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Shoko, Munashe. "Exploring phosphorus, mucuna (Mucuna pruriens)and nitrogen management options for sustainable maize production in a depleted kaolinitic sandy loam soil of Zimbabwe." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1364.
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Thesis (PhD(Agric) (Agronomy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Continuous cropping without replenishing the nutrient component of soils will eventually lead to the depletion of soil nutrients. Small scale farmers in Zimbabwe often do not have the financial means to buy fertilizer and this problem is exacerbated by scarcity of commodities such as fertilizers. The use of herbaceous legumes such as mucuna (Mucuna pruriens) can assist to recapitalize soil fertility depletion and improve subsequent maize productivity in sandy loam soils in the small holder farming sector of Zimbabwe. In this study the effect of phosphorus (P) application to a mucuna crop, the effect of mucuna management options and the application of nitrogen (N) to the subsequent maize crop was investigated. The experiment was carried out during the 2007 to 2009 seasons at the Grasslands Research Station in Marondera in Zimbabwe. The soils are classified as humic ferrolsols and are predominantly of the kaolinitic order with sandy loams of low fertility and are slightly acid (pH CaCl = 5.2). A randomized complete block design was used for the effect of P on mucuna productivity and the effect of P and mucuna management options on the soil properties. The treatments were two P rates (P0 and P40 = 0 kg P ha-1 and 40 kg P ha-1 respectively) applied to a preceding mucuna crop, four mucuna management options [1) fallow (F) (no mucuna planted = control), 2) mucuna ploughed-in at flowering (MF), 3) all mucuna above ground biomass removed at maturity and only roots were ploughed-in (MAR) and 4) mucuna pods removed and the residues ploughed-in (MPR)]. A split-plot design was used to study the effect of P application to mucuna, mucuna management options and N rates on the growth and yield of the subsequent maize crop. The four N treatments [N0 = 0 kg N ha-1, N40 = 40 kg N ha-1, N80 = 80 kg N ha-1 and iv N120 = 120 kg N ha-1] were applied to a subsequent maize crop. Growth and development parameters such as biomass production, leaf area index, nutrient content of the foliage and grain yield were determined in the mucuna and maize crops. Soil parameters investigated included nutrient content, pH, bulk density and porosity. Phosphorus application in these particular soil conditions positively influenced mucuna biomass production and therefore enhanced the role of mucuna as a rotational crop by increased positive effects on the subsequent maize crop. The incorporation of above-ground biomass of mucuna had positive effects on all soil properties investigated. The MF and MPR management options increased the soil organic matter (OM) and reduced bulk density which leads to an improvement in porosity (f) of the soil. Mucuna incorporated at flowering (MF) and P40 treatment combination resulted in the highest mineral N, P, potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levels. A significant three-way interaction (P<0.05) between mucuna management options, nitrogen rates and time was observed in terms of biomass production and all nutrients in the leaves of the subsequent maize crop. The main findings were that the MF management option had the highest biomass and foliar nutrient accumulation through-out all the treatment combinations. In general the MF management option gave the highest maize yield across all the treatment combinations. Incorporation of mucuna biomass into the soil prior to planting a maize crop therefore improve soil physical and chemical qualities resulting in improved soil conditions for a subsequent maize crop which in turn lead to higher maize yields. Including a mucuna rotational crop have a similar effect on maize yield than application of 80 kg ha-1 of fertilizer N.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Aanhoudende verbouing van gewasse op dieselfde grond sonder om voedingstowwe aan te vul lei uiteindelik tot die agteruitgang van die grond se vrugbaarheid. Kleinboere in Zimbabwe het meestal nie die finansiële vermoëns om bemestingstowwe te koop nie en die probleem word vererger deur die onbekombaarheid van kommoditeite soos bemestingstowwe. Die gebruik van kruidagtige peulplant gewasse soos mucuna (Mucuna pruriens) kan bydra om grondverarming teen te werk en om die produksie van ‗n daaropvolgende mielie aanplanting in sandleemgronde in ‗n kleinboerstelsel in Zimbabwe te verhoog. In hierdie studie is die invloed van fosfor (P) toediening aan ‗n mucuna aanplanting, die invloed van bestuursopsies van die mucuna en die toediening van stikstof (N) aan die daaropvolgende mielie aanplanting ondersoek. Die eksperiment is tydens die 2007 tot 2009 reënseisoen by die Grasslands Research Station in Marondera in Zimbabwe uitgevoer. Die grond word geklassifiseer as humiese ferrolsols en is hoofsaaklik sanderige leemgrond van die kaolinitiese orde met lae vrugbaarheid en is effens suur (pH CaCl = 5.2). ‘n Volledig ewekansige blokontwerp is gebruik om die invloed van P op die produktiwiteit van mucuna te bepaal asook die invloed van P toediening en mucuna bestuursopsies op grondeienskappe. Die behandelings was twee P vlakke (P0 = 0 kg P ha-1 en P40 = 40 kg P ha-1) wat aan ‗n voorafgaande mucuna aanplanting toegedien is, vier mucuna bestuursopsies [1) braak (F) (geen mucuna geplant = kontrole), 2) mucuna ingeploeg met blomtyd (MF), 3) alle bogrondse mucuna biomassa verwyder by rypwording en slegs wortels ingewerk (MAR) en 4) mucuna peule verwyde en die res van die bogrondse material ingeploeg (MPR)] en vier N behandelings [N0 = 0 kg N ha-1, N40 = 40 kg N ha-1, N80 = 80 kg N ha-1 en N120 = 120 kg N ha-1] toegedien aan ‗n daaropvolgende mielie aanplanting. Groei en ontwikkeling parameters soos biomassa produksie, blaaroppervlakindeks, nutriëntinhoud van die blare en graanopbrengs is in die mucuna en mielie aanplantings ondersoek. Grondeienskappe soos nutriëntinhoud, pH, bulkdigtheid en porositeit is gemeet. Fosfaat toediening aan hierdie spesifieke grondtipe het mucuna produksie positief beïnvloed en dus die rol van mucuna as rotasiegewas verbeter deur positiewe reaksies in die daaropvolgende mielie aanplanting. Die inwerk van bogrondse mucuna biomassa het al die fisiese grondeienskappe wat ondersoek is positief beïnvloed. Die MF en MPR bestuursopsies het organiese materiaal inhoud van die grond verhoog en bulkdigtheid verlaag wat lei tot verbeterde grondporeusheid (f). Mucuna wat tydens blomvorming ingewerk is (MF) lei tot die hoogste minerale N, P, kalium (K), kalsium (Ca) en magnesium (Mg) vlakke. ‗n Betekenisvolle drie-rigting interaksie (P < 0.05) tussen mucuna bestuursopsies, N vlakke en tyd is waargeneem in terme van biomassa produksie en in terme van al die nutriëntvlakke in die mielieblare wat ondersoek is. Die hoofbevindinge was dat die MF bestuursopsie die hoogste biomassa produksie en blaarnutriënt akkumulasie oor alle behandelingskombinasies tot gevolg gehad het. In die algemeen het die MF bestuursopsie die hoogste mielie-opbrengs oor alle behandelingskombinasies tot gevolg gehad. Die inwerk van mucuna materiaal in die grond voordat mielies geplant word verbeter dus fisiese en chemiese toestande in die grond wat grondtoestande verbeter vir die daaropvolgende miegewas en uiteindelik lei tot hoër mielie-oeste. Die insluiting van mucuna as ‘n rotasiegewas het diesefde effek op mielie-opbrengs as die toediening van 80 kg ha-1 N bemesting.
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Mudukuti, Anna Ellen. "Factors related to Zimbabwe women's educational needs in agriculture /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486399451962334.
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Bujatzeck, Baldur. "Decision support system for alleviating phosphorus contamination." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22032.
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The management of natural resources has greatly improved over the past decade. Despite advances in modelling the fate of nutrients or in modelling socio-economic effects of different farm management strategies, tools that integrate the advances made in these fields are still lacking. To develop a tool to overcome this gap, this research focused on the development of a multi-objective decision support system (MODSS) to alleviate phosphorus (P) contamination from agricultural fields and small watersheds. A decision supporting framework was designed to allow technical and public users to run the MODSS. The MODSS consists of the following elements: nonpoint source pollution models, an expert system to analyse the output of a qualitative P model, a scenario creation routine, a routine to estimate percentage and load based P reduction, a cost/benefits routine and a trade off analysis routine. Throughout the development of the MODSS, it was necessary to design a modified P Index for Southern Quebec. During the design process, the risk class 'controlled subsurface drainage' was introduced into the parameter subsurface drainage. The risk class was included due to findings that suggested that subsurface drainage is an important pathway for P loss in Southern Quebec. The modified P Index was coupled with a pre-screening routine to shorten the P Index analysis. The MODSS was applied to the Castor watershed, Quebec, Canada. The analysis showed that contributing distance, modified connectivity and P application rates are most likely probable causes for P movement from the fields in the Castor watershed. Additionally, the analysis showed that if BMP to reduce P loss are adopted the farmers could generate a surplus income.La gestion des ressources naturelles s'est considérablement améliorée pendant la décennie passée. Malgré les avances dans la modélisation du destin des nutriants ou dans le domaine de modélisation des effets socio-économiques de différentes stratégies de gestion agricole, il nous manque toujours les outils d'intégrer les avances dans ces domaines. Afin de créer un outil d'integration de ces avances, cette recherche s'est concentrée sur le développement d'un système de soutien à la décision à objectifs multiples pour alléger la contamination de phosphore (P) à partir des champs agricoles et des petites lignes de partage. Le système inclut une interface de soutien à la décision permettant aux utilisateurs techniques et au grand public d'utiliser le MODSS. Le MODSS est composé des éléments suivants: plusieurs modèles de pollution diffuse, un système spécialisé pour analyser le produit de sortie d'un modèle de phosphore qualitatif, une routine de création de scénario, une routine pour estimer la réduction du phosphore en termes de pourcentage et de charge, une routine d'analyse avantages-coûts et une routine d'analyse d'échanges. Le développement du MODSS nécessitait la proposition d'un index du phosphore adapté au sud du Québec. Une nouvelle classe de risques a été introduite dans le paramètre de drainage souterrain: le drainage souterrain contrôlé. Cette classe de risques a été ajoutée, puisque des résultats de recherche extérieurs suggéraient que le drainage souterrain constitue une voie importante de perte du phosphore dans le sud du Québec. L'index modifié du phosphore a été couplé avec une routine d'examens préliminaires afin de raccourcir l'analyse. Le MODSS a été appliqué au bassin-versant de Castor au Québec, Canada. L'analyse a démontré les causes probables du mouvement de phosphore provenant des champs du bassin-versant de Castor : la distance par rapport au point d'origine, la connectivité$
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Chisango, Future T. "Agricultural mechanization for sustainable agriculture and food security in Zimbabwe: a case of Bindura District in Mashonaland Central Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/348.
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A cardinal development goal of the Zimbabwean government is agricultural mechanization through the acquisition and use of tractors by arable crop farmers in communal and resettlement state land. This research project therefore aimed at investigating the impact of mechanization on agricultural productivity focusing on farmers in Bindura district of Zimbabwe who benefitted under the ongoing farm mechanization program. The existing land policy and the issue of technical efficiency in agricultural productivity are assumed to be the drivers of the program. It is likely that these key issues will constitute an important consideration in determining the sustainability of the mechanization policy. A multistage sampling technique was used to randomly select 90 farmers in the study area. The Cobb Douglas approach and Logistic regression were used to analyze data obtained from the respondents. Results revealed that tractor use was positively influenced by household size, access to extension services and crop output equivalent. Education, land area cultivated, stoniness negatively influenced the probability of adoption of mechanized farming. Furthermore, the technical efficiency estimate of adopter and nonadopters of mechanized farming showed no difference in their level of technical efficiency in agricultural productivity that was 64 percent on average. The level of observed inefficiency was increased by slope, stoniness and household size while age reduced technical inefficiency. It is recommended that government should consolidate the present gains arising from extension services. Also, environmental factors such as slope (topography) and stoniness, which constituted major disincentives in communal areas, could be overcome if government and farmers can identify and open up new areas of farmland for occupation by farmers.
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Cooperband, Leslie Rose. "Soil phosphorus dynamics in a humid tropical silvopastoral system /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487777901660164.
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Majoma, Munyaradzi Laurel. "The role of branchless banking in smallholder agriculture in Zimbabwe." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60828.
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Access to financial services from financial institutions has often proved to be one of the major constraints to rural and smallholder agricultural development in Zimbabwe. However, the ICT revolution across the world leading to the development of branchless banking options has brought new financial inclusion opportunities in the rural areas.
The purpose of this study was to determine the role of branchless banking in smallholder agriculture through investigating the user patterns and adoption rate of mobile banking by rural farmers in Zimbabwe. Zvimba District was used as the case study while mobile banking was the branchless banking option investigated. The study also sought to investigate the barriers to adoption of mobile banking, in addition to laying out the difference between traditional banking channels and mobile banking.
A survey through a structured interview with rural smallholder farmers was the main means of data collection. The data collected was then used to quantify the adoption of mobile banking, the barriers to adoption, and the alternative financial service providers used in rural areas, making it possible to draw conclusions for the purposes of policy formulation.
The findings from the study revealed a high rate of adoption of mobile banking among the rural people. According to the study, even though mobile banking was cheaper and more accessible, traditional banking channels were still cited as being an important need for rural people. The significant factors investigated as creating barriers to adoption of mobile banking included age, education, income, marital status and farming experience, while factors such as gender and farm size proved to be insignificant.
In light of the findings, it was recommended that besides transactional uses, branchless banking should be further developed and enhanced to provide other services such as insurance services and credit needed by smallholder farmers. Furthermore, in order to enhance customer uptake, mobile network operators (MNOs) were recommended to consider a segmentation approach when extending services to appropriate segments in rural areas.Dissertation (MInst (Agrar))--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MInst (Agrar)
Unrestricted
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Gundu, Moira. "The effect of literacy on access to and utilization of agricultural information for household food security at Chirau communal lands in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/251.
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The research sought to examine the effect of literacy on access to, and utilization of agricultural information for household food security at Chirau Communal lands in Zimbabwe. The study was influenced by the diffusion of innovations approach based on interviews, observation and document study. Selected female farmers from Chirau communal lands were respondents to the self administered interviews and focus group discussions. Representatives from, Agriculture Extension and the Ministry of Agriculture were key informants. Systematic Random sampling was used to select 100 female respondents from the age of 18 to above 80 from wards 1 to 10 of Chirau Rural District in Zimbabwe. Data was analyzed into themes and coded for statistical analysis using the SPSS. The country is faced with food insecurity and the main findings of this study support the view that women play an active role in food production but their potential is limited by inadequate levels of literacy that affect the way they access and utilize resources for sustainable agriculture and household food security among other factors. This may be generalized to the situation of female farmers in Zimbabwe. Improved literacy competencies among the female farmers in Zimbabwe lends itself as one of the interventions that may assist in improving access to information and its effective utilization.. This calls decision-makers to boost literacy for women, develop available agricultural information resources and harness effort towards making them accessible. While interventions may be multi-sectored, the role of government is stressed in this report.
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Toringepi, Godfrey. "The contribution of smallholder agriculture production to food security in rural Zimbabwe : a case study of Masvingo Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5598.
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Agricultural development is back on the development agenda. Even though the smallholder farmers are in the majority and at the forefront in terms of food production and agriculture being the backbone of the economy of Zimbabwe, there is no clearly defined policy on smallholder agriculture in Zimbabwe. The food insecurity has remained a continuous challenge for the rural poor in Zimbabwe. This study investigated the contribution of smallholder agriculture to food security with particular reference to the Masvingo province. The study employed qualitative method of research entailing extensive review of literature as a method of data collection. The study utilized the modernisation theory and sustainable livelihoods framework to illustrate smallholder agriculture and food security nexus. The study revealed that smallholder agriculture is the best option for addressing food security since agriculture is considered the main livelihood strategy for small scale farmers in Zimbabwe. There is general scholarly consensus that the main cause of food insecurity in Zimbabwe is a decrease in smallholder agriculture productivity. The study revealed that poor infrastructure , limited access to credit, limited access to inputs, poor investment in human development, limited access to markets and harsh climatic conditions weaken the capacity of small scale farmers to improve food security. Key recommendations are that supportive institutions need to be put in place to strengthen the smallholder farmer’s capacity to improve food security in Zimbabwe.
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Pierzynski, Gary Michael. "The chemistry and mineralogy of phosphorus in excessively fertilized soils /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487670346875087.
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Creekmore, Cathy E., and J. L. Stroehlein. "Phosphorus Response in Wine Grapes." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215732.
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Yibirin, Humberto Peluffo. "Effects of daily applied nitrogen forms and phosphorus on corn production /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487856076413367.
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Dube, Lighton. "Land tenure security and small scale commercial agriculture perfomance in Zimbabwe." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Business, 2009. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00006195/.
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[Abstract]The major objective of this study is to identify the effects of land tenure security on Small Scale Commercial agricultural productivity and development inZimbabwe. Using a probit model, the study draws the following conclusions:i. Under a more secure tenure system, farmers are likely to have some longterm investments, in this case in plantation crops.ii. The type of tenure system may not necessarily influence an investment in non-fixed assets like livestock.iii. Secure tenure is likely to influence investment in property improvement fixed assets such as fencing and woodlots.iv. Secure tenure is likely to positively influence an investment in permanent housing facilities but does not seem to influence an investment in associated infrastructure such as garages, workshops or shades.v. Secure tenure seems to be associated with a higher propensity to invest in improving existing farm infrastructure.vi. Freehold tenure system is associated with a higher propensity to access to credit.vii. Tenure security appears not to significantly affect medium term soil improvements. Medium-term and long-term investments on the farm do not seem to have any significant impact on the level of input use.viii. However, contrary to expectations, the results of this study indicate that tenure security may not necessarily result in higher productivity.
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Chaumba, Joseph A. "Opportunities for and constraints on crop production within Zimbabwe's fast-track resettlement programme: A Case Study of Fair Range Estate, Chiredzi District, South Eastern Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9563_1181914396.
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The government of Zimbabwe started implementing its fast track resettlement programme in July 2000, the objective being to accelerate both land acquisition and land redistribution. This programme witnessed a massive movement of people from various localities into mainly large-scale commercial farms in search of agricultural land. Under this programme, people were settled under the A1 model (which involves villages and land use pattern similar to those found in communal areas) as well as the A2 model, which involves commercial farming. This study investigates, documents and analyses the opportunities and constraints currently being faced by newly resettled crop production farmers in one example of an A1 model resettlement project (Fair Ranch Estate in Masvingo Province). A questionnaire was used to gather data on livelihood sources, income, assets and also aspects of the associational life of crop production farmers. Seventy households were interviewed, and a number of key informant interviews were undertaken with both government officials and the local leadership. The greatest opportunity that A1 crop production farmers in Fair Range Estate experienced was the fact that they now have access to land that they can call their own, without having to go through the market to try to acquire such land. In terms of crop production, however, farmers in Fair Range Estate face a number of challenges and constraints: they lack adequate access to tillage and livestock
the supply of inputs is inadequate
generally negative socio economic conditions prevailing in the country have led to sharp increases in prices of all basic commodities, including inputs such as fertilisers and seeds
they lack tenure security
the amount of rainfall received in the area is generally not sufficient for crop production
and many lack crop production skills. Measures to reverse this decline must include the availability of foreign currency to buy spare parts for tractors, rebuilding of the national herd, which was greatly affected by both drought and the disturbance of commercial agriculture as a result of the controversial land reform programme. Fuel should also become more readily available, and urgent policy measures be put in place to revamp institutional frameworks in the agricultural sector to make them more farmer-oriented.
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Cucarella, Cabañas Victor. "Phosphorus recycling from wastewater to agriculture using reactive filter media." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Land and Water Resources Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4449.
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This thesis focused on testing the suitability of reactive filter media used for phosphorus (P) removal from wastewater as fertilizers, thus recycling P to agriculture. The work compared the P sorption capacity of several materials in order to assess their suitability as a source of P for plants. The selected materials (Filtra P, Polonite and wollastonite) were saturated with P and used as soil amendments in a pot experiment. The amendments tended to improve the yield of barley and ryegrass compared with no P addition. The amendments also increased soil pH, P availability and cation exchange capacity in the studied soils. The substrates studied here can be of particular interest for acid soils. Of the materials studied, Polonite appears to be the most suitable substrate for the recycling of P from wastewater to agriculture
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Cucarella, Cabañas Victor. "Phosphorus recycling from wastewater to agriculture using reactive filter media /." Stockholm : Mark- och vattenteknik, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4449.
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Nyika, Mugove Walter. "Permaculture as an aspect of environmental learning: an investigation into secondary school communities in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008447.
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The Schools and Colleges Permaculture (SCOPE) Programme in Zimbabwe has developed a process for use by schools in planning for the sustainable management of their land. The process is called Integrated Land-Use Design (ILUD) and is based on Permaculture principles. The ILUD process has so far been implemented in 54 pilot schools where it has been used to facilitate the re-design of the school grounds through the active participation of the students, staff and parents. The aim of this research was to investigate what environmental learning takes place during the implementation of the ILUD process and related activities, with a view to informing the improvement of the process. The research was conducted within the interpretive paradigm with particular use being made of the Symbolic Interactionist theoretical framework to explore the social situations in which the ILUD process has been applied. A purposive sample of two schools and five form 4 (grade 11) pupils from each school was selected for the study. The main data collection method was the structured interview. Other data were collected from nonparticipant observations and the analysis of documents, particularly photographs. The data was analysed using the constant comparative method. The findings point towards a significant contribution from the Permaculture activities to the environmental knowledge, environmental management skills and the positive environmental attitudes of the pupils. The work done at the two schools indicates the usefulness of the ILUD process as a tool for environmental action in the schools but its application in the communities was found to be limited by constraints such as lack of resources and the limited capacity of teachers to work in the field of adult education and training. It is recommended that Permaculture should be integrated into the secondary school curriculum if the momentum of the progress made so far is to be maintained. The SCOPE Programme itself needs to be strengthened for its work with communities. There is, for example, a need for adult education and training methods if the introduction of ILUD to the communities is to be successful.
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Herman, Melissa C. "Laboratory Evaluation and Soil Test Phosphorus Trends in Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1308336863.
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Norton, E. R., J. C. Silvertooth, and L. J. Clark. "Phosphorus Fertility Evaluation in Graham County." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197714.
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A series of three phosphorus (P) fertility experiments were conducted in 2001 in Graham County. These studies follow similar experiments conducted over the past three seasons. Results from 2001 were consistent with previous results indicating a positive relationship between yield and P fertilizer applications in relation to soil test indices. Modest yield increases were observed from a minimum of 25 to 80 lbs. lint per acre with an application of approximately 70 lbs. of P as P₂O₅ per acre. Yield differences from previous years have been as great as 170 lbs. of lint per acre. With the increased use of UAN-32 as a primary fertilizer source and a reduction in the application of P fertilizers, which is typically associated with a rotation of small grains, a depletion of soil P is a potential result. A continuation of this research with varying rates of P fertilizer will take place in 2002 in an attempt to relate soil test P levels to yield increases observed in recent years. The results of this research demonstrate the possible need for a return to use of fertilizers with supplemental P for optimum yields that would be predictable based on soil test results.
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Norton, E. R., and L. J. Clark. "Phosphorus Fertility Evaluation in Graham County." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197930.
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A field study was implemented in 2002 in the Upper Gila River Valley of Safford to investigate the effects of varying phosphorus (P) fertilization rates on yield and quality of Upland cotton. This study is a continuation of work performed in this valley that began in 1998. This study was organized in a randomized complete block design with four treatments including four rates of 10-34-0 fertilizer, 0, 15, 30, and 45 gallons per acre (gpa) replicated 4 times. Lint yield results indicate a positive response to the application of 10-34-0 fertilizer with yield increasing linearly up to 30 gpa. The 45 gpa treatment resulted in a slightly lower yield than the 30 gpa treatment. This was likely due to the high level of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and excessive vegetative growth at the expense of reproductive growth (yield) that occurred in treatment 4.
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Murwira, Epifania. "Contract farming in Zimbabwe : the Mutasa garlic project." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95627.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.Contract farming is being given renewed attention on the African continent in the wake of reduced public expenditure for credit programmes. Many African countries have recognised the potential of contract farming in linking farmers to viable markets and stimulating agricultural production in the face of globalisation. In Zimbabwe prior to 1998, smallholder farmers were poorly integrated in the cash economy and had extremely low incomes, largely due to poor access to productivity-enhancing inputs. Small-scale farmers were marginalised as the economy focused on the larger commercial farms. Currently, mainstream banks have been unable to provide funding due to their own capital inadequacy and the view that smallholder farming is a risky and unprofitable sector. There is also a shift in roles as the government moves from direct participation in agricultural production and marketing towards facilitation, legislation and enforcement. The private sector is now participating more actively in the agricultural sector, providing credit to smallholder farmers. This research seeks to better understand the partnership between private and public sector players in Zimbabwe’s agricultural credit programmes, through a study of Leo Marketing and the Zimbabwe Agricultural Market Development initiative called the Agricultural Input Supply Programme (AISP). In this research, the Mutasa Garlic Project, implemented by the AISP, has been analysed to achieve the objective. One hundred smallholder farmers have been contracted to commercially produce garlic in the Mutasa district. Using a sample of 20 farmers, the study examined how this financing model contributes to improved access to productivity-enhancing inputs, viable markets and technical expertise for the farmers. The analysis indicates that farmers have access to inputs but the model still needs improvement in distributing them efficiently to ensure that all farmers have their inputs in time for the planting season. Marketing and extension services in the project are operating well. The study reveals that there is potential for growth in the number of farmers contracted to the programme. As the contracting model continues to improve, the same model can be used for similar projects in surrounding districts.
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Kapungu, Sheila T. "A study of rural women farmers' access to markets in Chirumanzu." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80238.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigated the issues that rural smallholder women face in accessing markets in developing countries. Market access for rural smallholder farmers is increasingly being promoted as a means towards catalysing sustainable rural development. However, without addressing the gender specific issues that rural smallholder women farmers face in accessing markets, market access as a strategy towards sustainable rural development may fail to achieve its ends. This thesis gathered evidence from a group of smallholder women farmers in Chirumanzu, Zimbabwe, who are part of a market access project run by Oxfam, in order to highlight the issues that they face in accessing markets for their produce. Primary and secondary data were used in the study. First, a literature review was conducted to assess the issues that smallholder rural women farmers in developing countries face in accessing markets and how the issues differ to those faced by male smallholder farmers. A thematic assessment of the issues was conducted, beginning with the production for market through to the actual market engagement. Secondly, primary data was collected in Chirumanzu, from rural smallholder women farmers who are participating in a market access project being facilitated by Oxfam. Data was collected through focus group discussions, key informant interviews and document review. Five focus group discussions were held with a total of 40 participants in August 2011. Some of the key findings were that rural smallholder women farmers face challenges in terms of meeting the labour demanded for market production, accessing market information and having to contend with high transport costs. The data was then compared with the points raised in the literature review. The comparison showed that most of the key issues raised in the Chirumanzu case study were similar to those identified in the literature review. The study came to the conclusion that rural smallholder women farmers face different issues and more challenges in accessing markets compared to male farmers. Market access initiatives that do not recognise and address the gender specific challenges that women smallholder farmers face may therefore not be catalysts for sustainable rural development. Therefore recommendations are that market access initiatives should go beyond facilitating access to markets to address the structural social, economic and cultural issues that present special challenges and constraints to women smallholder farmers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis het ondersoek ingestel na die kwessies waarvoor landelike vrouekleinboere in ontwikkelende lande te staan kom om toegang tot markte te verkry. Marktoegang vir landelike kleinboere word toenemend aangemoedig as ’n manier om volhoubare landelike ontwikkeling teweeg te bring. Indien die geslagspesifieke kwessies van marktoegang waarmee landelike vrouekleinboere te kampe het egter nié hanteer word nie, kan marktoegang as strategie vir volhoubare landelike ontwikkeling in gebreke bly om sy doel te bereik. Hierdie tesis het bewyse ingesamel van ’n groep vrouekleinboere in Chirumanzu, Zimbabwe, wat deel is van ’n marktoegangsprojek deur Oxfam, ten einde die soeklig te werp op die uitdagings wat hulle ervaar om marktoegang vir hul produkte te bekom. Die studie het van primêre sowel as sekondêre data gebruik gemaak. Eerstens is ’n literatuuroorsig onderneem om te verken watter probleme landelike vrouekleinboere in ontwikkelende lande ondervind om marktoegang te verkry, en hoe dit verskil van die uitdagings waarvoor hul manlike eweknieë te staan kom. Die kwessies is tematies beoordeel en het gestrek van markgerigte produksie tot en met werklike markskakeling. Tweedens is primêre data ingesamel onder landelike vrouekleinboere in Chirumanzu wat aan ’n marktoegangsprojek deur Oxfam deelneem. Data is deur middel van fokusgroepbesprekings, onderhoude met sleutelinformante sowel as ’n dokumentoorsig bekom. Vyf fokusgroepbesprekings is in Augustus 2011 met altesaam 40 deelnemers gehou. Van die belangrikste bevindinge was dat landelike vrouekleinboere bepaald uitdagings ervaar wat betref die vereiste arbeid vir markgerigte produksie, toegang tot markinligting sowel as hoë vervoerkoste. Daarná is die data met die hoofpunte uit die literatuuroorsig vergelyk. Die vergelyking toon dat die meeste van die kernbevindinge in die Chirumanzu-gevallestudie met die bevindinge in die literatuuroorsig ooreenstem. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat landelike vrouekleinboere voor andersoortige kwessies en meer uitdagings as hul manlike eweknieë te staan kom ten einde marktoegang te verkry. Marktoegangsinisiatiewe wat nié hierdie geslagspesifieke uitdagings van vrouekleinboere erken en hanteer nie, kan dus in gebreke bly om waarlik volhoubare landelike ontwikkeling teweeg te bring. Daarom beveel die studie aan dat marktoegangsinisiatiewe oor méér as die blote fasilitering van marktoegang handel, en ook aandag skenk aan die strukturele maatskaplike, ekonomiese en kulturele kwessies wat besondere uitdagings en beperkings vir vrouekleinboere inhou
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Masuku, Fuller. "A study of agricultural change in the Ntabazinduna Reserve with particular reference to the colonial period 1923-1939." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21994.
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This thesis delves into the agricultural past of the Ntabazinduna Reserve which is part of the Bubi District in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe). The main purpose of this case study is to investigate whether or not there was a significant agricultural change in this Reserve, particularly in the colonial period 1923-1939. The Ntabazinduna area was sparsely populated before 1918. After the First World War the African population and number of livestock increased rapidly in the Reserve because of new immigrants from the Insiza District and natural accession. Then, the African cultivators were often faced with serious problems of congestion, poor harvests and overstocking. Oral and written sources do not suggest that there was tension between the new immigrants and the local population. In response to a general realisation that the Reserves generally were deteriorating alarmingly, the Colonial State intervened in the African agrarian sector between 1920 and 1939. The White Settler Government's chief agents of change in this area were Alvord, the Agriculturalist for Natives, the NC of the Bubi District and a trained African Agricultural Demonstrator. These men went out to the Reserve where they carried out agricultural experiments in the inter-war period. It was hoped that after they had delivered lectures and conducted these experiments, then the African cultivators would abandon their old ways of farming and adopt new, scientific agricultural methods which were introduced into the Reserve by the Colonial State's agents of change. As African cultivators used these new agricultural techniques, it was assumed that they would probably be in a better position to grow enough food for local consumption. In that way some of the above economic problems could be solved. This dissertation attempts to measure the responses of the African cultivators to the agricultural experiments conducted by Alvord and the demonstrators in the Ntabazinduna Reserve. In addition, this case-study will make use of new oral evidence collected by certain individuals and submitted to the National Archives of Zimbabwe. This new material will be checked against published and unpublished sources or vice versa. Oral evidence which I collected from some elderly people of the Ntabazinduna Reserve between 1983 and 1988 will also be used to throw light on the subject of agricultural change.
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Martin, Kent Lee. "Effect of phosphorus placement in reduced tillage crop production." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1223.
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Seiler, Lauren Katherine Kaye Jason P. "Exploring potential soil phosphorus movement in four organic agriculture forage systems." [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://honors.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/EHT-44/index.html.
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Ncube, Silobukhosi Princess. "The role of agriculture towards poverty alleviation in poor households in Zimbabwe :the case of Harare Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3099.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the role played by urban agriculture (UA) in alleviating poverty in poor and low income households of Harare. It further examined the factors that confront the practice. The study was conducted after a realisation that despite not receiving much support from city by- laws, poor and low income households of Harare continue to engage in agricultural activities yearly. The desk research method was used to acquire information from a vast of secondary data sources. The secondary sources which were qualitative in nature provided the research with broad literature on urban agriculture and poverty in Harare, Zimbabwe and the world at large. However, a case study research design was employed whereby an in-depth analysis of the topic focused on poor and low income farmers of Harare Province. Literature reviewed and analysed was organised into themes and categories that portrayed urban agriculture as a crucial tool for alleviating poverty. It was also viewed as a tool that can be used as a sustainable livelihood. Despite other factors affecting the performance of urban farmers, lack of clear policies and city by- laws that guide agriculture in the study area proved to be a huge hindrance. Therefore, to achieve sustainable livelihoods and reduce poverty, the research suggested that instead of different pieces of city by- laws governing the practice in Harare and Zimbabwe there is need for one clear urban agriculture policy. It was concluded that the government and city authorities remain the key to unlocking UA‟s full potential by providing formal support to the practice by organising formulation of an inclusive urban agriculture policy that will be understood by every citizen.
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Gilbert, Jennifer. "Characterizing dissolved phosphorus transport through vegetated filter strips." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 209 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597617901&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Mushunje, Fungai. "Participation and economic empowerment of the youth in resettlement areas in Zimbabwe: the case of the agricultural sector in Mutare district." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1568.
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This study sought to probe the exclusion of young people from the land distribution process and therefore, overlooking their economic empowerment and development. The focus was on economic empowerment of the youth to participate meaningfully or undertake agricultural initiatives in the resettlement areas of Mutare district in Zimbabwe; youths’ ownership and control of economic assets. The data was gathered using a case study research design with the qualitative method being the main research approach.
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Tickes, Barry, and Mike Ottman. "The Effect of Phosphorus on Alfalfa Yield." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201366.
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Silvertooth, J. C., T. A. Doerge, G. W. Thacker, S. W. Stedman, and J. E. Malcuit. "Effects of Banded Phosphorus Fertilizer on Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204814.
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Four field experiments were established in 1988 in Arizona to evaluate the effects of banded phosphorus (P) fertilizers on cotton. 2 sites involved upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and 2 sites with pima (G. barbadense L. var Pima S-6), with 1 of each located near Marana, AZ (Vinton Anthony sandy loam). A site with 1 of each kinds was also located near Coolidge, AZ (Mohall sandy loam). At the Marana studies, P was applied 6 inches directly below the zone of seed placement at the time of listing and at the Coolidge sites, P was applied 6 inches below and 2 inches to the side of the zone of seed placement after listing but before planting. In all cases, the P source was 10-34-0 at rates of 0, 30, and 65 lb. P₂O₅ acre⁻¹. At the Marana location, a treatment of banded 10-34-0 at 30 lb. P₂O₅ acre⁻¹ plus a foliar application of 10 lb. P₂O₅ acre⁻¹ (early bloom) as 10-34-0 was included in both the upland and the pima experiments. Plant measurements for plant height, flower numbers, node numbers, boll numbers, and nodes to first fruiting branch were taken to evaluate plant response throughout the season. Plant tissue samples were also taken for leaf petiole PO₄-P and leaf blade total P analysis. Lint yield measurements were also taken. No statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences were found among any of the treatments for any of the measured parameters, except in the petiole PO₄-P levels from the upland study at Coolidge on the second sampling date.
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Muchakwana, Thomasina. "Evaluating the effect of conservation agriculture basin tillage system on household food security in Mutasa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015054.
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The research was done with the aim of evaluating the effect of the basin tillage system as a method of conservation agriculture, on improving smallholder farmers’ food security in Mutasa, Manicaland Province in Zimbabwe. This research focussed on the 2010/2011 agricultural season. The main objectives of this study were to determine the contribution of CA basin tillage system on increasing yields per hectare, to evaluate which CA principles are being practiced by smallholder farmers, and to determine how many months the harvested maize will last. The study compares smallholder farmers who practiced CA with farmers who practiced other tillage methods. The other tillage methods are ploughing and conventional hand hoe tillage systems. On average the farmers who practiced CA used 0.47 hectares of land whilst farmers who practiced other tillage methods used an average of 0.43 hectares of land. The average amount of maize produced by smallholder farmers who practiced CA was 824 kg while who practiced other tillage methods produced an average of 498 kg. Farmers practicing CA produced yield with an average of 1175 kg/ha of maize grain while farmers who practiced other tillage methods produced an average of 946 kg/ha. Food security in this reaseach was measured by the amount of months the maize grain produced was lasting in relation with the household size. 57 percent of the farmers who practiced CA are food secure because they have maize grain to last them a full consumption year and moreover surplus. Only 27 percent of the farmers who practiced other tillage methods produced enough to last a full consumption year.
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Leedy, Todd Holzgrefe. "The soil of salvation African agriculture and American methodism in colonial Zimbabwe, 1939-1962 /." Gainesville, FL, 2000. http://www.archive.org/details/soilofsalvation00leed.
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Musekiwa, Pamela. "Livelihood strategies of female headed households in Zimbabwe: the case of Magaso Village, Mutoko District in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005967.
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This research study explored livelihood strategies that female headed households adopt in Magaso village of Mutoko district in Zimbabwe. The study intended to achieve the following objectives: (i) examine the existing livelihood strategies of female headed households (ii) explore the various challenges faced by female headed households and (iii) establish the support mechanisms in place for female headed households to cope with life challenges .The literature reviewed in the study was drawn from several researchers, and the study was shaped by the strengths perspectives and the liberal feminism perspective. The study was qualitative in nature and used interviews to collect data from fifteen (15) female headed households. The data collection process used an interview guide. The research employed a qualitative research design in the form of a case study cum a phenomenological study design. Data was analysed qualitatively using the content thematic data analysis which used interpretive approaches and presentation is textual rather than statistical. The study findings were the following: engaging in subsistence farming was found to be the main livelihood activity of the female heads; engaging in home gardens; exchanging labour for food; involvement in business; reliance on temporary employment from different agencies; reliance on handouts from government and other bodies; and household heads sanctioning child labour that compromises school attendance. Moreover, these female heads faced numerous difficulties ranging from emotional, social to financial problems that resulted in worsening the condition of women, and hence validating feminization of poverty among them. Several support mechanisms were discovered to be available for the female heads but they fail to produce to fruitful results to the lives of the female heads. The study made the following recommendations: mainstreaming gender education from childhood stage; efforts aimed at job creation; financial empowerment through setting up of micro schemes for rural women amongst; seeking the services of agricultural extension services to the female head farmers; improving the social services delivery in Zimbabwe equitably across genders and strengthening informal strategies to improve women‘s social capital. Lastly, the study concluded that little is being done in terms of policy formulation to make the support structures responsive to the female headed households especially in rural areas, hence the need for sustainable development through empowerment.
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Mejias-Bassaletti, Jaime. "Phosphorus leaching from manure-impacted soils affected by fluctuating water tables." Online access for everyone, 2005. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2005/j%5Fmejias%5F060705.pdf.
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Chitiyo, Plaxedes. "Assessing policy and institutional change's influence on alternative agriculture in Zimbabwe since 1980." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/944.
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ABSTRACT: Policy makers and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Zimbabwe are advocating for alternative agriculture as a better form of agriculture compared to conventional agriculture in order to increase agricultural productivity, as well as address challenges such as climate change, erratic rainfall patterns, and environmental degradation. The country is now a net importer of food with many people in need of food aid. Conventional agriculture as well as policies supporting it has not been able to address these challenges. Although there is a growing interest in alternative agriculture in the country, it is a field that is under researched. This study therefore sought through three main objectives to clarify characteristics of alternative agriculture in Zimbabwe, determine the role of NGOs promoting it and assess whether pro-conventional agriculture policies have impacted development of alternative agriculture in the country.Results from the first study indicate that there is lack of respect for alternative agriculture as compared to conventional agriculture. Disrespect for alternative agriculture has resulted in lack of proper pricing and policy support for alternatively produced products. In addition, alternative agriculture is viewed as the farming for the future for it results in many benefits and is able to address challenges faced by farmers in Zimbabwe due to its holistic approach. It is also viewed as an old form of agriculture practiced before the introduction of Green Revolution technologies. Since alternative agriculture is an ambiguous term and is under researched in Zimbabwe this study clarified what it means within the Zimbabwean context. Results from the second study show that NGOs are using certified organic agriculture, a form of alternative agriculture to facilitate community development. They are targeting poor vulnerable communities and facilitate training in organic farming, research, market linkages, create awareness, advocate for policy change and provide social support to these communities. However, it is clear from the study that there is need for government and other stakeholders to partner with NGOs so as to further develop certified organic agriculture in the Zimbabwe.The third study indicates that pro-conventional agriculture policies resulted in lack of respect for certified organic farming which leads to lack of organic policy. It is evident from the study that there is long term disregard for alternative agriculture with most policies supporting conventional agriculture development. Poor governance and land reform policy have further undermined the development of certified organic agriculture. These factors have prevented Zimbabwe from addressing real problems of declining food production, climate change, land degradation and loss of biodiversity through sustainable forms of agriculture such as certified organic agriculture.
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Mapfumo, Alexander. "Agricultural expenditure for economic growth and poverty reduction in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/422.
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A vibrant and an efficient agricultural sector would enable a country to feed its growing population, generate employment, earn foreign exchange and provide raw materials for industries. The agricultural sector has a multiplier effect on any nation's socio-economic and industrial fabric because of the multifunctional nature of agriculture. The main objective of this study was to investigate how government expenditure on agriculture has affected economic growth in Zimbabwe from 1980-2009. The Log linear growth regression model was employed where gross domestic gross was the dependant variable and the explanatory variables are the factors which affect it which include government agricultural expenditure. The expenditures of government on agriculture were divided into three functions namely extension, credit assistance and R & D. The regression analyses were performed using Econometric-views 7 (E-views 7) statistical package. Regression was carried out on time series data for the period 1980 to 2009. The data was tested for stationarity and for autocorrelation. Problems of non stationarity of data were corrected by integrating the trending series. Results from the empirical analysis provide strong evidence indicating that agriculture is an engine of economic growth. The results from this study suggest that spending more on agricultural research and development can improve economic growth and ultimately reduce poverty. However, it can also be concluded that insufficient government agricultural expenditure on extension and credit assistance adversely affected economic growth in Zimbabwe, based on the results of the study. Global experience with pro-poor growth and empirical work spanning India, Benin and Malawi demonstrates the importance of agricultural expenditure for poverty reduction in poor rural areas, while also pointing to the need for complementary non farm sector growth. This study also proposes a simple methodology to estimate the agricultural spending that will be required to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty by 2015 (MDG1) in Zimbabwe. This method uses growth poverty and growth expenditure elasticities to estimate the financial resources required to meet the MDG1. The study attempts to address a key knowledge gap by improving estimation of first MDG agricultural expenditure at country level.
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Sen, Amrita. "Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Analysis of Phosphorus Circularity schemes in Agriculture." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1619111447316257.
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Gardner, B. R., and T. C. Tucker. "Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer Application on Cotton Yields." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204087.
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Stroehlein, J. L., M. M. Janat, and C. E. McGuide. "Response of Grape Cultivars to Nitrogen and Phosphorus." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215733.
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The response of 11 different varieties of grapes treated with different levels of N was studied over a seven-year period Phosphorau fertilizer was applied midway through the study. Tissue samples were tested for total P and NO₃-N content, and yield determined annually. The results showed a positive interaction in tens of increased yield between N and P when sufficient quantities of both nutrients were provided
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Wolmer, William Lewis. "Lowveld landscapes : conservation, development and the wilderness vision in south-eastern Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366073.
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Landscapes, as well as being physical spaces, are imagined and invested with meaning. The way they are thought about influences what is done to them. Conservation and development programmes in Zimbabwe's south-east 'lowveld' have been rooted in a particular conceptualisation of landscape - as wilderness. This derives from the experiences and priorities of colonial settlers and has had two facets. On the one hand the landscape came to be constituted as one of adventure, mystique and danger - a fearful place that 'pioneers' sought to tame into a productive landscape through cattle ranching or irrigation. On the other hand it has been viewed as a pristine natural landscape that must be preserved, rehabilitated or consciously manufactured. In both these manifestations African people were written out of the landscape. Their uses, perceptions and experiences of this landscape have been ignored in policies deriving from this 'wilderness vision'. Dryland agriculture in the low veld has been regularly dismissed as inappropriate, rather than a key livelihood strategy. Irrigation developments have been biased towards large-scale initiatives in the commercial sector. Livestock management strategies, other than those recommended for commercial ranching, have been discouraged. Wildlife utilisation schemes have delivered minimal returns to communities and imposed coercive regulations on resource use, deepening antagonism over land; but conservation initiatives such as a transfrontier national park are going ahead - bolstered by economic imperatives, global environmental agendas and donor priorities. Land reform has failed to take account of the way the landscape is bound up with identity through its embodiment of ancestral spirits and function as a repository of social memories. The turbulent dynamics around the ongoing farm invasions in Zimbabwe may open space for previously silenced constructions of landscape to influence policy. An awareness of the flexible and multiple nature of livelihood strategies and further debate on the restitution of ancestral lands would go a long way towards improving livelihoods in the lowveld.
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Sachdeva, Vanita. "Biochar-induced soil stability influences phosphorus retention in the agricultural field in Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121318.
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Surface runoff from agricultural fields is the largest non-point source of phosphorus (P) that pollutes surface water in humid temperate regions. Best management practices have attempted to reduce P loading and improve P retention in agricultural soils but significant losses continue to occur, emphasizing the need for novel solutions. The objective of this research project was to determine whether biochar amendments in an agricultural soil could reduce P loss in surface runoff by increasing water infiltration or by improving soil stability. Experimental plots were established in St-Francois-Xavier-de-Brompton, Quebec, Canada on an agricultural field amended with three types of biochar (Dynamotive, Pyrovac, and Basques) applied at two application rates (5 and 10 t ha-1), and one unamended control plot. First, a 30-minute rainfall simulation was conducted using the Cornell Sprinkle Infiltrometer to assess runoff volume, time-until-ponding, infiltration rate, and water holding capacity (WHC), as well as P concentration and load in runoff. Second, soil samples from the experimental plots were fractionated using a wet-sieve method to determine the proportion of macro- and micro-aggregates. Each fraction was analyzed for total organic C and total P to locate biochar presence and determine whether additional P was retained in macro- or micro-aggregate fractions of biochar-amended soils. Water dynamics in the rainfall simulation showed no significant differences, however, runoff contained significantly less ortho-P in soil amended with Dynamotive biochar at 5 t ha-1 (p=0.048) and significantly less particulate P from soil amended with Pyrovac biochar at 5 t ha-1 (p=0.012) and Dynamotive and Basques biochars at 10 t ha-1 (p=0.024 and p=0.047, respectively). Soils amended with biochar at 5 t ha-1 and 10 t ha-1 also had significantly greater microaggregate stability (p=0.032 and p=0.046, respectively), which corresponded to significantly more organic C content (p=0.013 and p<0.01, respectively). Macroaggregates from biochar-amended soils also contained significantly higher organic C and total P concentrations (p<0.05 for both biochar rates) than the control soil. This suggests that the reduction in particulate P concentration in runoff is the result of biochar integration within the microaggregate structure, which indirectly promotes P retention in macroaggregates.Les eaux de ruissellement associées aux champs agricoles sont la plus grande source de charges diffuses de phosphore (P) affectant l'eau de surface en régions tempérées. Les pratiques de gestions optimales tentent de réduire la charge en polluants phosphorés ainsi que d'améliorer la rétention de P dans les sols agricoles, mais malheureusement, des pertes significatives continues d'être recensées, accentuant le besoin pour de nouvelles solutions. L'objectif de cette recherche était de déterminer si des amendements de biocharbon dans les sols agricoles pourrait réduire la charge en phosphore par ruissellement en augmentant l'infiltration de l'eau dans les sols et en améliorant la stabilité des sols. Des parcelles expérimentales ont été établies à St-Francois-Xavier-de-Brompton, Québec, Canada dans un champ agricole amendé avec trois types de biocharbon (Dynamotive, Pyrovac, and Basques) utilisant deux différentes doses d'application (5 et 10 t ha-1), et un sans biocharbon. Premièrement une simulation de précipitation de pluie de 30 minutes a été effectuée à l'aide de Cornell Sprinkle Infiltromètre pour mesurer les niveaux de ruissellements, la durée avant le début du ruissellement, le taux d'infiltration, la capacité de rétention de l'eau, ainsi que la teneur et la charge total de P dans l'eau de ruissellement. Deuxièmement, des échantillons de sols des différentes parcelles on été fractionnées selon la technique de tamisage humide pour déterminer la proportion de macros et micros agrégats. Chacune des fractions a été analysé pour leur quantité de C organique ainsi que le niveau total de P afin de localiser la présence de biocharbon et afin de déterminer si plus de P a été retenu dans les fractions contenant les macro ou les micros agrégats de sols amendés avec du biocharbon. La dynamique de l'eau dans la simulation de précipitation a démontré aucune différence significative, cependant le contenue du ruissellement avait significativement moins d'orthophosphate dans le sol amendé avec le biocharbon Dynamotive à 5 t ha-1 (p=0.048) et il y avait significativement moins de P particulaire avec le sol amendé avec le biocharbon Pyrovac à 5 t ha-1 (p=0.012), le biocharbon Dynamotive et le biocharbon Basques à 10 t ha-¬1 (p=0.024 et p=0.047, respectivement). Les sols amendés avec du biocharbon à 5 t ha-1 et à 10 t ha-1 avaient aussi, de façon significative, des micros agrégats plus stables (p=0.032 et p=0.046, respectivement), ce qui correspond à une plus grande quantité de C organique (p=0.013 et p<0.01, respectivement). Les macros agrégats des sols amendés en biocharbon avaient des concentrations de C organique et P totales plus élevées (p<0.05 pour les deux concentrations de biocharbon) que le sol témoin. Cela suggère que la réduction de la concentration de P particulaire dans l'eau de ruissellement est la conséquence de l'intégration du biocharbon dans la structure des micros agrégats, ce qui encourage la rétention dans les macros agrégats.
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Drinkwater, M. J. "The state and agrarian change in Zimbabwe's communal areas : an application of critical theory." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233525.
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The nature of agrarian policies and their impact on social and economic change in Zimbabwe's communal areas, are the substantive subjects investigated in this thesis. It is argued that there are strong similarities between post-independence policies and the policies of the 1930 to 1960 'technical development phase' of the colonial era. For instance, the contemporary grazing scheme and internal land reform policies bear a close resemblance to the much resisted destocking and land husbandry policies of the late 1940s and 1950s, when people lost both land and cattle. The thesis explores the reason for these continuities. Use is made in this presentation of the critical theory of Jurgen Habermas. In particular, Habermas' argument that an unnecessarily one-sided process of societal rationalisation has taken place in the modern era, is drawn upon. with the development of the institutions of capitalism and the bureaucratic state, policy actions, such as those considered in the Zimbabwean case, have become dominated by a purposive rationality. This means rural societies are not involved in the formulation of the policies that closely affect their lives. Instead they are viewed ~isp~ssionately from within the state system as ignorant and inclined to act against their own interests. policies, which are imposed upon them, are then evaluated merely in terms of their technical efficiency and strategic success. The full potential of modernisation, Habermas believes, can only be realised if the 'relations of force' that maintain nonreflective forms of thought are broken down, and if purposiverational action is subordinated to decisions reached through unconstrained communication. Such a communicative rationality is essential to the successful reproduction of societies. Applying this perspective to the Zimbabwean situation, it is-argued in the thesis that policy measures will indeed only become more effective in enhancing rural social and economic welfare, if greater dialogue does occur between rural leaders and government agencies. A proviso to this is that the leaders must be accepted as legitimate representatives by their peoples and not merely be those empowered by the state. In validation of this claim, it is shown how the epistemoloqy peasant farmers hold, with regard to the environment and the nature of an ideal land use system, is entirely different from that held by western educated technical experts. For the perspective of farmers is developed upon the basis that the intr ins ic feature of savanna environments is their var iabi 1 i ty, not their normality. Preferred agricultural and pastoral management strateg.ies are therefore adapted to coping with inconsistency and adversity. Critical to such an indigenous farming system are 'key resource' wetland areas, which are productive, if carefully managed, even in dry seasons. Holding that the use of such areas leads to degradation, successive governments since the 1930s have, however, banned their use. Moreover, the high population densities in the communal areas and the inadequate access to land, labour and livestock resources of the majority of households, has led to people being forced to abuse their environment. Through an analysis of the activities of Agritex, the Zimbabwean agricultural extension agency, it is also argued that radical substantive policy change is dependent upon prior structural and attitudinal change within bureaucratic agencies. The psychological as well as material barriers that prevent the improvement of mutual understanding between rural peoples and outside officials require to be breached. In summary, Habermas' critical theory is used to draw attention to the question of epistemology, both in the implementation of policies and in the conduct of research. In social science and social policy, there is a need to move away from the objectifying impersonalisation of positivism towards a ___ ore critical theory of knowledge. The principal concern of such a theory is to tackle social 'relations of force' through a prior recognition and reconciliation of conflicting interpretations of the world. For this to occur, however, requires us all to accept responsibility for the value choices we make, but nevertheless to be aware of the inevitably limited nature of the understanding upon which these choices are based. In this way 'alternative possibilities' for soci~l change in Zimbabwe, as elsewhere, may be realised.
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Ottman, Michael J., Thomas L. Thompson, M. T. Rogers, and Scott A. White. "Alfalfa Response to Forms of Phosphorus Fertilizer." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204090.
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Many agricultural workers feel that 10-34-0 is a superior fertilizer for alfalfa since it is thought to move deeper in the soil with irrigation, be more available to the plant, and result in higher yields at equivalent rates compared to 11-52- 0. We found in our study with 24 cuttings over 3 years that alfalfa yields were similar if fertilized with 10-34-0 or 11-52-0 at equivalent rates. Total plant P was not affected by P fertilizer form or method of application. Broadcast 11- 52-0 resulted in higher soil P levels than water-run 10-34-0 and moved deeper in the soil profile. Broadcast 11-52-0 and water-run 10-34-0 appear to be equally effective P fertilizers for alfalfa in the irrigated southwest.
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Abdulnour, Jihad. "Micropropagation of 'John Franklin' rose and its phosphorus uptake." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69582.
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Nodal sections of the winter-hardy 'John Franklin' rose cultivar from field-grown plants were cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium. Very high levels of contamination from the surface of the initial sections required that plants be grown under greenhouse conditions. Rose plantlets obtained from subsequent subcultures were used for the first time in a radiotracer experiment with $ sp{32}$P to study the kinetics of phosphorus (P) uptake as a function of temperature of the nutrient medium. P uptake increased with time for rooted and non-rooted plantlets in a linear fashion that did not reach an equilibrium value even after 96 hours of exposure. An analysis of variance revealed that the plantlets with roots absorbed significantly greater amounts of P at the 0.01 level compared with non-rooted plantlets at 22$ sp circ$C. P uptake was significantly higher at the 0.05 level, for rooted versus non-rooted plantlets at 33$ sp circ$C. There was no significant difference in P uptake by rooted and non-rooted plantlets at 3$ sp circ$C. Interaction between time of exposures and rooting was found to be significant at 22$ sp circ$C and 33$ sp circ$C at the 0.01 level. The results indicated that the root system, previously thought to be inefficient in the nutrient absorption, played a key role in absorbing P from the nutrient medium at optimum temperature.
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Payne, Steven George. "The phosphorus availability of feed phosphates in broilers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1859.
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Thesis (MscAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.Broiler diets are supplemented with feed phosphates to ensure that adequate available phosphorus is provided in the diet to meet the bird’s requirements. These feed phosphates make a considerable contribution to the total available phosphorus in the diet and small differences in their availability may have significant effects on whether the bird’s requirements are met or not. The variation in availability of phosphorus between feed phosphates belonging to different classes and between feed phosphates of the same generic class is well documented.
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Baon, John Bako. "Role of mycorrhizas in the assessment of phosphorus efficiency in cereals." Title page, contents and summary only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb221.pdf.
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Shepherd, Jessica Grace. "Ochre and biochar : technologies for phosphorus capture and re-use." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28907.
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Despite recent instability in the global supply of phosphate-rock derived fertiliser and the potential for this to continue into the future, the recovery of phosphorus (P) from wastewater treatment systems, where P is abundant and accessible, is well below maximum potential. Considerable resource is spent on removing P from wastewater in order to comply with environmental standards and to protect aquatic ecosystems from eutrophication, yet there is little emphasis on capturing the P in a way that is optimised for re-using it as agricultural fertiliser. To address this lack of innovation in the face of climate change and food insecurity, a concept for a material capable of capturing P from wastewater was developed, with an emphasis on the utilisation of otherwise waste materials and the use of carbon neutral or negative production technologies. Based on the demonstrated P capture properties of coal minewater treatment waste (ochre) and biochar made from anaerobically digested feedstocks, a range of biochars were designed and produced using different mixtures of ochre (“OC”), sourced from the UK Coal Authority Minto minewater treatment scheme in Fife, Scotland and anaerobically digested sewage sludge (“AD”), sourced from the Newbridge wastewater treatment plant in Edinburgh. A first generation of materials consisting of either AD or a 1:1 mixture (dry weight basis) of OC and AD were produced in a small-scale batch pyrolysis unit at two pyrolysis highest treatment temperatures (HTTs) (450 and 550°C) to give the biochars AD450, AD550, OCAD450 and OCAD550. These were tested for their P capture properties in repeated P-exposure experiments with pH buffering in comparison to unpyrolysed ochre, activated carbon and a natural zeolite. After 5 days of repeated exposure to a P solution at a wastewater-relevant concentration (20 mg P l-1) replenished every 24 h, relatively high masses of P were recovered by ochre (1.73 ± 8.93×10-3 mg P g-1) and the biochars OCAD550 (1.26 ± 4.66×10-3 mg P g-1), OCAD450 (1.24 ± 2.10×10-3 mg P g-1), AD450 (1.06 ± 3.84×10-3 mg P g-1), and AD550 (0.986 ± 9.31×10-3 mg P g-1). The biochar materials had higher removal rates than both activated carbon (0.884 ± 1.69×10-2 mg P g-1) and zeolite (0.130 ± 1.05×10-2 mg P g-1). To assess the extractability of recovered P and thus potential plant bioavailability, P exposure was followed by repeated extraction of the materials for 4 days with pH 7-buffered deionised water. The AD biochars retained 55% of the P recovered, OCAD biochars 78% and ochre 100%. Assessment of potentially toxic element (PTE) concentrations in the biochars against guideline values indicated low risk associated with their use in the environment. A second generation of materials were produced to examine the scalability of the concept. Mixtures of AD and OC were pelletised with a lignin binder (89.1:9.9:1.0 ratio, dry weight basis) and AD was pelletised with binder (99:1 ratio, dry weight basis). The pelletised feedstocks were pyrolysed in a bench-scale continuous flow pyrolysis kiln at the same two HTTs to give the pelletised biochars PAD450, PAD550, POCAD450 and POCAD550. Analysis of digested biochar samples compared to the previous generation of biochars showed general similarities between the two groups, apart from the substantially lower Fe content. Sub-samples of the pelletised biochars were exposed to a 20 mg l-1 P solution over 6 days, with the solution replaced every 24 h to give the P-exposed biochars EPAD450, EPAD550, EPOCAD450 and EPOCAD550. To probe the mechanisms of P capture by these materials and how feedstock preparation and pyrolysis conditions affected these, spectroscopic analysis using laser-ablation (LA) ICP-MS, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray was performed. The results highlighted the general importance of Fe minerals in P capture and subsidiary roles for Al, Ca and Si. A 3-week barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedling growth experiment was conducted using the pelletised and P-exposed biochars, in comparison with other biochars produced using feedstock which contained high amounts of PTEs. The biochars were also extracted using a range of different methods used to assess the bioavailability of PTEs and nutrients in soils, and the results compared to digests of barley leaves to identify whether any of these could reliably predict plant bioavailability in biochar. The above ground biomass and its total P concentration of barley grown in a 5% mixture of EPOCAD550 in sand was significantly higher than the control (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). A significant positive correlation between mean leaf P mass and dry weight leaf yield (R2 = 0.865, p < 0.001) was found, indicating that dry weight yield could be used as an indicator for the P fertilising capability of biochar for barley seedlings. Element concentrations in unbuffered and buffered and (pH 7) 0.01 M CaCl2 biochar extractions were significantly positively correlated with plant leaf concentration for 6 of the 18 elements investigated, more than any of the other extractions. A longer barley growth experiment was conducted, using rhizoboxes, to test the bioavailability of P in the biochars compared to conventional fertiliser. The pelletised and Pexposed biochars were applied to a sandy loam soil with P constraints. Biochar application rates were based on 2% formic acid extractable P, calculated for summer barley using Index 0 soil. Analysis of total leaf length at harvest (12 weeks), dry weight yield, leaf P concentration and leaf P mass showed no significant differences between the biochar treatments, NPK fertilised and NK fertilised controls. This shows that biochar, when applied at low total application rates based on extractable P, is as effective as conventional fertiliser. Now that AD biochar materials have been shown to have useful phosphorus recycling properties in laboratory experiments, additional work is required to optimise their use in wastewater and agricultural systems. The next stage of research should determine their performance in flow-through filtration systems with simulated and real wastewater effluent, as well as their performance in field trials with different crops of interest to demonstrate their potential as viable alternative fertilisers.
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Stroehlein, Jack, Lee Clark, and Edith DeRosa. "Response of Alfalfa to Phosphorus Fertilizer Sources." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203794.
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A field study was carried out to determine the effects of different fertilizers on yield and quality of alfalfa. Two harvests over a period of four cuttings did not reveal any differences due to treatment. While alfalfa often responds to phosphorus (P) fertilizer application, conditions in this study provided adequate P as well as nitrogen (N) and potassium (K).
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Lansford, Vernon D. "Economic and environmental implications of a phosphorus standard : 160-sow representative farm in Montgomery County, Missouri /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3036837.
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Mashingaidze, Nester. "Weed dynamics in low-input dryland smallholder conservation agriculture systems in semi-arid Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24412.
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The reported requirement for a higher weeding effort due to increased weed infestations under conservation agriculture (CA) relative to conventional mouldboard plough tillage is perceived by both smallholder farmers and extension workers as the main limiting factor to the widespread adoption of CA by smallholder farmers in southern Africa. However, proponents of CA argue that weeds are only a problem under CA in the initial two years and decline afterwards resulting in reduced labour requirements for weeding under CA. They further posit that weeds are only major problem where minimum tillage (MT) is adopted without crop residue mulching and diverse crop rotations. This thesis explores the effect of time under CA on weed population dynamics and crop growth under the recommended CA practices and actual smallholder farmer practice in semi-arid Zimbabwe. Assessment of weed and crop growth on a long-term CA experiment at Matopos Research Station revealed that the MT systems of planting basins and ripper tine were associated with higher early season weed density and biomass than conventional early summer mouldboard tillage (CONV) in both the fifth (cowpea phase) and sixth (sorghum phase) years of CA. This increased weed infestation within the first four weeks after planting in CA necessitated early weeding to provide a clean seedbed and avert significant crop yield loss. Maize mulching only suppressed early season weed growth in sorghum mostly at a mulch rate of 8 t ha-1 which is not a mulching rate that is attainable on most smallholder farms. However, the lower maize residue mulch rate of 4 t ha-1 was consistently associated with increased weed emergence and growth as from the middle of the cropping season in both crop species. The increased weed infestations under the mulch were probably due to the creation of ‘safe sites’ with moist conditions and moderate temperatures. The high weed growth under the mulch contributed to the low sorghum grain yield obtained under mulched plots. In addition, maize mulching was also associated with a less diverse weed community that was dominated by the competitive Setaria spp. and difficult to hoe weed Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. However, the weed community under CA was similar to that under CONV tillage with no evidence of a shift to the more difficult to control weed species. The increased early season weed growth and high weed pressure under CA meant that it was still necessary to hoe weed four times within the cropping season to reduce weed infestations and improve crop growth even after four years of recommended CA practices. Early and frequent weeding was effective in reducing weed growth of most species including Setaria spp. and E. indica demonstrating that on smallholder farms where labour is available hoe weeding can provide adequate weed control. The wider spacing recommended for use in CA contributed to the low cowpea and sorghum grain yields obtained under CA compared to CONV tillage. On smallholder farms in Masvingo District, the MT system of planting basin (PB) was the only conservation farming (CF) component adopted by farmers. There was no difference in the total seedling density of the soil weed seed bank and density of emerged weeds in the field in PB and conventional mouldboard ploughing done at first effective rains (CONV tillage). However, the first weeding in PB was done at least 15 days earlier (P < 0.05) than in CONV tillage suggesting high early season weed growth in PB relative to CONV tillage. As weed density did not decline with time in PB, weed management did not differ with increase in years under PB. Shortage of inputs such as seed and fertiliser was identified by smallholder farmers as the most limiting factor in PB crop production with the area under PB was equivalent to the seed and fertiliser provided by CARE International for most farmers. On this small area, weeds could be managed by available family labour. Double the maize grain yield was obtained in PB (mean: 2856 kg ha-1) due to improved weed management and soil fertility. However, the use of poorly stored composts was found to introduce weeds into some PB fields. The findings of this study demonstrated that weed pressure was still high and weed management were still a challenge under the practice recommended to smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe even in the sixth year of practice. There is, therefore, a need for research on the economic feasibility of using herbicides, intercropping and optimal crop density to ameliorate the high weed pressure under CA.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Plant Production and Soil Science
unrestricted
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Olson, Jeremy Ray. "Phosphorus fertilization of corn using subsurface drip irrigation." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8703.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agronomy
Scott A. Staggenborg
In recent years, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) acres have increased substantially. The use of SDI on corn (Zea Mays L.) in the Great Plains has increased due to increased land costs, reduced irrigation water availability, and higher commodity prices. Applying phosphorus (P) fertilizer through a SDI system becomes a major advantage, but further investigation of the interaction between water and fertilizer is needed. Sub-surface drip irrigation systems can be used to better improve the application efficiencies of fertilizers, applying in wet soil-root zones can lead to better uptake of soil applied materials. The objectives of this study were to determine how corn responds to P fertilizer applied via SDI and to create methodologies to simulate fertilizer and irrigation water compatibility tests for use in SDI systems. A plot sized SDI system was installed near Manhattan, KS to evaluate P treatments. Eight separate P fertilizers were applied via SDI mid-season at a rate of 34 kg P2O5 ha-1 and split-plots were created with 2x2 starter band at planting. Nitrogen was a non-limiting factor, with 180 kg N ha-1 applied as urea. Both starter fertilizer and injected fertilizer affected corn grain yield as indicated by the starter by treatment interaction. Split applying starter fertilizer at planting increased yield. A secondary laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the water and fertilizer interactions. A filtration system was used to simulate field conditions and each fertilizer/water mix was filtered through a 400 mesh filter paper to evaluate fertilizer precipitant formation. Sixteen common fertilizers were analyzed with different rates of Avail. Differences were observed between fertilizer treatments, visually and quantitatively. A secondary P soil movement field study was performed to quantify P concentrations around the SDI emitter. Soils were sampled in a 30.5 cm by 30.5 cm square adjacent to the emitter on a control treatment and a fertilized treatment, in both years of the study. Visual and quantitative differences were observed between the two treatments in both years of the study. When P fertilizers were added to the SDI system, higher P concentrations were found very close to the emitter orifice. Control treatments exhibited lower P concentrations around the emitter than fertilized treatments.