Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Photocatalytic filter'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 25 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Photocatalytic filter.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Plumejeau, Sandrine. "Croissance de TiO₂ en surface de fibres de cellulose pour l'élaboration de filtres photocatalytiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT230/document.
Full textThe pollution is definitely a major issue for environmental protection and sustainable development. Membrane technologies and advanced oxidation processes play more and more a key-role in the treatment of water both for the production of drinking water and for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is an advanced oxidation process for generating highly oxidizing species such as OH• in the presence of water and dioxygen, under irradiation of some semiconducting solids like titania (TiO2). The targeted objective for this PhD work is the development of efficient photocatalytic filters to be implemented in hybrid processes coupling separation and photodegradation. The innovative route investigated for preparing such photocatalytic filters is based on the use of a bio-based polymer, i.e. the cellulose, both as reactant (oxygen source) and mechanical support for the growth of titania nanoparticles from titanium tetrachloride. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to a literature review mainly focused on membrane and hybrid processes, on titanium dioxide and its photocatalytic properties and on the chemical, structural, microstructural and thermal behaviour of cellulose. After a description of the experimental procedures, the second part of this manuscript is first dedicated to the presentation and the discussion of the experimental results on the preparation and characterization of pure titania powders and of TiO2-carbon composite powders. The effect of titania doping by different transition metals in order to improve its functional properties is then examined. Simplification of the synthesis process by removing any is described in the next chapter. From the previously developed know-how on synthesis and photocatalytic performance, the last chapter is devoted to preliminary work on the preparation of photocatalytic filters and on the assessment of their functional properties
Bento, Rodrigo Teixeira. "Estudo da atividade fotocatalítica de filmes de TiO2 dopados com enxofre." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-01112018-153726/.
Full textThe present work aims the study of the nanostructural properties, morphological characteristics and photocatalytic behavior evaluation of sulfur-doped titanium dioxide films. TiO2 films were grown on borosilicate by MOCVD at 400 °C. Sulfur doping process was carried out by the thermochemical treatment under H2 / 2%v. H2S atmosphere at 50 °C, 100 °C and 150 °C, which resulted in S contents of 8 at%, 3 at% and 0.2 at%, respectively. Methyl orange dye degradation was used to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the films under UV-Vis radiation. All films exhibited the formation of the anatase phase, composed to well-defined grains, and dense columnar structure. SO42- groups were observed on the surface of all S-doped films, indicating the substitution of the Ti4+ ions by the S6+ cation, and the formation of Ti-O-S bond in the films. Degradation tests indicated that the S:TiO2 films present photocatalytic activity both under UV radiation and visible light. 8 at.% S:TiO2 film, doped at 50 °C, presented a higher photocatalytic performance, with 72.1 % of dye degradation under visible light. The results suggest that the sulfur doping, besides forming a morphology favorable to the photocatalysis process, caused a shift of the TiO2 films absorption to the visible spectrum region, which allows their practical application under sunlight or visible light bulbs.
Faber, Marcelo [UNESP]. "Tratamento fotocatalítico de corante ácido usando filmes finos de vidro/Ti 'O IND. 2' e degradação fotoeletrocatalítica de corante vat sobre eletrodos de filmes finos de Ti/Ti 'O IND. 2'." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105716.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Os estudos de degradação do corante VAT idantreno verde oliva foram realizados empregando-se solução 5x10-5 mol L-1 do corante em meio de NaCl 0,1 mol L-1 , pH=2,0 por meio do processo fotoeletrocatalítico sobre eletrodos de filmes finos de Ti/TiO2. Após 210 min de tratamento foi obtido 100% de descoloração e 86 % de mineralização. A aplicação do método fotocatalítico nas mesmas condições experimentais leva a apenas 60% de remoção do corante, indicando que o método fotoeletrocatalítico apresenta maior eficiência que a técnica de fotocatálise. A degradação do corante ácido vermelho 8 foi investigada através de processo fotoquímico empregando irradiação UV com lâmpada germicida de 4 W e lâmpada de mercúrio de 80 W. Foi observado significativa remoção da cor, porém análises de carbono orgânico total mostraram que o processo não apresenta nenhuma mineralização da matéria orgânica. Utilizando-se lâmpada de 80 W a degradação do corante ocorre segundo reação de pseudo primeira ordem com constante de velocidade de 0,0122 min-1 . A degradação do corante vermelho 8 é mais eficiente pelo processo fotocatalítico. A oxidação fotocatalítica de solução 5x10-5 mol L-1 do corante em meio de Na2SO4 0,1 mol L-1 , pH=6,0, sobre vidro/TiO2 promoveu 100 % de remoção da cor e aproximadamente 43 % de mineralização do corante. A eficiência fotocatalítica de filmes de TiO2 suportados em substrato de vidro obtidos pelo método dip-coating foi investigada testando-se a degradação do corante ácido vermelho em filmes obtidos variando-se os parâmetros: número de etapas de recobrimento, velocidade de deposição e temperatura de calcinação. O filme que mostrou maior eficiência fotocatalítica na degradação do corante ácido vermelho 8, foi construído com 1 depósito de TiO2, velocidade de recobrimento de 50 mm/min e temperatura...
Studies of degradation of the dye VAT Indanthrene olive green were performed using solution was 5x10-5 mol L-1 dye in NaCl 0.1 mol L-1 , pH = 2.0 through the process photoelectrocatalytic thin-film electrodes Ti/TiO2. After 210min of treatment was obtained 100% discoloration and 86% of mineralization. The application of the photocatalytic the same experimental condition leads to 60% removal of dye, indicating that the method photoelectrocatalytic is more efficient than the technique of photocatalysis. The degradation of acid red dye 8 was investigated by photochemical process using irradiation with UV germicidal lamp 4W and mercury lamp of 80W. Have been observed significant removal of color, but the analysis of carbon organic total no shows mineralization of organic matter. Using 80W lamp degradation of the dye is second reaction under pseudo first order rate constant of 0.0122 min-1 . The degradation of the red dye 8 is more efficient for the photocatalytic process. The photocatalytic oxidation of solution 5x10-5 mol L-1 dye in the midst of Na2SO4 0.1 mol L-1 , pH= 6.0 on glass/TiO2 promoted 100% removal of color and approximately 43% mineralization of the dye. The efficiency of photocatalytic TiO2 films supported on glass substrate obtained by dip-coating method was investigated by testing the degradation of acid red dye in films obtained by varying the parameters: number of steps of coating, deposition rate and temperature calcination. The film showed better photocatalytic degradation of dye Acid Red 8, was built with 1 deposit TiO2, coating speed of 50 mm/min and calcination temperature of 350°C film. Under these conditions the degradation of the dye second reaction is pseudo first-order rate constant of degradation of k = 0.121 min-1 . Therefore, it is concluded that the technique of photolysis and photocatalysis can be an excellent alternative to decolorize... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Dal', Acqua Nicolle. "Produção fotocatalítica de hidrogênio a partir de filmes finos poliméricos nanoestruturados suportados em substrato flexível." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2017. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/2486.
Full textSubmitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-05-10T16:47:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Nicolle Dal Acqua.pdf: 2359937 bytes, checksum: 79a564bfa513c80ed882f203002fc4ca (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T16:47:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Nicolle Dal Acqua.pdf: 2359937 bytes, checksum: 79a564bfa513c80ed882f203002fc4ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-10
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, FAPERGS.
The use of renewable energy such as solar energy to produce hydrogen gas (H2), through the photocatalytic process of breaking the water molecule, is a promising alternative to conventional energy sources. In this context, the production of nanostructured thin films of different materials is an application that can combine photocatalysis and nanotechnology.Thus, the main objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of tetrachlorouric acid (HAuCl4) for the incorporation of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in H2 production from thin films supported on bacterial cellulose (BC), produced through of the technique layer by layer using the weak polyelectrolytes, polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) combined with titanium dioxide (TiO2). Through the techniques of molecular absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), it was possible to verify the absorption of BC in the UV region, the peaks at 14.6º, 16.6º and 22.6º, the fiber surface and the characteristic bands of BC, respectively. The specific surface area of 1.57 m2 g-1 was found for CB. Absorption in the UV region of the HAuCl4 and TiO2 solutions were determined by UV-Vis. By means of the XRD technique, the average crystallite size of the TiO2 was calculated which was ~5 nm corroborating with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TiO2 was also characterized by molecular fluorescence, SEM and specific surface area. The zeta potential was used to analyze the polymer solutions (PAH and PAA) and the TiO 2 solution. The films with different concentrations of HAuCl4 (1.25 mmol L-1, 2.5 mmol L-1 and 5 mmol L-1) and with different UV light times (6h, 12h, 24h, 24h, 48h and 96h) were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Of these films, the ones that most produced H2 at each concentration of HAuCl4 (c1-24 / concentration of 1.25 mmol L-1 and 24h of UV light), (c2-6 / concentration of 2.5 mmol L-1 and 6h of UV light) and (c3-24 / concentration of 5 mmol L-1 and 24h of UV light) were characterized before and after photocatalysis. Through the UV-Vis, it was possible to observe the presence of Au and TiO2 NPs in the films. By XRD, the peaks were noted of CB, TiO2 (25.3 °) and Au (38.18 ° and 44.5 °) in the films. In the SEM it was observed that the film (c1-24) had Au grains dispersed in the matrix and the presence of Ti on the whole surface without agglomerations, revealing as a homogeneous film compared to the films (c2-6) and (c3-24). Using the MET technique, the morphology, size and distribution of Au NPs were analyzed in the films revealing values in manometric scale. The film (c1-24) presented smaller sizes of Au NPs (9 nm). Specific surface area, perfilometry, Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) were also analyzed to evaluate the effect of concentrations and sizes of Au NPs in the films.The film with lower concentration of HAuCl4 (c1-24), which had Au NPs less than in greater contact with the surface of TiO2 produced more H2, was analyzed by CG to improve the best performance in H2 production varying some parameters as reuse of the film (c1-24a) and (c1-24b), substrate change (c1-24d), increase of layers (c1-24f) and film without polymers (c1-24g). Analyzing all the variations of the parameters it was concluded that the film (c1-24) produced 29.12 μmol h-1 cm2 of H2 presenting a better photocatalytic activity.
Tafuri, Rodrigo Marques. "Filmes de titânia fotocatalítica sobre polipropileno: correlação entre metodologia de deposição e atividade fotocatalítica da titânia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18158/tde-25012017-134320/.
Full textCast polypropylene (CPP) films were coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles by na easily scaled-up spray coating methodology. The O2 and N2 plasma surface treatment of polypropylene was successfully used to produce TiO2-coated polypropylene with outstanding mechanical stability of the coating, as well as photocatalytic/self-cleaning activity toward crystal violet dye. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy were used to observe surface / fibers morphology and topography. The presence of titânia coating was confirmed by X-ray Emission Spectroscopy with Energy Dispersive Detection (EDX). Titania coating results on higher hydrophilicity, as observed by measurements of static water contact angle. The CPP films were tested for their photocatalytic activity against Crystal Violet dye (CV). The UV/Vis electronic spectra showed that the photocatalytic activity efficiency of TiO2-coated CPP film was affected by both the plasma treatment and the titânia amount. The photostability of the titania coated polypropylene was measured by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) since this technique is capable to detect tiny amount of free radicals formed during the early oxidation step of the polypropylene. It was observed from EPR measurements that the plasma treated polypropylene generated the same free radicals species that were produced during UV irradiation of the uncoated and TiO2-coated polypropylene. However, by increasing the number of deposition cycles of the titania the relative amount of free radicals decreases without loss of the photocatalytic activity. Therefore, the essayed methodology has been proved efficient to produce photoactive/selfcleaning surface of titania coated polypropylene, leading to different applications in this field, as water/air filtration systems, organic pollutant removal, hospital and domestic thermoplastic goods with antibacterial features, self-cleaning devices and others.
Faber, Marcelo. "Tratamento fotocatalítico de corante ácido usando filmes finos de vidro/Ti 'O IND. 2' e degradação fotoeletrocatalítica de corante vat sobre eletrodos de filmes finos de Ti/Ti 'O IND. 2'. /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105716.
Full textBanca: Hideko Yamanaka
Banca: Mercedes de Moraes
Banca: Jeosadaque José de Sene
Banca: Denise Alves Fungaro
Resumo: Os estudos de degradação do corante VAT idantreno verde oliva foram realizados empregando-se solução 5x10-5 mol L-1 do corante em meio de NaCl 0,1 mol L-1 , pH=2,0 por meio do processo fotoeletrocatalítico sobre eletrodos de filmes finos de Ti/TiO2. Após 210 min de tratamento foi obtido 100% de descoloração e 86 % de mineralização. A aplicação do método fotocatalítico nas mesmas condições experimentais leva a apenas 60% de remoção do corante, indicando que o método fotoeletrocatalítico apresenta maior eficiência que a técnica de fotocatálise. A degradação do corante ácido vermelho 8 foi investigada através de processo fotoquímico empregando irradiação UV com lâmpada germicida de 4 W e lâmpada de mercúrio de 80 W. Foi observado significativa remoção da cor, porém análises de carbono orgânico total mostraram que o processo não apresenta nenhuma mineralização da matéria orgânica. Utilizando-se lâmpada de 80 W a degradação do corante ocorre segundo reação de pseudo primeira ordem com constante de velocidade de 0,0122 min-1 . A degradação do corante vermelho 8 é mais eficiente pelo processo fotocatalítico. A oxidação fotocatalítica de solução 5x10-5 mol L-1 do corante em meio de Na2SO4 0,1 mol L-1 , pH=6,0, sobre vidro/TiO2 promoveu 100 % de remoção da cor e aproximadamente 43 % de mineralização do corante. A eficiência fotocatalítica de filmes de TiO2 suportados em substrato de vidro obtidos pelo método dip-coating foi investigada testando-se a degradação do corante ácido vermelho em filmes obtidos variando-se os parâmetros: número de etapas de recobrimento, velocidade de deposição e temperatura de calcinação. O filme que mostrou maior eficiência fotocatalítica na degradação do corante ácido vermelho 8, foi construído com 1 depósito de TiO2, velocidade de recobrimento de 50 mm/min e temperatura... (resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Studies of degradation of the dye VAT Indanthrene olive green were performed using solution was 5x10-5 mol L-1 dye in NaCl 0.1 mol L-1 , pH = 2.0 through the process photoelectrocatalytic thin-film electrodes Ti/TiO2. After 210min of treatment was obtained 100% discoloration and 86% of mineralization. The application of the photocatalytic the same experimental condition leads to 60% removal of dye, indicating that the method photoelectrocatalytic is more efficient than the technique of photocatalysis. The degradation of acid red dye 8 was investigated by photochemical process using irradiation with UV germicidal lamp 4W and mercury lamp of 80W. Have been observed significant removal of color, but the analysis of carbon organic total no shows mineralization of organic matter. Using 80W lamp degradation of the dye is second reaction under pseudo first order rate constant of 0.0122 min-1 . The degradation of the red dye 8 is more efficient for the photocatalytic process. The photocatalytic oxidation of solution 5x10-5 mol L-1 dye in the midst of Na2SO4 0.1 mol L-1 , pH= 6.0 on glass/TiO2 promoted 100% removal of color and approximately 43% mineralization of the dye. The efficiency of photocatalytic TiO2 films supported on glass substrate obtained by dip-coating method was investigated by testing the degradation of acid red dye in films obtained by varying the parameters: number of steps of coating, deposition rate and temperature calcination. The film showed better photocatalytic degradation of dye Acid Red 8, was built with 1 deposit TiO2, coating speed of 50 mm/min and calcination temperature of 350°C film. Under these conditions the degradation of the dye second reaction is pseudo first-order rate constant of degradation of k = 0.121 min-1 . Therefore, it is concluded that the technique of photolysis and photocatalysis can be an excellent alternative to decolorize... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Nakamura, Liana Key Okada. "Atividade fotocatalítica de filmes nanoestruturados de dióxido de titânio incorporados com nanopartículas de metais nobres." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-06032013-135424/.
Full textCurrently, nanoscience and nanotechnology are considered an emerging field and continuously breaking the barrier among various disciplines. The main focus of study involves controlling structures at molecular level, arranging the atoms in order to achieve an understanding and controlling the fundamental properties of matter. In this study, molecular changes on the basis of morphology, optical and crystalline properties of TiO2 thin films in order to increase their photon efficiency were proposed. The TiO2 thin films were prepared by solgel process evaluating the influence of different acids and templates to obtain the nanostructured arrangements. Then, metal nanoparticles like Au, Ag, Pd and Pt were incorporated on TiO2 thin films. This incorporation might minimize the electron-hole recombination, so it could improve the photon efficiency. From the several routes studied, the TiO2 thin films prepared with acetic acid showed the best performance by the reason of low agglomeration of TiO2 grains, which favors the exposure of the photoactive sites. The presence of template in the formulation had a slightly effect on photon efficiency, possible due to the higher agglomeration of the grains on the TiO2 thin films. The addition of Pt and Au nanoparticles on TiO2 thin films showed superior photon efficiency. The TiO2 thin films with hexamine and metallic nanoparticles did not show the improvement on photon efficiency except for Pt and Au nanoparticles. On these situations, the improvement on photon efficiency is might be due to a possible decrease at the electron-hole recombinations velocity. Thus, the present work demonstrates the great influence of preparation conditions on the optical, morphological properties and the photon efficiency. In the future, with greater understanding of the mechanism of this influence, the properties of TiO2 thin films will be able tailoring depending on the application.
NAKAMURA, LIANA K. O. "Atividade fotocatalítica de filmes nanoestruturados de dióxido de titânio incorporados com nanopartículas de metais nobres." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2012. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10170.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Marcello, Bianca Alves. "Caracterização microestrutural, morfológica e fotocatalítica de filmes finos de TiO2 obtidos por deposição química de organometálicos em fase vapor." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-19042016-103336/.
Full textTitanium dioxide has many technological applications, as pigment in paints, and functional coatings. It is resistant to electrochemical and photochemical degradation. The increase of the industrial production of dyes results in a significant increase in production of wastes, which requires the development of new degradation techniques to reduce the release of effluents. Among these techniques there is the advanced oxidation process (AOP), which is based on the formation of hydroxyl radicals to the degradation of the compounds in the effluent released. The heterogeneous photocatalysis uses a semiconductor material activated by UV radiation to yield hydroxyl radicals. Although there are studies regarding the use of TiO2 as photocatalyst, there are few data related to its application in the form of supported film. The aim of this study was to grow TiO2 films on borosilicate substrate at 400 and 500°C for up to 60 minutes by using metallorganic chemical vapor deposition technique and proceed to the microstructural, morphology and photocatalytic characterization of the films. Anatase phase was identified in all films. The films grown at 400°C presented a densified structure, while the films grown at 500°C showed well defined columnar structure. The photodegradation was assessed by degradation of methyl orange dye in pH 2.00; 7.00 and 10.00. The results of dye degradation showed that the highest efficiency occurred at pH 2. In this condition, the best results occurred for the film grown for 30 minutes at 400°C and presented a degradation of 65.3%.
Vebber, Mário César. "Preparação, caracterização e aplicação de filmes finos nanoestruturados de PAH/PAA/TiO2 na fotoxidação de ibuprofeno." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2018. https://repositorio.ucs.br/11338/3853.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES
Ibuprofen is an anti-inflammatory with an annual production of more than 15 thousand tons, whose concentration in aquatic ecosystems reaches the order of tens of μg L-1. The degradation of this emerging pollutant and other pharmaceuticals by photocatalysis, using solar energy and TiO2 nanoparticles, is a cheap and promising option, compared to conventional water treatments. However, nano-TiO2 is toxic and causes disturbances in the redox cycles of the micro-systems, causing several impacts to the local microbiota. An effective way to avoid this problem is the immobilization of the photocatalysts in thin films, avoiding the leaching of this material to the environment. In this context, the objective of the present work was the preparation, characterization and application of nanostructured self-assembled thin films (SATFs) of poly (acrylic acid), polyallylamine hydrochloride and TiO2 by the layer-by-layer technique. For that, the surface response methodology and design of experiments were used to evaluate which deposition parameters would lead to the best properties for the application in the photodegradation of ibuprofen in aqueous medium. The SATFs were extensively characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR), among others. The degradation solution was evaluated by molecular absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis) optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and mass spectrometry (MS). In general, the SATF with the best properties was able to degrade 50% of IBU. This SATF presented high stability in aqueous medium, besides maintaining its photocatalytic activity for at least three cycles, and the TiO2 leaching was less than 0.5% in mass after the accomplishment of these tests. It was also possible to demonstrate that the degradation measurement made by MS resulted in IBU reduction rates higher than those measured by UV-Vis, reaching 95%. MS measures only the IBU molecule, while the UV-Vis response refers to the aromatic chromophore, which may be present in by-products of the degradation. In addition, photosensitization of SATFs with copper increased the degradation of the drug tested to 76%. From these results, it was possible to conclude that SATFs prevent photocatalyst leaching while maintaining the efficiency of the IBU degradation, with removal rates similar to those of other advanced treatment processes. These SATFs can also be reused, without the need for separation processes.
Ullah, Sajjad. "Materiais nanoestruturados e filmes finos baseados em TiO2 para aplicação em fotocatálise." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75135/tde-26012015-173233/.
Full textThe aim of the present investigation was to prepare and characterize TiO2 and core@shell (SiO2@TiO2) nanoparticles (CSNs) and form layer-by-layer (LbL) films with these nanoparticles (NPs) on various substrates. Firstly, amorphous TiO2 were prepared from oxotitanium (IV) sulfate (TiOSO4) and crystallized by low-temperature hydrothermal treatment (HTT). The effect of hydrothermal temperature and treatment time on crystallinity, particle size and photoactivity of TiO2 was studied. The TEM, XRD and BET surface area analysis confirmed that HTT at temperature as low as 105°C can be used to obtain phase-pure anatase nanoparticles with good crystallinity (~95%), small crystallite size (<10 nm), high surface area (>200 m2.g-1) and excellent phase selectivity. Secondly, TiO2 nanocatalyst was directly deposited, via sol-gel route, on the surface of Stöber silica NPs of around 200 nm in a core@shell (SiO2@ TiO2) configuration to obtain better thermal stability, good dispersion and less agglomeration of the nanocatalyst. SEM and TEM observation confirmed the formation of a porous anatase shell of crystalline TiO2 consisting of around 5-8 nm small crystallites, in accordance with XRD results. The shell thickness was varied between 10-30 nm by varying the quantity of precursor titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TiP). Compared to the uncoated silica, the BET surface area also increased by 147-365% depending on the amount of TiP added during synthesis step. The effect of shell morphology and TiO2 loading on surface area and photoactivity has been studied and compared among different CSNs. Finally, a new and versatile LbL procedure for the preparation of porous and highly dispersed multilayer films of TiO2 and phosphotungstic acid (HPW) on different substrates was developed using Cellulose Phosphate (CP) as an efficient and non-conventional binder. The films formation was monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy and the interaction between the films components (CP, TiO2 and HPW) was studied by HRTEM, XPS and FTIR techniques. These CP/ TiO2 and CP/ TiO2/HPW LbL films showed good photoactivity against stearic acid (SA), crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation. The CP/HPW films formed on bacterial cellulose showed good photochromic response, which is enhanced in presence of TiO2 due to an interfacial electron transfer from TiO2 to HPW. This simple and environmentally safe method can be used to form coatings on a variety of surfaces with photoactive TiO2 and TiO2/HPW films.
Azevedo, Neto Nilton Francelosi. "Otimização do processo de deposição de filmes de óxido de cobalto usando magnetron sputtering reativo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/158325.
Full textApproved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-11-22T16:48:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 azevedoneto_nf_dr_bauru.pdf: 3312025 bytes, checksum: 69a53514543bbe65b47c2fd62ddb6168 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-22T16:48:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 azevedoneto_nf_dr_bauru.pdf: 3312025 bytes, checksum: 69a53514543bbe65b47c2fd62ddb6168 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-24
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A motivação para este trabalho foi buscar uma melhor compreensão sobre o processo de crescimento dos filmes de óxido de cobalto pela técnica de DC magnetron sputtering reativo. Os filmes de interesse foram depositados sobre substratos de sílica amorfa (a -SiO2 ), aluminato de lantânio (LaAlO3 ) e safira - c (Al2O3- c) usando diferentes valores de potência de deposição e fluxo de oxigênio . As condições de crescimento dos filmes foram analisadas utilizando simulação computacional do processo de sputtering reativo baseada no modelo de Depla, medidas da emissão óptica das espécies presentes no plasma e monitor amento da taxa de crescimento através de uma microbalança de quartzo. Os resultados de difração de raios X mostraram que em baixa potência é obtida a fase Co3O4 espinélio, enquanto que em alta potência os filmes apresentaram a fase CoO cúbica . A s simulações computacionais do processo de sputtering reativo indicaram que , quando as potências de deposição são baixas, o processo de crescimento dos filmes ocorre com o alvo no regime “envenenado” . Em contraste, altas potencias favorece m o regime metálico do alvo. Medidas de emissão do plasma de deposição mostraram que em baixa potência de deposição a intensidade da linha de emissão do oxigênio é alta , porém com o aumento da potência sua intensidade diminui e a d a linha do cobalto aumenta. O s filmes de Co 3 O 4 depositados sobre substratos cristalinos apresentaram resultados promissores . Medidas de difração de raios X de alta resolução , utilizando radiação síncrotron , indicaram que a deposição do Co 3 O 4 sobre Al2O3 - c resultou em crescimento epitaxial na qual a direção [ 111] do cristal de Co 3 O 4 é perpendicular à superfície do substrato de safira - c (0001). Enquanto que a deposição sobre LaAlO 3 resultou em crescimento com forte textura de orientação, com as direções [220] e [400] perpendiculares à superfície dos substratos . Os espectros Raman dessas amostras apresentaram picos de vibração bem definidos e característicos da fase Co 3 O 4 e a análise do Raman polarizado do s filmes de Co 3 O 4 sobre Al 2 O 3 - c concorda m com as regras de seleção para a orientação [111] . Para os filmes c om fase Co 3 O 4 , medidas de transmitância na região do UV - Vis - NIR mostraram alta absorção na região do visível e bandas de absorção no infravermelho próximo relacionadas a transições eletrônicas dos íons de Co 2+ e Co 3+ . Para esse crescimento observou - se também resposta intensa de fotocondutividade com exc itação em 405 nm e 532 nm em 10 K. Testes preliminares de fotocatálise indicaram que os filmes de Co 3 O 4 produzidos possuem uma pequena atividade fotocatalítica para degradação do corante Rodamina B. Neste trabalho uma correlação direta entre as condições de crescimento e as mudança s de fase do s filmes foi obtida, demonstrando a versatilidade da técnica de sputtering para crescimento de filmes de óxido de cobalto para estudos científicos e aplicações tecnológicas.
The motivation for this work was to obtain a better understanding of the growth process of cobalt oxides by the DC magnetron reactive sputtering technique. The films were dep osited on amorphous silica (a-SiO2), lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO3) and sapphire-c (c-Al2O3) substrates using different values of deposition power and oxygen flow. The conditions of growth of the films were analyzed using the optical analysis of the species present in the plasma and the monitoring of the growth rate through a quartz microbalance. The X-ray diffraction results showed that at lower powers the Co3O4 phase was obtained, while at high er power s the films presented the CoO cubic phase. The computational simulations of the reactive sputtering process indicated that, at low deposition power, the gro wth process of the films occurs with the target in the "poisoned" regime, while in high powers it favors the metallic regime of the target. Plasma emission measurements showed that at low deposition power the oxygen intensity is high while at high power it s intensity decreases and that of cobalt increases. The Co 3 O 4 films deposited on crystalline substrates showed promising results. High - resolution X-ray diffraction measurements using synchrotron radiation indicated that the deposition of Co3O4 on c-Al2O3 resulted in epitaxial growth , in which the direction [111] is perpendicular to the surface of the c - sapphire (0001) substrates. However, the deposition on LaAlO 3 resulted in growth with strong texture in the directions [220] and [400]. The Raman spectra of these samples showed well - defined vibration peaks characteristic of the Co3O4 phase . The polarized Raman analysis of Co 3 O 4 deposited on c-Al2O3 agrees with the selection rules for the [111] orientation, in agreement with the high resolution X-ray diffraction analysis . In the optical transmittance measurements , t he films with Co 3 O 4 phase displayed high absorption bands in the region of the visible and near - infrared . These bands are related to el ectronic transitions of the Co2+ and Co3+ ions. For these films , strong photoconductivity responses were observed for excitations at 405 nm and 532 nm at 10 K . Preliminary photocatalysis tests indicated that the Co3O4 films produced by sputtering have a small photocatalytic activity for Rhodamine B (RhB) dye degradation. Concluding , a direct correlation between the growth conditions and the phase changes of the films was obtained, demonstrating the versatility of the sputtering technique for the growth of cobalt oxide films for scientific studies and technological applications.
Nunes, Barbara Nascimento. "Preparação e avaliação fotocatalítica de hexaniobatos lamelares e seus filmes finos obtidos por Layer-by-Layer." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/ufu.di.2017.49.
Full textDevido o contínuo desenvolvimento tecnológico e o crescimento populacional, o consumo de energia vem sendo cada vez maior ao longo dos anos. Neste aspecto, a fotocatálise atrai grande interesse devido seu potencial no aproveitamento da energia solar. No cenário nacional, os niobatos lamelares são materiais interessantes para atuarem como fotocatalisadores, uma vez que o Brasil detém 98% das reservas de nióbio no mundo. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho apresenta as possibilidades do K4Nb6O17 como fotocatalisador tanto na forma em pó como imobilizado em filmes finos. O K4Nb6O17 foi preparado a partir da reação em estado sólido do Nb2O5 com K3CO2 e esfoliado em solução de hidróxido de tetrabutilamônio. O niobato esfoliado foi então modificado com platina, comparando-se dois diferentes precursores H2PtCl6 e [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2, e também combinado à nanopartículas de ouro. As amostras foram caracterizadas por diferentes técnicas e o desempenho fotocatalítico avaliado tanto para fotodegradação de azul de metileno e metanol como para a produção de H2. Na fotodegradação do corante, o niobato esfoliado sem qualquer co-catalisador apresentou a maior eficiência fotônica (ξ = 2,1%). Em contraste, para a fotodegradação de metanol e para a produção fotocatalítica de H2, as amostras modificadas apresentaram maior desempenho fotocatalítico em relação ao niobato esfoliado. Na produção de H2, foram obtidas eficiências fotônicas próximas a 0,2% para as amostras contendo tanto Pt como Au. Já na fotodegradação de metanol, as amostras de niobato e Pt resultaram em eficiências próximas a 4,0% e a modificada com ouro, 7,0%. A fabricação de filmes pode melhorar a aplicação dos fotocatalisadores por facilitar sua recuperação, prevenir perdas e diminuir a aglomeração de material. Os filmes de niobato e niobato com Pt foram montados utilizando a técnica Layer-by-Layer (LbL) devido sua facilidade e versatilidade. Os filmes foram caracterizados quanto às suas propriedades morfológicas, fotocatalíticas e fotoeletroquímicas. Na fotodegradação de azul de metileno, ambos os filmes resultaram em eficiências fotônicas semelhantes (ξ = 0,1%). Em contrapartida, para a produção fotocatalítica de H2, a presença da Pt nos filmes resultou em uma eficiência duas vezes maior (ξ = 1,2%) em relação ao filme de niobato (ξ = 0,6%). O aumento do número de bicamadas ocasionou o aumentou linear da velocidade de produção de H2, indicando que a imobilização do material não ocasionou a perda de sítios ativos.
As the technological development and population growth continuously increases, energy consumption is becoming higher over the years. In this aspect, photocatalysis attracts great interest due to its potential to harvest and convert solar energy. In a national scenario, layered niobates are interesting materials to act as photocatalysts, since Brazil accounts for 98% of the world’s niobium reserves. In this work application of K4Nb6O17 as a photocatalyst both, in powder form and immobilized as thin films, was investigated. K4Nb6O17 was prepared by the solid state reaction between Nb2O5 and K2CO3 and then it was exfoliated in tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution. The exfoliated niobate was modified with platinum using two different precursors, H2PtCl6 and [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2, and it was also combined with gold nanoparticles. The samples were characterized by different techniques and the photocatalytic performance was evaluated for methylene blue and methanol oxidation and for H2 production. In the dye photodegradation, the unmodified exfoliated niobate exhibited the highest photonic efficieny (ξ = 2.1%). In contrast, for the methanol photodegradation and H2 evolution, the modified samples presented higher photocatalytic performance than the exfoliated niobate. For H2 evolution, photonic efficiencies close to 0.2% were obtained for samples modified by Pt and Au. For methanol photodegradation, the Pt-niobate composites exhibited photonic efficiencies close to 4.0% and the Au-niobate 7.0%. The assembly of thin films can favor the application as photocatalysts due to ease of recovering, smaller losses and reduced material agglomeration. The bare niobate and the Pt-niobate films were assembled by the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technique because of its easiness and versatility. The films were characterized towards their morphology, photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical properties. For methylene blue photodegradation, both films resulted in similar photonic efficiencies (ξ = 0.1%). In contrast, for the H2 photocatalytic production, the presence of Pt in the films resulted in a photonic efficiency twice higher (ξ = 1.2%) than the bare niobate film (ξ = 0.6%). The increase in the bilayers number caused a linear increase of the H2 evolution rate, indicating that the material immobilization did not lead to the active sites losses.
Dissertação (Mestrado)
Oliveira, André Luiz Menezes de. "Síntese e caracterização de pós e filmes finos de SrSn1-xTixO3." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7146.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Strontium stannate (SrSnO3) and titanate (SrTiO3) are perovskite type oxides that have orthorhombic (Pbnm) and cubic (Pm3m) structures, respectively. These materials have received much attention due to their interesting physical and chemical characteristics, leading to a variety of technological applications. In this sense, these two materials were combined to each other in order to obtain powders and thin films of a solid solution, SrSn1-xTixO3. In relation to the powders, this solid solution presented successive phase transitions ranging from orthorhombic and tetragonal structures to a cubic one with increasing of Ti4+ amount in the composition. These transitions were observed by XRD Rietveld refinement of the samples and confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The different crystalline structures of the compositions within the solid solution led to different photoluminescent properties in the visible spectrum varying the range of emission, moving from a lower energy region to a higher one with increasing of Ti4+ in the structure (from orthorhombic (SrSnO3), tetragonal (SrSn0.75Ti0.25O3) to cubic (SrSn0.50Ti0.50O3 ; SrSn0.25Ti0.75O3 and SrTiO3). These emissions were probably favored by specific defects created inside the band gap of these materials. On the other hand, the thin films of this system showed different growth orientations that are associated to the crystalline nature of the substrates, the composition of the thin films and the deposition method (Chemical Solution Deposition - CSD - and Pulsed Laser Deposition - PLD). The films deposited on silica substrate were polycrystalline (random growth of the crystallites), whereas the films deposited on sapphire-R (Al2O3-012) were also polycrystalline, with a preferred orientation (h00) for the films deposited by PLD (textured growth), except SrTiO3 which was rotated 45° epitaxially in the sapphire plane. On the contrary, all of the films deposited on LAO (LaAlO3-100) had an (h00) epitaxial growth. In addition to that, the morphological characteristics and photocatalytic properties were strongly influenced also by the same parameters described above. Regarding the photocatalytic efficiency of the films, those obtained by CSD were more efficient than the ones obtained by PLD. Moreover, the films with Sn4+ richer compositions were the most active in the photodegradation of the azo dye Remazol yellow gold, reaching a maximum efficiency with the polycrystalline SrSnO3 thin film obtained by CSD whose degradation and decolorization percentage were 55 and 90 %, respectively. The type of orientation of the SrSnO3 films showed also a strong influence on the photodegradation of the dye. The polycrystalline films with a random orientation obtained on silica were more efficient than the textured films and these ones were more than the epitaxial films
O estanato (SrSnO3) e o titanato de estrôncio (SrTiO3) são óxidos do tipo perovskita que apresentam estrutura ortorrômbica (Pbnm) e cúbica (Pm3m), respectivamente. Estes materiais têm recebido bastante atenção nos últimos anos devido às suas características físicas e químicas interessantes, levando a diferentes tipos de aplicações tecnológicas. Portanto, estes dois materiais foram combinados com intuito de obter uma solução sólida, SrSn1-xTixO3, na forma de pós e filmes finos. Em relação aos pós, esta solução sólida apresentou transições de fase sucessivas com o aumento da quantidade de Ti4+ no sistema, passando de uma estrutura ortorrômbica à tetragonal levando à cúbica. Estas transições foram observadas através de difração de raios-X e refinamento Rietveld, e confirmadas por espectroscopia vibracional Raman. Os diferentes tipos de estrutura cristalina das composições da solução sólida levaram a diferentes propriedades fotoluminescentes no espectro visível, variando a região de emissão de mais baixa à mais alta energia com o aumento de Ti4+ na estrutura, ou seja, passando da estrutura ortorrômbica (SrSnO3), tetragonal (SrSn0,75Ti0,25O3) até à cúbica (SrSn0,50Ti0,50O3, SrSn0,25Ti0,75O3 e SrTiO3). Estas emissões foram provavelmente favorecidas pelos tipos de defeitos específicos criados dentro do band gap destes materiais. Por outro lado, os filmes finos deste sistema apresentaram diferentes tipos de crescimento os quais são associados à natureza cristalina dos substratos, composição dos filmes e com o método de deposição utilizado (método de deposição química em solução - CSD - e método de deposição por laser pulsado PLD). Os filmes depositados sobre sílica e safira-R (Al2O3-012) apresentaram como policristalinos (crescimento aleatorio dos cristalitos), enquanto os filmes depositados por PLD apresentaram orientação preferencial (h00) (crescimento texturizado), com exceção do filme de SrTiO3 que é epitaxial rotacionado em 45º no plano da safira-R. Todos os filmes depositados através dos dois métodos de deposição sobre LAO (LaAlO3-100) apresentaram um crescimento epitaxial (h00). Além disso, as características morfológicas e as propriedades fotocatalíticas também apresentaram forte influencia dos mesmos parâmetros acima citados. Em relação às propriedades fotocatalíticas, os filmes obtidos pelo método CSD apresentaram maior eficiência que os obtidos por PLD e os filmes com composições mais ricas em Sn4+ foram os mais ativos na fotodegradação do corante azo Remazol amarelo ouro, chegando a uma eficiência fotocatalítica máxima com o filme policristalino de SrSnO3 obtido por CSD com percentagem de degradação e de descoloração de 55 e 90 %, respectivamente. A orientação dos filmes de SrSnO3 também mostrou uma forte influencia na fotodegradação do corante, sendo os filmes policristalinos com orientação aleatória mais eficiente que o texturizado e estes por sua vez mais eficientes que os epitaxiais
Sales, Herbet Bezerra. "Sr1-xBaxSnO3 avaliação fotocatalítica de pós e filmes finos obtidos por PLD." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7161.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Barium stannate (BaSnO3) and strontium stannate (SrSnO3) are perovskites type oxyde that have cubic (Pm3m) and orthorhombic (Pbnm) structures, respectively. These materials have received much attention due to their interesting physical and chemical characteristics, leading to a variety of technological applications. In this sense, these two materials were combined to each other in order to obtain powders and thin films of a solid solution, Sr1-xBaxSnO3, with (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50. 0.75 e 1). The solid solution in the of powder presented successive phase transitions ranging from orthorhombic and tetragonal structures to a cubic one with increasing of Ba2+ amount in the composition. These transitions were observed by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement, and confirmed by raman vibrational spectroscopy. Moreover, the crystal structures were also characterized by infrared vibrational spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and, vibrational spectroscopy. The different types of crystalline structures compositions of the solid solution had different percentage values against the photodiscoloration of the azo dye Remazol yellow gold -RNL. The results indicated that the direct mechanism is probably the most suitable for the cubic structure (BaSnO3), while the indirect gift for this orthorhombic structure (SrSnO3). Moreover, the thin films obtained from cubic system (BaSnO3) showed different growth associated with crystal structure of the substrate, the film composition and the deposition method used (deposition method by a pulsed laser ablation - PLD). The films deposited on amorphous silica and R-sapphire (Al2O3-012) showed polycrystalline growth while the films deposited on LAO (LaAlO3-100) showed an epitaxial growth (h00). In addition, morphological and photoluminescent properties also had suffered strong influence of the above parameters. Regarding the photoluminescent properties, these seem to be specifically related to the type of growth of the films, ie films deposited on LAO showed photoluminescent emission in the visible region a unlike the films occur due to deposited on silica and sapphire-R where a structural short-range order in the film / substrate interface has not led to photoluminescent emissions. Regarding the photocatalytic properties, the films obtained by PLD and with richer compositions Ba2+ were the most active in discoloration yellow gold remazol dye, reaching a maximum photocatalytic efficiency with polycrystalline film BaSnO3 deposited on R-sapphire 84.4 %. The polycrystalline films Sr1-xBaxSnO3 deposited on substrates amorphous silica and LAO also showed strong activity in discoloration of the dye, being more efficient than the polycrystalline epitaxial films. Keywords: Barium stannate, strontium stannate, PLD, photocatalysis, photoluminescence, remazol yellow gold, thin films, descoloration.
O estanato de bário (BaSnO3) e o estanato de estrôncio (SrSnO3) são óxidos do tipo perovskita que apresentam estrutura cúbica (mPm3) e ortorrômbica (Pbnm), respectivamente. Estes materiais possuem propriedades químicas bastante interessantes que levam a diversos tipos de aplicações no ramo tecnológico. Portanto, estes dois materiais combinados foram sintetizados tanto na forma de pó quanto de filmes finos com o objetivo de se obter a solução sólida, Sr1-xBaxSnO3, com (x = 0; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1). A solução sólida na forma de pó apresentou sucessivas transições de fases com o aumento da quantidade do cátion Ba2+ presente no sistema, passando da estrutura ortorrômbica à tetragonal chegando à cúbica. Estas transições foram observadas pelos difratogramas de raios-X e refinamento Rietveld, sendo confirmada por espectroscopia vibracional raman. Ademais, as estruturas cristalinas também foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho (IV), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia vibracional de UV-visível. Os diferentes tipos de estruturas cristalinas das composições da solução sólida apresentaram diferentes valores percentuais frente à fotodescoloração do azo-corante remazol amarelo ouro RNL. Os resultados mostraram que o mecanismo direto provavelmente é o mais indicado para a estrutura cúbica do BaSnO3, enquanto que, o indireto está presente para estrutura ortorrômbica do SrSnO3. Os filmes finos obtidos do sistema cúbico (BaSnO3) apresentaram diferentes tipos de crescimentos associados às estruturas cristalinas dos substratos, composição do filme e com o método de deposição utilizado (método de deposição por ablação a laser pulsado PLD). Os filmes depositados sobre sílica amorfa e safira-R (Al2O3-012) apresentaram crescimento policristalino, enquanto os filmes depositados sobre LAO (LaAlO3-100) apresentaram um crescimento epitaxial (h00). Além disto, as características morfológicas e fotoluminescentes também foram influenciadas pelos parâmetros acima citados. Em relação às propriedades fotoluminescentes, estas especificamente parecem estar relacionadas com o tipo de crescimento dos filmes, ou seja, os filmes depositados sobre LAO apresentaram emissão fotoluminescente na região do visível devido ocorrer uma desordem a curto alcance na interface filme/substrato diferentemente dos filmes depositados sobre sílica e safira-R, onde uma ordem estrutural a curto alcance na interface filme/substrato não conduziu a emissões fotoluminescentes. Em relação às propriedades fotocatalíticas, os filmes obtidos por PLD e os filmes com composições mais ricas em Ba2+ foram os mais ativos na descoloração do corante remazol amarelo ouro, chegando a uma eficiência fotocatalítica máxima com o filme policristalino de BaSnO3 depositado sobre safira-R de 84,4 %. Os filmes policristalinos de Sr1-xBaxSnO3 depositados sobre os substratos de sílica amorfa e LAO também mostrou uma forte atividade na fotodescoloração do corante, sendo os filmes policristalinos mais eficientes que os epitaxiais.
Souza, Diego Holanda Pereira de. "Investigação de reações fotoinduzidas sob luz visível em filmes mesoporosos de TiO2 puros e modificados com nanopartículas de ouro via espectrometria de massas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-12122018-100529/.
Full textTitania (TiO2) is a widely studied material due to its low toxicity, high availability and to have properties that allow it to be used in a variety of photocatalytic applications. Its photocatalytic activity against the degradation of organic contaminants, for instance, can be even improved when preparing a mixture of phases of this material, as TiO2 P- 25 presents. However, its high band gap allows it to be used only when affected by high energy electromagnetic radiation (λ< 390 nm). The present work demonstrates that when TiO2 P-25 is synthesized in the form of mesoporous films, its band gap is reduced, and it starts to present photocatalytic activity under visible light. This reduction is attributed to the heat treatment that is applied during the preparation process of the material. In order to verify its activity in the absence of UV radiation, a study was conducted based on the analysis of the photodegradation rate of 2-naphthol, methyl orange and 2,4,6-trimercapto-1,3,5-triazine molecules by mass spectrometry using the compound ammonium hexafluorophosphate as an internal standard. The developed methodology can also be applied to conduct other semiquantitative assays via mass spectrometry. It was observed that TiO2 films induced 2-naphthol photooxidation under visible light and in the presence of oxygen gas after 6 hours of reaction. Photodegradation of methyl orange and 2,4,6-trimercapto-1,3,5-triazine was also confirmed, yet at a slower rate. The process was also observed by the identification of a methyl orange photooxidation by-product in the mass spectrum and from the decay of its absorption peak at 468 nm by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. It was also observed that titania may have its photocatalytic activity reduced by raising the pH of the medium. Furthermore, it was also produced titania films modified with gold nanoparticles through use of thioglycolic acid as a mediator and by drop casting method. Both techniques formed homogeneous films of gold nanoparticles over TiO2, and their photocatalytic activity were also evaluated. Nevertheless, the presence of the metal impaired the photocatalytic efficiency of titania by inhibiting its activity when excited by visible light. All in all, pure TiO2 P-25 films work under incidence of a wider range of the solar spectrum and has also the advantage of functioning as heterogeneous catalysts for photodegradation reactions of organic molecules and can be easily removed from the reaction medium at the end of the process.
MARCELLO, BIANCA A. "Caracterização microestrutural, morfológica e fotocatalítica de filmes finos de TiO2 obtidos por deposição química de organometálicos em fase vapor." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2015. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26376.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T12:14:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Baccaro, Alexandre Luiz Bonizio. "Fenômeno fotoeletrocatalítico mediada por UV/TiO2: da rápida imobilização do TiO2 P25 em eletrodos de ouro ao seu comportamento na fotooxidação do sistema modelo EDTA em células de camada delgada irradiadas por LED UV." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-26062017-143432/.
Full textThe lengthy thermal treatment is a common step during the preparation and immobilization of photocatalysers on substrates, which by the way, was overcome in this thesis by the investigation of two strategies of modification of gold electrodes with P25 TiO2. The first one consists in promoting the formation of a nanolayer by the simple exposure of the metal surface to an aqueous suspension of TiO2 (10 g L-1 on 0.1 mol L-1 HCl) during 1 min; the second involves the deposition of a small drop (5 or 8 L) of the suspension on the gold substrate (drop coating) and its drying by irradiation with an incandescent lamp (60 W at 20 cm far), with worthy results also for two or three deposited layers. The stability of this aqueous suspension was appreciably improved by the repulverization of commercial P25 in a grinding mortar. As a consequence the photocatalytic activity conferred to the electrode by the formation of the TiO2 nanofilm doubled. Such improvements cannot be attained by bath sonication of the suspension. The average particle size determined by DLS for the TiO2 dispersed in 0.1 mol L-1 HCl was 103±3 nm, while the film deposited on the surface of gold consisted of particles of 20 nmn (anatase) and 30 nm (rutile) characterized by TEM and barely achieved a thickness of 100 nm (characterized by SEM and EDS). The stability of the modifying suspension is susceptible to the type of anion of the electrolyte. Good results were found with 0.1 mol L-1 HCl and HClO4, but not with 0.1 mol L-1 H2SO4. This last medium causes fast sedimentation of TiO2 and generates electrodes with one tenth of the photoactivity achieved with the other acids. The effect of film thickness on the photoactivity was evaluated for films with 100 nm and 2.0 µm prepared from a 10 g L-1 TiO2 suspension by the contact and drop coating (5 µL) strategies, respectively. The electron transport across both films and the electrochemical response for the 1.0 mmol L-1 Fe(CN) 63- probe was compared. The formal net charge for the 1.0 mmol L-1 EDTA oxidation was only 50 % higher for the 20x thicker film that also considerably distorts the voltammetric waves of the aforementioned reversible probe. The effect of different supporting electrolytes (0.1 mol L-1 acids) on the anodic photooxidation processes in general was tested with electrodes modified by an optimized drop coating protocol (8.0 µL of 2 µg L-1 TiO2). The curve describing the photocurrent decay in function of time might be ascribed to an equation of double exponential decay iph = i0 + A1 exp(k1t) + A2 exp (k2t), which allows the distinction of the contribution of water oxidation (i0) from terms of two types of surface sites: a kinetically fast site and a slow one. The total initial photocurrent (iph0 total) of the following electrolytes decays in the order: HNO3 > HClO4 > HCl > H2SO4 > H3PO4; explanations comprise the adsorbability of each respective anion on TiO2 and the reactivity of the corresponding traps formed. Similar curve fitting applied to the data of photoactivity of the gold electrode during successive irradiations of its surface in 0.1 mol L-1 HNO3 (absence of EDTA) revealed that sites reactivities underwent considerable reduction. It is suggested that during repetitive experiments the sites are impaired by the formation of surface peroxides. However, in the presence of 1.0 mmol L-1 of EDTA, the formal net charge of oxidation of the organic species remains almost unaltered. Ultimately, the experiments concerning the photooxidation of EDTA under linear potential scan revealed a region of linear relation between the photocurrent and the potential applied to the electrode modified with a TiO2 film (nanometric or micrometric), which holds until the saturation photocurrent is attained. This behavior is typical for porous non-doped nanoparticulate electrodes. The slope of the linear region increase somewhat with the EDTA concentration, as though the conductance values (di/dE) were raised depending on the interfacial reaction rate. The fitting of a hyperbolic model R = R0 + kIsph-1 for the correlation of the (photo)resistence (R) of the film with the photocurrent of saturation (Isph) allows the estimation of an ohmic resistance of 5.0 kΩ, and a photopotential related constant of 237 mA Ω. The curve of correlation between Isph and the [EDTA] is linear fit until 0.7 mmol L-1, suggesting that in this initial region the mass transport to the interface is the limiting step of the global process. Above that concentration, the slope of the curve is gradually reduced as the kinetic of capture of the holes becomes the determining step and from 5.0 mmol L-1 on an asymptotic Isph is reached (under the conditions of the experiments), where the holes photogeneration might start governing.
Złotnik, Sebastian Czesław. "Functional alkali tantalate 2D structures for microelectronics and related applications." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15893.
Full textAlkali tantalates and niobates, including K(Ta / Nb)O3, Li(Ta / Nb)O3 and Na(Ta / Nb)O3, are a very promising ferroic family of lead-free compounds with perovskite-like structures. Their versatile properties make them potentially interesting for current and future application in microelectronics, photocatalysis, energy and biomedics. Among them potassium tantalate, KTaO3 (KTO), has been raising interest as an alternative for the well-known strontium titanate, SrTiO3 (STO). KTO is a perovskite oxide with a quantum paraelectric behaviour when electrically stimulated and a highly polarizable lattice, giving opportunity to tailor its properties via external or internal stimuli. However problems related with the fabrication of either bulk or 2D nanostructures makes KTO not yet a viable alternative to STO. Within this context and to contribute scientifically to the leverage tantalate based compounds applications, the main goals of this thesis are: i) to produce and characterise thin films of alkali tantalates by chemical solution deposition on rigid Si based substrates, at reduced temperatures to be compatible with Si technology, ii) to fulfil scientific knowledge gaps in these relevant functional materials related to their energetics and ii) to exploit alternative applications for alkali tantalates, as photocatalysis. In what concerns the synthesis attention was given to the understanding of the phase formation in potassium tantalate synthesized via distinct routes, to control the crystallization of desired perovskite structure and to avoid low temperature pyrochlore or K-deficient phases. The phase formation process in alkali tantalates is far from being deeply analysed, as in the case of Pb-containing perovskites, therefore the work was initially focused on the process-phase relationship to identify the driving forces responsible to regulate the synthesis. Comparison of phase formation paths in conventional solid-state reaction and sol-gel method was conducted. The structural analyses revealed that intermediate pyrochlore K2Ta2O6 structure is not formed at any stage of the reaction using conventional solid-state reaction. On the other hand in the solution based processes, as alkoxide-based route, the crystallization of the perovskite occurs through the intermediate pyrochlore phase; at low temperatures pyrochlore is dominant and it is transformed to perovskite at >800 °C. The kinetic analysis carried out by using Johnson-MehlAvrami-Kolmogorow model and quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that in sol-gel derived powders the crystallization occurs in two stages: i) at early stage of the reaction dominated by primary nucleation, the mechanism is phase-boundary controlled, and ii) at the second stage the low value of Avrami exponent, n ~ 0.3, does not follow any reported category, thus not permitting an easy identification of the mechanism. Then, in collaboration with Prof. Alexandra Navrotsky group from the University of California at Davis (USA), thermodynamic studies were conducted, using high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry. The enthalpies of formation of three structures: pyrochlore, perovskite and tetragonal tungsten bronze K6Ta10.8O30 (TTB) were calculated. The enthalpies of formation from corresponding oxides, ∆Hfox, for KTaO3, KTa2.2O6 and K6Ta10.8O30 are -203.63 ± 2.84 kJ/mol, - 358.02 ± 3.74 kJ/mol, and -1252.34 ± 10.10 kJ/mol, respectively, whereas from elements, ∆Hfel, for KTaO3, KTa2.2O6 and K6Ta10.8O30 are -1408.96 ± 3.73 kJ/mol, -2790.82 ± 6.06 kJ/mol, and -13393.04 ± 31.15 kJ/mol, respectively. The possible decomposition reactions of K-deficient KTa2.2O6 pyrochlore to KTaO3 perovskite and Ta2O5 (reaction 1) or to TTB K6Ta10.8O30 and Ta2O5 (reaction 2) were proposed, and the enthalpies were calculated to be 308.79 ± 4.41 kJ/mol and 895.79 ± 8.64 kJ/mol for reaction 1 and reaction 2, respectively. The reactions are strongly endothermic, indicating that these decompositions are energetically unfavourable, since it is unlikely that any entropy term could override such a large positive enthalpy. The energetic studies prove that pyrochlore is energetically more stable phase than perovskite at low temperature. Thus, the local order of the amorphous precipitates drives the crystallization into the most favourable structure that is the pyrochlore one with similar local organization; the distance between nearest neighbours in the amorphous or short-range ordered phase is very close to that in pyrochlore. Taking into account the stoichiometric deviation in KTO system, the selection of the most appropriate fabrication / deposition technique in thin films technology is a key issue, especially concerning complex ferroelectric oxides. Chemical solution deposition has been widely reported as a processing method to growth KTO thin films, but classical alkoxide route allows to crystallize perovskite phase at temperatures >800 °C, while the temperature endurance of platinized Si wafers is ~700 °C. Therefore, alternative diol-based routes, with distinct potassium carboxylate precursors, was developed aiming to stabilize the precursor solution, to avoid using toxic solvents and to decrease the crystallization temperature of the perovskite phase. Studies on powders revealed that in the case of KTOac (solution based on potassium acetate), a mixture of perovskite and pyrochlore phases is detected at temperature as low as 450 °C, and gradual transformation into monophasic perovskite structure occurs as temperature increases up to 750 °C, however the desired monophasic KTaO3 perovskite phase is not achieved. In the case of KTOacac (solution with potassium acetylacetonate), a broad peak is detected at temperatures <650 °C, characteristic of amorphous structures, while at higher temperatures diffraction lines from pyrochlore and perovskite phases are visible and a monophasic perovskite KTaO3 is formed at >700 °C. Infrared analysis indicated that the differences are due to a strong deformation of the carbonate-based structures upon heating. A series of thin films of alkali tantalates were spin-coated onto Si-based substrates using diol-based routes. Interestingly, monophasic perovskite KTaO3 films deposited using KTOacac solution were obtained at temperature as low as 650 °C; films were annealed in rapid thermal furnace in oxygen atmosphere for 5 min with heating rate 30 °C/sec. Other compositions of the tantalum based system as LiTaO3 (LTO) and NaTaO3 (NTO), were successfully derived as well, onto Si substrates at 650 °C as well. The ferroelectric character of LTO at room temperature was proved. Some of dielectric properties of KTO could not be measured in parallel capacitor configuration due to either substrate-film or filmelectrode interfaces. Thus, further studies have to be conducted to overcome this issue. Application-oriented studies have also been conducted; two case studies: i) photocatalytic activity of alkali tantalates and niobates for decomposition of pollutant, and ii) bioactivity of alkali tantalate ferroelectric films as functional coatings for bone regeneration. Much attention has been recently paid to develop new type of photocatalytic materials, and tantalum and niobium oxide based compositions have demonstrated to be active photocatalysts for water splitting due to high potential of the conduction bands. Thus, various powders of alkali tantalates and niobates families were tested as catalysts for methylene blue degradation. Results showed promising activities for some of the tested compounds, and KNbO3 is the most active among them, reaching over 50 % degradation of the dye after 7 h under UVA exposure. However further modifications of powders can improve the performance. In the context of bone regeneration, it is important to have platforms that with appropriate stimuli can support the attachment and direct the growth, proliferation and differentiation of the cells. In lieu of this here we exploited an alternative strategy for bone implants or repairs, based on charged mediating signals for bone regeneration. This strategy includes coating metallic 316L-type stainless steel (316L-SST) substrates with charged, functionalized via electrical charging or UV-light irradiation, ferroelectric LiTaO3 layers. It was demonstrated that the formation of surface calcium phosphates and protein adsorption is considerably enhanced for 316L-SST functionalized ferroelectric coatings. Our approach can be viewed as a set of guidelines for the development of platforms electrically functionalized that can stimulate tissue regeneration promoting direct integration of the implant in the host tissue by bone ingrowth and, hence contributing ultimately to reduce implant failure.
Tantalatos e niobatos alcalinos, como K(Ta / Nb)O3, Li(Ta / Nb)O3 and Na(Ta / Nb)O3, são uma família atrativa de compostos ferroeléctricos livres de chumbo com estrutura perosvquítica. As suas propriedades versáteis fazem destes potencialmente interessantes para aplicações em microelectrónica, foto catálise, energia e biomédica. Entre os compostos acima citados, os compostos de tantalato de potássio, KTaO3 (KTO), tem atraído bastante atenção como substitutos para o amplamente conhecido titanato de estrôncio, SrTiO3 (STO). KTO é um óxido perovsquítico com comportamento paraelétrico quântico, quando eletricamente estimulado, e elevada polaribilidade tornando viável engenhar as suas propriedades através de estímulos internos e externos. No entanto os problemas na sua produção, quer em macroescala quer em nanoestruturas 2D, tornam estes compostos numa alternativa pouco viável para a substituir o STO. Consequentemente, e de forma a contribuir cientificamente para aumentar o conhecimento sobre as aplicações dos tantalatos, os principais objectivos desta tese são: i) produzir e caracterizar filmes finos de tantalatos alcalinos através de deposição de solução química em substratos rígidos, à base de silício, e a baixas temperaturas de forma a serem compatíveis com a tecnologia de silício; ii) complementar o conhecimento científico sobre estes materiais funcionais relativamente às suas características termodinâmicas; iii) explorar aplicações alternativas para os tantalatos alcalinos, como a foto catálise. No que diz respeito à síntese, foi focalizada no entendimento da formação de fase no tantalato de potássio sintetizado por diferentes métodos, de modo a controlar a cristalização da estrutura perovsquítica desejada e evitar a formação da fase pirocloro a baixas temperaturas e fases deficientes em potássio. Em tantalatos alcalinos o processo de formação da fase desejada está longe de estar plenamente analisado, como é o caso das perovsquites que contêm chumbo, consequentemente o trabalho foi inicialmente focado na compreensão da relação processo-fase para identificar as forças motrizes responsáveis por regular o processo de síntese. Foi realizada um estudo comparativo da formação de fase via método convencional de reação do estado sólido e via método de sol-gel. A análise estrutural revelou que a estrutura piroclórica intermédia K2Ta2O6 não foi formada em nenhuma etapa da reação via método do estado sólido. Por outro lado em processos baseados em solução, como os baseados em alcóxidos, a cristalização perovsquítica ocorre através da indesejada fase pirocloro intermédia; a baixas temperaturas a fase pirocloro é dominante e sofre a transformação para perovsquite a >800 °C. A análise cinética efectuada usando o modelo Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorow e a difração de raio-X quantitativa (DRX), demonstraram que nos pós obtidos pelo método sol-gel, a cristalização ocorre em duas etapas: i) no estágio inicial a reação é denominada por nucleação primária, o mecanismo é controlado por fronteira de fase, e ii) no segundo estágio, o baixo valor do expoente de Avrami, n ~ 0.3, não segue nenhuma categoria reportada impossibilitando assim uma clara identificação do mecanismo. Posteriormente, e em colaboração com o grupo da Professora Alexandra Navrostky da Universidade da Califórnia, Davis, foram realizados estudos de termodinâmica, usando calorimetria de solução de óxidos fundidos a alta temperatura. Foram calculadas as entalpias de formação das três estruturas: pirocloro, perovsquite e tetragonal tungsténio bronze K6Ta10.8O30 (TTB). As entalpias de formação relativas aos óxidos correspondentes, ∆Hfox, para KTaO3, KTa2.2O6 e K6Ta10.8O30, são -203.63 ± 2.84 kJ/mol, 358.02 ± 3.74 kJ/mol e -1252.34 ± 10.10 kJ/mol, respectivamente; enquanto que as relativas aos elementos, ∆Hfel, para KTaO3, KTa2.2O6 e K6Ta10.8O30 são 1408.96 ± 3.73 kJ/mol, -2790.82 ± 6.06 kJ/mol e -13393.04 ± 31.15 kJ/mol, respectivamente. As possíveis reações de decomposição, de KTa2.2O6 para KTaO3 e Ta2O5 (reação 1) ou para K6Ta10.8O30 e Ta2O5 (reação 2), foram propostas e o cálculo das entalpias resultou em 308.79 ± 4.41 kJ/mol e 895.79 ± 8.64 kJ/mol, respectivamente. As reações são fortemente endotérmicas, indicando que estas decomposições são energeticamente desfavoráveis, uma vez que é improvável que qualquer termo de entropia possa sobrepor-se a uma entalpia tão positiva. Os estudos termodinâmicos provaram que o pirocloro é energeticamente mais estável que a perovsquite para temperaturas baixas. Assim, a organização local dos precipitados amorfos canaliza a cristalização para a estrutura mais favorável, que é a pirocloro com uma organização local similar; a distância entre os vizinhos mais próximos na fase amorfa, ou na fase ordenada a baixo alcance, é similar à do pirocloro. Tendo em conta a derivação estequiométrica no sistema KTO, selecionar a técnica de fabricação / deposição de filmes finos mais apropriada é uma questão-chave, especialmente no que concerne aos óxidos ferroeléctricos complexos. A deposição por solução química tem sido o método de processamento mais reportado, para crescimento de filmes finos de KTO, mas o método clássico de alcóxidos permite cristalizar a fase perovsquite a temperaturas >800 °C enquanto que a temperatura máxima de estabilidade para os substratos de silício platinizado é ~700 °C. Portanto, foi usado um processo alternativo baseado em dióis, com precursores carboxilados de potássio, com o objectivo de estabilizar os precursores em solução, evitando assim o uso de solventes tóxicos e diminuindo a temperatura de cristalização da fase perovsquite. A análise dos pós revelou que no caso de KTOac (solução baseada em acetato de potássio), uma mistura de fase perovsquite e pirocloro foi detectada a uma temperatura de apenas 450 °C, e a transformação gradual em estrutura perovsquítica monofásica ocorre quando as temperaturas sobem acima de 750 °C, no entanto a fase KTaO3 monofásica não é obtida. No caso do KTOacac (solução com acetil-acetona de potássio, cadeia alquílica longa carboxilato de metal), um amplo pico é detectado a temperaturas <650 °C, característico de estruturas amorfas, enquanto que a elevadas temperaturas, os planos de difração das fases pirocloro e perovsquite são visíveis e a perovsquite KTaO3 monofásica é conseguida a temperaturas >700 °C. A análise de infravermelhos mostrou que estas diferenças acontecem devido à deformação da estrutura base dos carbonatos sob aquecimento. Uma série de filmes finos de tantalatos alcalinos foram depositados por spincoating em substratos de silício, usando a metodologia baseada em dióis. Filmes monofásicos de perovsquite KTaO3 depositados usando solução de KTOacac foram obtidos a uma temperatura de apenas 550 °C; os filmes foram recristralizados em fornos de aquecimento rápido em atmosfera de oxigénio durante 5 minutos com taxa de aquecimento de 30 °C/seg. Outras composições, LiTaO3 (LTO) e NaTaO3 (NTO), foram depositados com sucesso em substratos de silício a 650 °C. O carácter ferroeléctrico do LTO à temperatura ambiente foi provado. Infelizmente, não foi possível medir as propriedades eléctricas do KTO no condensador paralelo devido às interfaces filme-substrato ou filme-eléctrodo. Assim sendo, estudos futuros são necessários para compreender esta questão. Foram também conduzidos estudos com vista às possíveis aplicações; dois casos de estudo: i) estudo da atividade fotocatalítica de tantalatos e niobatos alcalinos para decomposição de poluentes, e ii) estudo de bioatividade de filmes ferroelétricos de tantalatos alcalinos como revestimento funcional para regeneração óssea. Recentemente, tem sido dedicada muita atenção ao desenvolvimento de novos materiais fotocatalíticos, e as composições à base de óxido de tântalo e nióbio tem demonstrado capacidade de fotocatálise na reação de separação da água devido ao elevado potencial das bandas de condução. Assim, várias composições das famílias dos tantalatos e niobatos alcalinos foram testadas como catalisadores para degradação do azul de metileno. Os resultados mostram valores de atividade promissores para alguns dos compostos, sendo o KNbO3 o mais ativo de entre os testados, alcançando valores acima de 50 % na degradação do pigmento após 7 h sob exposição a UVA. No entanto algumas modificações nas composições dos pós podem melhorar a sua performance. No que concerne à regeneração óssea, é importante obter plataformas que através de estímulos apropriados consigam assegurar a adesão e direcionar o crescimento, a proliferação e a diferenciação celular. Neste contexto, foi aqui explorada uma estratégia alternativa para revestimento de implantes ósseos, baseada na regeneração óssea mediada por sinais elétricos. Esta estratégia implica revestir substratos metálicos de aço inoxidável tipo 316L (316L-SST), com camadas de LiTaO3 ferroeléctrico, funcionalizadas através de polarização elétrica ou de irradiação com luz UV. Foi demonstrado que a formação de fosfato de cálcio na superfície e a adsorção de proteínas é consideravelmente melhorada quando o 316L-SST é revestido com filmes ferroelétricos funcionalizados. Esta estratégia pode ser encarada como um conjunto de orientações para o desenvolvimento de plataformas eletricamente funcionalizadas, capazes de estimular a regeneração de tecidos, promovendo a associação direta do implante com os tecidos hospedeiros, contribuindo assim para a redução de falhas na reabilitação com implantes ósseos.
Oliveira, André Luiz Menezes de. "Synthèse et Caractérisation de poudres et couches minces de SrSn₁₋ₓ Ti ₓ O₃." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1S108/document.
Full textStrontium stannate (SrSnO3) and titanate (SrTiO3) are perovskite type oxides that have orthorhombic (Pbnm) and cubic (Pm3m) structures, respectively. These materials have received much attention due to their interesting physical and chemical characteristics, leading to a variety of technological applications. In this sense, these two materials were combined to each other in order to obtain powders and thin films of a solid solution, SrSn1-xTixO3. In relation to the powders, this solid solution presented successive phase transitions ranging from orthorhombic and tetragonal structures to a cubic one with increasing of Ti4+ amount in the composition. These transitions were observed by XRD Rietveld refinement of the samples and confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The different crystalline structures of the compositions within the solid solution led to different photoluminescent properties in the visible spectrum varying the range of emission, moving from a lower energy region to a higher one with increasing of Ti4+ in the structure (from orthorhombic (SrSnO3), tetragonal (SrSn0.75Ti0.25O3) to cubic (SrSn0.50Ti0.50O3 ; SrSn0.25Ti0.75O3 and SrTiO3). These emissions were probably favored by specific defects created inside the band gap of these materials. On the other hand, the thin films of this system showed different growth orientations that are associated to the crystalline nature of the substrates, the composition of the thin films and the deposition method (Chemical Solution Deposition - CSD - and Pulsed Laser Deposition - PLD). The films deposited on silica substrate were polycrystalline (random growth of the crystallites), whereas the films deposited on sapphire-R (Al2O3-012) were also polycrystalline, with a preferred orientation (h00) for the films deposited by PLD (textured growth), except SrTiO3 which was rotated 45° epitaxially in the sapphire plane. On the contrary, all of the films deposited on LAO (LaAlO3-100) had an (h00) epitaxial growth. In addition to that, the morphological characteristics and photocatalytic properties were strongly influenced also by the same parameters described above. Regarding the photocatalytic efficiency of the films, those obtained by CSD were more efficient than the ones obtained by PLD. Moreover, the films with Sn4+ richer compositions were the most active in the photodegradation of the azo dye Remazol yellow gold, reaching a maximum efficiency with the polycrystalline SrSnO3 thin film obtained by CSD whose degradation and decolorization percentage were 55 and 90 %, respectively. The type of orientation of the SrSnO3 films showed also a strong influence on the photodegradation of the dye. The polycrystalline films with a random orientation obtained on silica were more efficient than the textured films and these ones were more than the epitaxial films
O estanato (SrSnO3) e o titanato de estrôncio (SrTiO3) são óxidos do tipo perovskita que apresentam estrutura ortorrômbica (Pbnm) e cúbica (Pm3m), respectivamente. Estes materiais têm recebido bastante atenção nos últimos anos devido às suas características físicas e químicas interessantes, levando à diferentes tipos de aplicações tecnológicas. Portanto, estes dois materiais foram combinados com intuito de obter uma solução sólida, SrSn1-xTixO3, na forma de pós e filmes finos. Em relação aos pós, esta solução sólida apresentou transições de fase sucessivas com o aumento da quantidade de Ti4+ no sistema, passando de uma estrutura ortorrômbica à tetragonal levando à cúbica. Estas transições foram observadas através de difração de raios-X e refinamento Rietveld, e confirmadas por espectroscopia vibracional Raman. Os diferentes tipos de estrutura cristalina das composições da solução sólida levaram a diferentes propriedades fotoluminescentes no espectro visível, variando a região de emissão de mais baixa à mais alta energia com o aumento de Ti4+ na estrutura, ou seja, passando da estrutura ortorrômbica (SrSnO3), tetragonal (SrSn0,75Ti0,25O3) até à cúbica (SrSn0,50Ti0,50O3, SrSn0,25Ti0,75O3 e SrTiO3). Estas emissões foram provavelmente favorecidas pelos tipos de defeitos específicos criados dentro do band gap destes materiais. Por outro lado, os filmes finos deste sistema apresentaram diferentes tipos de crescimento os quais são associados à natureza cristalina dos substratos, composição dos filmes e com o método de deposição utilizado (método de deposição química em solução - CSD - e método de deposição por laser pulsado – PLD). Os filmes depositados sobre sílica e safira-R (Al2O3-012) apresentaram como policristalinos (crescimento aleatorio dos cristalitos), enquanto os filmes depositados por PLD apresentaram orientação preferencial (h00) (crescimento texturizado), com exceção do filme de SrTiO3 que é epitaxial rotacionado em 45º no plano da safira-R. Todos os filmes depositados através dos dois métodos de deposição sobre LAO (LaAlO3-100) apresentaram um crescimento epitaxial (h00). Além disso, as características morfológicas e as propriedades fotocatalíticas também apresentaram forte influencia dos mesmos parâmetros acima citados. Em relação às propriedades fotocatalíticas, os filmes obtidos pelo método CSD apresentaram maior eficiência que os obtidos por PLD e os filmes com composições mais ricas em Sn4+ foram os mais ativos na fotodegradação do corante azo Remazol amarelo ouro, chegando a uma eficiência fotocatalítica máxima com o filme policristalino de SrSnO3 obtido por CSD com percentagem de degradação e de descoloração de 55 e 90 %, respectivamente. A orientação dos filmes de SrSnO3 também mostrou uma forte influencia na fotodegradação do corante, sendo os filmes policristalinos com orientação aleatória mais eficiente que o texturizado e estes por sua vez mais eficientes que os epitaxiais
He, Jin-Jie, and 何晉杰. "The Application of Recycled Lanthanum Doped Titanium Dioxide Photocatalytic Air Filter in Acetone and NOx Degradation." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/login?o=dnclcdr&s=id=%22105CYCU5404025%22.&searchmode=basic.
Full text中原大學
環境工程學系
105
From the circular economy, we use lanthanum modified titanium dioxide from the waste phosphor powder extraction, and the use of lanthanum to repair titanium dioxide defects. In this study, tetrabutyl titanate(TBOT) was used as the raw material for titanium dioxide, supplemented with ethanol and low concentration of hydrochloric acid. Improve the traditional sol-gel method is to use a sealed container to encapsulate the TiO2-sol, and shorten the sol aging time at 60 ° C and 12 hours. The coating was uniformly coated on the ceramic filter by impregnation method, and the treatment performance of the photocatalytic material in the indoor low concentration of polluting gas was discussed. In this work, we report a suite way to synthetic lanthanum doped titanium dioxide photocatalytic coating on porous air filter in gas degradation with enhanced air pollution treatment efficiency for NO and Acetone removal. Compared to titanium dioxide, which is capable of removing 65% nitric oxide and acetone 28% under visible light conditions, the 0.5wt% La-TiO2 can mostly remove NO 93% and acetone 38% under the same conditions. Furthermore, the coating was designed to create more reaction contact surfaces interior while the lanthanum-doped titanium dioxide photocatalytic were constructed to facilitate surface charge carrier separation. The mechanisms for the improvement of the photocatalytic performance of the composites were discussed on the basis of the results. At last, the cost of as-prepared sample were be calculated as 13.4 NT per gram and P25 were 5.8 NT per gram. Complementary, the cost of as-prepared sample photocatalytic filter were be 182.3 NT each piece. Even the cost of as-prepared sample was higher than P25 2 times, but in the degradation of acetone or nitric oxide were better than P25.
Lou, Chia-Ling, and 婁嘉玲. "Germicidal Effects of Titanium Dioxide Photocatalytic Filters and Ultraviolet on Bioaerosols." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38946307358344778150.
Full text國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
93
The study evaluates germicidal effects of titanium dioxide photocatalytic filter and ultraviolet on bioaerosols. The experiment used a testing chamber to simulate an indoor HVAC system and four bioaerosols. The influences of microorganism species, UV length (365 nm, 254 nm), relative humidity (30%, 60%), and filters (uncoating and Degussa P25 TiO2 -coated filter, D-type TiO2 filter) on the germicidal effects with ACH are 1 h-1 and fresh ACH are 0.18 h-1. A Collison nebulizer generated Escherichia coli (E. coli), Bacillus. subtilis (B. subtilis), endospores, yeast cells of Candida famata (C. famata) var. flareri, and spores of Penicillum citrinum (P. citrinum). The viable bioaerosol concentration collected by Anderson one-stage sampler passed through TiO2-coated filters with and without ultraviolet irradiation. The filtration mechanism, PCO process and germicidal effects was determined as the parameters, decay constant (kn, ka-d, and ka-l), CADR(Qi), and removal efficiencies(η). Besides the parameters, we also investigated the proportion of filtration, ultraviolet irradiation, and PCO process. The experiment results demonstrated that PCO process wasn’t significant in HVAC system. In a word, with the 254 nm ultraviolet and photocatalytic filter, the removal efficiency would be increasing obviously. Raising the relative humidity in the control mechanism didn’t effects apparently. In a comparison of TiO2 filters, the difference of the results were also unobvious. It showed that the removal efficiency of E. coli are the best with the 254 nm ultraviolet and photocatalytic filter in HVAC system.
Chi, Sun Hui, and 孫慧圻. "Preparation of Novel Porous Ceramic Filter with Visible-light-driven Photocatalysis by Sol-gel Method." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06669159105232859122.
Full text逢甲大學
環境工程與科學學系
101
In this research, preparation of porous ceramic filter with the ability of visible-light-driven photocatalysis by sol-gel method was studied. This study utilized the mixing of alumina and silica to benefit alumina’s high specific surface area and porous properties. The study investigated the effects of adding alumina at different calcination temperatures and synthesis of filter materials using co-hydrolysis (CH) and separately peptized (SP). In addition, XRD, SEM, BET, and TGA were used to characterize the composite powder of alumina-silica mixtures doped with bismuth oxide. The experiments in this study have showed that the volume ratio of alumina to silica at 1:1 using SP method had the best result at a fixed calcination temperature of 450 ℃ and its specific surface area could achieve as high as 395.85 m²/g. Alumina-silica mixtures via the two sol–gel methods as mentioned did not have significant effects on optical properties and crystal-phase structures as observed by XRD. Compared to CH method, SP could result in higher surface area and smaller pore size. According to SEM and BET analyses, aggregation of particles had decreased specific surface area and enlarged pore size when calcination temperature exceeded 300 ℃. Specific surface area of the composite powder was 538.23 m²/g when the calcination temperature was performed at 450 ℃. Doping with bismuth oxide could effectively increase the harvesting of visible light and, therefore, lowered the direct band gap to 2.4 eV for the alumina-silica mixtures. XRD analysis results of the composite powder synthesized at temperatures of 300~450 ℃ has showed the formation of mixed phases of tetragonal β-Bi2O3 and tetragonal Bi2O2.33. TGA analysis indicated that the exothermic peak appeared at 300 ℃. This peak was demonstrated by the result from XRD analysis. XRD investigations indicated that prepared bismuth oxide were polycrystalline and multiphase. Thus, calcination temperature plays a key role in the composition and optical properties. Suspensions using 30 vol.% of solids (composite powder and sucrose) and 70 vol.% of liquids (isopropyl alcohol and PVP) were mixed and grinded in a jar. This mixture was coated onto a stainless steel sieve of 210 μm mesh and calcined at 250 ℃ to form a porous ceramic filter. The as-synthesized filter was tested for flux test run and the flux rate was stabilized at 45 LMH after 15 to 20 minutes.
Dias, Daniela Filipa Fernandes. "Filtração reativa em meios porosos foto-oxidativos." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/36167.
Full textO crescente aparecimento de micropoluentes orgânicos refratários às tecnologias convencionais instaladas na grande maioria das estações de tratamento de águas existentes (ETA e ETAR) e a sua introdução contínua no ambiente representam um risco latente para a saúde pública, agravado pelo seu caráter de bioacumulação e persistência, sendo já conhecidos efeitos nefastos nos seres vivos, tais como disfunções nos sistemas endócrino e reprodutivo, a ocorrência de abortos espontâneos, a incidência de neoplasias malignas e a indução de bactérias mais resistentes aos antibióticos. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho de investigação pretende dar um contributo para o desenvolvimento e aplicação de filtros foto-oxidativos na remoção de antibióticos (neste caso, o cloridrato de oxitetraciclina (OTC)), em meio aquoso, através da avaliação das eficiências do processo de fotocatálise heterogénea promovido durante a filtração. O método utilizado para a funcionalização do meio poroso concebido baseia-se na utilização de nanopartículas de dióxido de titânio (TiO2) imobilizadas em grãos de quartzo pelo método sol-gel. Nesta dissertação são apresentadas as metodologias desenvolvidas e aplicadas, bem como os resultados experimentais relativos aos ensaios de degradação da OTC efetuados em colunas de filtração expostas à radiação solar, com e sem o contributo de nanopartículas de TiO2, usado como catalisador. A determinação da concentração da OTC foi realizada por espectrometria UV – visível. No sentido de se avaliar se os subprodutos do processo de oxidação induzem ou não uma toxidade acrescida nas soluções aquosas, foi ainda efetuada uma análise ecotoxicológica através da realização de bioensaios a amostras retiradas antes e após esse processo. As eficiências e cinéticas de degradação de OTC foram definidas através dos resultados dos ensaios efetuados num reator fotocatalítico de fluxo contínuo, para diferentes caudais e concentrações iniciais de OTC, usando uma matriz de água sintética (diluição do composto em água destilada). A melhor eficiência de degradação de OTC com o contributo das nanopartículas foi de 99%, obtida para uma concentração inicial de 20 mg L-1 de OTC, um caudal de 6 L h-1 em circuito fechado e uma quantidade de energia solar acumulada de 805 kJ L-1. Os testes de toxicidade realizados mostraram que as soluções resultantes do tratamento por fotocatálise heterogénea (FH) com TiO2 não incrementam nem induzem toxicidade na água filtrada.
The increasing incidence of refractory organic micropollutants to conventional technologies installed in most existing water treatment plants and its continued introduction into the environment represent a latent risk to public health. This exposure is compounded by its bioaccumulation and persistence nature, being known adverse effects in living beings such as dysfunction in the endocrine and reproductive systems, in the spontaneous abortions, the incidence of malignant neoplasms and the induction of more antibiotic resistant bacteria. In this context, the present research work aims to contribute to the development and application of photo-oxidative filters in removing antibiotics (in this case, oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC)) in aqueous environment, by evaluating the process efficiencies of heterogeneous photocatalysis promoted during filtration. The method used for the functionalization of the designed porous medium is based on the use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) immobilized on quartz fragments by sol-gel method. This thesis presents the developed and applied methodologies, as well as the experimental results for the OTC degradation runs during filtration columns exposure to solar radiation, with and without the contribution of TiO2 nanoparticles, used as a catalyst. The OTC concentration measurement was performed by spectrometry UV- visible. In order to assess whether the by-products of the oxidation process induce or not an increased toxicity in the aqueous solutions, was further performed an ecotoxicological analysis by carrying out the bioassay to samples taken before and after this process. The efficiencies and kinetics of OTC degradation were established using the results of tests carried out in a photocatalytic reactor with continuous flow, at different flow rates and initial concentrations of OTC using a matrix of synthetic water (dilution of the compound in distilled water). The best OTC degradation efficiency with the help of the nanoparticles was 99%, obtained for an initial concentration of 20 mg L-1 of TBT, a flow rate of 6 L h-1 in loop and a quantity of stored solar energy 805 kJ L-1. The toxicity tests carried out showed that the resulting solutions from the treatment by photocatalysis heterogeneous (FH) with TiO2 do not increase or induce toxicity in the filtered water.
Guerra, Ana Filipa Barroso. "Remoção fotocatalítica de micropoluentes em meios porosos funcionalizados." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/40635.
Full textA contaminação e poluição do meio ambiente têm sido apontadas como um dos maiores problemas da sociedade moderna. A constante preocupação com a preservação da saúde humana impulsiona o necessário desenvolvimento de novos e mais sustentáveis processos de tratamento para remoção de micropoluentes das águas, dado que alguns deles podem ser precursores de substâncias potencialmente cancerígenas e apresentar comportamento refratário às tecnologias convencionais instaladas na grande maioria das estações de tratamento de água (ETA). Estudos científicos recentes têm vindo a evidenciar a potencialidade da fotocatálise heterogénea (FH) e do efeito catalítico do dióxido de titânio (TiO2) na remoção eficaz de micropoluentes orgânicos refratários, assumindo-se como alternativa viável a outras formas de oxidação mais dispendiosas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho de investigação tem como objetivo principal o desenvolvimento e avaliação da eficiência da aplicação de técnicas de fotocatálise heterogénea na remoção de antibióticos e pesticidas (neste caso, o cloridrato de oxitetraciclina (OTC) e atrazina (ATZ)), em meio aquoso, baseada na utilização de filtros fotooxidativos. Na funcionalização do meio poroso foi utilizado o método sol gel, que se baseia na utilização de nanopartículas TiO2, imobilizadas em grãos de quartzo. Na presente dissertação são apresentadas as metodologias e os resultados experimentais obtidos nos ensaios de degradação de OTC e ATZ, sob incidência de radiação solar com contributo das nanopartículas de TiO2, em duas colunas de filtração com meios porosos de dimensão diferente. A determinação da concentração dos poluentes foi realizada por espectrometria UV – visível. A dissertação contempla ainda a análise toxicológica dos subprodutos da adsorção. As eficiências e cinéticas de degradação da OTC e ATZ foram obtidas através dos resultados dos ensaios efetuados no reator fotocatalítico de fluxo contínuo, para diferentes caudais e concentrações iniciais de 20 mg/L e 5 mg/L, respetivamente, usando uma matriz de água sintética. A melhor eficiência de fotodegradação da OTC e ATZ foi de 98% e 13%, com uma quantidade de energia solar acumulada de 1832 kJ/L e 1648 KJ/L respetivamente, obtida para um caudal de 12 L/h na coluna reativa com meio poroso de menor dimensão, em sistema fechado. O teste de toxicidade realizado às soluções resultantes do tratamento por adsorção mostrou que a presença de TiO2 não incrementa nem induz toxicidade na água filtrada.
The contamination and pollution of the environment have been identified as one of the biggest problems of modern society. Preservation of human health has always been a main concern for society, which drives the required development of new and more sustainable treatment processes for micropollutants removal from water. Those can be precursors of potentially carcinogenic substances and can present refractory behavior to conventional technologies installed in most existing Water Treatment Plants (WTP). Recent scientific studies have demonstrated the potential of heterogeneous photocatalysis (HP) and the photocatalytic effect of the titanium dioxide (TiO2), in refractory organic micropollutants removal, assuming it as a viable alternative to other more expensive oxidation techniques. In this context, the present research work aims to contribute to the development and evaluating of heterogeneous photocatalysis efficiencies in antibiotics and pesticides removal (in this case, oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC), and atrazine (ATZ)) from water, based on photo-oxidative filters application. The functionalization of the porous medium was made by sol-gel method, which is based on the use of TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on quartz grains. In the present dissertation are shown the methodologies and the results by testing OTC and ATZ degradation under solar radiation with the contribution TiO2 nanoparticles, in two filtration columns with porous environment of different sizes. The pollutant concentration measurement was performed by spectrometry UV- visible. A simplified toxicological analysis way carried out using a normalized biotests of water samples taken before and after the adsorption process. The efficiencies and kinetics of OTC and ATZ degradation were defined using the results of tests performed in a photocatalytic reactor in continuous flow. The tests were executed for different flow rates and initial concentrations of 20 mg/L and 5 mg/L of OTC and ATZ, respectively, using a synthetic matrix of water. The best OTC and ATZ photodegradation efficiency was 98 % and 13 %, with an amount of stored solar energy of 1832 KJ/L and 1648 KJ/L, obtained at a flow rate of 12 L/hr in a reactive column with smaller porous environment in a closed circuit. The toxicity tests performed showed that the resulting solutions from the treatment by adsorption with TiO2 do not increase or induce toxicity in the filtered water.