Academic literature on the topic 'Phosphorus, poisoning'
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Journal articles on the topic "Phosphorus, poisoning"
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Arustamian, O. M., V. S. Tkachyshyn, V. Ye Kondratiuk, O. Yu Aleksiychuk, and I. V. Dumka. "Phosphorus poisoning." EMERGENCY MEDICINE 16, no. 4 (May 1, 2020): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0586.16.4.2020.207932.
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Kumar, AS Praveen, BA Praveen Kumar, and MP Anupama. "Yellow Phosphorus Poisoning." Annals of Health and Health Sciences 1, no. 1 (2014): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2322-0422.1.1.014.
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Jonsson, Rasmus, Oana Mihai, Jungwon Woo, Magnus Skoglundh, Eva Olsson, Malin Berggrund, and Louise Olsson. "Gas-Phase Phosphorous Poisoning of a Pt/Ba/Al2O3 NOx Storage Catalyst." Catalysts 8, no. 4 (April 11, 2018): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8040155.
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The effect of phosphorous exposure on the NOx storage capacity of a Pt/Ba/Al2O3 catalyst coated on a ceramic monolith substrate has been studied. The catalyst was exposed to phosphorous by evaporating phosphoric acid in presence of H2O and O2. The NOx storage capacity was measured before and after the phosphorus exposure and a significant loss of the NOx storage capacity was detected after phosphorous exposure. The phosphorous poisoned samples were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), N2-physisorption and inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). All characterization methods showed an axial distribution of phosphorous ranging from the inlet to the outlet of the coated monolith samples with a higher concentration at the inlet of the samples. Elemental analysis, using ICP-AES, confirmed this distribution of phosphorous on the catalyst surface. The specific surface area and pore volume were significantly lower at the inlet section of the monolith where the phosphorous concentration was higher, and higher at the outlet where the phosphorous concentration was lower. The results from the XPS and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses showed higher accumulation of phosphorus towards the surface of the catalyst at the inlet of the monolith and the phosphorus was to a large extent present in the form of P4O10. However, in the middle section of the monolith, the XPS analysis revealed the presence of more metaphosphate (PO3−). Moreover, the SEM-EDX analysis showed that the phosphorous to higher extent had diffused into the washcoat and was less accumulated at the surface close to the outlet of the sample.
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Larson, J. E., S. A. Swigart, and C. R. Angle. "Laxative Phosphate Poisoning: Pharmacokinetics of Serum Phosphorus." Human Toxicology 5, no. 1 (January 1986): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718600500109.
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Despite the frequency of acute poisoning in normal children by oral or rectal phosphosoda laxatives, the rate of clearance of the resultant high level of phosphorus and the rationale for therapy are defined incompletely. 1 Pharmacokinetic analysis has been made of plasma inorganic phosphate ( Pi) in an infant after ingestion of phosphosoda laxative and of data reported for four comparable poisonings in healthy infants to provide a nomogram which predicts the decline in Pi in paediatric phosphate poisoning. 2 Clearance of Pi is exponential; it directly correlates with and approaches the glomerular filtration rate. 3 After single oral or rectal overdoses, plasma Pi at diagnosis is 4-20 mmoul and has a half-life of 5-11 h that appears independent of therapy. The time for plasma Pi to return to normal can be calculated from the initial Pi as t = (In 5/ Pi )/0.1292. 4 Neuromuscular and cardiac abnormalities relate to the low serum calcium; the increase of total serum calcium during recovery from phosphate poisoning is linear but is accelerated by intravenous (i.v.) calcium salt. Continued i.v. calcium therapy may be required since restoration of plasma calcium is often delayed.
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Gumbrell, R. C., and G. R. Bentley. "Secondary phosphorus poisoning in dogs." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43, no. 1 (January 2, 1995): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1995.35837.
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Khan, Zarmast, Muhammad Hanif, Sadia Yasmeen, Naseem Begum, Ibrahim ., and Saba Afzal Shaikh. "Spectrum of Clinical Presentations and Outcomes in Children with Poisoning at a Tertiary Care Center." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 7 (July 30, 2022): 793–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22167793.
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Objective: The purpose of this research was to better understand the severity and treatment options for paediatric poisonings at a major medical centre. Study Design: Retrospective Study Place and Duration: Niazi Medical and Dental College, Sargodha, From September, 2021 to February, 2022. Methods: There were 65 children had age 6 months to 14 years were presented in this study. All the included patients had accidental poisoning. After obtaining written consent from the parents of participants, detailed demographic information including age, sex, place of residence, and weight, was determined. Symptoms of poisoning, causes and products containing poison substances were assessed. SPSS 24.0 was used to analyze all data. Results: We found that 38 (58.5%) cases were males and females were 27 (41.5%). Most of the children 32 (49.2%) had age 6-months to 3 years, 20 (30.8%) had age 4-6 years and 13 (20%) had age 7-14 years. Diarrhea was the most common symptom found in 28 (43.1%) cases, followed by drowsiness and fever. Organo-phosphorus compounds was the most common poison substance found in 26 (40%) cases, kerosene oil in 15 (23.1%) cases, pharmaceutical drugs in 14 (21.5 %) cases, opioid poisoning in 7 (10.8%) cases and plant/atropine in 3 (4.6%) cases. Most common container of substance was bottle pack found in 22 (33.8%) cases, followed by spray bottle in 16 (24.6%) cases, glass in 11 (16.9%) cases and 21 (32.35) were others. Conclusion: In this study, we found that young male children are more susceptible to poisoning. The most frequent symptoms of poisoning from organophosphorus chemicals are diarrhea. Keywords: Accidental Poisoning, Children, Organo-phosphorous, Diarrhea
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Mishra, Shubhankar, T. V. Ramkumar, Ashok Kumar Biswas, and Sambedana Panigrahi. "Childhood Poisoning, A Rising Epidemic in Developing Nations: Large Single Centre Study." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 37, no. 2 (February 24, 2018): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v37i2.16843.
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Introduction: Poisoning is a major problem in children. The aims of this study were to determine the pattern of poisoning in children along with seasonal incidence, duration of treatment and outcome in referral centre of eastern India.Materials and Methods: All the children admitted to paediatric ward of MKCG Medical college and hospital from 1st April 2015 to 31st March 2016 (1 year) with history or suspicion of poisoning and animal bites were included in the study. Brought dead patients and the children with side effects due to ingested drugs in prescribed amount were excluded from the study.Results: Total 530 cases were documented with highest incidence in rainy season. 1-6 years children were mostly vulnerable (42.6%). Accidental mode was the major cause in small children and suicidal, in older. Animal bites and stings (n=241) were the commonest followed by chemical poisonings. Kraits were commonest culprit in snake envenomation group. Alprazolam was most common drug causing drug overdose. Total numbers of death were 27. Major cause of death was organo- phosphorus poisoning (OP) and snakebite. Mean days of hospitalization was 2.5 days and death after hospitalization was 1.8 days.Conclusion: Most of the childhood poisonings were due to accidental cause. Animal bites were mostly due to snakes. Maximum numbers of deaths were due to OP poisoning. Watchful observation, clean and clear environment, understanding the problems of adolescence, friendly atmosphere in home can prevent most of the poisonings and animal bites in children.
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Goel, Amit, Debdatta Basu, and CP Lakshmi. "Cholestatic presentation of yellow phosphorus poisoning." Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics 5, no. 1 (2014): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-500x.124430.
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Chebrolu, S. B., A. Hariman, C. H. Eggert, S. Patel, C. M. Kjellstrand, and T. S. Ing. "Phosphorus-Enriched Hemodialysis for the Treatment of Patients with Severe Methanol Intoxication." International Journal of Artificial Organs 28, no. 3 (March 2005): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880502800313.
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Severe methanol poisoning requires treatment with prolonged and intensive hemodialytic therapy. Such treatment can engender either the de novo development of hypophosphatemia or the worsening of pre-existing hypophosphatemia. Phosphorus-enriched hemodialysis therapy can prevent the occurrence of this complication. We report three patients with severe methanol poisoning who were treated with phosphorus-enriched hemodialysis. Prevention or treatment of hypophosphatemia was successfully achieved with this dialytic technique.
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Zoppellari, R., L. Targa, P. Tonini, and R. Zatelli. "Acute Poisoning with Methidathion: A Case." Human & Experimental Toxicology 9, no. 6 (November 1990): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719000900610.
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An acute poisoning in a 50-year-old man who ingested approximately 6.2 g of the phosphorus ester methidathion is described. The patient was treated with three haemoperfusions 23, 44 and 115 h after ingestion, with continuous gastric lavage, atropine and pralidoxime administration and with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Haemoperfusion was an ineffective epuration technique since it removed only 0.22% of the ingested methidathion. The clinical course wavered because of a probable redistribution of phosphorus ester from fat to blood. A plasma level higher than 100 μg l-1 was associated with the most serious phases. Methidathion was present in the plasma until the sixth day, in the urine until the seventh and in the gastric juice until the eighth. Its absence in the fat biopsy made on the tenth day was an aid to therapy. The phosphorus ester did not inhibit lymphocyte neuropathy target esterase (NTE), neither did it induce development of delayed polyneuropathy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Phosphorus, poisoning"
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Kröger, V. (Virpi). "Poisoning of automotive exhaust gas catalyst components:the role of phosphorus in the poisoning phenomena." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2007. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514286087.
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The aim of this thesis project was to gain new knowledge on the effect of phosphorus on the catalytic activity and characteristics of automotive exhaust gas catalyst components. The simultaneous roles of phosphorus and calcium were also studied.
The first test series of powdery catalyst samples contained Rh and oxide (Test series 1) and the second, Pt and oxide or ZSM-5 (Test series 2). The catalysts were analyzed when fresh and after two ageing and phosphorus poisoning procedures developed in this work. The procedures consisted of adding poison via impregnation in an aqueous solution (for Test series 1) and in the gaseous phase under hydrothermal conditions (for Test series 2). The poison compounds formed and the changes in the washcoat were studied by using physisorption analyses, SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR-ATR. The poison content of the samples was determined by ICP-OES and XRF. Laboratory-scale activity measurements were done to investigate the catalytic activity. Thermodynamic calculations were used to obtain information about ageing conditions and phosphorus compounds formed during ageing.
Phosphorus decreased the catalytic activity and the characteristic surface areas of the catalysts. Addition of calcium to a phosphorus-poisoned catalyst was found to have even a regenerating effect on the catalysts' activity. The poisoning methods developed in this study resulted in the same phosphorus compounds as can be found in vehicle-aged catalysts. Phosphorus was identified as cerium, zirconium, aluminium, and titanium phosphates. Phosphorus was detected in zeolites, but phosphorus-containing compounds were not observed. Phosphorus poisoning takes place in the gas phase at high operating temperatures and with high oxygen and water contents. It was also shown that the role of phosphorus poisoning was more pronounced than the role of hydrothermal ageing alone. Phosphorus poisoning mainly affects the oxide components used in this study, not the noble metals.
The results can be utilized in the development of catalytic materials and catalyst compositions that can better tolerate phosphorus poisoning under hydrothermal conditions. The results can also be applied in evaluating the effects of phosphorus on different catalyst compositions and in estimating the age of commercial catalysts.
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Kvarned, Anders. "PILCs for trapping phosphorus in a heavy duty engine exhaust system : An experimental evaluation of the phosphorus sorption capability of different clay materials." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Strukturkemi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-307356.
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In order to fulfil the requirements in the EURO VI standard, regulating emissions from heavy duty vehicles, the exhaust aftertreatment system needs to maintain its efficiency for at least seven years or 700 000 km. In diesel applications the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) is located closest to the engine and is thus the most vulnerable to poisoning contaminants, such as phosphorus originating from fuel and oil additives, which deactivates the catalyst. An idea to reduce the impact from phosphorus impurities (recently patented by Scania CV) is to place a low-cost sacrificial substrate, consisting of one or more pillared clay mineral (PILC) with high affinity for phosphorus, upstream the aftertreatment system in order to protect and thus increase the lifetime of the catalytic components which contain platinum group metals. In this work one commercially available and four custom made PILCs, comprising of two conventional type PILCs and two of the type porous clay heterostructures (PCH), were evaluated. The PILCs were exposed to a phosphorus-containing gaseous mixture using a lab-scale experimental setup in order to determine their phosphorus sorption potential. The PILC materials exhibit potential to function as sacrificial substrates for phosphorus in the intended application. It was indicated to be a correlation between increasing iron content (wt%) and increasing phosphorus sorption capability. The most promising material was the custom made Al,Fe-pillared saponite, which was up to twice as effective in trapping phosphorus as the DOC. The commercial sample, the Al-pillared montmorillonite, was only about as efficient as the DOC.
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Dufreche, Stephen Thomas. "Effect of phosphorous poisoning on catalytic cracking of lipids for green diesel production." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-04022008-220330.
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Anzai, Hiroki. "Evaluation of nutrient flows in animal production in the southeastern basin of Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province, China." Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215594.
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Chapters 2 and 3 are the peer reviewed version of the following articles, respectively: Anzai H, Wang L, Oishi K, Irbis C, Li K, Kumagai H, Inamura T, Hirooka H. 2015. Estimation of nitrogen and phosphorus flows in livestock production in Dianchi Lake basin, China. Animal Science Journal. Amachika Y, Anzai H, Wang L, Oishi K, Irbis C, Li K, Kumagai H, Inamura T, Hirooka, H. 2015. Estimation of potassium and magnesium flows in animal production in Dianchi Lake basin, China. Animal Science Journal. , which have been published in final forms at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asj.12390 and http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asj.12518, respectively These articles may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.Chapter 4 is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Anzai H, Oishi K, Li K, Irbis C, Hirooka H, Inamura T, Kumagai H. 2011. Dietary nitrate loads on cows in dairy farms near Lake Dian, Kunming city, Yunnan Province, China. Trace Nutrient Research 28, 54-57., which has been published in final form at http://www.jtnrs.com/sym28/P-07.pdf.Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第19768号
農博第2164号
新制||農||1040(附属図書館)
学位論文||H28||N4984(農学部図書室)
32804
京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻
(主査)教授 廣岡 博之, 教授 松井 徹, 教授 稲村 達也
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Toral, del Rio Maria Isabel. "An analysis of the influence of phosphorus poisoning on the exhaust emission after treatement systems of light-duty diesel vehicles." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/697.
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Climate change has become a discussion topic of exponentially increasing urgency and importance amoung world leaders of all disciplines. These changes are brought about by the emission of so-called Greenhouse gases from various human activities. The primary cause of CO2 emissions is the burning of the Earth’s supply of nonrenewable natural fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas. The world first agreed on the prevention of “dangerous” climatic changes at the Earth Summit in 1992. The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 was the first step toward protection of the atmosphere and prescribes restrictions on emission pollutants. Since then the vehicle gas emissions are being controlled by means of different gas emissions norms, like the European Union Norm in Europe. The automotive manufacturers and suppliers are collectively working on reducing overall vehicle emissions. They are focusing on several different emission limiting possibilities, for example improved engine design, special fuel development and exhaust gas treatment systems. The exhaust gas treatment process requires continuous controlling and management of the exhaust gas emissions while driving a vehicle. Certain factors such as high emission temperatures have a negative influence on the life span of these systems. Their functionality and durability is also known to be reduced by the presence of chemical poisoning species like sulphur, phosphorus, zinc and calcium. The chemical poisoning species are produced during combustion of fuel and engine oil. They are therefore contained in the exhaust emissions and can poison the catalyst when passing over it. Phosphorous poisoning is particularly problematic and should be reduced considerably. This study involves the investigation of the phosphorous poisoning process and aims to provide clarity regarding the influences of different fuel and oil compositions on the severity of the process. Engine oil and biodiesel are two major sources of phosphorous poisoning. The phosphorus contained in biodiesel fuel is a natural component and can be minimized during the refining procedure. In contrast to others studies, the biodiesel fuel used during this project was SME (Soya Methyl Ester) with a 20% biodiesel content. This choice of fuel was made because of the increasingly important role that this type of biodiesel is playing in the European market and the future tendency to increase the percentage of biodiesel in the mixture with standard diesel fuel. The phosphorus contained in engine oil is a necessary additive to retain the antioxidant and anti-wear properties of the oil. This study examined the poisoning influences from the most commonly used phosphorus containing oil additive, Zinc Dithiophosphates (ZDDP), as well as a Zn-free, phosphorus containing anti-wear oil additive. This formulation provides information about the phosphorus poisoning process as caused by the engine oil in the absence of Zn in the oil additives. The results show how the phosphorus content in biodiesel fuel affects the functionality of the exhaust gas treatment systems and the importance of reducing the permitted content of phosphorus contained in the fuel. Reducing the phosphorus content in the fuel will conserve the functionality of the exhaust gas treatment systems during their operational life and thereby protect the environmental from emission pollutants. It also provides insight into the differences in the poisoning processes when the phosphorus deposited on the catalyst comes from biodiesel fuel and when it comes from the engine oil. Finally the results also illustrate the influence of different phosphorous forms contained in engine oil additives on the catalyst poisoning process. This information could be used for the development of new oil additive formulations.
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Kärkkäinen, M. L. (Marja-Liisa). "Deactivation of oxidation catalysts by sulphur and phosphorus in diesel and gas driven vehicles." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526217239.
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Abstract The combustion of fuels in motor vehicles is one of the most significant causes of air emissions. The use of oxidation catalysts in exhaust gas emission treatment can reduce hydrocarbons (HCs) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by more than 90%. Fuels and engine lubricants contain impurities like sulphur (S) and phosphorus (P), which can have a significant effect on the activity and durability of oxidation catalysts. This thesis aims at increasing the current knowledge of the deactivation phenomena caused by sulphur and phosphorus in diesel and natural/bio gas oxidation catalysts. Accelerated laboratory scale sulphur, phosphorus and thermal treatments in gas-phase conditions were carried out for alumina (Al2O3) based platinum (Pt) and platinum-palladium (PtPd) metallic monolith diesel and natural gas oxidation catalysts. In addition, a vehicle-aged natural gas oxidation catalyst and an engine-bench-aged diesel oxidation catalyst were studied and used as a reference for the laboratory-scale-aged catalysts. BET-BJH, FESEM, TEM, XPS and DRIFT were used as characterization techniques to determine changes on the catalysts. The effect of accelerated deactivation treatments on the catalyst activity was determined using laboratory scale measurements in CO, HC and nitric oxide (NO) oxidation. Sulphur and phosphorus were found to cause morphological and chemical changes on the studied catalysts. Sulphur was found to be adsorbed vertically throughout the entire catalyst support from the catalyst surface to the metallic monolith, while phosphorus accumulated on the surface region of the precious metal containing catalysts. Both, sulphur and phosphorus, slightly increased the average size of the precious metal particles size and are adsorbed onto the alumina by chemical bonds. In addition, a partial transformation from PdO to Pd and a change in the shape of the precious metal particles due to phosphorus were detected. Due to the detected structural and chemical changes on the catalysts, sulphur and phosphorus treatments reduced the catalytic activity of the studied diesel and natural-gas-oxidation catalysts. Correspondence between real and simulated ageing was found and thus the used accelerated laboratory scale aging method can be stated to be a good tool to simulate sulphur and phosphorus exposureTiivistelmä Moottoriajoneuvot ovat merkittäviä ilmapäästöjen aiheuttajia. Hapetuskatalyyttejä käyttämällä hiilimonoksidi- ja hiilivetypäästöistä pystytään poistamaan yli 90 %. Polttoaineet ja voiteluaineet sisältävät epäpuhtauksia kuten rikkiä ja fosforia, jotka voivat merkittävästi heikentää hapetuskatalyyttien aktiivisuutta ja kestävyyttä. Väitöskirjan tavoitteena on tuottaa uutta tietoa rikin ja fosforin aiheuttamasta diesel- ja maakaasukatalyyttien deaktivoitumisesta. Metalliseen monoliittiin tuettuja alumiinioksidipohjaisia platina- ja palladiumkatalyytteja ikäytetiin tekemällä niille rikki-, fosfori- ja lämpökäsittelyjä. Maantieikäytettyä maakaasuhapetuskatalyyttiä ja moottoripenkki-ikäytettyä dieselhapetuskatalyyttiä käytettiin laboratorioikäytettyjen katalyyttien referensseinä. Ikäytyskäsittelyjen aiheuttamat muutokset analysoitiin BET-BJH-, FESEM-, TEM-, XPS- ja DRIFT-menetelmillä. Käsittelyjen vaikutus katalyyttien hiilimonoksidin, hiilivetyjen ja typenoksidien hapetusaktiivisuuteen tutkittiin laboratoriomittakaavan aktiivisuuslaitteella. Rikki ja fosfori aiheuttivat rakenteellisia ja kemiallisia muutoksia tutkittuihin katalyytteihin. Rikki adsorboitui koko tukiaineeseen (tukiaineen pinnalta pohjalle), kun taas fosfori adsorboitui vain pinnan alueelle. Sekä rikki että fosfori kasvattivat jalometallipartikkeleiden kokoa sekä muodostivat alumiinioksidin kanssa yhdisteitä. Lisäksi fosforikäsittelyjen havaittiin osittain pelkistävän PdO:n Pd:ksi ja muuttavan jalometallipartikkelien muotoa. Havaitut rikin ja fosforin aiheuttamat rakenteelliset sekä kemialliset muutokset laskivat diesel- ja maakaasukatalyyttien hapetusaktiivisuutta. Laboratorioikäytyksillä havaittiin olevan hyvä korrelaatio todellisissa olosuhteissa tehtyjen ikäytysten kanssa ja tästä syystä työssä käytetyn laboratoriomittakaavan ikäytysmenetelmän voidaan todeta olevan hyvä työkalu simuloimaan rikin ja fosforin aiheuttamaa deaktivoitumista
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Kienkas, Liene. "Effect of Biofuel Impurities on the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-212558.
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Scania provides sustainable transport systems powered by bioethanol, biogas, biodiesel along with hybrid and conventional solutions. Today Scania offers the largest variety of engines operating on alternative fuels in the market. The number of the alternative fuel operated vehicles sold in 2016 increased by 40 % [1]. Nevertheless, one of the alternative fuels – biodiesel - is a source of inorganic contaminants. These impurities can detrimentally affect the diesel truck after-treatment system that is responsible for harmful emission abatement. As a consequence, better understanding of the alternative fuel impact on the after-treatment system is necessary for further development of a sustainable transportation system. This thesis is focused on the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) that is one of the major components in the diesel truck after-treatment system. Catalyst performance due to chemical deactivation of biodiesel derived inorganic contaminants (P, Na and Ca) is determined and analysed. The study covers PtPd/Al 2O3 DOC preparation and poisoning by the incipient wetness impregnation method, monolith dip-coating, fresh and poisoned catalyst characterization (BET, CO chemisorption, TPR, ICP-OES, TEM-EDS, SEM-EDS, XRD). Catalyst activity tests in a laboratory scale activity testing rig are performed to study carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and propylene oxidation reactions before and after the poisoning. Sulphur effect on the catalyst activity is determined after the gas-phase poisoning with SO2.
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Bueters, Tjerk Johannes Helena. "Treatment of organophosphate poisoning with adenosine A1 receptor agonists /." [S.l. : s.n], 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb402204083.
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Väliheikki, A. (Ari). "Resistance of catalytic materials towards chemical impurities:the effect of sulphur and biomaterial-based compounds on the performance of DOC and SCR catalysts." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526212845.
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Abstract Exhaust gas emissions, e.g. nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HCs) and carbon monoxide (CO), are harmful to human health and the environment. Catalysis is an efficient method to decrease these emissions. Unfortunately, the fuels and lubricant oils may contain chemical impurities that are also present in exhaust gases. Thus, catalytic materials with high activity and chemical resistance towards impurities are needed in the abatement of exhaust gas emission. In this thesis, the aim was to gain new knowledge about the effects of chemical impurities on the behaviour and activity of the catalysts. To find out these effects, the impurities existing in the exhaust gas particulate matter after combustion of biofuels and fossil fuels were analysed. The studied zeolite (ZSM-5), cerium-zirconium mixed oxides (CeZr and ZrCe) and silicon-zirconium oxide (SiZr) based catalysts were also treated with impurities to simulate the poisoning of the catalysts by, e.g. potassium, sodium, phosphorus and sulphur, using gas or liquid phase treatments. Several characterization techniques were applied to find out the effects of impurities on catalysts’ properties. The activity of catalysts was tested in laboratory-scale measurements in CO and HC oxidation and NOx reduction using ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen (H2) as reductants. The results revealed that the CeZr based catalysts had a high activity in NOx reduction by NH3 and moderate activity by H2. Sulphur was proven to enhance the activity of CeZr catalysts in NOx reduction. This is due to an increase in chemisorbed oxygen after the sulphur treatment on the catalyst surface. Instead, in HC and CO oxidation reactions, sulphur had a negligible impact on the activity of the SiZr based diesel oxidation catalyst. Thus, both CeZr and SiZr based catalysts can be utilized in exhaust gas purification when sulphur is present. ZSM-5 based catalysts were proven to be resistant to potassium and sodium. Alternatively, the activity of SiZr based catalysts decreased due to phosphorus. Thus, the removal of biomaterial-based impurities from the exhaust gases is needed to retain high catalyst activity in the exhaust gas after-treatment systemTiivistelmä Pakokaasupäästöissä olevat typen oksidit (NOx), hiilivedyt (HCs) ja hiilimonoksidi (CO) ovat haitallisia ihmisten terveydelle ja ympäristölle. Katalyysi on tehokas menetelmä vähentää näitä päästökomponentteja. Polttoaineet ja voiteluöljyt sisältävät epäpuhtauksia, jotka siirtyvät myös pakokaasuihin. Tästä johtuen pakokaasupäästöjen hallinnassa tarvitaan katalyyttimateriaaleja, joilla on hyvä vastustuskyky myrkyttymistä vastaan. Tavoitteena oli saada uutta tietoa kemiallisten epäpuhtauksien vaikutuksesta katalyyttien toimintaan. Biopolttoaineiden sisältämät mahdolliset epäpuhtaudet selvitettiin analysoimalla fossiilisen ja biopolttoaineen palamisessa muodostuvia partikkeleita ja vertaamalla niitä polttoaineiden hivenaineanalyysiin. Tutkimuksessa käytetyt zeoliitti (ZSM-5), cerium-zirkonium-sekaoksidi (CeZr) ja pii-zirkonium-oksidipohjaiset (SiZr) katalyytit käsiteltiin epäpuhtauksilla (kalium, natrium, fosfori ja rikki) kaasu- ja nestefaasissa. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin useita karakterisointitekniikoita, joiden avulla selvitettiin epäpuhtauksien vaikutuksia katalyyttien ominaisuuksiin. Katalyyttien toimintaa testattiin laboratoriomittakaavan kokeissa CO:n ja HC-yhdisteiden hapetuksessa sekä NOx:ien pelkistyksessä käyttäen ammoniakkia (NH3) tai vetyä (H2) pelkistimenä. Tulokset osoittavat, että CeZr-pohjaisten katalyyttien aktiivisuus NOx:ien pelkistyksessä oli hyvä käytettäessä pelkistimenä NH3:a ja kohtalainen käytettäessä vetyä. Rikki paransi CeZr-katalyyttien aktiivisuutta NOx:ien pelkistyksessä, mikä johtui kemiallisesti sitoutuneen hapen osuudesta katalyyttien pinnoilla. Vastaavasti hiilivetyjen ja CO:n hapetusreaktioissa rikki ei vaikuttanut SiZr-pohjaisten dieselhapetuskatalyyttien aktiivisuuteen. Sekä CeZr- ja SiZr-pohjaisia katalyytteja voidaan siten käyttää rikkiä sisältävien pakokaasujen puhdistuksessa. SiZr-pohjaisten katalyyttien aktiivisuus laski fosforin vuoksi. ZSM-5-pohjaiset katalyytit olivat vastustuskykyisiä kaliumille ja natriumille. Kestäviä katalyyttejä on siten kehitettävä, mikäli biopolttoaineiden sisältämien epäpuhtauksien poistaminen polttoaineista ei ole mahdollista
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Gaspari, Romolo Joseph. "Pathophysiology of Respiratory Failure Following Acute Organophosphate Poisoning : A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2009. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/445.
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Organophosphate (OP) poisoning is a health issue worldwide with over 200,000 deaths per year. Although not a problem in most developed countries, in some third world countries, one third of a hospital’s population could be patients with OP exposure. Even with the most aggressive therapy, 10-40% of patients admitted to an intensive care unit will die. Research into the best practice for treating OP poisoning is lacking, due somewhat to a lack of detailed understanding of the physiology of OP poisoning. Our research uses animal models of acute OP poisoning to explore the mechanism of OP-induced respiratory failure.
Our research shows that animals poisoned with dichlorvos demonstrated a uniformly fatal central apnea that, if prevented, was followed immediately by a variable pulmonary dysfunction. Potential mechanisms for dichlorvos-induced central apnea can be divided into direct effects on the central respiratory oscillator (CRO) and feedback inhibition of the CRO. Two afferent pathways that can induce apnea include vagal feedback pathways and feed-forward pathways from the cerebral hemispheres. In our studies we found that vagal feedback and feed forward inhibition from the cerebral hemispheres were not required for OP-induced central apnea. The pre-Botzinger complex in the brainstem is thought to be the kernel of the CRO, but exposure of the pre-Botzinger complex to dichlorvos was not sufficient for apnea. Although OP induced central apnea was uniformly fatal, partial recovery of the CRO occurred post apnea with mechanical ventilation.
Central apnea was ubiquitous in our rat poisoning model, but pulmonary dysfunction was extremely variable, with a range of pulmonary effects from fulminate pulmonary failure with prominent pulmonary secretions to no pulmonary dysfunction at all. Vagal efferent activity is involved in neural control of pulmonary tissue but the vagus was not involved in OP-induced pulmonary dysfunction. Anti-muscarinic medications are the mainstay of clinical therapy and are commonly dosed by their effects on pulmonary secretions. Our studies found that atropine (the most common therapeutic agent for OP poisoning) resulted in a ventilation-perfusion mismatch secondary to effects on the pulmonary vasculature.
Books on the topic "Phosphorus, poisoning"
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Emery-Coderre, J. Jurisprudence médicale: Examen médico-légal des procès d'Anaïs Toussaint, de Joseph Bérubé et de Césarée Thériault, et précis de procèdures à suivre dans les cas d'empoisonnements par l'arsenic et le phosphore. [Montréal?: s.n.], 1985.
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Jurisprudence médicale: Examen médico-l'egal des procès d'Anaïs Toussaint, de Joseph Bérubé et de Césarée Thériault, et précis de procèdures à suivre dans les cas d'empoisonnements par l'arsenic et le phosphore. [Montréal?: s.n.], 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Phosphorus, poisoning"
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Zallen, Jeremy. "Lucifer Matches and the Global Violence of Phosphorus." In American Lucifers, 168–213. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653327.003.0006.
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Sulfuric acid also made possible the other revolutionary lighting technology of the nineteenth century: lucifer friction matches. Those phosphorus matches, incredibly cheap, found their way into the hands of the highest and the lowest, everyone now a strike or a jostle away from producing instant, useful, but also potentially devastating flames. Using thousands of tons of coal and sulfuric acid, European chemical manufacturers extracted hundreds of tons of elemental phosphorus from the mountains of bones left in the wake of the slaughter of Pampas cattle in the South American port cities of the Río de La Plata and, later, from phosphates mined on West Indian guano islands. In American cities, thousands of child workers used that European phosphorus to mass-produce incredibly cheap lucifer matches, a process that starkly illustrated the hidden politics and slow violence of producing the means of light. Struggling to work and, even more pressingly, to live in the inescapable ecology of toxic phosphorus, lucifer-making children attempted to change work environments and win powerful allies, all while trying to survive and mitigate an agonizing, degenerative, disfiguring illness from phosphorus poisoning they called “the compo” and officials called “the jaw disease.”
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Voroshylova, Natalia, and Nelia Melnikova. "ACID-ALKALINE STATE OF THE ORGANISM AS A REGULATOR OF THE MINERAL STATUS OF RATS’ BLOOD AT CADMIUM POISONING." In Integration of traditional and innovation processes of development of modern science. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-021-6-29.
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The work is devoted to the study of the influence of changes in the acid-base state on the indices of mineral metabolism in the body of cadmium sulphate-poisoned 6 months age-rats. It is known that the entry of cadmium salts into the body causes disorders of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and mineral metabolism. As well-known, the endotoxicants affect cellular structures and activate lysosomal enzymes, block mitochondrial oxidation and ribosomal synthesis, initiate free radical processes, that are accompanied by disturbance of rheology and blood coagulation, micro- and macro-circulation, water-electrolyte balance. Such caused alterations in macro- and microelement composition of poisoned animals’ organisms disrupt the course of numerous metabolic processes. The research was conducted on the basis of the Department of Biochemistry and Vivarium of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine using adult 6 months-age outbred rats breeding of the Research and Production Center of Laboratory Animal Husbandry of Educational and Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Quality and Safety of Livestock Products. Biological models of introduction of rats into the state of experimental metabolic acidosis and alkalosis before and after cadmium sulphate poisoning have been developed, as well as indices of acid-base status and mineral metabolism of the developed experimental models have been studied. The influence of the changes of parameters of acid-base state of the body on the content in the blood of poisoned rats of macronutrients (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus) and trace elements (copper, zinc, and iron). At compare of the changes in parameters of acid-base status of the blood of cadmium sulfate-poisoned animals, it was noted that the state of experimental metabolic acidosis is more expressed than alkalosis, that is more effective for correction and normalization of mineral metabolism in poisoned rats.
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Lim, S. Y., T. H. Jung, K. S. Park, J. Y. Sung, and S. J. Choung. "Effects of Wo3 and La2O3 Addition on the Sintering and Phosphorous Poisoning of Pd/α -Al2O3 Catalysts for Automotive Emission Control." In Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 653–57. Elsevier, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(08)62696-8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Phosphorus, poisoning"
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Nagata, Makoto, and Yasushi Tanaka. "Modeling of Phosphorus Poisoning Phenomena over Diesel Oxidation Catalysts." In SAE 2010 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0884.
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Sumida, H., Y. Koda, A. Sadai, S. Ichikawa, M. Kyogoku, M. Takato, Y. Miwa, and R. W. McCabe. "Analysis of Phosphorus Poisoning on Exhaust Catalysts from Compact-Class Vehicle." In SAE 2004 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0147.
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Disdale, William, Carol A. Roberts, and Stephen F. Benjamin. "Modelling of Phosphorus Poisoning Using Computational Fluid Dynamics and its Effect on Automotive Catalyst Performance." In 2004 SAE Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-1889.
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Hu, Jianqiang, Junbing Yao, and Zhanhe Du. "Opportunities for Replacement of Phosphorus and Dithiophosphates in Lubricating Oil With Borate Ester Additive Containing Nitrogen." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63348.
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The poisoning of exhaust catalysts by phosphorus has lead to research to provide new additives packages to reduce or displace the use of ZDDP. In this research a four-ball tester was used to evaluate the tribological performances of organic borate ester containing nitrogen (BNO) combined with zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) or tin dialkyldithiocarbamates (SnDDC) in base oil respectively. The results indicate that the combination of these additives with organic borates ester can exhibit better antiwear synergism than either component separately without impairing load carrying abilities. Especially, the antiwear properties of oils can be improved significantly under optimal concentration ranges. Accordingly considerable amount of or ZDDP can be partially replaced by BNO in synergetic mixtures, or replaced completely by the combination of BNO with SnDDC. This might provide opportunities for the use of lower concentrations of S, P additives.
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Parekh, K., R. Mourhatch, and P. B. Aswath. "ZDDP-Additive-Catalyst Interactions in Engine Oil." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-64075.
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The phosphorous content in engine oil is found to be the major cause of the poisoning of Catalytic converters in automobiles, hence environmental regulations limiting the phosphorous level in GF4 and GF5 oils have been introduced. Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) being the only major source of phosphorous in current engine oils, is also an indispensable component of the additive package in these oils for it has been the primary anti wear — as well as anti oxidant — additive for over fifty years. Efforts are made to replace the ZDDP with other materials with the same properties which would not be harmful to the environment and also an economically feasible substitute. Another solution to this problem is to reduce the amount of ZDDP used while improving its antiwear performance. Anti-wear action of ZDDP, involves its break down reaction with the steel surface by Zn Fe ion exchange and subsequent formation of an amorphous chemisorbed film containing zinc, phosphorus, oxygen and sulfur and also iron in the form of polyphosphates and sulfates of zinc and iron. The efficiency of this mechanism is reduced by parallel reactions between ZDDP and other additives as well as their antagonistic effects. Introduction of a material with catalytic properties which would reduce the negative effects of the presence of the other additives on the anti wear properties of ZDDP is an option that was explored in this paper. Both triboligical wear tests (Ball on cylinder lubricity evaluation tests) as well as mechanism studies (DSC, FT-IR and NMR) were used to evaluate the performance of ZDDP in the presence of the most common additives (i.e. Anti-oxidants, Detergents and Dispersant). Iron Fluoride is also introduced as a potential additive to improve the efficiency of wear protection mechanism of ZDDP. The improvements observed in the presence of the Iron Fluoride will allow further reducing the amount of ZDDP in engine oils containing this material as an additive [1].
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Bunting, Bruce G., Karren More, Sam Lewis, and Todd Toops. "Phosphorous Poisoning and Phosphorous Exhaust Chemistry with Diesel Oxidation Catalysts." In SAE 2005 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-1758.
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Kumar, Sanath V., James Rogalo, Michel Deeba, Patrick L. Burk, and Vladimir Ferrari. "Influence of Phosphorous Poisoning on TWC Catalysts." In SAE Brasil 2003 Congress and Exhibit. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-3735.
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Maynal, Rajesh A., Vidyasagar Maske, Divya Saini, Shridhar Rao, and Alain Ristori. "Phosphorous Poisoning Study for Diesel Oxidation Catalyst." In Symposium on International Automotive Technology. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-26-0204.
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Selby, K., M. Urbanak, D. Colbourne, H. Leonhardt, P. Burnett, F. Machatschek, and S. Beviere. "Meeting the Lubrication Challenges of Heavy Duty Low Emission Diesel Engines." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63983.
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In recent years, legislative authorities in the US, Europe and Japan have steadily reduced engine exhaust emissions, i.e., carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), sulphur, particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) to improve air quality. To meet these requirements engine manufacturers have had to make significant design changes and as a consequence new engine lubricant specifications from Industry bodies (ACEA, EMA, JAMA) and individual OEMs have had to be introduced to ensure adequate lubrication of these new engines. This has led to significant changes to heavy-duty diesel engine oil (HDDEO) oil formulation composition. Engine design modifications to increase fuel combustion efficiency such as increased peak cylinder pressure and increased fuel injection pressures have placed higher stress on piston rings and liners, bearings and valve train components [1], and improved oil consumption has meant longer oil residence time in the piston ring belt area. The practice of retarded fuel injection timing and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) as measures to reduce NOx levels by reducing peak combustion temperature has had a considerable impact on lubricant performance. Retarded injection leads to higher soot levels which can cause valve train wear and piston ring liner wear and soot-induced thickening, whilst EGR leads to increased corrosive acids and wear in the combustion chamber. Currently in Europe, Euro 3 heavy-duty engines predominantly use retarded fuel injection as the primary NOx emission control strategy although there are cases where EGR is used. In the US, cooled EGR is used by most engine manufacturers to meet US 2002 emissions. HDDEO’s contain a combination of performance additives such as overbased metal detergents, dispersants, antiwear agents and antioxidants designed to provide wear protection, engine cleanliness, and control of soot contaminants and oxidation. Other additive components include selected viscosity index (VI) improvers and pour point depressants to provide necessary viscosity characteristics and shear stability, and also anti-foam agents for oil aeration control. To meet the increased demands from low emission engines, the chemical composition of the performance additives has been modified and levels increased. Current HDDEOs optimized to meet US and European specifications contain typically between 1.3 and 1.9%wt sulphated ash, 0.1–0.14%wt phosphorus and 0.3–1.1.wt sulphur. To meet the next generation emission standards, engines will require the use of exhaust after-treatment devices. In Europe, Euro 4 emission reductions for NOx and PM, scheduled for introduction in 2005, will require the use of either selective catalytic reduction, or the use of EGR in combination with a diesel particulate filter (DPF). To meet the US 2007 requirements, higher levels of EGR than currently used, in combination with DPFs, is envisaged by most engine builders. Exhaust after-treatment devices are already used extensively in some applications such as DPFs on city buses in Europe and the US. Further NOx restrictions are scheduled for Euro 5 in 2008 and USA in 2010. NOx absorber systems, although used in gasoline engines, are still under development for heavy-duty diesel engines and may be available for 2010. Some lubricant base oil and additive components from oil consumed in the combustion chamber are believed to adversely affect the performance of after-treatment devices. Ash material from metal detergents and zinc dithiophosphates (ZDTP) can build up in the channels within particulate filters causing blockage and potentially loss of engine power, leading to a need for frequent cleaning maintenance. The role of sulphur and phosphorus in additive components is less clear. Sulphur from fuel can either oxidize to sulphur dioxide and react through to sulphuric acid, which manifests itself as particulate, or can have a poisoning effect on the catalyst itself. However, the role of sulphur containing additives is yet to be established. Phosphorus from ZDTP antiwear components can lead to a phosphate layer being deposited on catalyst surfaces, which may impair efficiency. Concerns from OEMs regarding the possible effects of ash, sulphur and phosphorus has led to chemical limits being introduced in some new and upcoming engine oil specifications. The ACEA E6 sequence restricts sulphated ash to 1.0%wt max, phosphorus to 0.08%wt max and sulphur to 0.3%wt max, while the PC-10 category scheduled for 2007 will have maximum limits of 1.0%wt sulphated ash, 0.12%wt phosphorus and 0.4%wt sulphur. The resulting constraints on the use of conventional overbased metal detergent cleanliness additives and zinc dithiophosphate antiwear additives will necessitate alternative engine oil formulation technologies to be developed in order to maintain current performance levels. Indeed, performance requirements of engine oils are expected to become more demanding for the next generation engines where emissions are further restricted. If absorbers become a major route for NOx reduction, limits on sulphur and phosphorus are likely to be more restrictive. Oil formulations meeting ACEA E6 and PC-10 chemical limits have been assessed in several key critical lubricant specification tests, looking at valve train and piston ring/cylinder liner wear, corrosive wear in bearings, piston cleanliness and soot-induced viscosity control. It is demonstrated that it is possible to achieve MB 228.5 extended oil drain performance and API CI-4 wear, corrosion and piston cleanliness requirements for current US engines equipped with EGR [2], at a sulphated ash level of 1.0%wt, and phosphorus and sulphur levels, (0.05 and 0.17%wt, respectively), considerably lower than these chemical limits. This is achievable by the use of selected low sulphur detergents, optimized primary and secondary antioxidant systems and non-phosphorus containing, ashless supplementary antiwear additives blended in synthetic basestocks. Field trials in several city bus fleets have been conducted to assess engine oil performance and durability using one of these low sulphated ash, phosphorus and sulphur (SAPS) oil formulations and to examine lubricant effects on particulate filter performance. Engine oil durability testing was conducted in bus fleets in Germany and Switzerland. These trials, involving over 100 vehicles, cover a range of engine types, e.g., Daimler Chrysler and MAN Euro 1, 2 and 3 and different fuel types (low sulphur diesel, biodiesel, and compressed natural gas) in some MAN engines. The fleets are fitted with continuously regenerating particulate filters either from new or retrofitted. Oils were tested at standard and extended drain intervals (up to 60 000km). Used oil analysis for iron, copper, lead and aluminium with the low SAPS oil in these vehicles have shown low wear rates in all engine types and comparable with a higher 1.8% ash ACEA E4, E5 quality oil. Soot levels can vary considerably, but oil viscosity is maintained within viscosity grade, even at 8% soot loading. TBN depletion and TAN accumulation rates are low showing significant residual basicity reserve and control of acidic combustion and oxidation products. Buses in Stuttgart and Berlin have been used to investigate lubricant ash effects of engine oil on particulate filter durability. Exhaust back-pressure is routinely measured and DPF filters removed and cleaned when back pressure exceeds 100 mbar. Comparison of rate of back pressure build up as a function of vehicle distance shows reduced back pressure gradients for the low SAPS oil relative to the 1.8%wt ash oil in both engine types looked at. An average reduction in back pressure gradient of 40% was found in buses equipped with OM 906LA engines in Berlin and 25% with OM 457hLA engines at both locations. Examination of the ash content in DPFs has shown a 40% reduction in the quantity of ash with the low SAPS oil. This investigation shows that it is possible to meet current long oil drain requirements whilst meeting chemical limits for future lubricants and provide benefits in DPF durability.
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Kumar, Sanath V., James Rogalo, Michel Deeba, Patrick L. Burk, and Prakash Sardesal. "Simulation Of Phosphorous Poisoning and Deactivation Of TWC Catalysts." In SIAT 2004. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2004-28-0023.
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