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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Phosphorus halides

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Academic literature on the topic 'Phosphorus halides'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Phosphorus halides"

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Al-Hemyari, Abdullah, Areej Hashim, Muna Bufaroosha, and Thies Thiemann. "Use of Triphenylphosphine-Bromotrichloromethane (PPh3-BrCCl3) in the Preparation of Acylhydrazines, N-Methylamides, Anilides and N-Arylmaleimides From Carboxylic Acids." Proceedings 41, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-23-06460.

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In certain countries, many of the reagents used to transform carboxylic acids to acyl halides such as phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus tribromide, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphoryl chloride, thionyl chloride and sulfuryl chloride are difficult to come by. Against this background, the authors developed the reaction system triphenylphosphine (PPh3)–bromotrichloromethane (BrCCl3) to prepare acyl halides in situ. In the following, the use of this reagent combination is joined with the reaction of the in situ prepared acyl halides with nitrogen nucleophiles, specifically with hydrazines, methylamine and anilines. The reaction is also used in an intramolecular variant by the reaction of maleanilic acids to N-arylmaleimides.

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Blachnik, Roger, Kerstin Hackmann, and Hans-Peter Baldus. "Neue Phosphorchalkogenahalogenide / New Phosphorus Chalcogena Halides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 46, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 1165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1991-0905.

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α-P4Se3Br2 and α-P4Se3CL2 were prepared from α-P4Se3I2 by reaction with silver bromide resp. silver chloride in CS2-solution. Using bismuth or mercury halides it was also possible to obtain β-P4X3Br2 and β-P4X3Cl2 from β-P4X3I2 (X = S, Se). The 31P NMR data of these compounds are given.

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Narain, R. P., and Mahtab Z. Siddiqui. "Reactions of phosphorus halides with urethane." Polyhedron 4, no. 3 (January 1985): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(00)87011-4.

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Tattershall, Bruce W., and Nigel L. Kendall. "NMR evidence for new phosphorus halides." Polyhedron 13, no. 10 (May 1994): 1517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(00)83446-4.

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BLACHNIK, R., K. HACKMANN, and H. P. BALDUS. "ChemInform Abstract: New Phosphorus Chalcogen Halides." ChemInform 22, no. 49 (August 22, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199149031.

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Huangfu, Xinlei, Yue Zhang, Peiyun Chen, Guozhang Lu, Yinwei Cao, Guo Tang, and Yufen Zhao. "Synthesis of mixed phosphorotrithioates from white phosphorus." Green Chemistry 22, no. 23 (2020): 8353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc02985h.

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Petko, Dina, Samuel Koh, and William Tam. "Transition Metal-Catalyzed Reactions of Alkynyl Halides." Current Organic Synthesis 16, no. 4 (July 4, 2019): 546–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179416666190329200616.

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Background: Transition metal-catalyzed reactions of alkynyl halides are a versatile means of synthesizing a wide array of products. Their use is of particular interest in cycloaddition reactions and in constructing new carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Transition metal-catalyzed reactions of alkynyl halides have successfully been used in [4+2], [2+2], [2+2+2] and [3+2] cycloaddition reactions. Many carbon-carbon coupling reactions take advantage of metal-catalyzed reactions of alkynyl halides, including Cadiot-Chodkiewicz, Suzuki-Miyaura, Stille, Kumada-Corriu and Inverse Sonogashira reactions. All the methods of constructing carbon-nitrogen, carbon-oxygen, carbon-phosphorus, carbon-sulfur, carbon-silicon, carbon-selenium and carbon-tellurium bonds employed alkynyl halides. Objective: The purpose of this review is to highlight and summarize research conducted in transition metalcatalyzed reactions of alkynyl halides in recent years. The focus will be placed on cycloaddition and coupling reactions, and their scope and applicability to the synthesis of biologically important and industrially relevant compounds will be discussed. Conclusion: It can be seen from the review that the work done on this topic has employed the use of many different transition metal catalysts to perform various cycloadditions, cyclizations, and couplings using alkynyl halides. The reactions involving alkynyl halides were efficient in generating both carbon-carbon and carbonheteroatom bonds. Proposed mechanisms were included to support the understanding of such reactions. Many of these reactions face retention of the halide moiety, allowing additional functionalization of the products, with some new products being inaccessible using their standard alkyne counterparts.

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Malysheva, Svetlana, Boris Sukhov, Nina Gusarova, Svetlana Shaikhudinova, Tat'yana Kazantseva, Natal'ya Belogorlova, Vladimir Kuimov, and Boris Trofimov. "Phosphorylation of Allyl Halides with White Phosphorus." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 178, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426500307917.

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KOLODYAZHNYI, O. I. "ChemInform Abstract: P-Halides of Phosphorus Ylides." ChemInform 22, no. 34 (August 22, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199134291.

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Panferova, Liubov I., Vitalij V. Levin, Marina I. Struchkova, and Alexander D. Dilman. "Light-mediated copper-catalyzed phosphorus/halogen exchange in 1,1-difluoroalkylphosphonium salts." Chemical Communications 55, no. 9 (2019): 1314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc09115c.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Phosphorus halides"

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Leedham, Angela Priscilla. "Imido analogues of main group oxo-anions." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247865.

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Bani, Fwaz Mutasem Z. "Ungewöhnliche Phosphaoligocyclen aus 1lamda 3 -Phosphaalkinen und verschiedenen Halogeniden der Gruppen 13 und 15 Unusual phosphorus oligocycles from 1lamda 3 -phosphaalkynes and various halides of group 13 and 15 elements /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:93-opus-36271.

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Bani, Fwaz Mutasem Z. [Verfasser]. "Ungewöhnliche Phosphaoligocyclen aus 1λ3-Phosphaalkinen [1-lamda-3-Phosphaalkinen] und verschiedenen Halogeniden der Gruppen 13 und 15 = Unusual phosphorus oligocycles from 1λ3-phosphaalkynes and various halides of group 13 and 15 elements / Mutasem Z. Bani Fwaz." Beuren, 2007. http://d-nb.info/997231513/34.

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Wolff, Alexander. "Untersuchungen zur Aktivierung von elementarem Phosphor für die Synthese anorganischer Verbindungen in ionischen Flüssigkeiten." 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32756.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Synthese phosphorhaltiger anorganischer Verbindungen in ionischen Flüssigkeiten (engl. ionic liquids, ILs) und legt einen Schwerpunkt auf die Untersuchung der grundlegenden mechanistischen Abläufe, insbesondere auf die Aktivierung von elementarem Phosphor in ILs. Durch die Kombination spektroskopischer und theoretischer Methoden wurde ausführlich das chemische Verhalten von Phosphorhalogeniden in halogenidhaltigen ILs analysiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass nach der Auflösung von rotem Phosphor mit Iod ein Gleichgewicht in der Lösung vorliegt, welches zu der Bildung von Tetrachlorophosphat führt. Insgesamt weist der beobachtete, dynamische Koordinationsprozess der Liganden Ähnlichkeiten zu einer strukturellen Diffusion bzw. Grotthuss-Diffusion auf. Diese Mischungen könnten somit potenziell als kostengünstige Elektrolyte verwendet werden. In weiteren Untersuchungen gelang es, aus Cu und rotem Phosphor in halogenidhaltigen ILs reproduzierbar und in hoher Reinheit Cu3−xP (x = 0,05) zu synthetisieren. Die Optimierung der Reaktion ermöglichte dabei Ausbeuten von über 99 %. Während der Reaktion kommt es zu einer IL-induzierten nukleophilen Aktivierung des roten Phosphors, wodurch hochreaktive P4-Moleküle gebildet werden. Durch die direkte Verwendung von P4 in ILs konnte nachfolgend erstmals kupferarmes Cu3−xP (0,1 < x < 0,7) gezielt synthetisiert werden, ohne das phosphorreiche Nebenprodukte gebildet wurden. Die elektrochemische Charakterisierung unterschiedlicher Cu3−xP-Phasen als Anodenmaterial in Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulatoren zeigte, dass sich das chemische Verhalten gegen Li mit der Zusammensetzung des Materials ändert. Da sich kupferarmes Cu3−xP durch eine höhere Kapazität und kupferreiches Material durch eine bessere Zykelnstabilität auszeichnet, erlauben die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit die weitere Optimierungen dieses Materials für den Einsatz in Akkumulatoren.:1. Motivation und Einleitung 1 1.1. Klassische Flussmittel in der Materialsynthese 2 1.2. Ionische Flüssigkeiten 4 1.2.1. Struktur und Eigenschaften 4 1.2.2. Anwendung in der Synthese von anorganischen Materialien 6 1.3. Reaktionen mit elementarem Phosphor in ionischen Flüssigkeiten 8 1.3.1. Struktur und Eigenschaften der Phosphormodifikationen 8 1.3.2. Synthetische Verwendung in ionischer Flüssigkeit 10 1.4. Zielstellung der Arbeit 11 2. Allgemeiner experimenteller Teil 12 2.1. Schutzgasatmosphäre 12 2.2. Verwendeten Chemikalien 12 2.2.1. Anorganische Ausgangsverbindungen 12 2.2.2. Ionische Flüssigkeiten 13 2.2.3. Lösungsmittel 14 2.2.4. Präparationsvorschriften 14 2.3. Charakterisierungsmethoden 15 2.3.1. Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie 15 2.3.2. Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturanalyse 15 2.3.3. Rasterelektronenmikroskopie 15 2.3.4. Energiedispersive Röntgenspektroskopie 16 2.3.5. Elementaranalyse 16 2.3.6. Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie 17 2.3.7. Raman-Spektroskopie 17 2.3.8. Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie 18 2.3.9. Elektronenspinresonanz-Spektroskopie 18 2.3.10. Elektrische Transportmessungen 18 2.3.11. Elektrochemische Charakterisierung 19 2.3.12. Wärmekapazitätsmessungen 20 2.3.13. Quantenchemische Berechnungen 20 3. Untersuchungen zur Bildung von Phosphorhalogeniden aus rotem Phosphor 22 3.1. Einleitung 22 3.2. Experimenteller Teil 23 3.3. Reaktion von rotem Phosphor mit Iod in [BMIm]X (X = Cl, I) 24 3.4. Anionenaustausch von PX3 in [HMIm]X (X = Cl, Br, I) 25 3.4.1. Reaktion von rotem Phosphor mit Iod in [HMIm]X (X = Cl, Br, I) 25 3.4.2. Phosphortrihalogenid-Referenzsystem 26 3.5. Das molekulare Verhalten von PCl3 in [HMIm]Cl 30 3.6. Quantenchemische Rechnungen 33 3.6.1. Molekulardynamische Simulationen 33 3.6.2. Statische DFT-Rechnungen 38 3.6.3. Mechanismus des Halogenaustausches 40 3.7. Zusammenfassung 41 4. Die Synthese von Cu3−xP – ein Modellsystem zur Reaktionsanalyse 43 4.1. Einleitung 43 4.2. Darstellungsmethoden – eine Literaturübersicht 45 4.3. Synthese von Cu3−xP (x = 0,05) in ionischen Flüssigkeiten 47 4.3.1. Synthesevorschrift 47 4.3.2. Produktcharakterisierung 47 4.3.3. Die Stabilität der ionischen Flüssigkeiten unter Synthesebedingungen 49 4.3.4. Analyse des Cu3−xP-Homogenitätsbereiches 50 4.4. Synthese von Cu3−xP (0,1 < x < 0,7) in ionischen Flüssigkeiten 52 4.4.1. Synthesevorschrift 52 4.4.2. Produktcharakterisierung 53 4.4.3. Analyse des Cu3−xP-Homogenitätsbereiches 55 4.5. Mechanistische Untersuchungen zur Cu3−xP-Bildung in [P66614]Cl 57 4.5.1. Experimenteller Teil 57 4.5.2. Diffusionsexperimente mit rotem Phosphor 58 4.5.3. Aktivierung von rotem Phosphor in [P66614]Cl 59 4.5.4. Mechanistische Diskussion der Cu3−xP-Phasenbildung 61 4.6. Untersuchungen zur Optimierung der Phosphoraktivierung 63 4.6.1. Donor- und Akzeptoreigenschaften ionischer Flüssigkeiten 64 4.6.2. Experimenteller Teil 66 4.6.3. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 66 4.7. Anioneneinfluss auf die Cu3−xP-Phasenbildung 69 4.7.1. Experimenteller Teil 69 4.7.2. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 70 4.8. Temperaturabhängige Kristallstrukturanalyse von Cu3−xP 72 4.8.1. Kristallzüchtung 72 4.8.2. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 73 4.9. Physikalische Charakterisierung unterschiedlicher Cu3−xP-Phasen 77 4.9.1. Elektronische Transporteigenschaften 77 4.9.2. Elektrochemische Charakterisierung 79 4.10. Zusammenfassung 82 5. Hochschmelzende ionische Flüssigkeiten in der Synthese von CuP2 84 5.1. Einleitung 84 5.2. Synthesevorschrift 85 5.3. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 85 5.4. Zusammenfassung 88 6. Fazit und Ausblick 89 A. Anhang 91 A.1. Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie 91 A.2. Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturbestimmung 95 A.3. Rasterelektronenmikroskopie 99 A.4. Energiedispersive Röntgenspektroskopie 101 A.5. Elementaranalyse 107 A.6. Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie 108 A.6.1. Untersuchungen zur Bildung von Phosphorhalogeniden 108 A.6.2. Untersuchungen zur Bildung von Kupferphosphid 114 A.7. Raman-Spektroskopie 119 A.8. Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie 121 A.9. Elektronenspinresonanz-Spektroskopie 122 A.10. Elektrische Transportmessungen 123 A.11. Elektrochemische Charakterisierung 124 A.12. Wärmekapazitätsmessungen 125 A.13. Strukturbilder 126 A.14. Fotografien und Skizzen 128 A.14.1. Reaktionsapparaturen 128 A.14.2. Auflösungsversuche von elementarem Phosphor 129 B. Literaturverzeichnis 131 C. Danksagung 145 D. Liste der Publikationen 147 E. Liste der Kooperationen 149 F. Versicherung und Erklärung 151

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Chen, Chia-Jen. "A study of ZnS:Mn electroluminescent phosphors grown by halide transport chemical vapor deposition." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33843.

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A low pressure halide transport chemical vapor deposition (HTCVD) system to grow ZnS:Mn electroluminescent phosphors is characterized. Reactor parameters such as gas composition, gas flow rate, and source and substrate temperature are investigated. Crystal structure is investigated using x-ray diffraction, electron spin resonance, and transmission electron microscopy. Chemical characterization includes electron microprobe and Auger electron spectroscopy. Double-insulating alternating current thin film electroluminescent devices are constructed around the HTCVD phosphors. The devices are studied using electroluminescence (brightness-voltage), photoluminescence and electrical characterization. The luminescent properties of films with a (002) preferred orientation are studied. A maximum electroluminescent brightness of 1475 cd/m�� is achieved. The photoluminescence (PL) of ZnS:Mn films grown at different substrate temperatures is compared. The intensity correlates to Mn concentration. Red emission is seen in films grown at lower substrate temperature which have low Mn concentration. Mechanisms proposed in the literature cannot explain the red emission. A blue PL ZnS film intentionally doped with chlorine is achieved. This blue emission is associated with self-activated (SA) emission. Hexagonal and cubic thin-film ZnS:Mn electroluminescent phosphors are grown by HTCVD. Processing conditions, most notably introduction of a H��S ambient, lead to a change in the preferred orientation and phase of the polycrystalline thin film. In addition to the commonly reported growth along the closest packed plane [(111) for cubic crystal structure or (002) for hexagonal], thin films have been grown along the less dense cubic (311) direction. The electrical characterization of ZnS:Mn ACTFEL devices with phosphors having different structure and preferred orientation is studied. A comparison of different preferred orientations and structures on conduction charge, obtained by internal charge-phosphor field (Q-F[subscript]p), is performed. When grown in the (311) direction, the conduction charge of a ZnS:Mn ACTFEL device increases from 2.3 ��C/cm�� to 5.0 ��C/cm��. Moreover, the leakage charge, Q[subscript]l[subscript]e[subscript]a[subscript]k, of the (311) HTCVD films is small compared to other devices.
Graduation date: 1998

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Miller, R. Todd. "A halide transport chemical vapor deposition reactor system for deposition of ZnS:Mn electroluminescent phosphors." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/35181.

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Husurianto, Sjamsie. "Process optimization and electrical characterization of ZnS:Mn electroluminescent phosphors deposited by halide transport chemical vapor deposition." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33619.

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Process development of halide transport chemical vapor deposited (HTCVD) ZnS:Mn thin film has been studied. To this end, electrical characterization of HTCVD ZnS:Mn electroluminescent devices has been used. Process optimization focused on a simple design of experiment (DOE) with brightness as the major response. Deposition parameters such as HCl and H��S gas flow rates, ZnS and Mn source temperatures and substrate temperature were studied. A substrate temperature of 550��C gives the brightest devices. ZnS source temperature and H��S gas flow rate are insignificant parameters according to the statistical analysis. However HCl gas flow rate and Mn source temperature show strong interaction. It is proposed that the incorporation of Cl into the ZnS:Mn film causes the interaction. A Cl defect is also consistent with anomalous electrical behavior observed in the devices. Cl defects are thought to precipitate at the grain boundaries of the initial growth interface, then diffuse (or migrate) along the grain boundaries and possibly into the bulk crystal. This defect will easily form negative charge leading to asymmetric space charge in the bulk of the phosphor. Since the defects are believed to originate from the nucleation of Cl at high grain boundary density, one potential solution is to remove the Cl source as the grains begin to grow and only later expose the film to Cl. While film growth without HCl present at the beginning of deposition leads to brighter films, it is a sub-optimal solution. Part of the ZnS host does not have luminescent centers. It is believed other processing solutions need to be realized to make the HTCVD system viable.
Graduation date: 1999

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Books on the topic "Phosphorus halides"

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Chen, Chia-Jen. A study of ZnS:Mn electroluminescent phosphors grown by halide transport chemical vapor deposition. 1997.

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Miller, R. Todd. A halide transport chemical vapor deposition reactor system for deposition of ZnS:Mn electroluminescent phosphors. 1995.

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Husurianto, Sjamsie. Process optimization and electrical characterization of ZnS:Mn electroluminescent phosphors deposited by halide transport chemical vapor deposition. 1998.

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Lu, Xiaobin. Electron spin resonance of ZnS:Mn thin films grown by halide transport chemical vapor deposition. 1999.

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Britain, Great. The Production of and the Use Of, in Any Process for the Manaufacture of a Chemical, Phosphorus and Any Oxide, Hydride, or Halide of Phosphorus245.10:0/01 (Chief Inspector's Guidance to Inspectors). Stationery Office Books, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Phosphorus halides"

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Fild, M. "To Give Phosphorus Halides." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 221–22. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145173.ch156.

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Fild, M. "To Give Phosphorus Halides." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 223–25. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145173.ch160.

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Davies, A. G. "17.11.1 Radical cations of alkyl halides." In Phosphorus-Centered Radicals, Radicals Centered on Other Heteroatoms, Organic Radical Ions. Part 2, 566–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87641-0_56.

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Roesky, Herbert W., W. Stadelmann, O. Stelzer, and R. Schmutzler. "Phosphoric Trihalides (Phosphoryl Halides)." In Inorganic Syntheses, 194–98. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132463.ch43.

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Breunig, H. J. "Giving Si-P Bonds by Cocondensation of Phosphorus and Si Halides with Mg or Hg." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 88–89. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145210.ch47.

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Mcauliffe, C. A., and D. G. Kelly. "By Cleavage of the Phosphorus-Halide Bond." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 161–62. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145227.ch112.

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Harrison, James F. "A Hirshfeld interpretation of the charge, spin distribution and polarity of the dipole moment of the open shell $$(^3\sum{-})$$ phosphorus halides: PF and PCl." In Highlights in Theoretical Chemistry, 235–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48148-6_21.

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Schipper, W. J. "Luminescence of New Storage Phosphors: Alkaline Earth Fluoro-Halides Doped with Divalent Ytterbium." In Optical Properties of Excited States in Solids, 697. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3044-2_38.

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Molchanov, A. P., and R. R. Kostikov. "Addition of Phosphorus Halides." In Three Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds: Ketenes and Derivatives, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-024-00167.

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Wirth, T. "Synthesis with Phosphorus Halides." In Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-039-01326.

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Conference papers on the topic "Phosphorus halides"

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Du, Mao-Hua. "Self-Activated Low-Dimensional Metal Halide Phosphors and Scintillators." In nanoGe Fall Meeting 2019. València: Fundació Scito, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.ngfm.2019.082.

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Tysoe, Wilfred T. "Understanding the Tribological Chemistry of Chlorine- and Sulfur- and Phosphorus-Containing Additives." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63361.

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Chlorine- and sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds are commonly added to the base fluid to synthesize lubricants used under extreme-pressure (EP) conditions. Analyzing the resulting tribological films on iron reveals that chlorinated hydrocarbons thermally decompose forming a layer that consists of iron chloride (FeCl2) or carbide (Fe3C), and that dialkyldisulfides react to form FeS and Fe3C. Alkyl phosphates thermally decompose on iron oxide to form alkyl and alkoxy, as well as POx species, on the surface. The alkyl and alkoxy species thermally decompose on heating to evolve gas-phase products and deposit carbon onto the surface. The POx species rapidly diffuse into the oxide forming a film that consists of a carbonaceous layer covering a phosphate film. The tribological properties of evaporated and reactively grown thin films have been investigated in ultrahigh vacuum. This strategy eliminates contamination and allows films of known composition and structure to be grown on well-characterized substrates. Three tribological regimes are identified depending on film thickness. In the first regime, an initial rapid decrease in friction is found when a film that is a few nanometers thick (corresponding to a monolayer) covers the surface. The friction coefficient increases once again in the second regime as the film becomes thicker, due to the increased contact area between the film and the rough tribotip, and the behavior is well described by a modified Greenwood-Williamson model. A third regime is found when the film becomes thicker than the interfacial roughness, where the surfaces are completely separated by the film. Finally, measuring the friction coefficients of thin halide films deposited onto various substrates, where the local pressure at the asperity tips depends on the substrate hardness, shows that the shear strength of the “monolayer” films depends on pressure.

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Ta-Ming Cheng, Geng-Te Lin, Hui-Chun Wang, Ming-Chin Cheng, Hsien-Ming Wu, and Chi-Young Lee. "Modified solid phase synthesis of alkaline earth metal halide (BaFBr:Eu²⁺) phosphor." In Environment (ICMREE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmree.2011.5930520.

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Movassagh, Barahman, and Mozhgan Navidi. "A Copper-, Phosphorous- and Solvent-free Coupling of Acyl Halides with Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by Palladium-Cryptand-22 Complex under Aerobic Conditions." In The 16th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-16-01006.

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