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Journal articles on the topic 'Phosphorus in agriculture – Zimbabwe'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Nhapi, I., H. J. Gijzen, and M. A. Siebel. "A conceptual framework for the sustainable management of wastewater in Harare, Zimbabwe." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0665.

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The aim of this study was to formulate an integrated wastewater management model for Harare, Zimbabwe, based on current thinking. This implies that wastewater is treated/disposed of as close to the source of generation as possible. Resource recovery and reuse in a local thriving urban agriculture are integrated into this model. Intervention strategies were considered for controlling water, nitrogen and phosphorus flows to the lake. In the formulation of strategies, Harare was divided into five major operational areas of high-, medium-, and low-density residential areas, and also commercial and industrial areas. Specific options were then considered to suit landuse, development constraints and socio-economic status for each area, within the overall criteria of limiting nutrient inflows into the downstream Lake Chivero. Flexible and differential solutions were developed in relation to built environment, population density, composition of users, ownership, future environmental demands, and technical, environmental, hygienic, social and organisational factors. Options considered include source control by the users (residents, industries, etc.), using various strategies like implementation of toilets with source separation, and natural methods of wastewater treatment. Other possible strategies are invoking better behaviour through fees and information, incentives for cleaner production, and user responsibility through education, legislative changes and stricter controls over industry.

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2

Bessant, Leslie, and William A. Masters. "Government and Agriculture in Zimbabwe." International Journal of African Historical Studies 29, no. 1 (1996): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/221436.

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3

Djodjic, Faruk. "Phosphorus, Agriculture and Water Quality." Journal of Environmental Quality 28, no. 5 (September 1999): 1685–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800050041x.

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4

Drakakis-Smith, David. "Mbiba Beacon, "Urban Agriculture in Zimbabwe" (Book Review)." Third World Planning Review 18, no. 1 (February 1996): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/twpr.18.1.r3227h5h23326380.

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5

Rashmi, I., A. K. Biswas, and V. R. Ramkrishana Parama. "Phosphorus management in agriculture: a review." Agricultural Reviews 35, no. 4 (2014): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-0741.2014.00913.1.

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6

Powlson, David S. "PHOSPHORUS, AGRICULTURE AND WATER QUALITY: Foreword." Soil Use and Management 14, s4 (June 1998): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1998.tb00629.x.

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7

Wakelin, Steven. "Phosphorus solubilising Penicillium spp. for agriculture." Microbiology Australia 24, no. 3 (2003): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma03340.

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Many Penicillium species found in soil provide vital ecosystem services such as turnover of organic matter and mineral weathering. Recently, some such species have been shown to increase the growth of plants, particularly on soils that bind phosphorus tightly. There is now interest in the exploitation of this group of Penicillium as a means to increase agricultural production. Could this be the next chapter in our exploitation of this genus?

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8

Thompson, Guy, Dickson A. Mungazi, and L. Kay Walker. "Colonial Agriculture for Africans: Emory Alvord's Policy in Zimbabwe." African Studies Review 42, no. 3 (December 1999): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525227.

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9

Owen, Mafongoya. "CIVIC SOCIETY'S INTERVENTION ON PEASANTRY AGRICULTURE IN RURAL ZIMBABWE." Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences 19, no. 7 (July 28, 2013): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2013-07.01.

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10

Atkins, Jon, and Colin Thirtle. "The productivity of communal agriculture in Zimbabwe, 1975–90." Oxford Agrarian Studies 23, no. 2 (January 1995): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600819508424092.

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11

Thirtle, Colin, Jon Atkins, Paul Bottomley, Nancy Gonese, and Jones Govereh. "The productivity of commercial agriculture in Zimbabwe, 1970–89." Journal of International Development 5, no. 2 (March 1993): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3380050211.

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12

Munslow, Barry. "Prospects for the socialist transition of agriculture in Zimbabwe." World Development 13, no. 1 (January 1985): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(85)90065-8.

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13

Bessant, Leslie, Dickson A. Mungazi, and L. Kay Walker. "Colonial Agriculture for Africans: Emory Alvord's Policy in Zimbabwe." International Journal of African Historical Studies 32, no. 1 (1999): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220870.

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14

Marongwe, Lungowe Sepo, Karsto Kwazira, Michael Jenrich, Christian Thierfelder, Amir Kassam, and Theodor Friedrich. "An African success: the case of conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 9, no. 1 (February 2011): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2010.0556.

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15

Motsi, Kudakwashe E., Edward Chuma, and Billy B. Mukamuri. "Rainwater harvesting for sustainable agriculture in communal lands of Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 29, no. 15-18 (January 2004): 1069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2004.08.008.

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16

Marshall, Robert. "Urban agriculture in Zimbabwe; Implications for urban management and poverty." Habitat International 21, no. 3 (September 1997): 340–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-3975(97)88097-6.

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17

O’Dell, Deb, Neal S. Eash, Bruce B. Hicks, Joel N. Oetting, Thomas J. Sauer, Dayton M. Lambert, Christian Thierfelder, et al. "Conservation agriculture as a climate change mitigation strategy in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 18, no. 3 (April 17, 2020): 250–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2020.1750254.

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18

Roberts, Terry L., and A. Edward Johnston. "Phosphorus use efficiency and management in agriculture." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 105 (December 2015): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.09.013.

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19

Withers, P. J. A., and P. M. Haygarth. "Agriculture, phosphorus and eutrophication: a European perspective." Soil Use and Management 23, s1 (September 2007): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2007.00116.x.

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20

McLaughlin, Michael. "The Future of Phosphorus Use in Agriculture." Better Crops with Plant Food 103, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24047/bc103157.

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Securing the nutritional needs for our increasing population will continue to drive a healthy demand for P. Innovation will continue to broaden our viable choices for P, which combined with social drivers, will continue to generate momentum towards a more closed P cycle. Further advances in plant breeding, agronomy, and fertilizer technology are required for today’s agricultural systems on soils with high P sorption capacity.

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21

Alcántara-Plazola, J. Javier, and Erick de la Barrera. "Quantification of embedded phosphorus in Mexican agriculture." Sustainable Production and Consumption 28 (October 2021): 824–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.07.011.

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22

Mbira, Leonard, and Sherman Moyo. "Drivers of Agricultural Funding in a Post Partially Dollarized Zimbabwe." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 3(J) (July 19, 2018): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i3.2315.

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Agriculture has long been the backbone of the Zimbabwean economy contributing in excess of 40% at its peak. There has been a sharp decline in the performance of this sector over the years especially from 2000. Concurrently the sector has been struggling to access financing from the conventional financial system despite its strategic importance to the economy. This study sought to unravel the major fundamentals behind the financing vacuum in the agricultural sector. It adopts a survey approach for data collection and applies both descriptive and inferential methods . A questionnaire was used for data collection on a sample of 117 respondents comprising of farmersâ€™ representatives, bank employees and ministry of agriculture officials. Data was analyzed using SPSSâ€™ Analysis of Moment Structures software which allows for structural equation modeling to identify multiple relationships among variables simultaneously. The study identifies the efficient and reliable value chain mechanism, volatile government policy, short term deposits experienced by banks, land tenure system and lack of investor confidence as the underlying fundamentals behind the low financing in agriculture.

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23

Withers, P. J. A., A. C. Edwards, and R. H. Foy. "Phosphorus cycling in UK agriculture and implications for phosphorus loss from soil." Soil Use and Management 17, no. 3 (January 19, 2006): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00020.x.

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24

Withers, P. J. A., P. J. A. Withers, A. C. Edwards, and R. H. Foy. "Phosphorus cycling in UK agriculture and implications for phosphorus loss from soil." Soil Use and Management 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/sum200181.

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25

Cephas, Mutami. "The Efficacy of Agriculture-led Development in Zimbabwe: A Theoretical Review." Current Research Journal of Social Sciences 6, no. 4 (September 25, 2014): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/crjss.6.5211.

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26

Wolmer, W. "THE SCIENCE OF 'CIVILIZED' AGRICULTURE: THE MIXED FARMING DISCOURSE IN ZIMBABWE." African Affairs 99, no. 397 (October 1, 2000): 575–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/99.397.575.

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27

Mugandani, Raymond, and Paramu Mafongoya. "Behaviour of smallholder farmers towards adoption of conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe." Soil Use and Management 35, no. 4 (July 18, 2019): 561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sum.12528.

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28

Ndlovu, Patrick V., Kizito Mazvimavi, Henry An, and Conrad Murendo. "Productivity and efficiency analysis of maize under conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe." Agricultural Systems 124 (February 2014): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2013.10.004.

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29

Sigauke, Esther. "Connecting urban agriculture with design thinking: a case study from Zimbabwe." Journal of Environmental Education 52, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2020.1855094.

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30

Pathak, H., S. Mohanty, N. Jain, and A. Bhatia. "Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium budgets in Indian agriculture." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 86, no. 3 (June 25, 2009): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-009-9292-5.

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31

Matsungo, Tonderayi Mathew, and Prosper Chopera. "Nutrition in contemporary Zimbabwe: a situational analysis." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4, no. 9 (November 23, 2020): S25—S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.9.s25-s35.

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Background: Malnutrition in all its forms continues to be a global public health challenge affecting mostly women and children in Africa. The socioeconomic consequences of poor nutrition are far-reaching and cross-generational. Objective: To provide an update on the nutrition situation in Zimbabwe in the context of the United Nations 2030 sustainable development agenda. Key findings: In Zimbabwe, the leading nutrition problems include high levels of childhood stunting, micronutrient deficiencies (Vitamin A, Iron, Zinc, and Selenium) affecting mostly children younger than 5 years and women aged 15-49 years. This paper presents evidence on the emergence of obesity and associated complications like diabetes, hypertension, and several cancers in addition to the traditional problem of undernutrition burden “multiple burden of malnutrition”. These nutrition challenges can be attributed to poor breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, the low dietary diversity affecting mostly rural households and nutrition transition. Cultural and religious beliefs are barriers to the adoption of appropriate breastfeeding and IYCF practices. Conclusion: The multiple burden of malnutrition exists in Zimbabwe. Although there is political, commitment and multisectoral initiatives to address malnutrition and food insecurity, the declining socio-economic situation and the COVID-19 associated restrictions are worsening the situation and poor households are getting more vulnerable. Considering that Zimbabwe’s economy is agriculture-based there is a need to put emphasis on promoting nutrition-sensitive agriculture initiatives and urgently implement the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) to propel the adoption of healthy lifestyles and dietary behaviors. Keywords: Stunting, Breastfeeding, IYCF, Micronutrient deficiency, SDGs, COVID-19, Zimbabwe.

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32

Matsungo, Tonderayi Mathew, and Prosper Chopera. "Nutrition in contemporary Zimbabwe: a situational analysis." Special Issue July-December 2020 04, no. 09 (November 23, 2020): S25—S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.09.s25-s35.

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Background: Malnutrition in all its forms continues to be a global public health challenge affecting mostly women and children in Africa. The socioeconomic consequences of poor nutrition are far-reaching and cross-generational. Objective: To provide an update on the nutrition situation in Zimbabwe in the context of the United Nations 2030 sustainable development agenda. Key findings: In Zimbabwe, the leading nutrition problems include high levels of childhood stunting, micronutrient deficiencies (Vitamin A, Iron, Zinc, and Selenium) affecting mostly children younger than 5 years and women aged 15-49 years. This paper presents evidence on the emergence of obesity and associated complications like diabetes, hypertension, and several cancers in addition to the traditional problem of undernutrition burden “multiple burden of malnutrition”. These nutrition challenges can be attributed to poor breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, the low dietary diversity affecting mostly rural households and nutrition transition. Cultural and religious beliefs are barriers to the adoption of appropriate breastfeeding and IYCF practices. Conclusion: The multiple burden of malnutrition exists in Zimbabwe. Although there is political, commitment and multisectoral initiatives to address malnutrition and food insecurity, the declining socio-economic situation and the COVID-19 associated restrictions are worsening the situation and poor households are getting more vulnerable. Considering that Zimbabwe’s economy is agriculture-based there is a need to put emphasis on promoting nutrition-sensitive agriculture initiatives and urgently implement the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) to propel the adoption of healthy lifestyles and dietary behaviors. Keywords: Stunting, Breastfeeding, IYCF, Micronutrient deficiency, SDGs, COVID-19, Zimbabwe.

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33

UUSITALO, R., E. TURTOLA, and J. GRÖNROOS. "Finnish trends in phosphorus balances and soil test phosphorus." Agricultural and Food Science 16, no. 4 (December 4, 2008): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960607784125339.

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Soil test phosphorus (P) concentration has a major influence on the dissolved P concentration in runoff from agricultural soils. Thus, trends in soil test P partly determine the development of pollution potential of agricultural activities. We reviewed the changes of soil test P and P balances in Finnish agriculture, and assessed the current setting of P loss potential after two Agri-Environmental Programs. Phosphorus balance of the Finnish agriculture has decreased from +35 kg ha1 of the 1980s to about +8 kg P ha1 today. As a consequence, the 50-yr upward trend in soil test P concentrations has probably levelled out in the late 1990s, as suggested by sampling of about 1600 fields and by a modelling exercise. For the majority of our agricultural soils, soil test P concentrations are currently at a level at which annual P fertilization is unlikely to give measurable yield responses. Soils that benefit from annual P applications are more often found in farms specialized in cereal production, whereas farms specialized in non-cereal plant production and animal production have higher soil test P concentrations. An imbalance in P cycling between plant (feed) and animal production is obvious, and regional imbalances are a result of concentration of animal farms in some parts of the country. A major concern in future will be the fate of manure P in those regions where animal production intensity is further increasing.;

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34

Masvaure, Steven. "Coping with food poverty in cities: The case of urban agriculture in Glen Norah Township in Harare." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 3 (May 20, 2015): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170515000101.

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AbstractThe focus of this study is on urban agriculture which is a common informal sector activity across most sub-Saharan African cities. Urban agriculture is more common among poor urban households, and acts as a poverty coping mechanism. Poor households often spend more than 60% of their income on food alone. The major thrust of this study was to understand the underlying mechanisms driving farming in cities. A mixed method research approach was adopted and data was collected from 103 households in Glen Norah Township in Harare, Zimbabwe through semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and observations. Arising from analysis of the data, the Urban Livelihoods Coping Model (ULCM) is proposed in order to explain the phenomenon of urban agriculture in African cities. This model acknowledges the fact that the socio-economic conditions and the socio-historical context of Zimbabwe and other African countries today is as a result of the influence of ‘Western leaning’ development policies influenced by modernization and associated theories. These theories combined with cultural factors and the impact of Structural Adjustment Policies resulted in the present situation where urban agriculture plays a critical role in the survival of the urban poor as a coping mechanism against food poverty. The ULCM ascribes the emergence of urban agriculture to necessity, ability and opportunity. The significance of this study is that it will contribute to understanding the socio-economic role of urban agriculture and how it can be factored into the urban planning systems of developing countries.

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35

Svubure, O., PC Struik, AJ Haverkort, and JM Steyn. "Carbon footprinting of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production systems in Zimbabwe." Outlook on Agriculture 47, no. 1 (February 14, 2018): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727018757546.

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Agriculture contributes significantly to the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Farmers need to fine-tune agricultural practices to balance the trade-offs between increasing productivity in order to feed a growing population and lowering GHG emissions to mitigate climate change and its impact on agriculture. We conducted a survey on the major cultural practices in four potato production systems in Zimbabwe, namely large-scale commercial, communal area, A1 and A2 resettlement production systems. The resettlement production systems were formed from the radical Fast Track Land Reform Programme initiated in 2000, which changed the landscape of commercial agriculture in Zimbabwe. We used survey data as an input into the ‘Cool Farm Tool – Potato’ model. The model calculates the contributions of various production operations to total GHG emission. Experienced growers were targeted. The average carbon footprint calculated was 251 kg CO2 eq./t potato harvested, ranging from 216 kg CO2 eq./t to 286 kg CO2 eq./t in the communal area and A2 resettlement production systems, respectively. The major drivers of the GHG emissions were fertilizer production and soil-related field emissions, which together accounted for on average 56% of the total emissions across all production systems. Although mitigation options were not assessed, the model outputs the factors/farm operations and their respective emission estimates allowing growers to choose the inputs and operations to reduce their carbon footprint. Opportunities for benchmarking as an incentive to improve performance exist given the large variation in GHG emission between individual growers.

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36

Chifurira, Retius, Delson Chikobvu, and Dorah Dubihlela. "Rainfall prediction for sustainable economic growth." Environmental Economics 7, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(4-1).2016.04.

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Agriculture is the backbone of Zimbabwe’s economy with the majority of Zimbabweans being rural people who derive their livelihood from agriculture and other agro-based economic activities. Zimbabwe’s agriculture depends on the erratic rainfall which threatens food, water and energy access, as well as vital livelihood systems which could severely undermine efforts to drive sustainable economic growth. For Zimbabwe, delivering a sustainable economic growth is intrinsically linked to improved climate modelling. Climate research plays a pivotal role in building Zimbabwe’s resilience to climate change and keeping the country on track, as it charts its path towards sustainable economic growth. This paper presents a simple tool to predict summer rainfall using standardized Darwin sea level pressure (SDSLP) anomalies and southern oscillation index (SOI) that are used as part of an early drought warning system. Results show that SDSLP anomalies and SOI for the month of April of the same year, i.e., seven months before onset of summer rainfall (December to February total rainfall) are a simple indicator of amount of summer rainfall in Zimbabwe. The low root mean square error (RMSE) and root mean absolute error (RMAE) values of the proposed model, make SDSLP anomalies for April and SOI for the same month an additional input candidates for regional rainfall prediction schemes. The results of the proposed model will benefit in the prediction of oncoming summer rainfall and will influence policy making in agriculture, environment planning, food redistribution and drought prediction for sustainable economic development. Keywords: sustainable economic growth, standardized Darwin sea level pressure anomalies, southern oscillation index, summer rainfall prediction, Zimbabwe. JEL Classification: Q16, Q25, Q54, Q55, Q58

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37

M., Salomons, Braul A., Jazi L., and H. Entz M. "Intercropping in Zimbabwe conservation agriculture systems using a farmer-participatory research approach." African Journal of Agricultural Research 13, no. 31 (August 2, 2018): 1531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2018.13238.

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38

Jayne, T. S., Thomas Reardon, Yougesh Khatri, and Colin Thirtle. "Determinants of Productivity Change Using a Profit Function: Smallholder Agriculture in Zimbabwe." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 76, no. 3 (August 1994): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1243675.

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39

Sammie, Batanai L., Charles Nyamutowa, and Munyaradzi Gwazane. "Perspectives on The Effectiveness of NGO Initiatives in Urban Agriculture In Zimbabwe." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/feb2014/176.

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40

Mashingaidze, Nester, Casper Madakadze, Stephen Twomlow, Justice Nyamangara, and Lewis Hove. "Crop yield and weed growth under conservation agriculture in semi-arid Zimbabwe." Soil and Tillage Research 124 (August 2012): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.05.008.

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41

Pedzisa, Tarisayi, Lovemore Rugube, Alex Winter-Nelson, Kathy Baylis, and Kizito Mazvimavi. "The Intensity of adoption of Conservation agriculture by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe." Agrekon 54, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2015.1084939.

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42

Muoni, Tarirai, Leonard Rusinamhodzi, and Christian Thierfelder. "Weed control in conservation agriculture systems of Zimbabwe: Identifying economical best strategies." Crop Protection 53 (November 2013): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2013.06.002.

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43

Muoni, Tarirai, Leonard Rusinamhodzi, Joyful T. Rugare, Stanford Mabasa, Eunice Mangosho, Walter Mupangwa, and Christian Thierfelder. "Effect of herbicide application on weed flora under conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe." Crop Protection 66 (December 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014.08.008.

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44

Mutsamba, Eleanor Florence, Isaiah Nyagumbo, and Paramu Mafongoya. "Termite prevalence and crop lodging under conservation agriculture in sub-humid Zimbabwe." Crop Protection 82 (April 2016): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2016.01.004.

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45

Shonhe, Toendepi, Ian Scoones, and Felix Murimbarimba. "Medium-scale commercial agriculture in Zimbabwe: the experience of A2 resettlement farms." Journal of Modern African Studies 58, no. 4 (December 2020): 601–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x20000385.

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ABSTRACTThe emergence of medium-scale farms is having important consequences for agricultural commercialisation across Africa. This article examines the role of medium-scale A2 farms allocated following Zimbabwe's land reform after 2000. While the existing literature focuses on changing farm size distributions, this article investigates processes of social differentiation across medium-scale farms, based on qualitative-quantitative studies in two contrasting sites (Mvurwi and Masvingo-Gutu). Diverse processes of accumulation are identified across commercial, aspiring and struggling farmers, and linked to contrasting patterns of agricultural production and sale, asset ownership, employment and finance. The ability to mobilise finance, influenced by the state of the macro-economy, as well as forms of political patronage, is identified as a crucial driver. Contrary to assertions that A2 farms are largely occupied by ‘cronies’ and that they are unproductive and under-utilised, a more differentiated picture emerges, with important implications for policy and the wider politics of Zimbabwe's countryside following land reform.

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46

Stoneman, Colin. "The Industrialisation of Zimbabwe - Past, Present and Future." Afrika Focus 6, no. 3-4 (January 26, 1990): 245–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0060304008.

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In this paper I look at Zimbabwe’s moderately successful industrialisation experience, past, present and future. The lessons that can be drawn from this experience in comparison with what has happened in other countries, both more and less succesful are: that there is a need for an intelligent state role; that both import substitution and export substitution are necessary; that emphasis on industry need not and must not be mean neglect of agriculture; and that the key problem is how to avoid enclave industrialisation which services urban elites but neglects the rest of the country and the region.

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47

Mapanje, Olga, Moses M. N. Chitete, Wisdom Mgomezulu, and Bernard C. G. Kamanga. "Determinants of Adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural Practices by Smallholder Farmers in Buhera and Chiredzi Districts of Zimbabwe." International Journal of Environmental Sustainability and Green Technologies 12, no. 2 (July 2021): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijesgt.2021070103.

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This study was set to assess factors that drive adoption of six climate smart agriculture technologies in Buhera and Chiredzi districts of Zimbabwe using a sample size of 240 households. Multivariate probit analysis was used to determine factors that influence smallholder farmers' decision to adopt climate smart agriculture technologies. The study finds that age, gender, education of household head, household size, membership to social group, land size, land ownership, and training influence adoption of the six climate smart agriculture technologies. Therefore, policies that allow an improvement in land size and ownership should be given full support by both government and NGO community. The study further recommends that there should be more trainings on benefits of various climate smart agriculture technologies. Farmers should further be encouraged to participate in social groups for easy access to extension information on climate smart agriculture.

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48

Higgs, B., A. E. Johnston, J. L. Salter, and C. J. Dawson. "Some Aspects of Achieving Sustainable Phosphorus Use in Agriculture." Journal of Environmental Quality 29, no. 1 (January 2000): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010010x.

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49

Linderholm, Kersti, Anne-Marie Tillman, and Jan Erik Mattsson. "Life cycle assessment of phosphorus alternatives for Swedish agriculture." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 66 (September 2012): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.04.006.

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Billah, Motsim, Matiullah Khan, Asghari Bano, Tamoor Ul Hassan, Asia Munir, and Ali Raza Gurmani. "Phosphorus and phosphate solubilizing bacteria: Keys for sustainable agriculture." Geomicrobiology Journal 36, no. 10 (August 23, 2019): 904–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2019.1654043.

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