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Journal articles on the topic 'Photocatalyst'
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1
Chuaicham, Chitiphon, Jirawat Trakulmututa, Kaiqian Shu, et al. "Recent Clay-Based Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment." Separations 10, no. 2 (2023): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations10020077.
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Photocatalysis is a remarkable methodology that is popular and applied in different interdisciplinary research areas such as the degradation of hazardous organic contaminants in wastewater. In recent years, clay-based photocatalyst composites have attracted significant attention in the field of photocatalysis owing to their abundance, excellent light response ability, and stability. This review describes the combination of clay with focusing photocatalysts such as TiO2, g-C3N4, and Bi-based compounds for degrading organic pollutants in wastewater. Clay-based composites have more active surface sites, resulting in inhibited photocatalyst particle agglomeration. Moreover, clay enhances the creation of active radicals for organic pollutant degradation by separating photogenerated electrons and holes. Thus, the functions of clay in clay-based photocatalysts are not only to act as a template to inhibit the agglomeration of the main photocatalysts but also to suppress charge recombination, which may lengthen the electron–hole pair’s lifespan and boost degrading activity. Moreover, several types of clay-based photocatalysts, such as the clay type and main photocatalyst, were compared to understand the function of clay and the interaction of clay with the main photocatalyst. Thus, this study summarizes the recent clay-based photocatalysts for wastewater remediation and concludes that clay-based photocatalysts have considerable potential for low-cost, solar-powered environmental treatment.
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Rocha, Rafael Lisandro P., Luzia Maria C. Honorio, Roosevelt Delano de S. Bezerra, et al. "Light-Activated Hydroxyapatite Photocatalysts: New Environmentally-Friendly Materials to Mitigate Pollutants." Minerals 12, no. 5 (2022): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050525.
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This review focuses on a reasoned search for articles to treat contaminated water using hydroxyapatite (HAp)-based compounds. In addition, the fundamentals of heterogeneous photocatalysis were considered, combined with parameters that affect the pollutants’ degradation using hydroxyapatite-based photocatalyst design and strategies of this photocatalyst, and the challenges of and perspectives on the development of these materials. Many critical applications have been analyzed to degrade dyes, drugs, and pesticides using HAp-based photocatalysts. This systematic review highlights the recent state-of-the-art advances that enable new paths and good-quality preparations of HAp-derived photocatalysts for photocatalysis.
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Wang, Shifa, Peilin Mo, Dengfeng Li, and Asad Syed. "Intelligent Algorithms Enable Photocatalyst Design and Performance Prediction." Catalysts 14, no. 4 (2024): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal14040217.
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Photocatalysts have made great contributions to the degradation of pollutants to achieve environmental purification. The traditional method of developing new photocatalysts is to design and perform a large number of experiments to continuously try to obtain efficient photocatalysts that can degrade pollutants, which is time-consuming, costly, and does not necessarily achieve the best performance of the photocatalyst. The rapid development of photocatalysis has been accelerated by the rapid development of artificial intelligence. Intelligent algorithms can be utilized to design photocatalysts and predict photocatalytic performance, resulting in a reduction in development time and the cost of new catalysts. In this paper, the intelligent algorithms for photocatalyst design and photocatalytic performance prediction are reviewed, especially the artificial neural network model and the model optimized by an intelligent algorithm. A detailed discussion is given on the advantages and disadvantages of the neural network model, as well as its application in photocatalysis optimized by intelligent algorithms. The use of intelligent algorithms in photocatalysis is challenging and long term due to the lack of suitable neural network models for predicting the photocatalytic performance of photocatalysts. The prediction of photocatalytic performance of photocatalysts can be aided by the combination of various intelligent optimization algorithms and neural network models, but it is only useful in the early stages. Intelligent algorithms can be used to design photocatalysts and predict their photocatalytic performance, which is a promising technology.
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Yanda, Bhupesh Pydiraju, Dharani Sathwik Ram Panchagnula, Terry J. Gentry, and Sreeram Vaddiraju. "Photocatalysis-Assisted Water Remediation Using Porous Nanowire Foams." Water 17, no. 4 (2025): 462. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17040462.
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Deployment of photocatalysis for water disinfection necessitates engineering the process kinetics and achieving the complete recovery of the photocatalyst following the remediation of water. The recovery of the photocatalysts, especially nanostructured photocatalysts, remains a challenge, as indicated by a previous study by our group where only 57% of TiO2 nanowires were recovered by gravity-assisted settling and sedimentation from water after its photocatalysis-assisted E. coli inactivation. To overcome this challenge, a novel method involving the use of photocatalysts in the form of porous foams is developed and presented. Use of TiO2 nanowire foams led to a 2–3-log reduction of E. coli in a span of 180 min when ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light was employed for photoactivation, similar to that observed previously by our group. More importantly, the photocatalyst foams were easily recoverable from water via mechanical separation using tweezers, which in this study led to a recovery of 98–99% of the TiO2 nanowire photocatalysts. This strategy allows for further optimization of both the process kinetics and the total amount of photocatalysts needed for water remediation through optimization of the porosities and the geometries of the foams and ensuring that all the photocatalyst surfaces remain accessible to both the pollutants and light.
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Li, Bin, Xin Yi Wang, and Xiao Gang Yang. "Effect of Mixing Ratio and Doping Acid on the Photocatalytic Properties of PANI-BiVO4 Composites." Key Engineering Materials 727 (January 2017): 866–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.727.866.
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BiVO4 photocatalyst prepared by hydrothermal method was mixed with polyaniline (PANI). The phase structure, morphology and optical properties of PANI-BiVO4 photocatalysts were analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The results showed that the optimal preparation conditions of composite photocatalyst were 0.5wt.% PANI mixing ratio and H3PO4 as doping acid. The photocatalysis degradation rate is the highest. This new heterogeneous structure photocatalyst is expected to show considerably potential applications in solar-driven environmental pollution cleanup.
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You, Wei. "Research Progresses and Development Trends of High-Efficacy Photocatalysts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.532.
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Progresses of research on high-efficacy photocatalyst were introduced in this paper. Firstly, efficiency-strengthening methods of TiO2-serie photocatalysts were summarized basing on collected literatures, including photosensitization, alloying, moreover, novel photocatalysis materials and technologies and probable development tendencies in the future were introduced, such as broad-spectrum photocatalysts, broad-energy and energy-sensitive catalysts and high-efficacy controllable high-power photocatalysis materials and equipments.
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Gusarov, Sergey. "Advances in Computational Methods for Modeling Photocatalytic Reactions: A Review of Recent Developments." Materials 17, no. 9 (2024): 2119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17092119.
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Photocatalysis is a fascinating process in which a photocatalyst plays a pivotal role in driving a chemical reaction when exposed to light. Its capacity to harness light energy triggers a cascade of reactions that lead to the formation of intermediate compounds, culminating in the desired final product(s). The essence of this process is the interaction between the photocatalyst’s excited state and its specific interactions with reactants, resulting in the creation of intermediates. The process’s appeal is further enhanced by its cyclic nature—the photocatalyst is rejuvenated after each cycle, ensuring ongoing and sustainable catalytic action. Nevertheless, comprehending the photocatalytic process through the modeling of photoactive materials and molecular devices demands advanced computational techniques founded on effective quantum chemistry methods, multiscale modeling, and machine learning. This review analyzes contemporary theoretical methods, spanning a range of lengths and accuracy scales, and assesses the strengths and limitations of these methods. It also explores the future challenges in modeling complex nano-photocatalysts, underscoring the necessity of integrating various methods hierarchically to optimize resource distribution across different scales. Additionally, the discussion includes the role of excited state chemistry, a crucial element in understanding photocatalysis.
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Ahmad, Abdul Latif, Jing Yi Chin, Abdul Majeed Alaudin, and Norhanis Farhana Mohd Masri. "Influence of TiO2 Phases and Operational Parameters on Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange." Journal of Physical Science 35, no. 2 (2024): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/jps2024.35.2.5.
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In the textile industry, the wastewater produced consists of large amount of dyes. These dyes possess harm to environmental and public health. TiO2 is one of the most common photocatalysts, however studies about degradation efficiency of dye using different phases of TiO2 is scared. Employing photocatalysis, the novelty of this study is to compare methyl orange (MO) degradation efficiency of pure phases of photocatalysts TiO2 (anatase, rutile and brookite) in terms of their photochemical properties and underlying photocatalytic mechanism. Characterisation evaluations including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were carried out to assess morphology, chemical structure, crystal structure and electron transfer resistance of the photocatalysts. MO adsorption-photocatalysis removal percentage by pure phase TiO2, which are anatase, brookite and rutile were attained at 57%, 48% and 19%, respectively. The main reason that contributes to high degradation rate of MO by TiO2-anatase could be due to the good dye-photocatalyst affinity and the least electron transfer resistance. Besides, other affecting parameters such as initial concentration of photocatalyst, initial concentration of dye and pH of the dye solution were evaluated. It was found that photocatalytic efficiency was enhanced with increasing initial concentration of photocatalyst from 0.25 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL (degradation improved from 50% to 80%), with decreasing initial dye concentration and under acidic condition.
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Li, Xue, Ulla Simon, Maged F. Bekheet, and Aleksander Gurlo. "Mineral-Supported Photocatalysts: A Review of Materials, Mechanisms and Environmental Applications." Energies 15, no. 15 (2022): 5607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155607.
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Although they are of significant importance for environmental applications, the industrialization of photocatalytic techniques still faces many difficulties, and the most urgent concern is cost control. Natural minerals possess abundant chemical inertia and cost-efficiency, which is suitable for hybridizing with various effective photocatalysts. The use of natural minerals in photocatalytic systems can not only significantly decrease the pure photocatalyst dosage but can also produce a favorable synergistic effect between photocatalyst and mineral substrate. This review article discusses the current progress regarding the use of various mineral classes in photocatalytic applications. Owing to their unique structures, large surface area, and negatively charged surface, silicate minerals could enhance the adsorption capacity, reduce particle aggregation, and promote photogenerated electron-hole pair separation for hybrid photocatalysts. Moreover, controlling the morphology and structure properties of these materials could have a great influence on their light-harvesting ability and photocatalytic activity. Composed of silica and alumina or magnesia, some silicate minerals possess unique orderly organized porous or layered structures, which are proper templates to modify the photocatalyst framework. The non-silicate minerals (referred to carbonate and carbon-based minerals, sulfate, and sulfide minerals and other special minerals) can function not only as catalyst supports but also as photocatalysts after special modification due to their unique chemical formula and impurities. The dye-sensitized minerals, as another natural mineral application in photocatalysis, are proved to be superior photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution and wastewater treatment. This work aims to provide a complete research overview of the mineral-supported photocatalysts and summarizes the common synergistic effects between different mineral substrates and photocatalysts as well as to inspire more possibilities for natural mineral application in photocatalysis.
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Yang, Ling. "Photocatalyst and Decoration Design in Indoor Public Spaces Based on the Photocatalytic Function of Nanometer Titanium Dioxide." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (August 10, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1937481.
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The process of decorating interior spaces often produces substances that are harmful to the human body, which seriously spoils the decorating experience. Photocatalyst is the oxidant of nanometer titanium dioxide. It cannot be oxidized by itself. This article aims to discuss photocatalysts and interior and exterior design. When there is light in the room, the photocatalyst will fully integrate with the light, which has a strong catalytic and degrading effect. This can degrade indoor formaldehyde and other pollutants while also having a sterilization effect. The principle of the photocatalyst is to absorb ultraviolet rays in light. When impurities appear in the air, they are destroyed by the photocatalyst, and the impurities are converted into substances that are harmless to the human body. We tested the formaldehyde and SO2 content in the room after the photocatalysis of titanium dioxide, and analyzed the photocatalyst and decoration design in indoor public spaces. The research results showed that the effect of the photocatalyst is about 20% better than the traditional explanation. Functionally, it can deodorize toilets, garbage, etc., and the effect is very obvious.
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Prakash, Jai. "Mechanistic Insights into Graphene Oxide Driven Photocatalysis as Co-Catalyst and Sole Catalyst in Degradation of Organic Dye Pollutants." Photochem 2, no. 3 (2022): 651–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photochem2030043.
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Photocatalysis is a promising route to utilize sunlight, which has been potentially used to solve energy as well as environmental problems with an emphasis on fundamental understanding and technological applications in society. Semiconductors are excellent photocatalysts but often show less efficient activities due to the fast recombination of photogenerated charge carriers and very slow kinetics of surface photochemical reactions. However, recent advancements show promising strategies to improve their photocatalytic activities, including surface modifications using suitable co-catalysts and the development of novel efficient photocatalysts. Graphene oxide (GO) is one of such nanomaterials which shows multifarious roles in photocatalysis with a great potential to act as an independent solar-driven sole photocatalyst. In this minireview, the photochemistry of GO has been discussed in view of its multifarious roles/mechanisms in improving the photocatalytic activity of metal oxide semiconductors, plasmonic nanomaterials, and also their nanocomposites. In addition, recent advancements and applications of such GO-based photocatalysts in photocatalytic degradation of organic dye pollutants, including engineering of GO as the sole photocatalyst, have been discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and future prospects for the development of GO-based photocatalysts are discussed.
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Teye, Godfred Kwesi, Jingyu Huang, Yi Li, Ke Li, Lei Chen, and Williams Kweku Darkwah. "Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole, Nitenpyram and Tetracycline by Composites of Core Shell g-C3N4@ZnO, and ZnO Defects in Aqueous Phase." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (2021): 2609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102609.
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The synthesis of photocatalysts with high charge separation and transfer efficiency are of immense significance in the process of using photocatalysis technology for wastewater treatment. In this study core shell g-C3N4@ZnO, and ZnO defects photocatalysts presented an improved morphology in its characterization using techniques such as SEM, DRS, PL, MS, EIS, and XRD, and enhanced photodegradation of sulfamethoxazole, Nitenpyram and Tetracycline. Different composites were obtained as confirmed by the various characterization techniques studied, including core shell g-C3N4@ZnO, and ZnO defects photocatalyst. The synthesized photocatalysts showed high visible light absorption efficiency within a range of ~655 to 420 nm. Core shell g-C3N4@ZnO, and ZnO defects photocatalysts demonstrated high photocatalytic activity ascribed to high load separation and transition as shown in PL, Photocurrent reaction and EIS. It is understandable that core shell g-C3N4@ZnO, and ZnO defects photocatalysts have been confirmed to be one of the ultimate promising entrants for photocatalyst scheming.
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Porcu, Stefania, Stefania Maloccu, Angela Corona, et al. "Visible Light-Mediated Inactivation of H1N1 Virus UsingPolymer-Based Heterojunction Photocatalyst." Polymers 15, no. 11 (2023): 2536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15112536.
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It is well known that viruses cannot replicate on their own but only inside the cells of target tissues in the organism, resulting in the destruction of the cells or, in some cases, their transformation into cancer cells. While viruses have relatively low resistance in the environment, their ability to survive longer is based on environmental conditions and the type of substrate on which they are deposited. Recently, the potential for safe and efficient viral inactivation by photocatalysis has garnered increasing attention. In this study, the Phenyl carbon nitride/TiO2 heterojunction system, a hybrid organic–inorganic photocatalyst, was utilized to investigate its effectiveness in degrading the flu virus (H1N1). The system was activated by a white-LED lamp, and the process was tested on MDCK cells infected with the flu virus. The results of the study demonstrate the hybrid photocatalyst’s ability to cause the virus to degrade, highlighting its effectiveness for safe and efficient viral inactivation in the visible light range. Additionally, the study underscores the advantages of using this hybrid photocatalyst over traditional inorganic photocatalysts, which typically only work in the ultraviolet range.
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Park, Hyunwoong. "(Invited) A Wired Photosynthesis of Formate from Aqueous CO2 Using Earth Abundant Catalysts." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2018-01, no. 31 (2018): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-01/31/1834.
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Harnessing and utilizing sunlight at high efficiency have represented an enormous challenge to the achievement of a carbon neutral society over the past four decades. Photocatalysis uniquely mimics natural photosynthesis in terms of light absorption and conversion, as well as storage of the absorbed photon energy into chemical bond energy. Despite this similarity, the development of low cost photocatalysts capable of selectively producing liquid chemicals from CO2 and water with efficiency and durability comparable to those in typical photosynthesis remains a great challenge. Most of the photocatalyst suspension systems produce mixtures of gas and liquid products at poor efficiencies, whereas electrically biased film systems exhibit a near-commercial gas production efficiency, albeit only for disappointingly short periods. Herein, we report the facile, environmentally benign synthesis of CuFeO2 and CuO binary films via electrodeposition, and demonstrate that these binary films produce only liquid formate from aqueous CO2 at ~1% energy efficiency, while driving O2 evolution from water on a wired Pt plate under continuous irradiation of simulated sunlight (AM 1.5G; 100 mW×cm- 2) over 24 h. An as-synthesized photocatalyst film with a three-dimensional, double-layer configuration further shows the continued production of formate for over 17 days. However, the crystalline structure and elemental state of the used photocatalysts undergo gradual chemical reduction. Such a deformation can be thermally healed by recycling the weekly used samples via oxidative annealing. Thus, a single photocatalyst sample produces formate continuously for 35 days. The photocatalyst components (Cu, Fe, and O) are earth-abundant, and the photocatalyst synthesis is straightforward, facile, environmentally benign, reproducible, and scalable. On achieving higher efficiencies in the future, the practical applicability of these photocatalysts will become enormous.
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Park, Hyunwoong. "(Invited) Unassisted Conversion of Carbon Dioxide and Water into Aliphatic Acids Using Copper and Iron Oxide Photocatalyst Film at Solar-to-Chemical Conversion Efficiency of ~5%." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 59 (2024): 3976. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02593976mtgabs.
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Harnessing and utilizing sunlight at high efficiency have represented an enormous challenge to the achievement of a carbon neutral society over the past four decades. Photocatalysis uniquely mimics natural photosynthesis in terms of light absorption and conversion, as well as storage of the absorbed photon energy into chemical bond energy. Despite this similarity, the development of low cost photocatalysts capable of selectively producing liquid chemicals from CO2 and water with efficiency and durability comparable to those in typical photosynthesis remains a great challenge. Most of the photocatalyst suspension systems produce mixtures of gas and liquid products at poor efficiencies, whereas electrically biased film systems exhibit a near-commercial gas production efficiency, albeit only for disappointingly short periods. Herein, we report the facile, environmentally benign synthesis of CuFeO2 and CuO binary films via electrodeposition, and demonstrate that these binary films produce only liquid aliphatic acid anions (C1-C6) from aqueous CO2 at energy efficiency exceeding natural photosynthesis, while driving O2 evolution from water on a wired Pt plate under continuous irradiation of simulated sunlight over 24 h. An as-synthesized photocatalyst film with a three-dimensional, double-layer configuration further shows the continued production of C1 for over 17 days. However, the crystalline structure and elemental state of the used photocatalysts undergo gradual chemical reduction. Such a deformation can be thermally healed by recycling the weekly used samples via oxidative annealing. Thus, a single photocatalyst sample produces formate continuously for 35 days. The photocatalyst components (Cu, Fe, and O) are earth-abundant, and the photocatalyst synthesis is straightforward, facile, environmentally benign, reproducible, and scalable. On achieving higher efficiencies in the future, the practical applicability of these photocatalysts will become enormous.
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Singh, Gurpinder, Manpreet Kaur Ubhi, Kiran Jeet, Chetan Singla, and Manpreet Kaur. "A Review on Impacting Parameters for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Effluents by Ferrites and Their Nanocomposites." Processes 11, no. 6 (2023): 1727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11061727.
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Traditional wastewater treatment methods, such as reverse osmosis, adsorption, desalination, and others, are outweighed by the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Ferrites are prominent photocatalysts due to their tunable band gaps, surface areas, and magnetic properties, which render photodegradation economical. Ferrites and their nanocomposites have been reported as promising visible light active photocatalysts. The photocatalytic system is heavily reliant on a number of factors that influence the photodegradation of organic effluents. This review demonstrates various parameters such as substrate concentration, pH of solution, photocatalyst quantity, photocatalyst surface area, metal and non-metal ion doping, light intensity, irradiation time, quenchers, etc. affecting the photocatalytic degradation of organic effluents by ferrite nanoparticles and their nanocomposites in detail. The photodegradation efficiency of the ferrite nanoparticles alters with the change in the value of pH of the solution, which further depends upon the nature of the pollutant used. A dose of the substrate and the photocatalyst must be optimized so as to attain better photodegradation efficiency. Photocatalysts with different surface areas change the amount of active sites, which in turn affects the degradation of pollutant and render it a crucial factor. In addition, the mechanism of the action of photocatalysis is elaborated in this review. Future research perspectives for the advancement of ferrites and their nanocomposites are deliberated in order to improve their use as photocatalysts.
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Gao, Lan, Elyes Nefzaoui, Frédéric Marty, et al. "TiO2-Coated ZnO Nanowire Arrays: A Photocatalyst with Enhanced Chemical Corrosion Resistance." Catalysts 11, no. 11 (2021): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11111289.
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Photocatalysis is proven to be the most efficient and environmentally friendly method for the degradation of organic pollutants in water purification. To meet the requirement of large-scale water treatment, there are two important points: One is the lifetime and chemical stability of the photocatalyst material, especially in the complex and harsh aqueous conditions. The other is the ease of synthesis of such photocatalysts with specific nano-morphology. In this work, two common photocatalyst materials, zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2), are selected to form more sustainable photocatalysts with high chemical stability. This involves the combination of both TiO2 and ZnO in a two-step simple synthesis method. It appears advantageous to exploit the conformal deposition of atomic layer deposition (ALD) to achieve nanometer-thick TiO2 coating on ZnO nanowires (NWs) with a high aspect ratio, which are firmly anchored to a substrate and exhibit a large specific surface area. The high chemical stability of the ALD TiO2 coating has been investigated in detail and proven to be effective under both strong acid and strong alkaline aqueous solutions. In addition, photocatalysis experiments with organic dyes show that via this simple two-step synthesis method, the produced ZnO/TiO2 tandem photocatalysts does indeed exhibit improved chemical stability in a harsh environment, while allowing efficient photodegradation.
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Mohd Yusop, Nurida, Oh Pei Ching, Suriati Sufian, and Masniroszaime M. Zain. "Enhanced Effect of Metal Sulfide Doping (MgS-TiO2) Nanostructure Catalyst on Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Methanol." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (2023): 10415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310415.
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The conversion of CO2 gas from the global emission to methanol can be a route to look at in addressing greenhouse gas (GHG) issues. Photocatalysis has been attracting attention in the conversion of CO2 to methanol, as it is seen to be one of the most viable, economic, and sustainable strategies. The biggest hindrance to the use of metal oxide photocatalysts was the poisoning by sulfur content in the CO2 gas feedstock. Therefore, in the development of photocatalysts using metal oxide-based additives, the metal needs to be in the form of metal sulfides to avoid catalyst poisoning due to the presence of H2S. The magnesium sulfide-based TiO2 (MgS-TiO2) photocatalyst has not been synthesized and studied for its photocatalytic potential. In this study, a novel MgS-TiO2 photocatalyst was synthesized using a combination of wet impregnation and hydrothermal method and characterized to determine the physical and chemical properties of the photocatalyst. Characterization results have shown the presence of MgS on the native TiO2 photocatalyst. The optimization of MgS-TiO2 formulation was conducted, wherein the MgS and TiO2 ratio of 0.5 wt % has been shown to give the highest methanol yield of 229.1 μmol/g·h. The photocatalytic parameter optimization results showed that temperature and catalyst loading were the most important factors that impacted the photocatalytic process. In contrast, reaction time had the least significant effect on the CO2 photocatalytic reduction to methanol. This concludes that the MgS-TiO2 photocatalyst has potential and can be used for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol.
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Thattil, Preeja P., and A. Leema Rose. "High Photocatalytic Performance of Modified Bismuth Oxychloride Semiconductor under Sunlight." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 4 (2021): 770–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370402.
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In recent years, the bismuth compounds have gained much interest due to their potential applications in the field of Photocatalysis. In our present work, Bismuth oxychloride Photocatalyst and Aluminium fluoride doped Bismuth oxychloride photocatalyst were synthesized by simple chemical methods using Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate as the precursor. The synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by different analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction analyses, Ultra Violet –Diffuse reflectance spectrum, Field Emission – Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray analyses,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies and BET surface area analysis. The photocatalytic performances of the as-synthesized doped and undoped Bismuth oxychloride photocatalyst were tested towards the degradation of Acid green 1 dye. The parameters such as the effect of pH, catalyst concentration and initial dye concentration are optimized, and the kinetic studies are carried out for the photocatalytic dye degradation process. The experimental results showed that about 80% of the Acid green 1 dye got decolourized within 90 minutes by effective air purging under natural sunlight radiation in the presence of the AlF-BiOCl photocatalyst under optimized conditions.
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Bitsos, Dimitrios Rafail, Apostolos Salepis, Emmanouil Orfanos, et al. "Exploring Metal- and Porphyrin-Modified TiO2-Based Photocatalysts for Efficient and Sustainable Hydrogen Production." Inorganics 13, no. 4 (2025): 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040121.
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Photocatalytic H2 production is one of the most promising approaches for sustainable energy. The literature presents a plethora of carefully designed systems aimed at harnessing solar energy and converting it into chemical energy. However, the main drawback of the reported photocatalysts is their stability. Thus, the development of a cost-effective and stable photocatalyst, suitable for real-world applications remains a challenge. An ideal photocatalyst for H2 production must possess appropriate band-edge energy positions, an effective sacrificial agent, and a suitable cocatalyst. Among the various photocatalysts studied, TiO2 stands out due to its stability, abundance, and non-toxicity. However, its efficiency in the visible spectrum is limited by its wide bandgap. Metal doping is an effective strategy to enhance electron–hole separation and improve light absorption efficiency, thereby boosting H2 synthesis. Common metal cocatalysts used as TiO2 dopants include platinum (Pt), gold (Au), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), ruthenium (Ru), iron (Fe), and silver (Ag), as well as bimetallic combinations such as Ni-Fe, Ni-Cu, Nb-Ta, and Ni-Pt. In all cases, doped TiO2 exhibits higher H2 production performance compared to undoped TiO2, as metals provide additional reaction sites and enhance charge separation. The use of bimetallic dopants further optimizes the hydrogen evolution reaction. Additionally, porphyrins, with their strong visible light absorption and efficient electron transfer properties, have demonstrated potential in TiO2 photocatalysis. Their incorporation expands the photocatalyst’s light absorption range into the visible spectrum, enhancing H2 production efficiency. This review paper explores the principles and advancements in metal- and porphyrin-doped TiO2 photocatalysts, highlighting their potential for sustainable hydrogen production.
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Gu, Zhanyong, Mengdie Jin, Xin Wang, et al. "Recent Advances in g-C3N4-Based Photocatalysts for NOx Removal." Catalysts 13, no. 1 (2023): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13010192.
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Nitrogen oxides (NOx) pollutants can cause a series of environmental issues, such as acid rain, ground-level ozone pollution, photochemical smog and global warming. Photocatalysis is supposed to be a promising technology to solve NOx pollution. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a metal-free photocatalyst has attracted much attention since 2009. However, the pristine g-C3N4 suffers from poor response to visible light, rapid charge carrier recombination, small specific surface areas and few active sites, which results in deficient solar light efficiency and unsatisfactory photocatalytic performance. In this review, we summarize and highlight the recent advances in g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic NOx removal. Firstly, we attempt to elucidate the mechanism of the photocatalytic NOx removal process and introduce the metal-free g-C3N4 photocatalyst. Then, different kinds of modification strategies to enhance the photocatalytic NOx removal performance of g-C3N4-based photocatalysts are summarized and discussed in detail. Finally, we propose the significant challenges and future research topics on g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic NOx removal, which should be further investigated and resolved in this interesting research field.
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Pujiarti, Yuly, Suyanta Suyanta, and Eko Sri Kunarti. "A Visible Light-Induced Fe3O4/ZnO-Cu Nanocomposite and its Photocatalytic Activities for Rhodamine B Photodegradation." Key Engineering Materials 884 (May 2021): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.884.60.
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Synthesis of Fe3O4/ZnO-Cu nanocomposite photocatalyst has been conducted. The synthesis was carried out using the co-precipitation method with the variation of Cu concentration and modification by Fe3O4 magnetic material. As synthesized photocatalysts were characterized using FTIR, XRD, TEM, and SR UV-Visible. Photocatalytic activities of samples were evaluated through Rhodamine B degradation under visible light irradiation. The results showed that a sample with Fe3O4/ZnO-Cu 1% has smaller band gap energy of 2.90 eV and the highest photocatalytic activity than pure ZnO or Fe3O4-modified ZnO (Fe3O4/ZnO-Cu 0%) under visible light. The percentage of Rhodamine B degradation was approximately 89.41% during 120 min of visible light illumination. Moreover, the photocatalyst materials could be easily separated after photocatalysis which is due to the magnetic property of Fe3O4 material. Therefore, Cu-doped ZnO with Fe3O4 modification has been an efficient and effective visible-light-induced photocatalyst in removing non-biodegradable Rhodamine B dyes.
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Chen, Peng, Tao Du, Yingnan Li, et al. "MPS@BWO with High Adsorption Capacity for Efficient Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2." Catalysts 14, no. 11 (2024): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal14110745.
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Photocatalysis can reduce CO2 to available energy by means of light energy, which is considered to be an effective solution to alleviate energy and environmental problems. In this paper, an MPS@Bi2WO6 composite photocatalyst was prepared by in situ hydrothermal method. BWO grew on the surface of MPS, which increased the CO2 absorption capacity of the photocatalyst and improved the microstructure. Under the synergistic effect of the two aspects, BWS achieves the enhancement of light energy absorption capacity and can effectively excite electron-hole pairs. The transition electrons with high reduction ability migrate to the surface and contact with high concentrations of CO2, achieving efficient CO2 reduction under visible light. Among the photocatalysts in this paper, BWS-1 (BWO: MPS = 1:1) has efficient CO2 gas phase reduction ability under visible light, and the CO yield reaches 29.51 μmol/g. The MPS@BWO photocatalyst is a low-cost and efficient CO2 photoreduction catalyst with broad application prospects.
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Zhang, Fubao, Xianming Wang, Haonan Liu, et al. "Recent Advances and Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalytic Technology." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (2019): 2489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122489.
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Along with the development of industry and the improvement of people’s living standards, peoples’ demand on resources has greatly increased, causing energy crises and environmental pollution. In recent years, photocatalytic technology has shown great potential as a low-cost, environmentally-friendly, and sustainable technology, and it has become a hot research topic. However, current photocatalytic technology cannot meet industrial requirements. The biggest challenge in the industrialization of photocatalyst technology is the development of an ideal photocatalyst, which should possess four features, including a high photocatalytic efficiency, a large specific surface area, a full utilization of sunlight, and recyclability. In this review, starting from the photocatalytic reaction mechanism and the preparation of the photocatalyst, we review the classification of current photocatalysts and the methods for improving photocatalytic performance; we also further discuss the potential industrial usage of photocatalytic technology. This review also aims to provide basic and comprehensive information on the industrialization of photocatalysis technology.
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Hu, Xuefeng, Ting Luo, Yuhan Lin, and Mina Yang. "Construction of Novel Z-Scheme g-C3N4/AgBr-Ag Composite for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants under Visible Light." Catalysts 12, no. 11 (2022): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12111309.
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As a green and sustainable technology to relieve environmental pollution issues, semiconductor photocatalysis attracted great attention. However, most single-component semiconductors suffer from high carrier recombination rate and low reaction efficiency. Here, we constructed a novel visible-light-driven Z-scheme g-C3N4/AgBr-Ag photocatalyst (noted as CN-AA-0.05) using a hydrothermal method with KBr as the bromine source. The CN-AA-0.05 photocatalyst shows an excellent photocatalytic degradation performance, and a rhodamine B (RhB) degradation ratio of 96.3% in 40 min, and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) degradation ratio of 99.2% in 18 min are achieved. Mechanistic studies show that the remarkable performance of CN-AA-0.05 is not only attributed to the enhanced light absorption caused by the Ag SPR effect, but also the efficient charge transfer and separation with Ag nanoparticles as the bridge. Our work provides a reference for the design and construction of efficient visible-light-responsive Z-scheme photocatalysts, and an in-depth understanding into the mechanism of Z-scheme photocatalysts.
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Alalm, Mohamed Gar, Ridha Djellabi, Daniela Meroni, Carlo Pirola, Claudia Letizia Bianchi, and Daria Camilla Boffito. "Toward Scaling-Up Photocatalytic Process for Multiphase Environmental Applications." Catalysts 11, no. 5 (2021): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11050562.
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Recently, we have witnessed a booming development of composites and multi-dopant metal oxides to be employed as novel photocatalysts. Yet the practical application of photocatalysis for environmental purposes is still elusive. Concerns about the unknown fate and toxicity of nanoparticles, unsatisfactory performance in real conditions, mass transfer limitations and durability issues have so far discouraged investments in full-scale applications of photocatalysis. Herein, we provide a critical overview of the main challenges that are limiting large-scale application of photocatalysis in air and water/wastewater purification. We then discuss the main approaches reported in the literature to tackle these shortcomings, such as the design of photocatalytic reactors that retain the photocatalyst, the study of degradation of micropollutants in different water matrices, and the development of gas-phase reactors with optimized contact time and irradiation. Furthermore, we provide a critical analysis of research–practice gaps such as treatment of real water and air samples, degradation of pollutants with actual environmental concentrations, photocatalyst deactivation, and cost and environmental life-cycle assessment.
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Shen, Yan Qin, and Hai Liang Wu. "The Photo-Catalytic Activity of Cu2+-Doped TiO2 and Applications in the Self-Cleaning Performance of Textile Wall Fabrics." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 1475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1475.
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TiO2 photocatalyst and copper-doped titania (Cu/TiO2) photocatalyst were prepared and both photocatalysts were used in the self-cleaning finishing of wall fabrics. XRD showed that the nanometer materials and textile wall fabrics were a good combination. By comparing the self-cleaning effects of two kinds of photocatalysts, the results demonstrate that textile wall fabrics finished with Cu2+-doped TiO2 photocatalyst have better self-cleaning effect under visible light.
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Jiang, Zhuoying, Sameera Wickramasinghe, Yu Hsin Tsai, Anna Cristina S. Samia, David Gurarie, and Xiong Yu. "Modeling and Experimental Studies on Adsorption and Photocatalytic Performance of Nitrogen-Doped TiO2 Prepared via the Sol–Gel Method." Catalysts 10, no. 12 (2020): 1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10121449.
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Nitrogen-doped TiO2 has a great potential as a photocatalyst under visible light irradiation with applications in the removal of air and water pollutants, and the treatment of bacterial contaminations. In this study, nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol–gel method and a post-annealing heat treatment approach. The effects of annealing treatment on the photocatalyst crystalline size and degree of crystallinity were analyzed. Methylene blue dye was used as the model water contaminant for the evaluation of the photoactivity of the synthesized nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. The degradation of methylene blue was attributed to three mechanisms, i.e., adsorption, photocatalysis, and direct light photolysis. A kinetic model was developed to distinguish the impact of these three different mechanisms on the removal of contaminants. Adsorption and photocatalysis are heterogeneous processes for removing water organic contaminants. The characterization analysis demonstrates that they are relevant to the microstructures and surface chemical compositions of nitrogen-doped TiO2 photocatalysts. The processing–structure–performance relationship helped to determine the optimal processing parameters for nitrogen-doped TiO2 photocatalyst to achieve the best performance. While we used methylene blue as the model contaminant, the generalized quantitative model framework developed in this study can be extended to other types of contaminants after proper calibration.
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Wongburapachart, Chanagun, Phuwadej Pornaroontham, Kyusung Kim, and Pramoch Rangsunvigit. "Photocatalytic Degradation of Acid Orange 7 by NiO-TiO2/TiO2 Bilayer Film Photo-Chargeable Catalysts." Coatings 13, no. 1 (2023): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010141.
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Photocatalysis as an eco-friendly technology has the potential to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, an improvement of conventional photocatalysts is necessary to overcome their limitations such as slow kinetics, wavelength for excitation, and environmental restrictions. In particular, the development of a photocatalyst that can operate even in the absence of light is constantly conducted, and a photo-chargeable photocatalyst could be one of the answers. In this paper, a heterojunction composed of TiO2 and NiO-TiO2 bilayer film photocatalyst (BLF) was prepared. The effect of the synthesis conditions of the NiO-TiO2 layer on the photocatalytic properties was investigated. Photocatalytic degradation measurements were conducted with an acid orange 7 (AO7) solution under light and dark conditions. The highest degradation BLF was synthesized at a NiO loading of 52% and calcination temperature of 300 °C. The prepared sample showed about five-fold greater photocatalytic activity of 48% in AO7 degradation after 8 h compared to an ordinary TiO2 film (9%) under light conditions. Moreover, under dark conditions it exhibited 13.6% degradation, while the naked layers of TiO2 and NiO-TiO2 showed no degradation. The proposed mechanism suggested that photocatalysis in the dark was possible due to the stabilization of photogenerated holes by anionic intercalation during illumination.
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Isopencu, Gabriela Olimpia, Alexandra Mocanu, and Iuliana-Mihaela Deleanu. "A Brief Review of Photocatalytic Reactors Used for Persistent Pesticides Degradation." ChemEngineering 6, no. 6 (2022): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6060089.
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Pesticide pollution is a major issue, given their intensive use in the 20th century, which led to their accumulation in the environment. At the international level, strict regulations are imposed on the use of pesticides, simultaneously with the increasing interest of researchers from all over the world to find methods of neutralizing them. Photocatalytic degradation is an intensively studied method to be applied for the degradation of pesticides, especially through the use of solar energy. The mechanisms of photocatalysis are studied and implemented in pilot and semi-pilot installations on experimental platforms, in order to be able to make this method more efficient and to identify the equipment that can achieve the photodegradation of pesticides with the highest possible yields. This paper proposes a brief review of the impact of pesticides on the environment and some techniques for their degradation, with the main emphasis on different photoreactor configurations, using slurry or immobilized photocatalysts. This review highlights the efforts of researchers to harmonize the main elements of photocatalysis: choice of the photocatalyst, and the way of photocatalyst integration within photoreaction configuration, in order to make the transfer of momentum, mass, and energy as efficient as possible for optimal excitation of the photocatalyst.
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Tapia-Tlatelpa, Tecilli, Jose Trull, and Luis Romeral. "In situ Decolorization Monitoring of Textile Dyes for an Optimized UV-LED/TiO2 Reactor." Catalysts 9, no. 8 (2019): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9080669.
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Heterogeneous photocatalysis, using photocatalysts in suspension to eliminate diverse contaminants, including textile wastewater, has several advantages. Nevertheless, current absorbance and decolorization measurements imply sample acquisition by extraction at a fixed rate with consequent photocatalyst removal. This study presents online monitoring for the decolorization of six azo dyes, Orange PX-2R (OP2), Remazol Black B133 (RB), Procion Crimson H-EXL (PC), Procion Navy H-EXL (PN), Procion Blue H-EXL (PB), and Procion Yellow H-EXL (PY), analyzing the spectrum measured in situ by using the light scattering provided by the photocatalyst in suspension. The results obtained have corroborated the feasibility of obtaining absorbance and decolorization measurements, avoiding disturbances in the process due to a decrease in the volume in the reactor.
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Li, Jiaxin, Zhi Chen, Jianfei Fang, et al. "Facile synthesis of TiO2 film on glass for the photocatalytic removal of rhodamine B and tetracycline hydrochloride." Materials Express 9, no. 5 (2019): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2019.1522.
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Photocatalysis is one of the efficient approaches for pollution control in water. However, the traditional photocatalysts used for the removal of organic pollutants are in powder form, which makes it difficult to recover them from the suspended reaction system. On the contrary, thin film photocatalyst is easy to be retrieved and possesses unique feature for practical application. In present work, stable TiO2 sol suspension was prepared and amorphous TiO2 thin film was then immobilized upon glass substrate through facile spin coating method. The thickness of film could be simply controlled by changing the number of coatings, and anatase TiO2 film could be formed after calcination. The prepared thin films were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultravioletvisible spectrophotometry (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The photodegradations of organic pollutants including colored dye and colorless antibiotic were tested and found to be thickness-dependent. Additionally, the prepared film photocatalst has good stability and may have potential applications in wastewater treatment.
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Chang, Haoxu, Yayang Wang, Panzhe Qiao, Bo Sun, Zhengbang Wang та Fei Song. "Formulating InVO4/α-Fe2O3 Heterojunction Composites for Photocatalytic Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation". Nanomaterials 14, № 17 (2024): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14171441.
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This study reports the synthesis of InVO4/α-Fe2O3 heterojunction photocatalysts with different stoichiometric ratios via a two-step hydrothermal synthesis reaction. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, and other methods. The prepared composites exhibited good photocatalysis of tetracycline hydrochloride. Among the InVO4/α-Fe2O3 heterojunction photocatalysts with different ratios, the InVO4/0.25α-Fe2O3 photocatalyst showed the highest degradation rate for 20 mg L−1 tetracycline hydrochloride. After three photocatalytic runs, it still exhibited excellent stability and reusability. Meanwhile, this study also found that superoxide radical anion (-O2−), electron (e−), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and photogenerated hole (h+) are the basic active substances in the photocatalytic process.
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Thoda, Olga, Anastasia M. Moschovi, Konstantinos Miltiadis Sakkas, Ekaterini Polyzou, and Iakovos Yakoumis. "Highly Active under VIS Light M/TiO2 Photocatalysts Prepared by Single-Step Synthesis." Applied Sciences 13, no. 11 (2023): 6858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13116858.
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A single-step impregnation approach is investigated as a synthetic route for photocatalyst synthesis active under visible light. The as-derived photocatalysts exhibited very high degradation rates towards methylene blue (MB) decolorization under visible light despite the high concentration of the initial MB solution concentration. The TiO2-based photocatalysts were prepared using nitrate precursor compounds for copper and silver; thus, Ag/TiO2 and Cu/TiO2 photocatalysts were prepared. The photocatalyst’s physicochemical properties were determined by XRF, BET, and XRD analysis. The metal nature of the titania substrate, the titania matrix effect, and the metal concentration parameters were studied, while the catalyst concentration in the MB initial solution was optimized.
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Ngwenya, Phephile, Lehlogonolo S. Tabana, Shepherd M. Tichapondwa, and Evans M. N. Chirwa. "Occurrence, Ecotoxicity, and Photocatalytic Remediation of Antiretroviral Drugs in Global Surface Water Matrices." Catalysts 15, no. 4 (2025): 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15040381.
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The increasing presence of pharmaceuticals, particularly antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), in wastewater has raised concerns regarding their environmental and health impacts. Photocatalysis, driven by advanced photocatalysts, such as coloured TiO2, ZnO, and composites with carbon-based materials, has shown promise as an effective method for degrading these pollutants. Despite significant laboratory-scale success, challenges remain in scaling this technology for real-world applications, particularly in terms of photocatalyst stability, the formation of toxic degradation by-products, and economic feasibility. This paper explores the current state of photocatalytic degradation for ARVDs, emphasizing the need for further research into degradation pathways, the development of more efficient and cost-effective photocatalysts, and the integration of photocatalysis into hybrid treatment systems. The future of photocatalysis in wastewater treatment hinges on improving scalability, reactor design, and hybrid systems that combine photocatalysis with traditional treatment methods to ensure comprehensive pollutant removal. Innovations in catalyst design and reactor optimization are essential for advancing photocatalysis as a viable solution for large-scale wastewater treatment.
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Singh, Seema, Aniket Chaki, Devesh Pratap Chand, Avinash Raghuwanshi, Pramod Kumar Singh, and Hari Mahalingham. "A novel polystyrene-supported titanium dioxide photocatalyst for degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue dyes under UV irradiation." Journal of Chemical Engineering 28, no. 1 (2014): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v28i1.18103.
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The commercialization of titanium dioxide-based heterogeneous photocatalysis continues to suffer from various limitations, the major shortcoming being the costly and time consuming post-treatment separation of very fine titanium dioxide particles. In order to eliminate this major hindrance, immobilization of titanium dioxide particles on various substrates continues to be an active area of research. In this work, polystyrene-supported titanium dioxide photocatalyst was prepared using a facile method. The photocatalytic activity of the developed photocatalysts was investigated by photodegradation of aqueous solutions of methylene blue andmethyl orange dyes under UV light for 24 h under non-stirred conditions. The recovery and reuse of the prepared photocatalysts was also investigated. The maximum percentage degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue dyes by the developed photocatalysts was found to be around 60 % and 66 % respectively. The ease of separation after use in addition to a facile, low cost-based method of fabrication and appreciable photocatalytic activity of the developed photocatalyst makes it a promising candidate to be explored further for large scale applications.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v28i1.18103 Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 28, No. 1, December 2013: 9-13
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Goodarzi, Nahal, Zahra Ashrafi-Peyman, Elahe Khani, and Alireza Z. Moshfegh. "Recent Progress on Semiconductor Heterogeneous Photocatalysts in Clean Energy Production and Environmental Remediation." Catalysts 13, no. 7 (2023): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13071102.
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Semiconductor-based photocatalytic reactions are a practical class of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to address energy scarcity and environmental pollution. By utilizing solar energy as a clean, abundant, and renewable source, this process offers numerous advantages, including high efficiency, eco-friendliness, and low cost. In this review, we present several methods to construct various photocatalyst systems with excellent visible light absorption and efficient charge carrier separation ability through the optimization of materials design and reaction conditions. Then it introduces the fundamentals of photocatalysis in both clean energy generation and environmental remediation. In the other parts, we introduce various approaches to enhance photocatalytic activity by applying different strategies, including semiconductor structure modification (e.g., morphology regulation, co-catalysts decoration, doping, defect engineering, surface sensitization, heterojunction construction) and tuning and optimizing reaction conditions (such as photocatalyst concentration, initial contaminant concentration, pH, reaction temperature, light intensity, charge-carrier scavengers). Then, a comparative study on the photocatalytic performance of the various recently examined photocatalysts applied in both clean energy production and environmental remediation will be discussed. To realize these goals, different photocatalytic reactions including H2 production via water splitting, CO2 reduction to value-added products, dye, and drug photodegradation to lessen toxic chemicals, will be presented. Subsequently, we report dual-functional photocatalysis systems for simultaneous energy production and pollutant photodegradation for efficient reactions. Then, a brief discussion about the industrial and economical applications of photocatalysts is described. The report follows by introducing the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the design and selection of an innovative photocatalyst in energy and environmental issues. Finally, a summary and future research directions toward developing photocatalytic systems with significantly improved efficiency and stability will be provided.
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Zhang, Chang, Shangjie Ge-Zhang, Yudong Wang, and Hongbo Mu. "A Wooden Carbon-Based Photocatalyst for Water Treatment." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 9 (2024): 4743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094743.
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Due to a large number of harmful chemicals flowing into the water source in production and life, the water quality deteriorates, and the use value of water is reduced or lost. Biochar has a strong physical adsorption effect, but it can only separate pollutants from water and cannot eliminate pollutants fundamentally. Photocatalytic degradation technology using photocatalysts uses chemical methods to degrade or mineralize organic pollutants, but it is difficult to recover and reuse. Woody biomass has the advantages of huge reserves, convenient access and a low price. Processing woody biomass into biochar and then combining it with photocatalysts has played a complementary role. In this paper, the shortcomings of a photocatalyst and biochar in water treatment are introduced, respectively, and the advantages of a woody biochar-based photocatalyst made by combining them are summarized. The preparation and assembly methods of the woody biochar-based photocatalyst starting from the preparation of biochar are listed, and the water treatment efficiency of the woody biochar-based photocatalyst using different photocatalysts is listed. Finally, the future development of the woody biochar-based photocatalyst is summarized and prospected.
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Zhao, Wan, Xiuru Yang, Chunxi Liu, et al. "Facile Construction of All-Solid-State Z-Scheme g-C3N4/TiO2 Thin Film for the Efficient Visible-Light Degradation of Organic Pollutant." Nanomaterials 10, no. 4 (2020): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10040600.
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The increasing discharge of dyes and antibiotic pollutants in water has brought serious environmental problems. However, it is difficult to remove such pollutants effectively by traditional sewage treatment technologies. Semiconductor photocatalysis is a new environment-friendly technique and is widely used in aqueous pollution control. TiO2 is one of the most investigated photocatalysts; however, it still faces the main drawbacks of a poor visible-light response and a low charge-separation efficiency. Moreover, powder photocatalyst is difficult to be recovered, which is another obstacle limiting the practical application. In this article, g-C3N4/TiO2 heterojunction is simply immobilized on a glass substrate to form an all-solid-state Z-scheme heterojunction. The obtained thin-film photocatalyst was characterized and applied in the visible-light photodegradation of colored rhodamine B and tetracycline hydrochloride. The photocatalytic performance is related to the deposited layers, and the sample with five layers shows the best photocatalytic efficiency. The thin-film photocatalyst is easy to be recovered with stability. The active component responsible for the photodegradation is identified and a Z-scheme mechanism is proposed.
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Wang, Wanting, Yuanting Wu, Long Chen, Chenggang Xu, Changqing Liu, and Chengxin Li. "Fabrication of Z-Type TiN@(A,R)TiO2 Plasmonic Photocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity." Nanomaterials 13, no. 13 (2023): 1984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13131984.
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Plasmonic effect-enhanced Z-type heterojunction photocatalysts comprise a promising solution to the two fundamental problems of current TiO2-based photocatalysis concerning low-charge carrier separation efficiency and low utilization of solar illumination. A plasmonic effect-enhanced TiN@anatase-TiO2/rutile-TiO2 Z-type heterojunction photocatalyst with the strong interface of the N–O chemical bond was synthesized by hydrothermal oxidation of TiN. The prepared photocatalyst shows desirable visible light absorption and good visible-light-photocatalytic activity. The enhancement in photocatalytic activities contribute to the plasma resonance effect of TiN, the N–O bond-connected charge transfer channel at the TiO2/TiN heterointerface, and the synergistically Z-type charge transfer pathway between the anatase TiO2 (A-TiO2) and rutile TiO2 (R-TiO2). The optimization study shows that the catalyst with a weight ratio of A-TiO2/R-TiO2/TiN of approximately 15:1:1 achieved the best visible light photodegradation activity. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of fabricating plasmonic effect-enhanced Z-type heterostructure semiconductor photocatalysts with enhanced visible-light-photocatalytic activities.
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Wahyuni, Endang Tri, Titi Rahmaniati, Aulia Rizky Hafidzah, Suherman Suherman, and Adhitasari Suratman. "Photocatalysis over N-Doped TiO2 Driven by Visible Light for Pb(II) Removal from Aqueous Media." Catalysts 11, no. 8 (2021): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11080945.
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The photocatalysis process over N-doped TiO2 under visible light is examined for Pb(II) removal. The doping TiO2 with N element was conducted by simple hydrothermal technique and using urea as the N source. The doped photocatalysts were characterized by DRUVS, XRD, FTIR and SEM-EDX instruments. Photocatalysis of Pb(II) through a batch experiment was performed for evaluation of the doped TiO2 activity under visible light, with applying various fractions of N-doped, photocatalyst mass, irradiation time, and solution pH. The research results attributed that N doping has been successfully performed, which shifted TiO2 absorption into visible region, allowing it to be active under visible irradiation. The photocatalytic removal of Pb(II) proceeded through photo-oxidation to form PbO2. Doping N into TiO2 noticeably enhanced the photo-catalytic oxidation of Pb(II) under visible light irradiation. The highest photocatalytic oxidation of 15 mg/L Pb(II) in 25 mL of the solution could be reached by employing TiO2 doped with 10%w of N content 15 mg, 30 min of time and at pH 8. The doped-photocatalyst that was three times repeatedly used demonstrated significant activity. The most effective process of Pb(II) photo-oxidation under beneficial condition, producing less toxic and handleable PbO2 and good repeatable photocatalyst, suggest a feasible method for Pb(II) remediation on an industrial scale.
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He, Yan, Zewei Yuan, Kai Cheng, Zhenyun Duan, and Wenzhen Zhao. "Development of electrical enhanced photocatalysis polishing slurry for silicon carbide wafer." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 234, no. 3 (2019): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650119864243.
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Single-crystal silicon carbide, as one of the most promising next-generation semiconductor materials, should be polished with atomically smooth and damage-free surface to meet the requirements of semiconductor applications. The research presented in this paper aims to develop an electrical enhanced photocatalysis polishing method for atomic smoothing of Si-face (0001) 4H-SiC wafer based on the powerful oxidability of UV photo-excited hydroxyl radical on nano semiconductor particles. The research identifies the influences of photocatalyst, electron capturer, UV light, voltage and pH value by designing the orthogonal fading experiments of methyl orange and thus develops several slurries for electrical enhanced photocatalysis polishing accordingly. It also demonstrates that photocatalyst, UV light, electron capturer, and acid environment being necessaries for the electrical enhanced photocatalysis polishing process. Electricity can effectively prevent the recombination of electrons and holes generated on the surface of semiconductor particles and therefore enhance the polishing efficiency. Five photocatalysts including 5 nm TiO2, P25, ZnO, CeO2 and ZrO2 have envious selectivity to the UV light. The slurry with P25 as the photocatalyst and H2O2 as electron capturer presents best polishing performance among, which provides a material removal rate of about 1.18 µm/h and a surface roughness of about Ra 0.0527 nm in an area of 1.0 × 1.0 µm. Furthermore, it also discusses how the UV light irradiation and electricity promotes the chemical oxidation of hydroxyl radical with SiC by forming “Si-C-O”, “Si-O” and “C-O” on SiC surface. The paper concludes that the proposed electrical enhanced photocatalysis polishing is an effective and clean manufacturing method for SiC wafer without rendering toxic chemical effect on environment and human health.
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Wang, Xiaoyang, Fuchun Zhang, Yanning Yang, Yu Zhang, Lili Liu, and Wenli Lei. "Controllable Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of Nano-BiOBr Photocatalyst." Journal of Nanomaterials 2020 (February 24, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1013075.
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Nano-BiOBr photocatalysts were successfully prepared by hydrothermal synthesis using the ethylene glycol solution. The nano-BiOBr photocatalysts were characterized and investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL), and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), and the catalytic ability toward photodegradation of rhodamine B (RhB) was also explored. The results showed that the crystallinity of the nano-BiOBr photocatalyst decreased with the increase of the concentration, while it increased with the amount of the applied deionized water. The morphology of the nano-BiOBr photocatalyst changed from microspheres to cubes and then to a mixture of microspheres and flakes with the increasing of the concentration and from microspheres to flakes with the addition of the deionized water. The results indicated that the concentration and solvents have an essential influence on the bandgap energy values of the nano-BiOBr photocatalyst, and photocatalyst showed an excellent photocatalyst activity toward photodegradation of RhB. The degradation yields of photocatalyst decreased with the increase of the concentration and increased with the addition of the deionized water. PL intensity of photocatalyst increased with the increase of the concentration and weakened with the addition of the deionized water.
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Chang, Chi-Jung, Chun-Wen Kang, and Arul Pundi. "Effect of Calcination-Induced Oxidation on the Photocatalytic H2 Production Performance of Cubic Cu2O/CuO Composite Photocatalysts." Catalysts 14, no. 12 (2024): 926. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14120926.
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This study explores the H2 production performance of CuO/Cu2O with different morphology (nanocubes) synthesized by different methods using different sacrificial reagent (lactic acid), compared with the other three reported CuO/Cu2O photocatalysts used for H2 production. A cubic Cu2O photocatalyst was prepared using a hydrothermal method. It was then calcined at a certain temperature to form a cubic Cu2O/CuO composite photocatalyst. XRD, TEM, and XPS spectra confirmed the successful synthesis of cubic Cu2O/CuO composite photocatalysts by calcination-induced oxidation at a certain temperature. As the calcination temperature increases, the crystal phase of the photocatalyst changes from Cu2O to Cu2O/CuO and then to CuO. The effects of calcination-induced oxidation on morphology, light absorption, the separation of photoexcited carriers, and the H2 production activity of photocatalysts were studied. EPR spectra were monitored to analyze the oxygen vacancies in different samples. Mott–Schottky and Tauc plots were utilized to establish the band structure of the composite photocatalyst. Cu2O/CuO is a type II photocatalyst with a heterogeneous structure that helps to improve electron–hole separation efficiency. The H2 production efficiency of Cu2O/CuO composite photocatalyst reaches 11,888 μmol h−1g−1, 1.6 times that of Cu2O. The formation of the Cu2O/CuO heterojunction leads to enhanced light absorption, charge separation, and hydrogen production activity.
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Saengchai, Natawan, Niwat Hemha, and Wiwat Nuansing. "3D printing of titanium dioxide and polyaniline-based photocatalytic composites." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2653, no. 1 (2023): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2653/1/012014.
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Abstract Photocatalysis has emerged as a promising method for wastewater treatment, organic removal, and hydrogen gas production. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a popular photocatalyst due to its ability to absorb ultraviolet light, its electronic structure, and its optical and chemical stability. The photocatalytic capacity of TiO2 is influenced by its crystal structure (anatase, rutile, and brookite), particle size, and surface area, which can be optimized. Moreover, TiO2 can be coated onto substrates such as ceramics or polymers. This research aims to investigate the application of 3D printing techniques to fabricate composites between TiO2 and polyaniline (PANI) under controlled processing conditions. The 3D photocatalyst was characterized using XRD, SEM, XAS, FTIR, and UV-VIS techniques. The results of this research could pave the way for more efficient and effective photocatalysts fabricated by 3D printing technique, with potential benefits for environmental sustainability and energy production.
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Zelekew, Osman Ahmed, and Yi-nan Wu. "Metal Doped-MoS2/g-C3N4 Nanocomposites for Antibiotics Degradation with Photo-Fenton Reaction Process: Defect Engineering, Synergistic Effects, and Degradation Mechanisms." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 13 (2024): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01131072mtgabs.
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Currently, the energy crisis and environmental pollutions due to the growth of industrialization and urbanization become gradually a prominent and serious issue. Due to these reasons, we aimed to design photoactive metal-doped MoS2/g-C3N4 nanocomposites photocatalysts for the degradation of antibiotics. The degradation of organic pollutants with photocatalysis is considered as green, ecofriendly, economical, and promising methods. Herein, ultrathin g-C3N4 was prepared with simple method and combined with metal-doped MoS2 (Mg-doped MoS2) with varying the amounts of dopants. The prepared photocatalyst materials were tested for the degradation of ciprofloxacin in the photo-Fenton reaction process. The optimum amount of metal-doped MoS2/g-C3N4 nanocomposites photocatalysts showed enhanced catalytic performance and degrades 72% of ciprofloxacin while 52 and 48 % of degradations were achieved with MoS2 and g-C3N4 catalysts, respectively. Here, the key significant problems of the individual components were solved via synergistic effects in the photocatalytic degradation system. The results also offer an opportunity to enhance the electronic structures of the crystalline materials. Moreover, the metal-doping will also create defects on the MoS2 and improves the charge transfer ability of the photocatalyst. The results proved that the metal-doped MoS2/g-C3N4 nanocomposites photocatalysts could be a promising photo-Fenton catalyst system in the environmental remediation.
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Pei, Junxiang, Haofeng Li, Songlin Zhuang, Dawei Zhang, and Dechao Yu. "Recent Advances in g-C3N4 Photocatalysts: A Review of Reaction Parameters, Structure Design and Exfoliation Methods." Catalysts 13, no. 11 (2023): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13111402.
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Graphitized carbon nitride (g-C3N4), as a metal-free, visible-light-responsive photocatalyst, has a very broad application prospect in the fields of solar energy conversion and environmental remediation. The g-C3N4 photocatalyst owns a series of conspicuous characteristics, such as very suitable band structure, strong physicochemical stability, abundant reserves, low cost, etc. Research on the g-C3N4 or g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for real applications has become a competitive hot topic and a frontier area with thousands of publications over the past 17 years. In this paper, we carefully reviewed the recent advances in the synthesis and structural design of g-C3N4 materials for efficient photocatalysts. First, the crucial synthesis parameters of g-C3N4 were fully discussed, including the categories of g-C3N4 precursors, reaction temperature, reaction atmosphere and reaction duration. Second, the construction approaches of various nanostructures were surveyed in detail, such as hard and soft template, supramolecular preorganization and template-free approaches. Third, the characteristics of different exfoliation methods were compared and summarized. At the end, the problems of g-C3N4 materials in photocatalysis and the prospect of further development were disclosed and proposed to provide some key guidance for designing more efficient and applicable g-C3N4 or g-C3N4-based photocatalysts.
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Wang, Yefan, Shan Gao, Haoying Li, et al. "Copper Selenide (CuSe) Monolith Fabricated by Facile Copper Foam Selenization for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2023 (September 26, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2360674.
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A critical challenge that impedes the application of photocatalytic techniques for organic dye degradation from polluted industrial effluents is that traditional powdery photocatalysts exposed limited photo-absorption sites and exhibited inefficient recyclability. To overcome these challenges, this study designed a one-step process to synthesize a monolithic copper selenide (CuSe)-based photocatalyst. The characterization results fully supported that the maintenance of the copper foam during the selenization process was the prerequisite for the monolithic photocatalyst to keep its structural integrity in photocatalytic reactions. The surface of the monolithic photocatalyst fully covered by active CuSe is crucial for the exposure of photocatalytically active sites and the efficient degradation of methylene blue (MB). It was found that the CuSe-based monolithic photocatalyst exhibited excellent MB degradation performances under harsh pH conditions and high MB concentrations. From these perspectives, it is reasonable to conclude that the CuSe-based monolithic photocatalyst as prepared is a promising alternative to traditional powdery photocatalysts for organic dye degradation and industrial effluent cleaning.
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Tang, Jian Jun, and Shao Feng Li. "Organic Pollutants Decomposition by TiO2 Visible-Light Photocatalysis with H2O2 Assistance." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.402.
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The effects of crystalline structure (Anatase and Rutile) and H2O2 addition on TiO2 visible-light photocatalysis were studied, which used reactive brilliant red X-3B and phenol as model pollutants. The results indicated that reactive brilliant red X-3B could be degradated by the two form TiO2(anatase or rutile) under visible-irradiation with the assistance of H2O2, however, when the surface sites of TiO2 photocatalysts were preeminently occupied by CO32-, photodecomposition could not be processed. Phenol could also be degradated by the two form TiO2 under visible-irradiation with the assistance of H2O2, rutile TiO2 exhibited a better photocatalytic activity, and its degradation ratio could be 80% after 120 min of reaction. The concentration of the ring intermediates detected during phenol decomposition was evidently higher when using rutile TiO2 as photocatalyst, and the presence of hydroxyl radical inhibitor (tert-butyl alcohol or methanol) had great effects on the degradation efficiency of rutile TiO2, but had less effects on anatase TiO2. The degradation of phenol occurred mainly in the solution when using rutile TiO2 as photocatalyst, and in contrast, the degradation occurred mainly at the TiO2 particles surface when using anatase TiO2 as photocatalyst.
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Chu, Kuan-Wu, Sher Lee, Chi-Jung Chang, and Lingyun Liu. "Recent Progress of Carbon Dot Precursors and Photocatalysis Applications." Polymers 11, no. 4 (2019): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040689.
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Carbon dots (CDs), a class of carbon-based sub-ten-nanometer nanoparticles, have attracted great attention since their discovery fifteen years ago. Because of the outstanding photoluminescence properties, photostability, low toxicity, and low cost, CDs have potential to replace traditional semiconductor quantum dots which have serious drawbacks of toxicity and high cost. This review covers the common top-down and bottom-up methods for the synthesis of CDs, different categories of CD precursors (small molecules, natural polymers, and synthetic polymers), one-pot and multi-step methods to produce CDs/photocatalyst composites, and recent advances of CDs on photocatalysis applications mostly in pollutant degradation and energy areas. A broad range of precursors forming fluorescent CDs are discussed, including small molecule sole or dual precursors, natural polymers such as pure polysaccharides and proteins and crude bio-resources from plants or animals, and various synthetic polymer precursors with positive, negative, neutral and hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or zwitterionic feature. Because of the wide light absorbance, excellent photoluminescence properties and electron transfer ability, CDs have emerged as a new type of photocatalyst. Recent work of CDs as sole photocatalyst or in combination with other materials (e.g., metal, metal sulfide, metal oxide, bismuth-based semiconductor, or other traditional photocatalysts) to form composite catalyst for various photocatalytic applications are reviewed. Possible future directions are proposed at the end of the article on mechanistic studies, production of CDs with better controlled properties, expansion of polymer precursor pool, and systematic studies of CDs for photocatalysis applications.