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1

Awungacha Lekelefac, Colin, Nadine Busse, Michael Herrenbauer, and Peter Czermak. "Photocatalytic Based Degradation Processes of Lignin Derivatives." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/137634.

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Photocatalysis, belonging to the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), is a potential new transformation technology for lignin derivatives to value added products (e.g., phenol, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Moreover, lignin represents the only viable source to produce aromatic compounds as fossil fuel alternative. This review covers recent advancement made in the photochemical transformation of industrial lignins. It starts with the photochemical reaction principle followed by results obtained by varying process parameters. In this context, influences of photocatalysts, metal ions, additives,
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2

Huang, Y., D. Pagé, D. D. M. Wayner, and P. Mulder. "Radical-induced degradation of a lignin model compound. Decomposition of 1-phenyl-2-phenoxyethanol." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 11 (1995): 2079–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v95-256.

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Reaction of 1-phenyl-2-phenoxyethanol (1) with thermally or photochemically generated tert-butoxyl radicals leads, via the intermediate ketyl radical, to the formation of the corresponding ketone, α-phenoxyacetophenone (4), as the only product at low conversion under an inert atmosphere. An approximately twofold increase in the product yield is observed when the reactions are carried out under oxygen. Under the photochemical conditions it is shown that 4 is the primary product and that acetophenone and phenol are formed as a result of secondary photolysis of 4. These data suggest that the rate
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3

Nguyen, John D., Bryan S. Matsuura, and Corey R. J. Stephenson. "A Photochemical Strategy for Lignin Degradation at Room Temperature." Journal of the American Chemical Society 136, no. 4 (2014): 1218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja4113462.

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4

Pandey, Krishna K., and Tapani Vuorinen. "UV resonance Raman spectroscopic study of photodegradation of hardwood and softwood lignins by UV laser." Holzforschung 62, no. 2 (2008): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2008.046.

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Abstract The effect of laser irradiation (Ar+ ion laser, 244 nm) on photodegradation of lignin in silver birch and rubberwood as hardwoods and spruce and chir pine as softwoods has been investigated by UV resonance Raman spectroscopy (UVRRS). UVRR spectra showed degradation of aromatic structures accompanied by the formation of both ortho- and para-quinone structures as a result of photodegradation of wood surfaces. There was a rapid decrease in the intensities of all the lignin-associated bands accompanied by broadening of aromatic bands at 1602 cm-1 and in the region of 1500–1000 cm-1 due to
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5

Nguyen, John D., Bryan S. Matsuura, and Corey R. J. Stephenson. "ChemInform Abstract: A Photochemical Strategy for Lignin Degradation at Room Temperature." ChemInform 45, no. 34 (2014): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201434032.

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6

Yu, Hai-xia, Xin Pan, Man-ping Xu, Wei-ming Yang, Jin Wang, and Xiao-wei Zhuang. "Surface chemical changes analysis of UV-light irradiated Moso bamboo ( Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel)." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 6 (2018): 180110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180110.

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Photodegradation is one of the key factors that affect bamboo material application in the exterior environment. Photo radiation will cause chemical degradation, discoloration and cracks on the bamboo surface, thus resulting in weakened strength. The study imitated the accelerated weathering effect of Moso bamboo in sunlight by using UV 313 light. Results showed that after UV irradiation, lignin content decreased sharply. Lignin degradation products are commonly rich in double bonds conjugated with benzene rings; they absorb UV light and shift surface spectral absorbency from the visible to the
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7

Kang, Ying, Xingmei Lu, Guangjin Zhang, et al. "Metal‐Free Photochemical Degradation of Lignin‐Derived Aryl Ethers and Lignin by Autologous Radicals through Ionic Liquid Induction." ChemSusChem 12, no. 17 (2019): 4005–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201901796.

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8

Silva, M. F., E. A. G. Pineda, A. A. W. Hechenleitner, D. M. Fernandes, M. K. Lima, and P. R. S. Bittencourt. "Characterization of poly(vinyl acetate)/sugar cane bagasse lignin blends and their photochemical degradation." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 106, no. 2 (2011): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-011-1475-z.

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9

Potthast, Antje, Sonja Schiehser, Thomas Rosenau, Herbert Sixta, and Paul Kosma. "Effect of UV radiation on the carbonyl distribution in different pulps." Holzforschung 58, no. 6 (2004): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2004.113.

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Abstract The effect of UV irradiation on unbleached and TCF-bleached dissolving pulp samples of different provenience, a beech sulphite and an eucalyptus prehydrolysis kraft pulp, has been analyzed according to the CCOA method, evaluating the changes in the molecular weight distribution, the total number of carbonyl groups and the carbonyl group profiles of each pulp. In the case of TCF bleached material, slightly more carbonyl groups were introduced into the kraft pulp as compared to the sulfite pulp. Cellulose degradation was relatively low in both pulps. In the case of unbleached sulfite pu
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10

Argyropoulos, Dimitris S., and Yujun Sun. "Photochemically Induced Solid-State Degradation, Condensation, and Rearrangement Reactions in Lignin Model Compounds and Milled Wood Lignin." Photochemistry and Photobiology 64, no. 3 (1996): 510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03098.x.

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11

Austin, Amy T., M. Soledad Méndez, and Carlos L. Ballaré. "Photodegradation alleviates the lignin bottleneck for carbon turnover in terrestrial ecosystems." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 16 (2016): 4392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516157113.

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A mechanistic understanding of the controls on carbon storage and losses is essential for our capacity to predict and mitigate human impacts on the global carbon cycle. Plant litter decomposition is an important first step for carbon and nutrient turnover, and litter inputs and losses are essential in determining soil organic matter pools and the carbon balance in terrestrial ecosystems. Photodegradation, the photochemical mineralization of organic matter, has been recently identified as a mechanism for previously unexplained high rates of litter mass loss in arid lands; however, the global si
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12

Petrillo, Marta, Jakub Sandak, Paolo Grossi, and Anna Sandak. "Chemical and appearance changes of wood due to artificial weathering – Dose–response model." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 27, no. 1 (2019): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033518825364.

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The aim of this study was to assess a model for the surface degradation kinetics of natural wood exposed to artificial weathering. The photochemical and physical processes of weathering result in simultaneous changes of both the wood matrix composition (i.e. lignin content, cellulose crystallinity index, cellulose polymerization degree) and wood’s appearance (i.e. colour, gloss, roughness). European larch, a popular cladding material, was used for experimental samples. Weathering was conducted in a QUV artificial weathering machine for 672 h according to the EN927-6 standard. The response of w
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13

Lee, H., T. Rahn, and H. L. Throop. "A novel source of atmospheric H<sub>2</sub>: abiotic degradation of organic material." Biogeosciences 9, no. 11 (2012): 4411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4411-2012.

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Abstract. Molecular hydrogen (H2) plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry by competing for reactions with the hydroxyl radical (OH·) and contributing to the production of H2O in the stratosphere, indirectly influencing stratospheric ozone concentrations. The dominant pathway for loss of H2 from the atmosphere is via microbially-mediated soil uptake, although the magnitude of this loss is still regarded as highly uncertain. Recent studies have shown that abiotic processes such as photochemically mediated degradation (photodegradation) of organic material result in direct emissions of c
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14

Castellan, Alain, Corinne Vanucci та Henri Bouas-Laurent. "Photochemical Degradation of Lignin through αC—O Bond Cleavage of Non Phenolic Benzyl Aryl Ether Units. A Study of the Photochemistry of a(2',4',6'-Trimethyl-Phenoxy)-3,4 Dimethoxy Toluene". Holzforschung 41, № 4 (1987): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1987.41.4.231.

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15

Lee, H., T. Rahn, and H. L. Throop. "A novel source of atmospheric H<sub>2</sub>: abiotic degradation of organic material." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (2012): 8641–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-8641-2012.

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Abstract. Molecular hydrogen (H2) plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry by competing for reactions with the hydroxyl radical (·OH) and contributing to the production of H2O in the stratosphere, indirectly influencing stratospheric ozone concentrations. The dominant pathway for loss of H2 from the atmosphere is via microbially-mediated soil uptake although the magnitude of this loss is still regarded as highly uncertain. Recent studies have shown that abiotic processes such as photochemically mediated degradation (photodegradation) of organic material result in direct emissions of ca
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16

Prince, Roger C., and Edward I. Stiefel. "Lignin degradation." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 12 (January 1987): 334–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(87)90156-3.

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17

Leisola, Matti S. A., and Hans E. Schoemaker. "Lignin degradation." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 13, no. 3 (1988): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(88)90044-8.

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18

Vasudevan, N., and A. Mahadevan. "Degradation of lignin and lignin derivatives byAcinetobactersp." Journal of Applied Bacteriology 70, no. 2 (1991): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb04444.x.

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19

Yang, Cheng, Markus D. Kärkäs, Gabriel Magallanes, Kimberly Chan, and Corey R. J. Stephenson. "Organocatalytic Approach to Photochemical Lignin Fragmentation." Organic Letters 22, no. 20 (2020): 8082–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03029.

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20

Priyanga, U., and M. Kannahi. "Lignin Degradation: A Review." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (2018): 2374–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd11556.

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21

Trojanowski, Jerzy. "Biological degradation of lignin." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 48, no. 1-4 (2001): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0964-8305(01)00084-1.

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22

Cui, Futong, Tilak Wijesekera, David Dolphin, Roberta Farrell, and Paul Skerker. "Biomimetic degradation of lignin." Journal of Biotechnology 30, no. 1 (1993): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1656(93)90023-g.

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23

Brown, Margaret E., and Michelle CY Chang. "Exploring bacterial lignin degradation." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 19 (April 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.11.015.

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24

Skvortsov, S. V. "Radiation degradation of lignin." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 26, no. 1 (1990): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00605186.

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25

Vicuña, Rafael. "Bacterial degradation of lignin." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 10, no. 11 (1988): 646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(88)90055-5.

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26

Li, Jing, Hongli Yuan, and Jinshui Yang. "Bacteria and lignin degradation." Frontiers of Biology in China 4, no. 1 (2008): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11515-008-0097-8.

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27

Zheng, Yilu, Ming Guo, Qingteng Zhou, and Haigang Liu. "Effect of lignin degradation product sinapyl alcohol on laccase catalysis during lignin degradation." Industrial Crops and Products 139 (November 2019): 111544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111544.

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28

Lemańska-Malinowska, Natalia, Ewa Felis, and Joanna Surmacz-Górska. "Photochemical Degradation of Sulfadiazine." Archives of Environmental Protection 39, no. 3 (2013): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aep-2013-0027.

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Abstract The photochemical degradation of the sulfadiazine (SDZ) was studied. The photochemical processes used in degradation of SDZ were UV and UV/H2O2. In the experiments hydrogen peroxide was applied at different concentrations: 10 mg/dm3 (2.94*10-4 M), 100 mg/dm3 (2.94*10-3 M), 1 g/dm3 (2.94*10-2 M) and 10 g/dm3 (2.94*10-1 M). The concentrations of SDZ during the experiment were controlled by means of HPLC. The best results of sulfadiazine degradation, the 100% removal of the compound, were achieved by photolysis using UV radiation in the presence of 100 mg H2O2/dm3 (2.94*10-3 M). The dete
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29

Hem, Lars J., Thomas Hartnik, Roger Roseth, and Gijs D. Breedveld. "Photochemical Degradation of Benzotriazole." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 38, no. 3 (2003): 471–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ese-120016907.

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30

D'Auria, Maurizio, Lucia Emanuele, and Rocco Racioppi. "Photochemical Degradation of Hyperforin." Letters in Organic Chemistry 5, no. 7 (2008): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157017808785982112.

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31

Bonini, Carlo, Maurizio D'Auria, Luciano D'Alessio, et al. "Singlet oxygen degradation of lignin." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 113, no. 2 (1998): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1010-6030(97)00340-7.

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32

Peter, Siegfried, and Rolf Gotz. "Degradation of lignin with monomethylamine." Chemical Engineering & Technology 15, no. 3 (1992): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270150310.

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33

Zimmermann, W. "Degradation of lignin by bacteria." Journal of Biotechnology 13, no. 2-3 (1990): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1656(90)90098-v.

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34

Jaeger, Christiane, Aziz Nourmamode, and Alain Castellan. "Photodegradation of Lignin: A Photochemical Study of Phenolic Coniferyl Alcohol Lignin Model Molecules." Holzforschung 47, no. 5 (1993): 375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1993.47.5.375.

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35

Srebotnik, E., K. A. Jensen, and K. E. Hammel. "Fungal degradation of recalcitrant nonphenolic lignin structures without lignin peroxidase." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91, no. 26 (1994): 12794–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.26.12794.

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36

Brockmann, Tobias, Véronique Blanchard, Philipp Heretsch, Claudia Brockmann, and Eckart Bertelmann. "Photochemical degradation of trypan blue." PLOS ONE 13, no. 4 (2018): e0195849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195849.

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37

Ma, Y. L., Gui Zhen Fang, and Shu Jun Li. "Anti-Oxidation of Photo-Degradation Alkali Lignin." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 2379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.2379.

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Photo-degradation alkali lignin was prepared in sunlight by the system of TiO2 and squaraine dye (QSC). The antioxidant activity of photo-degradation was researched. The results showed that the phenolic hydroxyl of degradation alkali lignin is 5.63% with the control is 4.64%, and alcoholic hydroxyl of degradation alkali lignin is 3.21% with the control is 3.77%. The order of antioxidant activity was as following. 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol &gt; high-phenol lignin &gt; the control lignin.
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38

Jiang, Haomin, Aiguo Xue, Zhaohui Wang, et al. "Electrochemical Degradation of Lignin by ROS." Sustainable Chemistry 1, no. 3 (2020): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/suschem1030023.

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Lignin is a unique renewable aromatic resource in nature. In the past decades, researchers have attempted to breakdown the linkage bonds in lignin to provide aromatic platform chemicals that used to come from the petrochemical industry. In recent years, electrochemical lignin degradation under mild conditions has drawn much attention from the scientific community owing to its potential to scale up and its environmental friendliness. Sustainable electrochemical degradation of lignin consumes less energy and usually requires mild conditions, but low degradation efficiency and insufficient produc
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39

Zhang, Haifeng, Junyan Yang, Jianxin Wu, Haifang Mao, and Xiaoling Sun. "Research Progress of Lignin Oxidative Degradation." Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry 36, no. 6 (2016): 1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/cjoc201511049.

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40

D’Auria, Maurizio, Carlo Bonini, Lucia Emanuele, and Rachele Ferri. "Singlet oxygen-mediated degradation of lignin." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 147, no. 2 (2002): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1010-6030(01)00607-4.

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41

Geib, S. M., T. R. Filley, P. G. Hatcher, et al. "Lignin degradation in wood-feeding insects." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 35 (2008): 12932–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805257105.

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42

Tanaka, K., R. C. R. Calanag, and T. Hisanaga. "Photocatalyzed degradation of lignin on TiO2." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 138, no. 2-3 (1999): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-1169(98)00161-7.

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43

Harvey, P. J., H. E. Schoemaker, and J. M. Palmer. "Lignin degradation by white rot fungi." Plant, Cell and Environment 10, no. 9 (1987): 709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11604752.

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44

Härtig, C., and H. Lorbeer. "Phenomenological principles of microbial lignin degradation." Acta Biotechnologica 13, no. 1 (1993): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370130107.

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45

Euphrosine-Moy, V., T. Lasry, R. S. Bes, J. Molinier, and J. Mathieu. "Degradation of Poplar Lignin with Ozone." Ozone: Science & Engineering 13, no. 2 (1991): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919519108552429.

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46

Knežević, Aleksandar, Ivan Milovanović, Mirjana Stajić, et al. "Lignin degradation by selected fungal species." Bioresource Technology 138 (June 2013): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.182.

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47

Schoemaker, H. E., and M. S. A. Leisola. "Degradation of lignin by Phanerochaete chrysosporium." Journal of Biotechnology 13, no. 2-3 (1990): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1656(90)90096-t.

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48

Thring, R. W. "Alkaline degradation of ALCELL® lignin." Biomass and Bioenergy 7, no. 1-6 (1994): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(94)00051-t.

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49

de Gonzalo, Gonzalo, Dana I. Colpa, Mohamed H. M. Habib, and Marco W. Fraaije. "Bacterial enzymes involved in lignin degradation." Journal of Biotechnology 236 (October 2016): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.08.011.

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50

Schmidt, John A., Carl S. Rye, and Norayr Gurnagul. "Lignin inhibits autoxidative degradation of cellulose." Polymer Degradation and Stability 49, no. 2 (1995): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(95)87011-3.

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