contribuer à décrire les mécanismes de rétention et de libération du phosphore dans le cadre du traitement des eaux usées domestiques par filtres plantés de roseaux à écoulement vertical, notamment de mieux comprendre où et sous quelle forme le phosphore est retenu dans le système. Plus particulièrement, les travaux ont porté sur le procédé Azoé NP® proposé par la société française SCIRPE, lequel comprend un prétraitement biologique sur lit bactérien, une précipitation du phosphore par injection de chlorure ferrique, puis deux étages de filtres plantés de roseaux à écoulement vertical partiellement immergés. Dans une première phase, nous avons étudié la plus ancienne station de type Azoé NP® située à Vercia (Jura) qui a été suivie depuis 8 ans. Les résultats ont montré les bonnes performances du procédé et leur maintien sur le long terme malgré la forte augmentation de charge organique en automne provenant d’effluents viticoles. Il a été montré que le phosphore était principalement retenu au sein du premier filtre, essentiellement dans la couche de boues organiques qui se forme en surface du 1er étage. L’utilisation de techniques analytiques complémentaires a permis de montrer notamment que leur minéralisation progressive entrainait une évolution des espèces de phosphore au cours du temps, avec par exemple formation de phosphore apatitique. La rétention du phosphore dans les boues a ensuite été étudiée à l’échelle du laboratoire à l’aide de lixiviations successives dans des conditions extrêmes de pH ou d’oxydo-réduction. Les résultats ont montré une très bonne stabilité en conditions de fonctionnement normales. Des essais pilotes ont enfin été réalisés pour approfondir l’évaluation de l’influence du potentiel redox en faisant varier la hauteur d’immersion du milieu filtrant qui influence les conditions d’oxydoréduction. Ces études ont confirmé la stabilité des procédés Azoé NP® et Azoé P® (correspondant au procédé Azoé NP® sans zone d’immersion) en fonctionnement normal. En conditions d’immersion totale prolongée simulant un dysfonctionnement du système, les performances sont dégradées en une semaine, mais le retour en mode totalement insaturé permet un rétablissement très rapide indiquant la bonne résilience du système
Nowadays, sustainable management of phosphorus resources is an important issue due to the depletion of natural reserves and growing of its agriculture need. In parallel, the protection of ecosystems leads to stringent regulations concerning treatment of phosphorus in wastewaters. The scientific objective of this thesis was to contribute to describing the phosphorus retention and release in domestic wastewater treatments by vertical flow constructed wetlands, especially to better understand where and in which form the phosphorus is retained in the system. In particular, the work focused on the process Azoé NP® proposed by the French company SCIRPE, which includes a biological pretreatment on trickling filter, precipitation of phosphorus by injection of ferric chloride and two stages of partially flooded vertical flow constructed wetland. First of all, we studied the oldest Azoé NP® type station located at Vercia (Jura, France) which was monitored for 8 years. The results showed that the Vercia treatment plant provided robust year-round treatment of municipal wastewater and winery wastewater during automn. It was found that the phosphorus was principally retained within the deposit organic sludge layer on the surface of the first stage of filteration. The use of additional analytical techniques showed that phosphates species within this deposit layer changed during the mineralization of organic matters over time. The formation of amorphous apatite species was also discussed. The stability of the retention of phosphorus in sludge was then studied at laboratory scale using successive leaching under extreme conditions of pH or redox potential. The results showed a very good stability of sludge from the Vercia plant in normal operating conditions. Pilot tests were finally performed to evaluate the influence water saturation level within the filter medium which affect redox conditions of the system. These studies confirmed the stability of processes Azoé NP® and Azoé P® (corresponding to the process Azoé NP® without water saturation within filter media) during normal operation. Under conditions of prolonged immersion simulating a malfunctionning of the system, the performance was degraded after one week of flooding. However, the return to fully unsaturated mode allowed a very fast recovery of the filter, showing a good resilience of the system

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

For many surface waters, phosphorus (P) leaching is a serious problem that should be minimized to prevent eutrophication. In Sweden there is a demand for physical and technical development of high-performance P removal techniques to reduce phosphorus leaching from on-site wastewater treatment systems to the Baltic Sea. However, although these systems are designed to reduce eutrophication there are also other environmental impacts to be considered when implementing them in on-site systems; energy use and global warming potential are two examples. This study has investigated several bed filter materials (reactive media and natural soils) for their total environmental impact (in commercial applications) as well as for the predominating chemical phosphorus removal mechanisms. The use of life cycle assessment revealed that several reactive bed filters are relatively energy-consuming due to the material manufacturing process. Characterization of phosphorus compounds in used reactive media provided evidence for calcium phosphate precipitation as the predominating P removal mechanism in alkaline filter materials. However, in soil treatment systems with noncalcareous soils, batch experiments and extractions suggested that aluminium compounds were important for P removal. According to mass balance calculations that compared accumulated P with the estimated P load in a soil treatment system, the long term P removal capacity was very low; only 6.4 % of the applied phosphorus had been removed during 16 years of operation.

Pilot-scale constructed wetlands (CW), with electric arc furnace steel slag phosphorus removing filters were built and implemented for treating dairy wastewater on the Paul Miller Dairy Farm at the University of Vermont. Two distinct CW types were used in the study, hybrid and integrated. Hybrid CWs consist of more than one CW in-series, and in this research three hybrid CW systems were tested. Two hybrid CWs used a vertical saturated flow (VF) CW followed in-series by a horizontal saturated flow (HF) CW. One hybrid CW used a HF CW followed in series by a second HF CW. In this study, three integrated CW systems were implemented which consisted of a CW followed by a phosphorus removing slag filter. Two integrated CW systems consisted of a VF CW followed in-series by a saturated horizontal flow slag filter. One integrated CW system consisted of a HF CW followed by a horizontal saturated flow slag filter. All individual CWs and slag filters had the same dimensions; a length, width, and height of 1.7m, 1.1 m, and 0.5 m, respectively. CWs were filled with 2 cm diameter gravel, topped with 3 cm of compost, and planted with river bulrush (Schoenoplectus fluviatilis). Slag filters were filled with 2-5 cm diameter slag, having a porosity of 0.42. From August to December of 2007 the six CW systems were fed with a pulse flow of dairy wastewater with a hydraulic loading rate of 1.9 cm/day. This gave a nominal retention time of ~10 days for each CW system. From May to September of 2008 the flow was changed to a continuous inflow, and resulted in a hydraulic loading rate of 3.9 cm/day. A nominal retention time of ~5 days for each CW system was calculated. Weekly monitoring was carried out for five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonium (NH4+), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), and pH. Integrated CWs and hybrid CWs were monitored for their ability to treat dairy wastewater. The analyses focused on determining if there were important differences in pollutant treatment efficiencies between the two distinct systems. Time series temporal semivariogram analysis of the measured water parameters illustrated that different treatment efficiencies existed in the beginning of the 2008 summer (early summer) compared to the end of the 2008 summer (late summer). Furthermore, the CWs were found to have significantly different (p-value < 0.0001) treatment performances, in terms of TSS and BOD5 removal, from early to late summer 2008. Integrated CWs remove significantly more DRP than hybrid CWs (p-value < 0.05). During the late summer of 2008, the integrated CWs removed significantly more ammonium (p-value < 0.05) then all other CW systems. Hybrid and integrated CWs were both efficient in removing organics, but the hybrid systems were significantly (p-value < 0.05) more efficient during the period of highest macrophyte biomass. Mechanisms of pollutant removal in these CW systems were further analyzed. Ultimate BOD laboratory experiments were used to determine the maximum amount of biologically available organic matter and the corresponding rate constants for the removal kinetics of organic matter in the dairy wastewater. Geochemical modeling of the minerals that form on steel slag show that hydroxyapatite controls the activities of phosphate and calcium ions. The geochemical modeling results show a similar finding to field results, because as the wastewater:slag ratio decreases the pH increases (pH > 11) and phosphorus is removed.

Around the world, the eutrophication of freshwater lakes and streams by the excess loading of phosphorus (P) has become one of the most important water quality issues. In Vermont, P pollution from urban and agricultural non-point sources has led to severe blooms of toxic cyanobacteria in Lake Champlain, and the degradation of the lake’s value as a drinking water source and its recreation potential. Electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag has been identified as an effective material for use as a filter media for the removal of P from both point and non-point sources of pollution. In order to further assess the feasibility of this technology for use in Vermont, several investigations were carried out starting in the winter of 2006. Three objectives for research were identified: 1) to construct 2 EAF steel slag filters in-series at the Constructed Wetlands Research Center (CWRC) and investigate their efficiency in P, TSS and metals reduction from dairy waste water in a cold climate; 2) investigate the potential for reuse of P saturated EAF steel slag as a soil amendment and plant fertilizer by testing bioavailability of sorbed P and quantities of P released to surface runoff; 3) To elucidate the principal mechanisms responsible for the removal of P in EAF slag filters when used for the treatment of dairy effluent. The results indicated that 2 EAF steel slag filters constructed in-series are an effective method to increase the treatment efficiency and longevity of a filter system. Additionally, parameters for the concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) were developed, both important factors for design of filter systems. In greenhouse trials, Medicago sativa plants achieved greater above ground biomass growth with P fertilization by triple super phosphate (TSP) than EAF steel slag at the shorter growth period (5 weeks). However, by the end of the longer growth period (10 weeks) except at the highest amendment rate, the plants treated with EAF steel slag had a higher growth rate than the TSP, suggesting that EAF steel slag is an effective slow release P source. Using a rain simulator, the amount of P lost to surface runoff from both a saturated and a semi-saturated EAF steel slag was found to be negligible, and except for total P in the saturated slag, to be below 1 mg L-1. Voltammetric analysis and geochemical modeling were used to identify possible mechanisms for the removal of P from waste effluent. The Ca mineral hydroxyapaptite and the Fe(II) mineral vivianite were both shown to be likely mechanisms given the chemical conditions in EAF steel slag filters. This research represents the first investigation of cold weather performance of EAF steel slag filters for the treatment of dairy parlor and milk house waste effluent. Additionally, it was also the first research on the bioavailability of P sorbed to EAF steel slag, and of the possibility of its reuse as a soil amendment, and of the mechanisms involved in P removal from dairy waste effluent.

Le rejet des nutriments (phosphates et nitrates) issues des eaux usées domestiques entraînent la dégradation des écosystèmes (74 % du territoire français concerné en 2006). Compte tenu de la situation, l'Etat français a promulgué la Loi sur l'Eau et les Milieux Aquatiques le 30décembre 2006 qui vise à atteindre le " bon état écologique des eaux et des milieux aquatiques " d'ici 2015. Cette notion bien que difficilement intégrable a généré des normes plus strictes pour les stations d'épuration en termes de rejet de nutriments vers le milieu récepteur (jusque 15 mg NTOT.L-1 et 2 mg PTOT.L-1). Depuis la fin des années 1990, la technologie des filtres plantés de roseaux (FPR) est de plus en plus employée(> 2500 unités en 2012) pour le traitement des eaux usées domestiques des petites collectivités inférieures à 2000 Equivalent-Habitants. Cependant, des limites de traitement existent sur les concentrations résiduelles en azote (rejet de 70-80 mg NTOT.L-1) et en phosphore (rejet> 10 mg PTOT.L-1), en vue de répondre à la réglementation future. Ce travail a eu pour objectif de mettre en oeuvre des améliorations telles que la recirculation sur un étage de traitement pour le traitement de l'azote d'une part et l'emploi de matériaux réactifs pour piéger le phosphore d'autre part. La démarche scientifique expérimentale déployée a consisté à suivre des pilotes sur site réel et en laboratoire pendant 2 années. Le suivi des performances épuratoires et hydrauliques a été réalisé au cours du temps. Pour l'azote, 2 FPR (2,5 m²) garnis de schiste expansé (Mayennite®) ont été alimentés en effluent brut. L'effet de la hauteur de saturation en eau dans la partie drainante ainsi que l'effet de la recirculation ont été étudiés. Les résultats obtenus ont montré : une couche saturée à 38 % (rapporté à la hauteur totale) et un ratio de recirculation de 100 % permettent une meilleure élimination de la matière particulaire-carbonée (Arrêté du22 juin 2007) et de l'azote (< 20 mg NTK.L-1 ; < 45 mgNTOT.L-1). Deux laitiers de four à arc électrique ont été sélectionnés pour le traitement du phosphore. Ceux-ci ont été mis en œuvre dans 5 colonnes (6 L) en laboratoire alimentées en effluent synthétique en phosphore puis secondaire et dans 4 filtres réactifs pilote (0,3 m² ; 34 L) à flux horizontal sous surfacique alimentés en effluent secondaire. Il ressort de ces expériences: (i) des disparités existent entre les deux échelles en termes de performances (< 2 mg P.L-1 pendant 20 mois en colonne et variation saisonnière des performances en pilote) et mécanismes épuratoires (adsorption/précipitation P-Caen colonne ; P-Ca + P-Fe en pilote), (ii) l'augmentation de la température (> 15 °C) et/ou du temps de séjour (48h et plus) améliore la cinétique d'élimination du phosphore à échelle pilote et (iii) l'implantation d'un filtre réactif garni de laitier de four à arc électrique est limité par le degré de traitement souhaité et la distance du futur chantier (coût du transport).

The ways of purifying waste water produced by human society are nowadays a great deal. With the increasing pressure on sustainable construction, technology using principles close to natural processes are at the forefront. Treatment wetlands have been in use for almost 30 years and thanks mainly to developments abroad, they prove they are a suitable option for smaller producers of pollution. When designing a treatment wetland for municipalities with a larger amount of inhabitants, it is necessary to modify the proposal in order to eliminate all types of pollution. This thesis therefore compares three sewage treatment plants with a multistage filtration system. Comparing the achieved parameters will be beneficial for defining the rules for optimal design of these types of wastewater treatment plant.

A presente pesquisa avaliou duas alternativas para a remoção de fósforo em esgoto sanitário: uso de filtros percoladores com adição de material com potencial de ligação de fósforo e uso de banhados construídos com macrófitas com potencial assimilação de fósforo. Estas tecnologias são apropriadas para pequenas comunidades ou residências unifamiliares e também podem ser utilizadas como etapa no tratamento dos esgotos. Estes sistemas apresentam remoção satisfatória de matéria orgânica e nitrogênio amoniacal, contudo apresentam diminuta eficiência de remoção de fósforo e nitrato. Na presente pesquisa foram estudadas duas técnicas para aumentar a remoção de fósforo: utilização de materiais com potencial de remoção de fósforo nos filtros percoladores, e plantas com alta capacidade de assimilação de fósforo nos banhados construídos. Os materiais adicionados aos leitos percoladores com potencial de remoção de fósforo foram: Cavaco de Usinagem e Escória de Aciaria Elétrica. As frações de materiais adicionados foram: 10%, 20% e 40% em peso em relação ao material suporte. As plantas utilizadas foram a Luziola peruviana, a qual apresenta em sua constituição alta concentração de fósforo e a Typha latifolia, já amplamente utilizada em banhados construídos. Os materiais utilizados como meios suportes foram brita e areia. A adição de materiais com potencial remoção de fósforo auxiliou na remoção do nutriente, a qual foi mais significativa nos leitos contendo Cavaco de Usinagem. Não foi observada diferença de remoção de fósforo para as diferentes frações dos materiais testados para o período de estudo. A utilização da planta Luziola peruviana contribuiu no máximo com 2,11% da remoção de fósforo total, contudo foi observada importante função do sistema radicular no tempo de percolação, contribuindo para maior tempo de contato do efluente com material suporte, especialmente para o caso da brita. O uso de areia de granulometria grossa possibilitou eficiência de remoção de fósforo superior a 85%, entretanto, a massa de fósforo retida por unidade de área no sistema utilizando brita 0 apresentou valores duas vezes superiores aos obtidos para os leitos preenchidos com areia.
This research evaluated two alternatives to phosphorus removal from domestic wastewater: use of intermittent sand filters with materials addition with potential phosphorus binding and use of constructed wetlands with macrophytes potential phosphorus assimilation. These present themselves as technologies suitable for small communities or single family houses and can be used as a intermediate or final stage of wastewater treatment. The systems based on intermittent feed get satisfactory removal of organic matter and ammonia-N, but they have reduced efficiency of phosphorus and nitrate removal. The aim of present study was to evaluate two techniques for phosphorus removal: use of materials with potential removal of phosphorus, in the intermittent sand filters, and plants with capacity for assimilation of phosphorus metabolism, in the vertical flow constructed wetlands. The materials added to the sand filters with the potential removal of phosphorus were the Machine Bit and Electric Arc Furnace Slag. The fractions of materials added were: 10%, 20% and 40% related to material support weight. The plants tested were Luziola peruviana, which has in its constitution a high concentration of phosphorus and Typha latifolia, widely used in constructed wetlands. The support materials tested were gravel and sand. The use of materials with potential removal of phosphorus aid in the removal of phosphorus, which is more significant in the beds with Machine Bit. Difference of phosphorus removal was not observed for the different fractions of the materials tested for the study period. The use of the plant Luziola peruviana contributed at the most with 2,11% of removal of total phosphorus, however important role of the root system was observed in the percolation time, contributing to larger time of contact of wastewater with support materials, especially for use of coarse material, as it the coarse gravel. The use of coarse sand allowed removal efficiency of phosphorus higher than 85%, however, the mass of phosphorus retained per unit area in the system using gravel present values twice higher than obtained to the beds filled with sand.

The constantly tightening wastewater treatment legislation require high-quality runoff from small-scale producers of pollution who are typically represented by small municipalities up to 500 inhabitants or decentralized parts of larger municipalities. Small municipalities are faced with high investment-intensity associated with the acquisition of new wastewater treatment plant. After several years of development, today natural technologies of wastewater treatment are in competition with mechanical-biological treatment plants. Natural technologies can even achieve better results than popular biological treatment plants. However, natural technology does not eliminate the main investment limit connected with the acquisition of wastewater treatment plant. If there was cheaper solution connected with using alternative filter materials (in our case recycled construction and demolition waste), small municipalities could take constructed wetland without large subsides. At the same time, the use of recycled construction and demolition wastes will lead to benefits in the field of sustainable urban development and replacement of non-renewable materials. Despite these benefits, recycled aggregates have never been considered as alternative filter materials for natural wastewater treatment plants. For that reason, the aim of diploma thesis is to assess the possibility of applying recycled aggregates for wastewater treatment which will include evaluation of real trial operation.

碩士
淡江大學
水資源及環境工程所
82
To improve the deficiencies of the traditional Aerated Submerged Filters (ASF) in removing Nitrogen and Phosphorus ,a study of treating domestic sewage from the Taipei Min- Seng Domestic Sewage Treatment Plant by operating an ASF with intermettent aeration patterns of different aeration time scales(100％, 75％ and 50％ of the Hydraulic Retention Time, HRT) was conducted. The results of the studies are found as follow: 1.Under the condition of 75％ aeration time scales of an 8 hours'' HRT, a 61％ TN removal can be accomplished, and of an 12 hours'' HRT, a 77％ amonia nitrogen removal can be accomplished. 2.While the influent ratio of TBOD/TN =3.23, SBOD/TN =1.3, a 64％ TN removal can be accomplished. In the other hand, and the influent ratio of TBOD/TN=1.79, SBOD/ TN=0.38, only 1％ TN is removed. 3.Every substrate has a linear relationship between the unit area loading rates and unit area removal rates. For example, the relationship is Lr = 0.88Lo + 0.024 for TBOD under the condition of 100％ aeration time scales. 4.The unit area removal rate is 0.196 g amonia nitrogen per squared meter per day under the condition of 100％ aera- tion time scales when the unit area loading rate is 0.3g amonia nitrogen per squared meter per day. 5.Because of the low wash-out frequency of Biomass, the removals of TP were not obvious in the intermettent aeration systems. 6.When the unit area loading rates are higher than 0.256g TN/ per squared meter per day, the operation of 75％ aera- tion time scale can obtain higher unit area removal rates

Concerns about potential risks posed by discharge from small-scale wastewater treatment (SWT) systems to receiving water bodies have prompted robust enforcement of national discharge quality standards in rural areas of most developed countries. Consequently, communities in such places are in need of effective technologies with which to achieve compliance. Currently, reactive filter (RF) media are increasingly preferred over advanced alternatives, due mainly to their simplicity, affordability and proven potential. However, many of the field-tested filters are commercial products which are costly and scarce but also only capable of removing few contaminants they are engineered to target hence often requiring to be coupled with other treatment units to achieve full treatment. In the preliminary findings of this study, biochar (BC) was identified and thus suggested basing on existing literature, as a versatile ubiquitous low-cost material for treating wastewater. Its effectiveness in fortifying sand (Sa) and gas concrete (GC)-based SWT facilities was later demonstrated in long-term experiments using laboratory packed bed reactors and field constructed filter beds. The efficacy of SaBC and GCBC systems in reducing turbidity (>95%), DOC (60%; p<0.05) and PO43- (40-90%; p<0.05) was significantly higher than for their reference counterparts. Further, sorbed P was more leachable from Sa (11.2 mgkg-1) and SaBC (20.5 mgkg-1) filters but more extractable and hence plant-available in GC (65-91 mgkg-1). Therefore, the study concluded that fortification of soil-based systems with biochar filters may be a promising solution in enhancing performances of soil-based wastewater treatment systems, while P-rich RF media can act as a nutrient source for plants if recycled to agriculture.

NB: Research Funder was: Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Botswana. QC 20170524