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Journal articles on the topic 'Photographic emulsion'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kremer, James R., Paul S. Furcinitti, Eileen O’Toole, and J. Richard McIntosh. "Analysis of photographic emulsions for High-Voltage Electron Microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 452–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100148095.

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Characteristics of electron microscope film emulsions, such as the speed, the modulation transfer function, and the exposure dependence of the noise power spectrum, have been studied for electron energies (80-100keV) used in conventional transmission microscopy. However, limited information is available for electron energies in the intermediate to high voltage range, 300-1000keV. Furthermore, emulsion characteristics, such as optical density versus exposure, for new or improved emulsions are usually only quoted by film manufacturers for 80keV electrons. The need for further film emulsion studies at higher voltages becomes apparent when searching for a film to record low dose images of radiation sensitive biological specimens in the frozen hydrated state. Here, we report the optical density, speed and relative resolution of a few of the more popular electron microscope films after exposure to 1MeV electrons.Three electron microscope films, Kodak S0-163, Kodak 4489, and Agfa Scientia 23D56 were tested with a JEOLJEM-1000 electron microscope operating at an accelerating voltage of 1000keV.

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2

Santoso, Imam, and Buchari Buchari. "EFFECT OF MATRICES ON PERCENT EXTRACTION OF SILVER (II) FROM BLACK/WHITE PRINTING PHOTOGRAPHIC WASTE USING EMULSION LIQUID MEMBRANE TECHNIQUE." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 1, no. 3 (June 5, 2010): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21942.

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Extraction of silver (I) has been studied from black/white printing photographic waste by emulsion liquid membrane technique. Composition emulsion at the membrane phase was cerosene as solvent, sorbitan monooleat (span 80) as surfactant, dimethyldioctadesyl-ammonium bromide as carrier and as internal phase was HNO3. Optimum condition was obtained: ratio of internal phase volume and membrane phase volume was 1:1 : concentration of surfactant was 2% (v/v) : time of making emulsion was 20 second : rate of stiring emulsion was 1100 rpm : rest time emulsion was 3 second : rate of emulsion volume and external phase volume was 1:5 : emulsion contact rate 500 rpm : emulsion contact time was 40 second : concentration of silver thiosulfate as external phase was 100 ppm : pH of external phase was 3 and pH of internal phase was 1. Optimum condition was applied in silver(I) extraction from black/white printing photographic waste. It was obtained 77.33% average which 56.06% silver (I) average of internal phase and 22.66% in the external phase. Effect of matrices ion decreased silver(I) percent extraction from 96,37% average to 77.33% average. Keyword: photographics waste, silver extraction

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3

Álvarez, M. L., N. Camacho, C. Neipp, A. Márquez, A. Beléndez, and I. Pascual. "Holographic Gratings with Different Spatial Frequencies Recorded on BB-640 Bleached Silver Halide Emulsions Using Reversal Bleaches." Materials Science Forum 480-481 (March 2005): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.480-481.543.

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The research made in the field of recording materials for holographic applications has yielded to materials of improving quality. Photographic emulsions have played an important role in this investigation, since although this is the first material used for recording purposes, there are a series of characteristics that convert the photographic emulsion in a very interesting material for holographic recording. In this work we will present the optimisation of a reversal bleaching process. This process has been largely used for Agfa 8E75 HD emulsions, but there is still a significant lack of information about it when used with BB-640 emulsions. There are some differences between BB-640 and Agfa 8E75 HD emulsions such as the degree of hardening of the gelatin, the mean grain size or the emulsion thickness. These differences must be taken into account in order to use the same chemical procedures commonly used for Agfa plates with BB-640 ones. For instance, one of these differences, the mean size of the silver halide grains present in the emulsion, influences directly in the scattering of the final hologram recorded in the emulsion. It will be demonstrated that the use of ultra-fine grained emulsions, such as BB-640, allows obtaining holograms with high diffraction efficiencies and low absorption and scattering. In particular, in this work a reversal bleach procedure will be optimised for diffraction gratings recorded with different spatial frequencies on BB-640 emulsions.

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4

Miskova, L., P. Novák, R. Hudec, and M. Novotná. "ASTRONOMICAL GLASS PLATE NEGATIVES: MONITORING OF EMULSION LAYER DETERIORATION." Acta Polytechnica 56, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2016.56.0057.

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One of the techniques for making photographic negatives most used in the history of photography were gelatin glass plates. This technique was used not only in the artistic field but also and mainly in the scientific field. The main period when glass plate negatives were used in astronomy was between 1890–1980. There are over 7 million of these negatives all over the word and they carry valuable historical scientific data. However, during the long-term storage of this material, deterioration of the emulsion (picture) layer and/or the support (glass) layer has occurred. In this paper we report on our preliminary results from an analysis of the yellowing of the emulsion layer and of gold micro-spots. Both phenomena worsen the readability of the information in the photograph, and it is necessary to prevent their formation, which is why we need to know as much as possible about their origin.

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5

Slifkin, Lawrence. "The Improbability of the Photographic Process." MRS Bulletin 14, no. 5 (May 1989): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400062904.

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The very high sensitivity of silver halide photographic emulsions is the result of a surprisingly high quantum efficiency in the formation of the latent image, combined with a large amplification of the stored optical signal upon photographic “development.” The efficient formation of the latent image can be traced to the effects of an unusual set of physical properties of silver bromide and silver chloride, involving the electron energy band structure, the dynamics of photoelectrons, the nature and mobilities of the ionic point defects, and the existence of a sub-surface electric field.Despite the current availability of a wide variety of optical recording systems, the standard silver halide photographic emulsion continues to offer a unique combination of sensitivity, resolution, tone quality, convenience, and economy. This article will outline the physical processes that operate in forming the image. It will emphasize the unusual set of properties of silver bromide and silver chloride that are involved, and that impart to the process its extraordinary efficiency. Only black-and-white images will be considered, but the same basic imaging process is involved in color photography as well.This discussion is, of necessity, brief and often qualitative, but more complete treatments of the scientific aspects of the photographic process can be found in the other articles in this issue of the MRS BULLETIN, as well as in the bibliography.

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6

Abdullin, T. I. "Improved Silver Halide Crystals for Photographic Emulsion." Advances in Materials 1, no. 1 (2012): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20120101.13.

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7

Liu, Suwen, Jun Yue, K. Shengli Fu, and Hiroyuki Kobayash. "Investigation on Nanocrystallite Silver Halide Photographic Emulsion." Imaging Science Journal 46, no. 2 (January 1998): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682199.1998.11736469.

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8

Mekhimar, M., Y. Ahamed, S. El-Sharkawy, M. K. Hegab, and O. M. Osman. "Dissociation of 6,7Li nuclei in nuclear photographic emulsion." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1390 (November 2019): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1390/1/012008.

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9

Zeitler, E. "The photographic emulsion as analog recorder for electrons." Ultramicroscopy 46, no. 1-4 (October 1992): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3991(92)90027-h.

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10

Bacarea, Vladimir Constantin, Petrus Fanel Bacarea, and Anca Bacarea. "The Photographic Sensitivity Mechanism - an Unlocked Subject." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 11 (December 15, 2019): 3860–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.11.7660.

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The paper aims to demonstrate how a dogma, favored by random experimental discoveries, can change the progress of research. It has been experimentally shown that photographic sensitization is achieved by adsorption of preformed sensitivity centers on AgX granules. The mechanism of classical sensitization can be the emulsion formation of centers concomitant with adsorption on granules.

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11

Bacarea, Vladimir Constantin, Petrus Fanel Bacarea, and Anca Bacarea. "The Photographic Sensitivity Mechanism - an Unlocked Subject." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 11 (December 15, 2019): 3860–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.70.19.11.7660.

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The paper aims to demonstrate how a dogma, favored by random experimental discoveries, can change the progress of research. It has been experimentally shown that photographic sensitization is achieved by adsorption of preformed sensitivity centers on AgX granules. The mechanism of classical sensitization can be the emulsion formation of centers concomitant with adsorption on granules.

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12

Chiumiento, G., C. Fabricius, M. G. Lattanzi, and G. Massone. "The Construction of 4 Dense Astrometric Standard Areas With the Carlsberg Automatic Meridian Circle." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 141 (1990): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900087167.

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13

Hertel, D., and U. Siemen. "Computer Simulation of Photon Propagation in Photographic Emulsion Layers." Journal of Photographic Science 44, no. 1 (January 1996): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223638.1996.11737616.

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14

Oleshko, V., P. Crozier, L. Garone, and J. Freedman. "Local Halide Distributions in High-Speed Tabular Ag(Br,I) Emulsion Microcrystals by Cryo-FEG-AEM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 520–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600028671.

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The unique physical and chemical properties of AgX (X=C1, Br, I) emulsion microcrystals (optical, solid state, transport, chemical and spectral sensitizations and development) account for their use as basic light quanta detectors in practical photography for over 150 years. in spite of the advances made in other recording systems, especially in electronic imaging, contemporary AgX-based photographic materials are still superior in sensitivity and resolution. Although the replacement of AgX-based imaging systems by electronic imaging was already predicted 20 years ago, their current world manufacturing level is now larger than ever. However, in order to be successfully incorporated into digital and hybrid information technologies for the new Millennium, AgX-based photographic materials should further improve their quantum efficiency and image quality. in order to achieve these objectives, the key components should be intentionally modified with a focus primarily at the nanostructural level.

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15

OTHMAN, N., H. MAT, and M. GOTO. "Separation of silver from photographic wastes by emulsion liquid membrane system." Journal of Membrane Science 282, no. 1-2 (October 5, 2006): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.05.020.

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16

Brown, Frederick C. "The Unique Electronic Properties of the Silver Halides." MRS Bulletin 14, no. 5 (May 1989): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400062874.

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The modern photographic emulsion is an extremely sensitive detector of light quanta. In fact, high speed black-and-white film (which consists mainly of microcrystalline grains of AgBr or AgBrI suspended in gelatin on an inert base) ranks with the photomultiplier tube as capable of detecting a very few individual light quanta. Exposure times can vary from minute fractions of a second to hours. Unlike the multiplier tube, the photographic emulsion also responds well to relatively high light flux, that is, film can have wide exposure latitude. In many respects such as sensitivity, latitude, resolution, etc., film sets the pace as new multiplier tubes and charge-coupled devices are developed.Of course, the high sensitivity of film comes about because light absorbed within an emulsion grain causes a latent image to be formed (usually on the surface), which then renders the entire grain developable. The tabular grains of a modern high speed emulsion are largely triangular or hexagonal single-crystal platelets approximately 10 ü across and 0.1 ü thick. Such a grain will contain about 109 silver atoms, and it can be sensitized by a few molecules of gold sulfide or other additives adsorbed on its surface.In the concentration speck theory of the latent image, light is absorbed throughout the grain, but this energy is transported by the motion of electrons to a sensitivity center usually on the surface where the latent image is formed.

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17

Comte, G., and C. Surace. "Slitless Spectroscopy by Photographic and CCD Detectors Across Large Fields." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 161 (1994): 709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900048397.

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We present a new survey of emission line galaxies, performed with the ESO 1 m Schmidt telescope equipped with the 4° objective prism using IIIa-J photographic emulsion. The plates are digitized with the MAMA microdensitometer. A subsequent reduction of the block scans gives redshifts with a mean accuracy of 160 km/s−1, and spectrophotometric measurements of the intensity and equivalent widths of the principal emission lines. A brief discussion is given of the possible extension of quantitative reduction of slitless spectroscopy to archive plates and future large CCD array frames.

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18

van Bussel, W. J. M., A. J. J. van Es, H. M. C. Leijten, and A. de Morée. "The determination of iridium in photographic emulsions by flow injection micro-emulsion sampling inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry." Imaging Science Journal 47, no. 2 (January 1999): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682199.1999.11736461.

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19

Ichikawa, Hiroyuki. "Noninterferometric fabrication of computer-generated phase holograms on silver halide photographic emulsion." Optical Engineering 30, no. 12 (1991): 1869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.56026.

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20

Angius, S. P., R. Elmér, B. Jakobsson, L. Karlsson, and K. Söderström. "A CCD-based system for analysis of nuclear collisions in photographic emulsion." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 63, no. 3 (February 1992): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(92)95120-g.

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21

Newberry, Sterling. "Are We Reduced To Using Scraps Of Cut Film?" Microscopy Today 3, no. 2 (March 1995): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500063069.

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Kent Christensen documents the values of glass photographic plates1 and also their demise. As a former user of glass plates for microscopy, radiography, autoradiographyandspectroscopy, I sympathize with Kent. Today there are substitute sheet and or roll films for most of the glass plate applications. For example, [ have found Kodak's "Trnax" films as sensitive as lantern plates for soft X-rays and nearly as good for resolution. Tmax is also a good general purpose emulsion for the laboratory, with the possibility of reversal development for slides and availability in a range of formats including 120 and four by five. Perhaps we should recognize the passing of the glass plate as part of current times and inscribe "RIP" over our hallowed collection of glass negatives. After all, many predict that electronic photography will eventually replace all forms of chemical photography.

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22

Rau, W. D., H. Lichte, E. Voelkl, and U. Weierstall. "Real-time reconstruction of electron-off-axis holograms recorded by means of a high-pixel CCD camera." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 680–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100087719.

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Electron holography using the electron biprism is about to become a powerful tool to overcome the restrictions of the electron microscope, i.e. the lack of large area phase contrast and the limitation of resolution due to the oscillations of the transfer functions for high spatial frequencies. Up to now, the whole process of hologram detection and reconstruction takes a few hours: After a hologram is recorded on photographic plates, it needs development and digitizing. Then a correction of the nonlinear response of the photographic emulsion to electron exposure is indispensable, before the numerical reconstruction procedure can be started.

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23

Mangano, Dario. "Cameras: Forms of Interaction." Recherches sémiotiques 28, no. 1-2 (October 7, 2010): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/044596ar.

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This essay examines the material design of cameras. The author argues that design plays a central role in the interaction between Operator and Spectator (R. Barthes) and, furthermore, that it entails significant effects on photographic aesthetics. Finally, the author also considers some of the design differences between traditional emulsion cameras and digital cameras.

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24

Wang Rong-qin, qin, and xian Peng Bi-xian. "Photographic Effects of Electron and Positive Hole Traps in AgBrl Core-shell Emulsion." Journal of Photographic Science 41, no. 1 (January 1993): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223638.1993.11738469.

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25

Ditlov, V. A., and V. Bradnova. "Method of grain counting for identification of nuclear tracks in diluted photographic emulsion." Radiation Measurements 24, no. 2 (April 1995): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1350-4487(94)00097-k.

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26

Weiss, W. W., and E. Paunzen. "λBoötis Stars." Highlights of Astronomy 11, no. 2 (1998): 682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600018451.

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This group of metal poor stars were introduced with the identification of an ‘abnormal’ spectrum for λBoõtis in the famous classification survey of Morgan, Keenan & Kellman (1943) based on a blue sensitive photographic emulsion. More stars were discovered with comparable spectra and with other peculiarities, in particular when the available spectral region was extended to the red and beyond the optical region towards the IR and to the UV.

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27

Ecevit, Fevzi Necati, Ali Alaçakir, and Ramazan Aydin. "Investigation of AGFA-8E56HD photographic emulsion and relief hologram structures by atomic force microscopy." Applied Optics 35, no. 31 (November 1, 1996): 6227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.35.006227.

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28

Benke, Kurt K., and Bruce H. J. McKellar. "Modulation transfer function of photographic emulsion: the small-angle approximation in radiative transfer theory." Applied Optics 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.29.000151.

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29

Luksys, M., A. Ohsawa, and E. H. Shibuya. "Incident angle dependence of photographic darkness on X-ray films exposed in emulsion chambers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 82, no. 4 (September 1993): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(93)96009-2.

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30

Knuesel, J. "The Photographic Emulsion Technology of the OPERA Experiment on its Way to Find the Oscillation." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 215, no. 1 (June 2011): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2011.03.136.

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31

Heaton, J. M., and Laszlo Solymar. "Wavelength and angular selectivity of high diffraction efficiency reflection holograms in silver halide photographic emulsion." Applied Optics 24, no. 18 (September 15, 1985): 2931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.24.002931.

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32

Vadkovskaya, T. N., Yu A. Drozhbin, V. A. Lobachev, T. M. Murina, A. M. Prokhorov, and V. V. Trofimenko. "Photographic recording of YAG:Er3+laser radiation (λ=2.94 μm) by thermal sensitization of the emulsion." Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics 18, no. 1 (January 31, 1988): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1988v018n01abeh011238.

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33

Shoaeb, A. M., M. S. Helmi, and E. M. El Sherbiney. "Representation of the photographic emulsion calibration graph in emission spectrographic analysis by a simplified formula." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 1, no. 2 (1986): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ja9860100157.

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34

Ramalingam, Chitra. "Dust Plate, Retina, Photograph: Imaging on Experimental Surfaces in Early Nineteenth-Century Physics." Science in Context 28, no. 3 (August 10, 2015): 317–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889715000125.

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ArgumentThis article explores the entangled histories of three imaging techniques in early nineteenth-century British physical science, techniques in which a dynamic event (such as a sound vibration or an electric spark) was made to leave behind a fixed trace on a sensitive surface. Three categories of “sensitive surface” are examined in turn: first, a metal plate covered in fine dust; second, the retina of the human eye; and finally, a surface covered with a light-sensitive chemical emulsion (a photographic plate). For physicists Michael Faraday and Charles Wheatstone, and photographic pioneer William Henry Fox Talbot, transient phenomena could be studied through careful observation and manipulation of the patterns wrought on these different surfaces, and through an understanding of how the imaging process unfolded through time. This exposes the often-ignored materiality and temporality of epistemic practices around nineteenth-century scientific images said to be “drawn by nature.”

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35

Verlinden, Geert, Renaat Gijbels, and Ingrid Geuens. "Chemical Microcharacterization of Ultrathin Iodide Conversion Layers and Adsorbed Thiocyanate Surface Layers on Silver Halide Microcrystals with Time-of-Flight SIMS." Microscopy and Microanalysis 8, no. 3 (June 2002): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927602020159.

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The technique of imaging time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) and dual beam depth profiling has been used to study the composition of the surface of tabular silver halide microcrystals. Analysis of individual microcrystals with a size well below 1 μm from a given emulsion is possible. The method is successfully applied for the characterization of silver halide microcrystals with subpercent global iodide concentrations confined in surface layers with a thickness below 5 nm. The developed TOF-SIMS analytical procedure is explicitly demonstrated for the molecular imaging of adsorbed thiocyanate layers (SCN) at crystal surfaces of individual crystals and for the differentiation of iodide conversion layers synthesized with KI and with AgI micrates (nanocrystals with a size between 10 and 50 nm). It can be concluded that TOF-SIMS as a microanalytical, surface-sensitive technique has some unique properties over other analytical techniques for the study of complex structured surface layers of silver halide microcrystals. This offers valuable information to support the synthesis of future photographic emulsions.

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36

Kuge, Ken’ichi, Tomoaki Nakao, Seiji Saito, Ohiro Hikosaka, and Akira Hasegawa. "Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles in a Gelatin Layer Film Using Photographic Materials (5): Characteristics of Gold Nanoparticles Prepared on an Ultrafine Grain Photographic Emulsion." Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 51, no. 1 (2007): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.(2007)51:1(96).

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37

Upgren, A. R., Alice Morales, Jose Herrero, J. W. Griese, J. M. Vincent, and John T. Lee. "The Feasibility of a CCD for an Astrometric Refractor." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 167 (1995): 347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900056734.

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The 0.5m refracting telescope of the Van Vleck Observatory has been active in the determination of trigonometric parallaxes since its first observations in 1922. Its lenses were ground by C.A.R. Lundin of the Alvan Clark Co. for photographic use. Coma was minimized across the field and vignetting was also kept to a minimum. Partly as a consequence the focal curve is very steep in the blue and green regions of the spectrum, as is shown in Fig. 1. A Wratten No. 12 minus blue filter is used to filter out all wavelengths to the blue of about 5200 å. The region between 5200 å and 6000 å is very flat with the focal plane varying over a range of about one millimeter. Towards the red region it steepens, although not enough to impair images on photographic plates of emulsion types 103a-D and IIIa-F, the two in widespread use in recent years.

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38

Jonker, Ard, Piet A. J. de Boer, Maurice J. B. van den Hoff, Wouter H. Lamers, and Antoon F. M. Moorman. "Towards Quantitative In Situ Hybridization." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 45, no. 3 (March 1997): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549704500309.

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In situ hybridization analysis of tissue mRNA concentrations remains to be accepted as a quantitative technique, even though exposure of tissue sections to photographic emulsion is equivalent to Northern blot analysis. Because of the biological importance of in situ quantification of RNA sequences within a morphological context, we evaluated the quantitative aspects of this technique. In calibrated microscopic samples, autoradiographic signal (density of silver grains) was proportionate to the radioactivity present, to the exposure time, and to time of development of the photographic emulsion. Similar results were obtained with tissue sections, showing that all steps of the in situ hybridization protocol, before and including the detection of the signal, can be reproducibly performed. Furthermore, the integrated density of silver grains produced in liver and intestinal sections by the in situ hybridization procedure using 35S-labeled riboprobes is directly proportionate to the signal obtained by quantitative Northern blot analysis. The significance of this finding is that in situ quantification of RNA can be realized with high sensitivity and with the additional advantage of the possibility of localizing mRNA within the cells of interest. Application of this procedure on fetal and adult intestinal tissue showed that the carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPS)-expressing epithelial cells of both tissues accumulated CPS mRNA to the same level but that whole-organ CPS mRNA levels decreased four- to fivefold in the same period, owing to a comparable decrease in the number of CPS-expressing cells in total intestinal tissue. (J Histochem Cytochem 45:413–423, 1997)

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39

Varlamov, A. V., A. N. Zuev, and E. E. Latinskii. "Modification of the properties of gelatin of emulsion layer of photographic film with styrene acrylate latex." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 82, no. 6 (June 2009): 1111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427209060354.

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40

Fedosimova, A. I., I. A. Lebedev, E. A. Dmitriyeva, S. A. Ibraimova, E. A. Bondar, and P. M. Krassovitskiy. "Features of the distribution of events by the multiple of secondary particles depending on the energy of collision and the assymetricity of collising relativistic nuclei." Recent Contributions to Physics 78, no. 3 (September 2021): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/rcph.2021.v78.i3.09.

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To search for signals of the phase transition of matter from the hadronic state to the quarkgluon plasma, interactions with extreme characteristics are studied. The study of the dependence of the average multiplicity on the projectile energy for sulfur and silicon nuclei with energies of 3.7 AGeV, 14 AGeV, and 200 AGeV has been carried out. Experimental data on inelastic interactions with the nuclei of the NIKFI BR2 emulsion obtained at the SPS at CERN and at the Synchrophasotron at JINR. To take into account fluctuations in the initial conditions of the nucleusnucleus interaction, the events were divided into central and peripheral ones. A comparative analysis of the average multiplicity with heavy and light nuclei of the photographic emulsion is presented. The multiplicity increase factor has an almost linear increase in energy (on the logarithmic axis) for all events, except for the central interactions of sulfur nuclei with heavy emulsion nuclei at 200 AGeV. These events are explosive events, which give a flux of secondary particles in a narrow range of average pseudorapidity and significantly shifted towards low values <η>. The analysis of events of complete destruction of the projectile nucleus is presented. Such events are considered as events in which the most favorable conditions are created for the formation of a quarkgluon plasma.

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41

Anderson, William J. "A probabilistic model for reciprocity failure at an n-atom developable silver speck in a photographic emulsion." Communications in Statistics. Stochastic Models 5, no. 1 (January 1989): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15326348908807097.

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Fuentes, R., A. B�lendez, and A. Fimia. "Diffraction efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio of multiplexed volume phase holograms recorded in a photographic emulsion." Applied Physics B Laser and Optics 63, no. 1 (July 1996): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01112833.

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Fujimoto, Hitoshi, Hiroaki Takeshita, Masayoshi Ashida, Wataru Obana, Takayuki Hama, and Hirohiko Takuda. "Photographic Observations of the Transient Contact Behavior of Oil-in-Water Emulsion Droplets Impinging on a Hot Substrate." ISIJ International 59, no. 7 (July 15, 2019): 1304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2018-790.

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44

McNally, D., M. Ashfield, D. W. T. Baines, S. Fossey, P. C. T. Rees, W. B. Somerville, and D. C. B. Whittet. "A Survey of the Yellow-Red Interstellar Diffuse Spectrum Lines." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 120 (1987): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900154233.

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A survey of about 100 lines of sight was made using the coudé auxiliary telescope and the coudé spectrograph of the Shane 3m telescope of the Lick Observatory. the data acquisition required 7 observing seasons. the spectra were recorded photographically at 17Ao/mm using a Varo tube intensifier. Each plate was separately calibrated for intensity and wavelength. the plates were measured using the PDS microdensitometer of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, Herstmonceux, and that data reduced on STARLINK using procedures developed by D.W.T. Baines. Care was taken to treat all photographic material in a consistent manner throughout the duration of the survey. the reduced data may therefore be considered self-consistent. the emulsion types used were (principally) Kodak IIIaF and (more rarely) 103aD.

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Danscher, G., and J. O. Rytter Nørgaard. "Ultrastructural autometallography: a method for silver amplification of catalytic metals." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 33, no. 7 (July 1985): 706–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/33.7.4008918.

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The autometallographic technique involves application of a silver bromide-containing emulsion on the surface of ultrathin sections placed on grids that are subsequently exposed to a photographic developer. In tissue sections from animals treated intravitally with gold, silver, or mercury compounds, accumulations of the metals are visualized by autometallography and can be used for quantitative studies. After amplification, sections can be stained with lead citrate and uranyl acetate. Using autometallography, particles of colloidal gold dispersed in a film of gelatin showed a time-dependent growth and were gradually amplified up to 3.5-fold after 15 min of development. Hence the method may prove useful tracing colloidal gold particles in sections with low particle density, and be a powerful tool for revealing metals in biological tissues.

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Baier, F. W., and R. Ziener. "Investigation of clusters of galaxies. I. Explanation of photometric scale of errors by light diffusion in a photographic emulsion." Astronomische Nachrichten: A Journal on all Fields of Astronomy 307, no. 1 (1986): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asna.2113070113.

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Kataky, Ritu, Martin R. Bryce, and Brian Johnston. "Determination of silver in photographic emulsion: comparison of traditional solid-state electrodes and a new ion-selective membrane electrode." Analyst 125, no. 8 (2000): 1447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b002929g.

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Downing, Kenneth H., and Robert M. Glaeser. "Small-Spot Illumination For High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of Beam-Sensitive Specimens." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100118473.

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The contrast observed in images of beam-sensitive, crystalline specimens is found to be significantly less than one would predict based on observations of electron diffraction patterns of the specimens. Factors such as finite coherence, inelastic scattering, and the limited MTF of the photographic emulsion account for some decrease in contrast. It appears, however, that most of the loss in signal is caused by motion of the specimen during exposure to the electron beam. The introduction of point and other defects in the crystal, resulting from radiation damage, causes bending and lateral motion, which degrade the contrast in the image. We have therefore sought to determine whether the beam-induced specimen motion can be reduced by reducing the area of the specimen which is illuminated at any one time.

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Calixto, Sergio, Nina Ganzherli, Sergey Gulyaev, and Susana Figueroa-Gerstenmaier. "Gelatin as a Photosensitive Material." Molecules 23, no. 8 (August 17, 2018): 2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082064.

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Because this issue journal is dedicated to Gelatin, here we present a few applications of gelatin in the field of optics. Optics is the science that studies the production, propagation, interaction and detection of light. Various materials sensitive to light (photosensitive) are used for detection of light, such as photomultipliers, CCDs, crystals, two dimensional (2D) materials and more. Among the 2D materials, the most popular for several centuries has been gelatin based photographic emulsion, which records spatial distributions of light. More recently (1970), films made of Gelatin with Dichromate (DCG) and dyes have been used. We describe some characteristics and applications of these two photosensitive materials. We also describe examples where gelatin is used as a Relative Humidity (RH) sensor and in the fabrication of optical elements based on gelatin. This article is intended for researchers outside the optics community.

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Mali, Provash, Amitabha Mukhopadhyay, Soumya Sarkar, and Gurmukh Singh. "Azimuthal structure of charged particle emission in 28Si–Ag/Br interaction at 14.5A GeV and 32S–Ag/Br interaction at 200A GeV." International Journal of Modern Physics E 23, no. 05 (May 2014): 1450027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021830131450027x.

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Presence of unusual azimuthal structures in the particle emission data obtained from the 28 Si – Ag / Br interaction at 14.5A GeV and from the 32 S – Ag / Br interaction at 200A GeV, are investigated in the framework of the Cherenkov gluon emission and/or Mach shock wave formation in nuclear/partonic medium. Nuclear photographic emulsion technique is used to collect the experimental data. The experiment is compared with the predictions of two simulations, namely (i) the Relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (RQMD) and (ii) the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD). A charge reassignment algorithm is implemented over the outputs of the simulations to mimic the Bose–Einstein correlation (BEC) effect. Our analysis confirms presence of jet-like structures in both experiments beyond statistical noise. Such structures are more pronounced in the 32 S data than in the 28 Si data.

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