Journal articles: 'Photon detection'

1

Müller, J. Gerhard. "Photon Detection as a Process of Information Gain." Entropy 22, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22040392.

Full text

Abstract:

Making use of the equivalence between information and entropy, we have shown in a recent paper that particles moving with a kinetic energy ε carry potential information i p o t ( ε , T ) = 1 ln ( 2 ) ε k B T relative to a heat reservoir of temperature T . In this paper we build on this result and consider in more detail the process of information gain in photon detection. Considering photons of energy E p h and a photo-ionization detector operated at a temperature T D , we evaluate the signal-to-noise ratio S N ( E p h , T D ) for different detector designs and detector operation conditions and show that the information gain realized upon detection, i r e a l ( E p h , T D ) , always remains smaller than the potential information i p o t ( E p h , T D ) carried with the photons themselves, i.e.,: i r e a l ( E p h , T D ) = 1 ln ( 2 ) ln ( S N ( E p h , T D ) ) ≤ i p o t ( E p h , T D ) = 1 ln ( 2 ) E p h k B T D . This result is shown to be generally valid for all kinds of technical photon detectors, which shows that i p o t ( E p h , T D ) can indeed be regarded as an intrinsic information content that is carried with the photons themselves. Overall, our results suggest that photon detectors perform as thermodynamic engines that incompletely convert potential information into realized information with an efficiency that is limited by the second law of thermodynamics and the Landauer energy bounds on information gain and information erasure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Soini, E., N. J. Meltola, A. E. Soini, J. Soukka, J. T. Soini, and P. E. Hänninen. "Two-photon fluorescence excitation in detection of biomolecules." Biochemical Society Transactions 28, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0280070.

Full text

Abstract:

Two-photon fluorescence excitation has been found to be a very powerful method for enhancing the sensitivity and resolution in far-field light microscopy. Two-photon fluorescence excitation also provides a substantially background-free detection on the single-molecule level. It allows direct monitoring of formation of labelled bio-molecule complexes in solution. Two-photon excitation is created when, by focusing an intensive light source, the density of photons per unit volume and per unit time becomes high enough for two photons to be absorbed into the same chromophore. In this case, the absorbed energy is the sum of the energies of the two photons. In two-photon excitation, dye molecules are excited only when both photons are absorbed simultaneously. The probability of absorption of two photons is equal to the product of probability distributions of absorption of the single photons. The emission of two photons is thus a quadratic process with respect to illumination intensity. Thus in two-photon excitation, only the fluorescence that is formed in the clearly restricted three-dimensional vicinity of the focal point is excited. We have developed an assay concept that is able to distinguish optically between the signal emitted from a microparticle in the focal point of the laser beam, and the signal emitted from the surrounding free labelled reagent. Moreover, the free labels outside the focal volume do not contribute any significant signal. This means that the assay is separation-free. The method based on two-photon fluorescence excitation makes possible fast single-step and separation-free immunoassays, for example, for whole blood samples. Since the method allows a separation-free assay in very small volumes, the method is very useful for high-throughput screening assays. Consequently we believe that two-photon fluorescence excitation will make a remarkable impact as a research tool and a routine method in many fields of analysis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Lee, Eldred, Kaitlin M. Anagnost, Zhehui Wang, Michael R. James, Eric R. Fossum, and Jifeng Liu. "Monte Carlo Modeling and Design of Photon Energy Attenuation Layers for >10× Quantum Yield Enhancement in Si-Based Hard X-ray Detectors." Instruments 5, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments5020017.

Full text

Abstract:

High-energy (>20 keV) X-ray photon detection at high quantum yield, high spatial resolution, and short response time has long been an important area of study in physics. Scintillation is a prevalent method but limited in various ways. Directly detecting high-energy X-ray photons has been a challenge to this day, mainly due to low photon-to-photoelectron conversion efficiencies. Commercially available state-of-the-art Si direct detection products such as the Si charge-coupled device (CCD) are inefficient for >10 keV photons. Here, we present Monte Carlo simulation results and analyses to introduce a highly effective yet simple high-energy X-ray detection concept with significantly enhanced photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies composed of two layers: a top high-Z photon energy attenuation layer (PAL) and a bottom Si detector. We use the principle of photon energy down conversion, where high-energy X-ray photon energies are attenuated down to ≤10 keV via inelastic scattering suitable for efficient photoelectric absorption by Si. Our Monte Carlo simulation results demonstrate that a 10–30× increase in quantum yield can be achieved using PbTe PAL on Si, potentially advancing high-resolution, high-efficiency X-ray detection using PAL-enhanced Si CMOS image sensors.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Ma, Yue, Wenhao Zhang, Jinyan Sun, Guoyuan Li, Xiao Wang, Song Li, and Nan Xu. "Photon-Counting Lidar: An Adaptive Signal Detection Method for Different Land Cover Types in Coastal Areas." Remote Sensing 11, no. 4 (February 25, 2019): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11040471.

Full text

Abstract:

Airborne or space-borne photon-counting lidar can provide successive photon clouds of the Earth’s surface. The distribution and density of signal photons are very different because different land cover types have different surface profiles and reflectance, especially in coastal areas where the land cover types are various and complex. A new adaptive signal photon detection method is proposed to extract the signal photons for different land cover types from the raw photons captured by the MABEL (Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental Lidar) photon-counting lidar in coastal areas. First, the surface types with 30 m resolution are obtained via matching the geographic coordinates of the MABEL trajectory with the NLCD (National Land Cover Database) datasets. Second, in each along-track segment with a specific land cover type, an improved DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) algorithm with adaptive thresholds and a JONSWAP (Joint North Sea Wave Project) wave algorithm is proposed and integrated to detect signal photons on different surface types. The result in Pamlico Sound indicates that this new method can effectively detect signal photons and successfully eliminate noise photons below the water level, whereas the MABEL result failed to extract the signal photons in vegetation segments and failed to discard the after-pulsing noise photons. In the Atlantic Ocean and Pamlico Sound, the errors of the RMS (Root Mean Square) wave height between our result and in-situ result are −0.06 m and 0.00 m, respectively. However, between the MABEL and in-situ result, the errors are −0.44 m and −0.37 m, respectively. The mean vegetation height between the East Lake and Pamlico Sound was also calculated as 15.17 m using the detecting signal photons from our method, which agrees well with the results (15.56 m) from the GFCH (Global Forest Canopy Height) dataset. Overall, for different land cover types in coastal areas, our study indicates that the proposed method can significantly improve the performance of the signal photon detection for photon-counting lidar data, and the detected signal photons can further obtain the water levels and vegetation heights. The proposed approach can also be extended for ICESat-2 (Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2) datasets in the future.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Crosignani, Viera, Sohail Jahid, Alexander Dvornikov, and Enrico Gratton. "Deep tissue imaging by enhanced photon collection." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 07, no. 05 (September 2014): 1450034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545814500345.

Full text

Abstract:

We have developed a two-photon fluorescence microscope capable of imaging up to 4mm in turbid media with micron resolution. The key feature of this instrument is the innovative detector, capable of collecting emission photons from a wider surface area of the sample than detectors in traditional two-photon microscopes. This detection scheme is extremely efficient in the collection of emitted photons scattered by turbid media which allows eight fold increase in the imaging depth when compared with conventional two-photon microscopes. Furthermore, this system also has in-depth fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) imaging capability which increases image contrast. The detection scheme captures emission light in a transmission configuration, making it extremely efficient for the detection of second harmonic generation (SHG) signals, which is generally forward propagating. Here we present imaging experiments of tissue phantoms and in vivo and ex vivo biological tissue performed with this microscope.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Hsieh, Chin-An, Chia-Ming Tsai, Bing-Yue Tsui, Bo-Jen Hsiao, and Sheng-Di Lin. "Photon-Detection-Probability Simulation Method for CMOS Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020436.

Full text

Abstract:

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology have excellent timing resolution and are capable to detect single photons. The most important indicator for its sensitivity, photon-detection probability (PDP), defines the probability of a successful detection for a single incident photon. To optimize PDP is a cost- and time-consuming task due to the complicated and expensive CMOS process. In this work, we have developed a simulation procedure to predict the PDP without any fitting parameter. With the given process parameters, our method combines the process, the electrical, and the optical simulations in commercially available software and the calculation of breakdown trigger probability. The simulation results have been compared with the experimental data conducted in an 800-nm CMOS technology and obtained a good consistence at the wavelength longer than 600 nm. The possible reasons for the disagreement at the short wavelength have been discussed. Our work provides an effective way to optimize the PDP of a SPAD prior to its fabrication.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Mushatet, Adil F., and Shelan K. Tawfeeq. "An efficient performance evaluation modeling tool for SNSPD used in QKD systems." International Journal of Quantum Information 17, no. 07 (October 2019): 1950059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021974991950059x.

Full text

Abstract:

Single-photon detection concept is the most crucial and often difficult factor to determine the performance of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. One solution to facilitate understanding this concept is to create a virtual environment for modeling, analyzing, and investigating the performance of single photon detectors. In this paper, a simulator for superconducting single photon detectors with time domain visualizer and configurable parameters is presented. The widely used ID281SNSPD in the QKD area was theoretically modeled in terms of pulse analysis, the impact of biasing current and the temperature on the dark counts rate and single photon-detection efficiency and influence of the number of photons per pulse on the single photon-detection efficiency. The simulated results were in good agreement with the theoretical results and the simulator demonstrated its adaptability.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Tian, Qi Chuan, and Jie Wen. "Detecting Known Objects in a Noisy Scene Using Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 3843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3843.

Full text

Abstract:

According to the problem of the identification and localization of a known object in a scene, satisfied detection results can not be achieved using traditional detectors for images in photon-limited noise, an algorithm named Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) was derived for detecting known objects in a noisy scene. We used this algorithm to evaluate the existence of tiger in photons-limited images. Results show that the GLRT algorithm is effectiveness in detecting and localizing a known object embedded in a background image from photon-limited observations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Walsh, Evan D., Woochan Jung, Gil-Ho Lee, Dmitri K. Efetov, Bae-Ian Wu, K. F. Huang, Thomas A. Ohki, et al. "Josephson junction infrared single-photon detector." Science 372, no. 6540 (April 22, 2021): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abf5539.

Full text

Abstract:

Josephson junctions are superconducting devices used as high-sensitivity magnetometers and voltage amplifiers as well as the basis of high-performance cryogenic computers and superconducting quantum computers. Although device performance can be degraded by the generation of quasiparticles formed from broken Cooper pairs, this phenomenon also opens opportunities to sensitively detect electromagnetic radiation. We demonstrate single near-infrared photon detection by coupling photons to the localized surface plasmons of a graphene-based Josephson junction. Using the photon-induced switching statistics of the current-biased device, we reveal the critical role of quasiparticles generated by the absorbed photon in the detection mechanism. The photon sensitivity will enable a high-speed, low-power optical interconnect for future superconducting computing architectures.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Meis, Constantin, and Pierre Richard Dahoo. "Vector potential quantization and the photon intrinsic electromagnetic properties: Towards nondestructive photon detection." International Journal of Quantum Information 15, no. 08 (December 2017): 1740003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749917400032.

Full text

Abstract:

We employ here the enhancement of the vector potential amplitude quantization at a single photon state. The analysis of the general solution of the vector potential, obtained by resolving Maxwell’s equations, implies that the amplitude is proportional to the angular frequency. The photon vector potential function αkλ(r,t) can be written in the plane wave representation satisfying the classical wave propagation equation, Schrödinger’s equation for the energy with the relativistic massless field Hamiltonian and a linear time-dependent equation for the vector potential amplitude operator. Thus, the vector potential αkλ(r,t) with the quantized amplitude may play the role of a real wave function for the photon in a nonlocal representation that can be suitably normalized. We then deduce that the amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields, respectively, of a single free photon are proportional to the square of the angular frequency. This might open perspectives for the development of nondestructive photon detection methods based on the influence of the electric and/or magnetic fields of photons on the energy levels of atoms and molecules.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Jegannathan, Gobinath, Hans Ingelberts, and Maarten Kuijk. "Current-Assisted Single Photon Avalanche Diode (CASPAD) Fabricated in 350 nm Conventional CMOS." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6 (March 22, 2020): 2155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10062155.

Full text

Abstract:

A current-assisted single-photon avalanche diode (CASPAD) is presented with a large and deep absorption volume combined with a small p-n junction in its middle to perform avalanche trigger detection. The absorption volume has a drift field that serves as a guiding mechanism to the photo-generated minority carriers by directing them toward the avalanche breakdown region of the p-n junction. This drift field is created by a majority current distribution in the thick (highly-resistive) epi-layer that is present because of an applied voltage bias between the p-anode of the avalanching region and the perimeter of the detector. A first CASPAD device fabricated in 350-nm CMOS shows functional operation for NIR (785-nm) photons; absorbed in a volume of 40 × 40 × 14 μm3. The CASPAD is characterized for its photon-detection probability (PDP), timing jitter, dark-count rate (DCR), and after pulsing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Niemietz, Dominik, Pau Farrera, Stefan Langenfeld, and Gerhard Rempe. "Nondestructive detection of photonic qubits." Nature 591, no. 7851 (March 24, 2021): 570–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03290-z.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractOne of the biggest challenges in experimental quantum information is to sustain the fragile superposition state of a qubit1. Long lifetimes can be achieved for material qubit carriers as memories2, at least in principle, but not for propagating photons that are rapidly lost by absorption, diffraction or scattering3. The loss problem can be mitigated with a nondestructive photonic qubit detector that heralds the photon without destroying the encoded qubit. Such a detector is envisioned to facilitate protocols in which distributed tasks depend on the successful dissemination of photonic qubits4,5, improve loss-sensitive qubit measurements6,7 and enable certain quantum key distribution attacks8. Here we demonstrate such a detector based on a single atom in two crossed fibre-based optical resonators, one for qubit-insensitive atom–photon coupling and the other for atomic-state detection9. We achieve a nondestructive detection efficiency upon qubit survival of 79 ± 3 per cent and a photon survival probability of 31 ± 1 per cent, and we preserve the qubit information with a fidelity of 96.2 ± 0.3 per cent. To illustrate the potential of our detector, we show that it can, with the current parameters, improve the rate and fidelity of long-distance entanglement and quantum state distribution compared to previous methods, provide resource optimization via qubit amplification and enable detection-loophole-free Bell tests.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Reusch, Tobias, Markus Osterhoff, Johannes Agricola, and Tim Salditt. "Pulse-resolved multi-photon X-ray detection at 31 MHz based on a quadrant avalanche photodiode." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 21, no. 4 (June 3, 2014): 708–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577514006730.

Full text

Abstract:

The technical realisation and the commissioning experiments of a high-speed X-ray detector based on a quadrant avalanche silicon photodiode and high-speed digitizers are described. The development is driven by the need for X-ray detectors dedicated to time-resolved diffraction and imaging experiments, ideally requiring pulse-resolved data processing at the synchrotron bunch repetition rate. By a novel multi-photon detection scheme, the exact number of X-ray photons within each X-ray pulse can be recorded. Commissioning experiments at beamlines P08 and P10 of the storage ring PETRA III, at DESY, Hamburg, Germany, have been used to validate the pulse-wise multi-photon counting scheme at bunch frequencies ≥31 MHz, enabling pulse-by-pulse readout during the PETRA III 240-bunch mode with single-photon detection capability. An X-ray flux of ≥3.7 × 109 photons s−1can be detected while still resolving individual photons at low count rates.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Bulychjov, S. A., A. E. Kudryavtsev, V. V. Kulikov, M. A. Martemianov, V. E. Tarasov, M. A. Lizunova, W. J. Briscoe, and I. I. Strakovsky. "Neutron Detection in the A2 Collaboration Experiment on Neutral Pion Photo-production on Neutron." KnE Energy 3, no. 1 (April 9, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ken.v3i1.1722.

Full text

Abstract:

Neutron detection is of crucial importance for the neutral pion photo-production study on a neutron target that now is in progress at MAMI. Two electro-magnetic calorimeters, based on NaI and BaF2 crystals, are used in the A2 experiment. While these calorimeters are optimized for pion decay photon detection, they have a reason able efficiency for neutron detection also. The paper describes the method, which has been used to measure this efficiency using the same data taken for pion photo-production study on deuterium target with tagged photon been of 800 MeV maximal energy. The detection efficiency is a rising function of neutron momentum that reaches 40% near 1 GeV/c.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Giustolisi, Gianluca, Paolo Finocchiaro, Alfio Pappalardo, and Gaetano Palumbo. "Behavioral Model of Silicon Photo-Multipliers Suitable for Transistor-Level Circuit Simulation." Electronics 10, no. 13 (June 27, 2021): 1551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10131551.

Full text

Abstract:

Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are photo-electronic devices able to detect single photons and permit the measurement of weak optical signals. Single-photon detection is accomplished through high-performance read-out front-end electronics whose design needs accurate modeling of the photomultiplier device. In the past, a useful model was developed, but it is limited to the device electrical characteristic and its parameter extraction procedure requires several measurement steps. A new silicon photomultiplier model is proposed in this paper. It exploits the Verilog-a behavioral language and is appropriate to transistor-level circuit simulations. The photon detection of a single cell is modeled using the traditional electrical model. A statistical model is included to describe the silicon photomultiplier noise caused by dark-count or after-pulsing effects. The paper also includes a procedure for the extraction of the model parameters through measurements. The Verilog-a model and the extraction procedure are validated by comparing simulations to experimental results.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Wilke, R. N., J. Wallentin, M. Osterhoff, D. Pennicard, A. Zozulya, M. Sprung, and T. Salditt. "High-flux ptychographic imaging using the new 55 µm-pixel detector `Lambda' based on the Medipix3 readout chip." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, no. 6 (September 12, 2014): 552–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314014545.

Full text

Abstract:

Suitable detection systems that are capable of recording high photon count rates with single-photon detection are instrumental for coherent X-ray imaging. The new single-photon-counting pixel detector `Lambda' has been tested in a ptychographic imaging experiment on solar-cell nanowires using Kirkpatrick–Baez-focused 13.8 keV X-rays. Taking advantage of the high count rate of the Lambda and dynamic range expansion by the semi-transparent central stop, a high-dynamic-range diffraction signal covering more than seven orders of magnitude has been recorded, which corresponds to a photon flux density of about 105 photons nm−2 s−1or a flux of ∼1010 photons s−1on the sample. By comparison with data taken without the semi-transparent central stop, an increase in resolution by a factor of 3–4 is determined: from about 125 nm to about 38 nm for the nanowire and from about 83 nm to about 21 nm for the illuminating wavefield.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Niclass, Cristiano, Claudio Favi, Theo Kluter, FrÉdÉric Monnier, and Edoardo Charbon. "Single-Photon Synchronous Detection." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 44, no. 7 (July 2009): 1977–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2009.2021920.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Dvornikov, Alexander, Leonel Malacrida, and Enrico Gratton. "The DIVER Microscope for Imaging in Scattering Media." Methods and Protocols 2, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps2020053.

Full text

Abstract:

We describe an advanced DIVER (Deep Imaging Via Emission Recovery) detection system for two-photon fluorescence microscopy that allows imaging in multiple scattering media, including biological tissues, up to a depth of a few mm with micron resolution. This detection system is more sensitive to low level light signals than conventional epi-detection used in two-photon fluorescence microscopes. The DIVER detector efficiently collects scattered emission photons from a wide area of turbid samples at almost any entrance angle in a 2π spherical angle. Using an epi-detection scheme only photons coming from a relatively small area of a sample and at narrow acceptance angle can be detected. The transmission geometry of the DIVER imaging system makes it exceptionally suitable for Second and Third Harmonic Generation (SHG, THG) signal detection. It also has in-depth fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) capability. Using special optical filters with sin-cos spectral response, hyperspectral analysis of images acquired in-depth in scattering media can be performed. The system was successfully employed in imaging of various biological tissues. The DIVER detector can be plugged into a standard microscope stage and used as an external detector with upright commercial two-photon microscopes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Harmon, J. F., D. P. Wells, and A. W. Hunt. "Neutrons and Photons in Nondestructive Detection." Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology 04, no. 01 (January 2011): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793626811000495.

Full text

Abstract:

Active, nondestructive interrogation with neutrons and photons has seen a renaissance in recent years, owing to a broad spectrum of important applications in security, nuclear nonproliferation, contraband detection and materials analysis. Active methods are of high interest for such applications because they provide at least an order of magnitude greater sensitivity than passive methods. Accelerator-based neutron and photon active methods exploit two important factors to attain greater sensitivity: these are (i) the control of interrogating beam properties such as directionality, energy, intensity, polarization and the temporal distribution of radiation; (ii) well-founded, low energy nuclear physics that yields distinct "signatures" for elemental and isotopic content. This review addresses accelerator-based neutron and photon nondestructive testing methods and issues when applied to modern and emerging wide-ranging challenges in nondestructive detection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Matveev, O. I., B. W. Smith, N. Omenetto, and J. D. Winefordner. "Single photo-electron and photon detection in a mercury resonance ionization photon detector (RID)." Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 51, no. 6 (May 1996): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0584-8547(95)01456-x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Vergyris, Panagiotis, Charles Babin, Raphael Nold, Elie Gouzien, Harald Herrmann, Christine Silberhorn, Olivier Alibart, Sébastien Tanzilli, and Florian Kaiser. "Two-photon phase-sensing with single-photon detection." Applied Physics Letters 117, no. 2 (July 13, 2020): 024001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0009527.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Conte, M. "Detection of processes induced by photon-photon collisions." Il Nuovo Cimento A 101, no. 2 (February 1989): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02813999.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Polakovic, Tomas, Whitney Armstrong, Goran Karapetrov, Zein-Eddine Meziani, and Valentine Novosad. "Unconventional Applications of Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061198.

Full text

Abstract:

Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors are becoming a dominant technology in quantum optics and quantum communication, primarily because of their low timing jitter and capability to detect individual low-energy photons with high quantum efficiencies. However, other desirable characteristics, such as high detection rates, operation in cryogenic and high magnetic field environments, or high-efficiency detection of charged particles, are underrepresented in literature, potentially leading to a lack of interest in other fields that might benefit from this technology. We review the progress in use of superconducting nanowire technology in photon and particle detection outside of the usual areas of physics, with emphasis on the potential use in ongoing and future experiments in nuclear and high energy physics.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Li, Zhikang, Bo Liu, Huachuang Wang, Zhen Chen, Qun Zhang, Kangjian Hua, and Jing Yang. "Target Tracking and Ranging Based on Single Photon Detection." Photonics 8, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8070278.

Full text

Abstract:

In order to achieve non-cooperative target tracking and ranging in conditions of a weak echo signal, this paper presents a real-time acquisition, pointing, tracking (APT), and ranging (APTR) lidar system based on single photon detection. With this system, an active target APT mechanism based on a single photon detector is proposed. The target tracking and ranging strategy and the simulation of target APT are presented. Experiments in the laboratory show that the system has good performance to achieve the acquisition, pointing and ranging of a static target, and track a dynamic target (angular velocity around 3 mrad/s) under the condition of extremely weak echo signals (a dozen photons). Meanwhile, through further theoretical analysis, it can be proven that the mechanism has stronger tracking and detection ability in long distance. It can achieve the active tracking of the target with a lateral velocity of hundreds of meters per second at about one hundred kilometers distance. This means that it has the ability of fast long-distance non-cooperative target tracking and ranging, only by using a single-point single photon detector.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Revin, Leonid S., Andrey L. Pankratov, Anna V. Gordeeva, Anton A. Yablokov, Igor V. Rakut, Victor O. Zbrozhek, and Leonid S. Kuzmin. "Microwave photon detection by an Al Josephson junction." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 11 (June 23, 2020): 960–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.80.

Full text

Abstract:

An aluminium Josephson junction (JJ), with a critical current suppressed by a factor of three compared with the maximal value calculated from the gap, is experimentally investigated for application as a threshold detector for microwave photons. We present the preliminary results of measurements of the lifetime of the superconducting state and the probability of switching by a 9 GHz external signal. We found an anomalously large lifetime, not described by the Kramers’ theory for the escape time over a barrier under the influence of fluctuations. We explain it by the phase diffusion regime, which is evident from the temperature dependence of the switching current histograms. Therefore, phase diffusion allows for a significant improvement of the noise immunity of a device, radically decreasing the dark count rate, but it will also decrease the single-photon sensitivity of the considered threshold detector. Quantization of the switching probability tilt as a function of the signal attenuation for various bias currents through the JJ is observed, which resembles the differentiation between N and N + 1 photon absorption.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

TAKAHASHI, TOHRU, and KATSUMASA IKEMATSU. "DETECTION OF TOP QUARKS IN A PHOTON–PHOTON COLLIDER." International Journal of Modern Physics A 15, no. 16 (June 30, 2000): 2599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x00002676.

Full text

Abstract:

We report the feasibility of detection of top quark pairs in a photon–photon collider. A realistic luminosity and detection efficiency were estimated using a simulation with a set of accelerator and detector parameters. It was found that about 1000 events can be expected with the signal to noise ratio of 10 in a year of operation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Bagliani, D., F. Gatti, M. Ribeiro Gomes, L. Parodi, L. Ferrari, and R. Valle. "Ir TES Electron-Phonon Thermal Conductance and Single Photon Detection." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 151, no. 1-2 (January 26, 2008): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-007-9641-1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

XIAO, Liantuan. "Photon statistics measurement by use of single photon detection." Chinese Science Bulletin 49, no. 9 (2004): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/03ww0102.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Križan, Peter. "Overview of photon detectors for fast single photon detection." Journal of Instrumentation 9, no. 10 (October 6, 2014): C10010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/10/c10010.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Zhai, Yanhua, Francisco E. Becerra, Boris L. Glebov, Jianming Wen, Adriana E. Lita, Brice Calkins, Thomas Gerrits, Jingyun Fan, Sae Woo Nam, and Alan Migdall. "Photon-number-resolved detection of photon-subtracted thermal light." Optics Letters 38, no. 13 (June 18, 2013): 2171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.38.002171.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Xiao, Liantuan, Yuqiang Jiang, Yanting Zhao, Wangbao Yin, Jianming Zhao, and Suotang Jia. "Photon statistics measurement by use of single photon detection." Chinese Science Bulletin 49, no. 9 (May 2004): 875–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03184001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Meng, Xiao, Shiyu Xie, Xinxin Zhou, Niccolò Calandri, Mirko Sanzaro, Alberto Tosi, Chee Hing Tan, and Jo Shien Ng. "InGaAs/InAlAs single photon avalanche diode for 1550 nm photons." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 3 (March 2016): 150584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150584.

Full text

Abstract:

A single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) with an InGaAs absorption region, and an InAlAs avalanche region was designed and demonstrated to detect 1550 nm wavelength photons. The characterization included leakage current, dark count rate and single photon detection efficiency as functions of temperature from 210 to 294 K. The SPAD exhibited good temperature stability, with breakdown voltage dependence of approximately 45 mV K −1 . Operating at 210 K and in a gated mode, the SPAD achieved a photon detection probability of 26% at 1550 nm with a dark count rate of 1 × 10 8 Hz. The time response of the SPAD showed decreasing timing jitter (full width at half maximum) with increasing overbias voltage, with 70 ps being the smallest timing jitter measured.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

LEE, Dong-Hoon, and Kee-Suk HONG. "Future Definition of the Candela Based on Single Photons." Physics and High Technology 30, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/phit.30.007.

Full text

Abstract:

We discuss the candela (cd), the SI unit for light intensity, and its relation to single-photon technology. Currently, the definition of candela is based on the radiant flux in the unit of watts (W) with a fixed constant Kcd, and its primary standard is implemented electrically. Recent advances in the generation and the detection of a single photon indicate that photon-counting techniques with very small uncertainties of less than 1 ppm will become available in the near future. Thus single-photon technology will allow the light intensity to be defined simply in terms of the number of photons counted rather than the power measured in watts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Veenhof, Rob. "Photon detection in a gas." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 563, no. 2 (July 2006): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2006.02.147.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Townsend, P. D., and S. W. Harmer. "Photon detection with polarization discrimination." Journal of Modern Optics 53, no. 12 (August 15, 2006): 1785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340600624205.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Buller, G. S., and R. J. Collins. "Single-photon generation and detection." Measurement Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (November 6, 2009): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/1/012002.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Thew, R. T., N. Curtz, P. Eraerds, N. Walenta, J. D. Gautier, E. Koller, J. Zhang, N. Gisin, and H. Zbinden. "Approaches to single photon detection." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 610, no. 1 (October 2009): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.05.031.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Lagnado, Leon. "New light on photon detection." Journal of Physiology 590, no. 16 (August 2012): 3641–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.237040.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Konstantatos, Gerasimos, and Edward H. Sargent. "Nanostructured materials for photon detection." Nature Nanotechnology 5, no. 6 (May 16, 2010): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2010.78.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Karasik, Boris S., Andrei V. Sergeev, and Daniel E. Prober. "Nanobolometers for THz Photon Detection." IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (September 2011): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tthz.2011.2159560.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Кузанян, А. А. "Полупроводниковый сенсор термоэлектрического однофотонного детектора для регистрации излучения ближнего ИК диапазона." Физика и техника полупроводников 55, no. 4 (2021): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2021.04.50735.9450.

Full text

Abstract:

We proposed the design of a four-layer detection pixel of the single-photon thermoelectric detector with semiconductor FeSb2 sensor. The processes of heat propagation in a detection pixel after the absorption of a photon were studied using computer simulation. The calculations were based on the equation of heat propagation from a limited volume using the three-dimensional matrix method for differential equations. The temporal dependences of the detector signal amplitude were calculated for various thicknesses of the detection pixel’s layers and the following parameters were determined: signal delay, timing jitter, maximum signal value, time to reach the maximum signal, decay time and count rate. It was proved that a detector with such a detection pixel can provide detection efficiency above 95% for near-infrared photons. At the same time, the terahertz count rate was achieved.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Кузанян, А. А. "Полупроводниковый сенсор термоэлектрического однофотонного детектора для регистрации излучения ближнего ИК диапазона." Физика и техника полупроводников 55, no. 4 (2021): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2021.04.50735.9450.

Full text

Abstract:

We proposed the design of a four-layer detection pixel of the single-photon thermoelectric detector with semiconductor FeSb2 sensor. The processes of heat propagation in a detection pixel after the absorption of a photon were studied using computer simulation. The calculations were based on the equation of heat propagation from a limited volume using the three-dimensional matrix method for differential equations. The temporal dependences of the detector signal amplitude were calculated for various thicknesses of the detection pixel’s layers and the following parameters were determined: signal delay, timing jitter, maximum signal value, time to reach the maximum signal, decay time and count rate. It was proved that a detector with such a detection pixel can provide detection efficiency above 95% for near-infrared photons. At the same time, the terahertz count rate was achieved.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Zhou, Nan, Miao Qing Zhuang, and Hao Liang. "Design of High Speed and High Efficiency Single-Photon Detectors Using Silicon Avalanche Photodiodes." Key Engineering Materials 705 (August 2016): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.705.168.

Full text

Abstract:

Avalanche photodiodes are crucial materials for single-photon detection. Single-photon detectors are indispensable components for optical experiments and applications such as quantum information processing and quantum communications, both of which demand high single-photon detection efficiency. The authors have first developed a silicon single-photon avalanche detector in near infrared spectrum with 1 MHz square wave gating and tested its performance. Then we have also designed a high-speed and high-efficiency silicon single-photon detection system with 152 MHz sine wave gating and improved its single-photon detection efficiency to 77.48%.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

LASOTA, MIKOŁAJ, RAFAŁ DEMKOWICZ-DOBRZAŃSKI, and KONRAD BANASZEK. "QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION WITH REALISTIC HERALDED SINGLE-PHOTON SOURCES." International Journal of Quantum Information 11, no. 03 (April 2013): 1350034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749913500342.

Full text

Abstract:

We analyze theoretically the performance of four-state quantum key distribution protocols implemented with a realistic heralded single-photon source. The analysis assumes a noisy model for the detector heralding generation of individual photons via spontaneous parametric down-conversion, including dark counts and imperfect photon number resolution. We identify characteristics of the heralding detector that defines the attainable cryptographic key rate and the maximum secure distance. Approximate analytical formulas are applied to multiplexed detection and compared with results of numerical calculations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Thekkadath, G. S., B. A. Bell, I. A. Walmsley, and A. I. Lvovsky. "Engineering Schrödinger cat states with a photonic even-parity detector." Quantum 4 (March 2, 2020): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-03-02-239.

Full text

Abstract:

When two equal photon-number states are combined on a balanced beam splitter, both output ports of the beam splitter contain only even numbers of photons. Consider the time-reversal of this interference phenomenon: the probability that a pair of photon-number-resolving detectors at the output ports of a beam splitter both detect the same number of photons depends on the overlap between the input state of the beam splitter and a state containing only even photon numbers. Here, we propose using this even-parity detection to engineer quantum states containing only even photon-number terms. As an example, we demonstrate the ability to prepare superpositions of two coherent states with opposite amplitudes, i.e. two-component Schrödinger cat states. Our scheme can prepare cat states of arbitrary size with nearly perfect fidelity. Moreover, we investigate engineering more complex even-parity states such as four-component cat states by iteratively applying our even-parity detector.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Zhang, Gui Yin, Yi Dong Jin, and Hai Ming Zheng. "Detection of Atmospheric Pollutant NO With the Method of Resonant-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 1596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.1596.

Full text

Abstract:

NO is one of the key substances of air pollution. This paper presents the use of the technique of resonant enhanced multi-photon ionization (REMPI) for NO ambient detection. NO is ionized by absorbing four photons and via A2Σ intermediate resonant state when use 452.4nm laser as radiation source. A physical model concerning the ionization process is presented. It is shown that the ion signal depends on laser character and the dynamic parameters of NO. Two-photon absorption and ionization cross section about the resonant state are obtained from the ion decay curve and the model. The detection limit of this work, which can reach 1.4 ppm, is determined by measuring the variation of the ion signal with the concentration of NO.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

ZHAO Shuai, 赵帅, 郭劲 GUO Jin, 刘洪波 LIU Hong-bo, and 冯强 FENG Qiang. "Application of multi-pixel photon counters to single photon detection." Optics and Precision Engineering 19, no. 5 (2011): 972–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20111905.0972.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Liu, Xialin, Yiwei Sun, Jianhong Shi, and Guihua Zeng. "Photon efficiency of computational ghost imaging with single-photon detection." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 35, no. 10 (September 26, 2018): 1741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.35.001741.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Smith, Carlas S., Sjoerd Stallinga, Keith A. Lidke, Bernd Rieger, and David Grunwald. "Probability-based particle detection that enables threshold-free and robust in vivo single-molecule tracking." Molecular Biology of the Cell 26, no. 22 (November 5, 2015): 4057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0448.

Full text

Abstract:

Single-molecule detection in fluorescence nanoscopy has become a powerful tool in cell biology but can present vexing issues in image analysis, such as limited signal, unspecific background, empirically set thresholds, image filtering, and false-positive detection limiting overall detection efficiency. Here we present a framework in which expert knowledge and parameter tweaking are replaced with a probability-based hypothesis test. Our method delivers robust and threshold-free signal detection with a defined error estimate and improved detection of weaker signals. The probability value has consequences for downstream data analysis, such as weighing a series of detections and corresponding probabilities, Bayesian propagation of probability, or defining metrics in tracking applications. We show that the method outperforms all current approaches, yielding a detection efficiency of >70% and a false-positive detection rate of <5% under conditions down to 17 photons/pixel background and 180 photons/molecule signal, which is beneficial for any kind of photon-limited application. Examples include limited brightness and photostability, phototoxicity in live-cell single-molecule imaging, and use of new labels for nanoscopy. We present simulations, experimental data, and tracking of low-signal mRNAs in yeast cells.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Nomerotski, Andrei, Michael Keach, Paul Stankus, Peter Svihra, and Stephen Vintskevich. "Counting of Hong-Ou-Mandel Bunched Optical Photons Using a Fast Pixel Camera." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 3475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123475.

Full text

Abstract:

The uses of a silicon-pixel camera with very good time resolution (∼nanosecond) for detecting multiple, bunched optical photons is explored. We present characteristics of the camera and describe experiments proving its counting capabilities. We use a spontaneous parametric down-conversion source to generate correlated photon pairs, and exploit the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference effect in a fiber-coupled beam splitter to bunch the pair onto the same output fiber. It is shown that the time and spatial resolution of the camera enables independent detection of two photons emerging simultaneously from a single spatial mode.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Photon detection'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles