Journal articles: 'Photonic Crystal Integrated Circuits'

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Matsuda, Nobuyuki, and Hiroki Takesue. "Generation and manipulation of entangled photons on silicon chips." Nanophotonics 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 440–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2015-0148.

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AbstractIntegrated quantum photonics is now seen as one of the promising approaches to realize scalable quantum information systems. With optical waveguides based on silicon photonics technologies, we can realize quantum optical circuits with a higher degree of integration than with silica waveguides. In addition, thanks to the large nonlinearity observed in silicon nanophotonic waveguides, we can implement active components such as entangled photon sources on a chip. In this paper, we report recent progress in integrated quantum photonic circuits based on silicon photonics. We review our work on correlated and entangled photon-pair sources on silicon chips, using nanoscale silicon waveguides and silicon photonic crystal waveguides. We also describe an on-chip quantum buffer realized using the slow-light effect in a silicon photonic crystal waveguide. As an approach to combine the merits of different waveguide platforms, a hybrid quantum circuit that integrates a silicon-based photon-pair source and a silica-based arrayed waveguide grating is also presented.

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Caballero, Luis Pedraza, Michelle L. Povinelli, Jhonattan C. Ramirez, Paulo S. S. Guimarães, and Omar P. Vilela Neto. "Photonic crystal integrated logic gates and circuits." Optics Express 30, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 1976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.444714.

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T, Sridarshini, Geerthana S, Balaji V R, Arun Thirumurugan, Sitharthan R, Sivanantha Raja A, and Shanmuga Sundar Dhanabalan. "Ultra-compact all-optical logical circuits for photonic integrated circuits." Laser Physics 33, no. 7 (June 8, 2023): 076207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/acd7dd.

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Abstract In this paper, a photonic crystal based ultra-compact Optical XOR gate followed by an optical half-subtractor is proposed. Plane wave expansion is used to evaluate the photonic bandgap of the devised structure. The output and efficiency of logical circuits can be improved by maintaining distinct thresholds for the output logic states, thereby enabling the design to operate even in low power inputs. Reliability of the structure is enhanced by retaining a threshold for the output value. The performance of the proposed circuit is examined using the Finite Difference Time Domain method. The output is considered as logic 1 when the power level exceeds 0.7 μW and logic ‘0’ if it is below 0.35 μW. The proposed logical circuit has high contrast ratio. The XOR gate has a contrast ratio of about 12.55 dB, and the half subtractor has 7.78 dB and 11.76 dB for Difference and Borrow respectively. These devices work at 1550 nm wavelength and are ultra-compact in size. The proposed structure of logic gates will be suitable for photonic integrated circuits due to its ultra-small and simple design.

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Parandin, Fariborz, Saeed Olyaee, Reza Kamarian, and Mohamadreza Jomour. "Design and Simulation of Linear All-Optical Comparator Based on Square-Lattice Photonic Crystals." Photonics 9, no. 7 (June 29, 2022): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070459.

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An optical comparator is an important logic circuit used in digital designs. Photonic crystals are among the platforms for implementing different kinds of gates and logic circuits, and they are structures with alternating refractive indices. In this paper, an optical comparator is designed and simulated based on a square lattice photonic crystal. In the design of this comparator, a small-sized structure is used. The simulation results show that in the proposed comparator, there is a high difference between logical values “0” and “1”, which are defined based on the optical power level. Due to the small size of this comparator and the adequate difference between logical values “0” and “1”, this structure suits photonic integrated circuits with high accuracy. The proposed structure footprint is 149.04 µm2, and the calculated rise time for this circuit is less than 0.4 ps.

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Olthaus, Jan, Philip P. J. Schrinner, Doris E. Reiter, and Carsten Schuck. "Optimal Photonic Crystal Cavities for Coupling Nanoemitters to Photonic Integrated Circuits." Advanced Quantum Technologies 3, no. 2 (October 2019): 1900084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qute.201900084.

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He, Xiaoxian, and Xiangru Wang. "40.2: Programmable topological waveguide via nematic liquid crystals." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 54, S1 (April 2023): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.16279.

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With the rapid development of display technology, liquid crystals have gained significant attention. The unique optical properties of liquid crystals, such as birefringent optical performance and adaptive stimulus-responsiveness, provide a soft material platform for optical communication, biosensing, spatial light modulation, and topological photons. In this paper, based on the tunable refractive index of nematic liquid crystal and the robust transmission characteristics of topological photonic crystals, a valley photonic crystal based on liquid crystal (LCs-VPC) is proposed. The LCs-VPC has graphene-like lattice structure, and the liquid crystal molecules with different refractive indexes are confined in cylinders and hopingly arranged at six vertices of the lattice to break the space inversion symmetry. The topological non-trivial state is generated by adjusting the LCs’ refractive index via bias voltages. Topological waveguides with valley-protected edge modes are designed by stacking different states of lattice cells in the plane. The programmability of the waveguide is achieved by applying an external voltage to encode the state of the LCs in each cylinder. Based on the programmable topological waveguide, a programmable beam splitter has been designed. Our proposed LCs-VPC devices are beneficial for the development of integrated topological photonic circuits.

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Otón, José Manuel, Manuel Caño-García, Fernando Gordo, Eva Otón, Morten Andreas Geday, and Xabier Quintana. "Liquid crystal tunable claddings for polymer integrated optical waveguides." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (November 5, 2019): 2163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.209.

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Optical waveguides in photonic integrated circuits are traditionally passive elements merely carrying optical signals from one point to another. These elements could contribute to the integrated circuit functionality if they were modulated either by variations of the core optical properties, or by using tunable claddings. In this work, the use of liquid crystals as electro-optically active claddings for driving integrated waveguides has been explored. Tunable waveguides have been modeled and fabricated using polymers. Optical functions such as variable coupling and optical switching have been demonstrated.

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Mohammed, M., and W. Cel. "Photonic crystal analysis for multiplexer and de-multiplexer applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2322, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2322/1/012074.

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Abstract In our present work, we have made an investigation of several theoretical tools using the finite element method depending on the COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS program, for intuitive insight into the optical properties of the optical crystal. Analysis of the bandgap of a two-dimensional periodic photonic crystal with square lattice, evaluate the photonic band structure by the eigenfrequency of the unit cell of the first Brillouin zone. Moreover, creating defect mode inside the bandgap of photonic crystal, such as a resonant cavity, waveguide defect, narrowband filter, sharp drop filter, channel drop filter, waveguide bends, waveguide splitter promises us to a platform to design devices that includes a certain optical range of wavelengths. The transmission, as a result, the influence of the light localized in the defect area of the periodic structure of the photonic crystal. This study is important for producing photonic integrated circuits based on photonic crystals for future advanced optical communication.

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Thylén, Lars, Min Qiu, and Srinivasan Anand. "Photonic Crystals—A Step towards Integrated Circuits for Photonics." ChemPhysChem 5, no. 9 (September 20, 2004): 1268–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200301075.

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Liu, Chen-Yang, and Lien-Wen Chen. "Tunable Channel Drop Filter in a Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Modulated by a Nematic Liquid Crystal." Journal of Nanomaterials 2006 (2006): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/jnm/2006/52946.

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Photonic crystals (PCs) have many potential applications because of their ability to control light-wave propagation and because PC-based waveguides may be integrated into optical circuits. We propose a novel tunable PC channel drop filter based on nematic liquid crystals and investigate its properties numerically by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The refractive indices of liquid crystals can be actively modulated after infiltrating nematic liquid crystals into the microcavity in PC waveguides with square lattices. Then we can control light propagation in a PC waveguide. We analyze theQ-factors and resonance frequencies of a tunable PC channel drop filter by considering various indices modulation of liquid crystals. The novel component can be used as wavelength division multiplexing in photonic integrated circuits.

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Swarnakar, Sandip, Santosh Kumar, and Sandeep Sharma. "Design of All-optical Half-subtractor Circuit Device using 2-D Principle of Photonic Crystal Waveguides." Journal of Optical Communications 40, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0083.

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Abstract A design of all-optical half-subtractor (AOHS) is presented based on two-dimensional (2-D) photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides without using optical amplifiers and nonlinear materials. It is an essential component of various photonic integrated circuits. The design of AOHS circuit is based on beam interference principle, using square lattice of Y-shaped and T-shaped waveguides with silicon dielectric rods in air substrate. It is validated through finite-difference time-domain and using MATLAB simulations.

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Lai, Chien-Chih, Chia-Yao Lo, Jian-Zhi Huang, Chien-Chou Fan Chiang, Duc Huy Nguyen, Yu-Peng Chen, and Chun-Da Liao. "Architecting a nonlinear hybrid crystal–glass metamaterial fiber for all-optical photonic integration." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 7 (2018): 1659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc05112c.

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Lin, Shawn-Yu, J. G. Fleming, and E. Chow. "Two- and Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals Built with VLSI Tools." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 8 (August 2001): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.157.

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The drive toward miniature photonic devices has been hindered by our inability to tightly control and manipulate light. Moreover, photonics technologies are typically not based on silicon and, until recently, only indirectly benefited from the rapid advances being made in silicon processing technology. In the first part of this article, the successful fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals using silicon processing will be discussed. This advance has been made possible through the use of integrated-circuit (IC) fabrication technologies (e.g., very largescale integration, VLSI) and may enable the penetration of Si processing into photonics. In the second part, we describe the creation of 2D photonic-crystal slabs operating at the λ = 1.55 μm communications wavelength. This class of 2D photonic crystals is particularly promising for planar on-chip guiding, trapping, and switching of light.

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Chandrasekar, Rajadurai. "Mechanophotonics – a guide to integrating microcrystals toward monolithic and hybrid all-organic photonic circuits." Chemical Communications 58, no. 21 (2022): 3415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2cc00044j.

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Rehman, Atiq Ur, Yousuf Khan, Muhammad Irfan, and Muhammad A. Butt. "Investigation of Optical-Switching Mechanism Using Guided Mode Resonances." Photonics 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10010013.

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Recently, photonic crystals have paved the way to control photonic signals. Therefore, this research numerically investigated the design of the optical switch using the guided-mode resonances in photonic crystals operating in a communication window around 1.55 μm. The design of the device is based on a dielectric slab waveguide to make it compatible with optical waveguides in photonic circuits. Moreover, two signals are used and are termed as the data signal and control signal. The data signal is coupled into the optical waveguide using an out-of-the-plane vertical coupling mechanism, whereas the control signal is index-guided into the optical waveguide to amplify the data signal. The switching parameters of the optical switch are adjusted by changing the number of the photonic crystal periods and implementing a varying radius PhC-cavity within the middle of the PhC-lattice, where the optical characteristics in terms of resonant wavelength, reflection peaks, linewidth, and quality factor of the data signal can be adjusted. The numerical simulations are carried out in open-source finite difference time domain-based software. Congruently, 7% optical amplification is achieved in the data signal with a wavelength shift of 0.011 μm and a quality factor of 12.64. The amplification of the data signal can be utilized to implement an optical switching mechanism. The device is easy to implement and has great potential to be used in programmable photonics and optical integrated circuits.

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Xiao-Tao, Ma, Zheng Wan-Hua, Ren Gang, and Chen Liang-Hui. "Design of Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Edge Emitting Laser for Photonic Integrated Circuits." Chinese Physics Letters 23, no. 10 (September 27, 2006): 2759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/23/10/037.

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Savarimuthu, Robinson. "Bandstop filter for photonic integrated circuits using photonic crystal with circular ring resonator." Journal of Nanophotonics 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 053521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3615987.

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Liu, Wei, Hechao Liu, Xiaohong Sun, and Fan Zhang. "The Design of Large Curved Waveguide Based on Sunflower Graded Photonic Crystal." Photonics 10, no. 7 (July 5, 2023): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10070781.

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In this paper, three large curved waveguides based on Sunflower Graded photonic crystal are designed. Numerical simulations of electromagnetic beam bending in Sunflower Graded photonic crystals have shown that homogenization based on the Maxwell–Garnett theory gives very good results for steering the electromagnetic field. In contrast to the progressive bending waveguide structures based on periodic photonic crystal designs reported in the literature, this structure is not only simple in design, but also the optical wave trends in the progressive bending waveguide structures are more smooth. Sunflower structures, due to their high circular symmetry, have a great advantage in making arbitrary curved waveguides. The results have some theoretical implications for the design of optical integrated circuits and the selection of optically thin communication devices. It is also useful for the selection of meta-materials.

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Olyaee, Saeed. "Ultra-fast and compact all-optical encoder based on photonic crystal nano-resonator without using nonlinear materials." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i1.890.

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In this paper an ultra-compact all-optical encoder is presented by using a two-dimensional photonic crystal. The designed logic gate is based on the interference effect. The proposed structure consists of several photonic crystal waveguides connected by 2 nano-resonators. The nano-resonators are designed to reduce the size of the radius of the dielectric rods. The contrast ratios and delay time for the proposed all-optical encoder are respectively 6 dB and 125 fs. The size of the structure is equal to 132 µm2. Equality of the output power in the logic states “one”, the small dimensions, the low delay time, compact and simple structure have shown that the logic gate is suitable for the using in optical integrated circuits. Full Text: PDF ReferencesA. Salmanpour, Sh. Mohammadnejad, A. Bahrami, "Photonic crystal logic gates: an overview", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 47, 2249 (2015). CrossRef S. C. Xavier, B. E. Carolin, A. p. Kabilan, W. Johnson, "Compact photonic crystal integrated circuit for all-optical logic operation", IET Optoelectronics. 10, 142 (2016). CrossRef Y. Miyoshi, K. Ikeda, H. Tobioka, T. Inoue, S. Namiki, K. Kitayama, "Ultrafast all-optical logic gate using a nonlinear optical loop mirror based multi-periodic transfer function", Optics Express. 16, 2570 (2008). CrossRef D. K. Gayen, A. Bhattachryya, T. Chattopadhyay, J. N. Roy, "Ultrafast All-Optical Half Adder Using Quantum-Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifier-Based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer", Journal of Lightwave Technology. 30, 3387 (2012). CrossRef A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, S. Olyaee, "All-optical NOT and XOR logic gates using photonic crystal nano-resonator and based on an interference effect", IET Optoelectronics. 12, 191 (2018). CrossRef Z. Mohebbi, N. Nozhat, F. Emami, "High contrast all-optical logic gates based on 2D nonlinear photonic crystal", Optics Communications. 355, 130 (2015). CrossRef M. Mansouri-Birjandi, M. Ghadrdan, "Full-optical tunable add/drop filter based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators", Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications. 21, 44 (2016). CrossRef H. Alipour-Banaei, S. Serajmohammadi, F. Mehdizadeh, "Effect of scattering rods in the frequency response of photonic crystal demultiplexers", Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials. 17, 259 (2015). DirectLink A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, S. Olyaee, H. Arman, "Optical Biochemical Sensor Using Photonic Crystal Nano-ring Resonators for the Detection of Protein Concentration", Current Nanoscience. 13, 421 (2017). CrossRef S. Olyaee, A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, "Designing a novel photonic crystal nano-ring resonator for biosensor application", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 47, 1881 (2015). CrossRef F. Parandin, R. Malmir, M. Naseri, A. Zahedi, "Reconfigurable all-optical NOT, XOR, and NOR logic gates based on two dimensional photonic crystals", Superlattices and Microstructures. 113, 737 (2018). CrossRef F. Mehdizadeh, M. Soroosh, H. Alipour-Banaei, "Proposal for 4-to-2 optical encoder based on photonic crystals", IET Optoelectronics. 11, 29 (2017). CrossRef M. Hassangholizadeh-Kashtiban, R. Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, H. Alipour-Banaei, "A novel all optical reversible 4 × 2 encoder based on photonic crystals", Optik. 126, 2368 (2015). CrossRef T. A. Moniem, "All-optical digital 4 × 2 encoder based on 2D photonic crystal ring resonators", Journal of Modern Optics. 63, 735 (2016). CrossRef S. Gholamnejad, M. Zavvari, "Design and analysis of all-optical 4–2 binary encoder based on photonic crystal", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 49, 302 (2017). CrossRef H. Seif-Dargahi, "Ultra-fast all-optical encoder using photonic crystal-based ring resonators", Photonic Network Communications. 36, 272 (2018). CrossRef S. Olyaee, M. Seifouri, A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, and M. Sardari, "Realization of all-optical NOT and XOR logic gates based on interference effect with high contrast ratio and ultra-compacted size", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 50, 12 (2018). CrossRef C. J. Wu, C. P. Liu, Z. Ouyang, "Compact and low-power optical logic NOT gate based on photonic crystal waveguides without optical amplifiers and nonlinear materials", Applied Optics.51, 680 (2012). CrossRef Y. C. Jiang, S. B. Liu, H. F. Zhang, X. K. Kong. "Realization of all optical half-adder based on self-collimated beams by two-dimensional photonic crystals", Optics Communications. 348, 90 (2015). CrossRef A. Salmanpour, S. Mohammadnejad, P. T. Omran, "All-optical photonic crystal NOT and OR logic gates using nonlinear Kerr effect and ring resonators", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 47, 3689 (2015). CrossRef E. H. Shaik, N. Rangaswamy, "Single photonic crystal structure for realization of NAND and NOR logic functions by cascading basic gates", Journal of Computational Electronics. 17, 337 (2018). CrossRef

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Scherrer, Markus, Noelia Vico Triviño, Svenja Mauthe, Preksha Tiwari, Heinz Schmid, and Kirsten E. Moselund. "In-Plane Monolithic Integration of Scaled III-V Photonic Devices." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 21, 2021): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041887.

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It is a long-standing goal to leverage silicon photonics through the combination of a low-cost advanced silicon platform with III-V-based active gain material. The monolithic integration of the III-V material is ultimately desirable for scalable integrated circuits but inherently challenging due to the large lattice and thermal mismatch with Si. Here, we briefly review different approaches to monolithic III-V integration while focusing on discussing the results achieved using an integration technique called template-assisted selective epitaxy (TASE), which provides some unique opportunities compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches. This method relies on the selective replacement of a prepatterned silicon structure with III-V material and thereby achieves the self-aligned in-plane monolithic integration of III-Vs on silicon. In our group, we have realized several embodiments of TASE for different applications; here, we will focus specifically on in-plane integrated photonic structures due to the ease with which these can be coupled to SOI waveguides and the inherent in-plane doping orientation, which is beneficial to waveguide-coupled architectures. In particular, we will discuss light emitters based on hybrid III-V/Si photonic crystal structures and high-speed InGaAs detectors, both covering the entire telecom wavelength spectral range. This opens a new path towards the realization of fully integrated, densely packed, and scalable photonic integrated circuits.

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Yan, Jia Han. "A Three-Channels WDN Based on Multimode Interference Photonic Crystal." Advanced Materials Research 571 (September 2012): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.571.445.

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A photonic crystal waveguide coupled structure can be constructed by putting three photonic crystal waveguides in parallel and adjacent form. Study the coupling of the approximate solution interference acts and the self-image phenomenon of this multi-mode waveguide system based on the guided mode propagation analysis method, a three-channels multimode interference wavelength division multiplexing is designed. The presented device not only has a high transmission rate, but also has the advantages of multiple wavelength selection and may have potential and practical applications in the field of photonic integrated circuits in future.

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Tokushima, Masatoshi, J. J. Vegas Olmos, and Ken-Ichi Kitayama. "Ultracompact Photonic-Waveguide Circuits in Si-Pillar Photonic-Crystal Structures for Integrated Nanophotonic Switches." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2010): 1626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2010.2046.

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Pedraza Caballero, Luis Eduardo, and Omar Paranaiba Vilela Neto. "A Review on Photonic Crystal Logic Gates." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 16, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v16i1.478.

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We review the most important techniques to build logic devices in photonic crystals. In particular, we evaluated several papers that include different approaches such as self-collimation effects, multi-mode interference, waveguide intersection path and nonlinear effects. We then exploited the advantages and weakness of each method. With the resulting information, we addressed the main challenges and possible applications for each scheme. With this review we expect to improve the development of PhC integrated logic devices and circuits.

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Sugimoto, Y., N. Ikeda, N. Ozaki, Y. Watanabe, S. Ohkouchi, T. Kuroda, T. Mano, et al. "Advanced quantum dot and photonic crystal technologies for integrated nanophotonic circuits." Microelectronics Journal 40, no. 4-5 (April 2009): 736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2008.11.003.

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Mohammadi, Masoud, Mahmood Seifouri, Elham Boyerahmadi, and R. Udaiyakumar. "Exploring Refractive Index Ultra Compact Nano Sensor Using Photonic Crystal Resonant Cavities." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 2926–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9271.

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In this paper, an ultra-compact photonic crystal sensor based resonant cavities is proposed with improved quality factor, sensitivity and detection limit. The proposed sensor has 2D pillar photonic crystals with hexagonal array of dielectric rods. The refractive index of dielectric rods, radius of rods, filling factor (r/a) and lattice constant of the proposed structure are 3.46, 108 nm, 0.2 and 542 nm, respectively. The mean transmission efficiency, Quality factor, sensitivity, Figure of Merit (FOM) and limit of detection (LOD) are calculated as 92.2%, 9975.8, 371 nm/RIU, 2366 and 4.5 x 10-5 RIU, respectively. The corresponding electric field distributions and it band characteristics are studied using finite different time domain method (FDTD) and plan wave expansion (PWE). The cross-section of the proposed structure is 86 /xm2 and is desirable for photonic integrated circuits (PIC) and ultra-compact optical sensors.

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Rehman, Atiq Ur, Yousuf Khan, Muhammad Irfan, Shahzaib Choudri, Svetlana N. Khonina, Nikolay L. Kazanskiy, and Muhammad A. Butt. "Three-Dimensional Modeling of the Optical Switch Based on Guided-Mode Resonances in Photonic Crystals." Micromachines 14, no. 6 (May 26, 2023): 1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14061116.

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Optical switching is an essential part of photonic integrated circuits and the focus of research at the moment. In this research, an optical switch design working on the phenomenon of guided-mode resonances in a 3D photonic-crystal-based structure is reported. The optical-switching mechanism is studied in a dielectric slab-waveguide-based structure operating in the near-infrared range in a telecom window of 1.55 µm. The mechanism is investigated via the interference of two signals, i.e., the data signal and the control signal. The data signal is coupled into the optical structure and filtered utilizing guided-mode resonance, whereas the control signal is index-guided in the optical structure. The amplification or de-amplification of the data signal is controlled by tuning the spectral properties of the optical sources and structural parameters of the device. The parameters are optimized first using a single-cell model with periodic boundary conditions and later in a finite 3D-FDTD model of the device. The numerical design is computed in an open-source Finite Difference Time Domain simulation platform. Optical amplification in the range of 13.75% is achieved in the data signal with a decrease in the linewidth up to 0.0079 µm, achieving a quality factor of 114.58. The proposed device presents great potential in the field of photonic integrated circuits, biomedical technology, and programmable photonics.

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JAMSHIDI-GHALEH, KAZEM, and ZEINAB SAFARI. "EFFECT OF A SUBWAVELENGTH LAYER ON ALL OPTICAL-DIODE ACTION IN 1D PHOTONIC CRYSTAL." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 15 (January 2012): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512006940.

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In this paper, the effect of a subwavelength layer thickness with positive-refractive index material on all-optical diode action in a one-dimensional photonic crystal structure is investigated. An asymmetric multilayer stack composed of Kerr-type nonlinear and linear dielectric media and a subwavelength layer is considered. Behaviour of the linear transmission defect mode and nonlinear optical bistabilities for normal incidence of wave to 1D photonic crystal structure from left and right sides are studied. It is demonstrated that, with increasing of the subwavelength layer thickness, the linear defect mode shifts to the lower frequencies. Also, the left to right one-way transmission property of the structure is changed for right to left transmission at some subwavelength layer thicknesses. The changes of lower and higher bistability intensities thresholds and difference between left to right and right to left nonlinear transmissions versus subwavelength layer thickness are graphically illustrated. The photonic crystal all-optical diode is one of the important integrated devices, which has potential applications in the field of optical computing, optical interconnection systems and integrated photonic circuits.

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Dash, Sonali Prava, and Sukanta Kumar Tripathy. "Y-shaped design in two dimensional photonic crystal structure for applications in integrated photonic circuits." Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 124, no. 18 (September 2013): 3649–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.11.056.

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Teo, Selin H., A. Q. Liu, J. B. Zhang, M. H. Hong, J. Singh, M. B. Yu, N. Singh, and G. Q. Lo. "Photonic bandgap crystal resonator enhanced, laser controlled modulations of optical interconnects for photonic integrated circuits." Optics Express 16, no. 11 (May 16, 2008): 7842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.007842.

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Hsiao, Fu-Li, Chia-Ying Ni, Ying-Pin Tsai, Ting-Wei Chiang, Yen-Tung Yang, Cheng-Jui Fan, Hsuan-Ming Chang, et al. "Design of Waveguide Polarization Convertor Based on Asymmetric 1D Photonic Crystals." Nanomaterials 12, no. 14 (July 18, 2022): 2454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142454.

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Photonic crystals possess metastructures with a unique dispersion relation. An integrated optical circuit plays a crucial role in quantum computing, for which miniaturized optical components can be designed according to the characteristics of photonic crystals. Because the stable light transmission mode for a square waveguide is transverse electric or transverse magnetic polarization, we designed a half-waveplate element with a photonic crystal that can rotate the polarization direction of the light incident on a waveguide by 90°. Using the dispersion relation of photonic crystals, the polarization rotation length and the optical axis’s angle of deviation from the electric field in the eigenmode can be effectively calculated. Polarization rotators designed on the basis of photonic crystal structures can effectively reduce the insertion loss of components and exhibit favorable polarization rotation performance.

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Joo, Hyo-Jun, Youngmin Kim, Daniel Burt, Yongduck Jung, Lin Zhang, Melvina Chen, Manlin Luo, et al. "(Digital Presentation) Gesnoi Laser Technology for Photonic-Integrated Circuits." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 32 (October 9, 2022): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02321168mtgabs.

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GeSn alloys have been regarded as a promising material for creating a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible light source. Despite the remarkable progress in demonstrating GeSn lasers, an unavoidable intrinsic compressive strain introduced during epitaxial growth has prevented researchers from pushing the directness of GeSn gain media to the limit and realizing practical GeSn lasers. In this paper, we demonstrate a GeSn-based 1D photonic crystal nanobeam laser on a high-quality GeSn-on-insulator (GeSnOI) substrate which allows releasing the limiting compressive strain, thus improving the threshold and operating temperature. Pump-power-dependent photoluminescence measurements show a lasing threshold density of 18.2 kW cm−2 at 4 K for the released strain-free GeSn nanobeam, which is ~2 times lower than that of the unreleased GeSn nanobeam with compressive strain. The improved bandgap directness in the released GeSn nanobeam also allows achieving lasing action at higher operating temperatures up to 90 K compared to the unreleased laser device (<70 K). We also report a straightforward geometric strain-inversion technique that harnesses the harmful compressive strain to achieve ultrahigh tensile strain in GeSnOI nanowire, drastically improving the directness of the bandstructure. We achieve ~2.67% uniaxial tensile strain in ~120 nm wide nanowires, surpassing other values reported thus far. We also demonstrate unique superlattices comprising of indirect and direct bandgap GeSn are demonstrated in a single material only by applying a periodic tensile strain. Increased directness in tensile-strained GeSn significantly enhances the photoluminescence intensity by a factor of ~2.5. Our demonstration offers an avenue toward developing practical CMOS compatible light sources.

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Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, Ahmad, and Saeed Olyaee. "Proposal of a Cascade Photonic Crystal XOR Logic Gate for Optical Integrated Circuits with Investigation of Fabrication Error and Optical Power Changes." Photonics 8, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8090392.

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A compact and simple structure is designed to create an all-optical XOR logic gate using a two-dimensional, photonic crystal lattice. The structure was implemented using three waveguides connected by two nano-resonators. The plane wave expansion method was used to obtain the photonic band gap and the finite-difference time-domain method was used to investigate the behavior of the electromagnetic field in the photonic crystal structure. Examining the high contrast ratio and high-speed cascade, all-optical XOR on a chip, the effects of fabrication error and the changes in the input optical power showed that the structure could be used in optical integrated circuits. The contrast ratio and data transfer rate of the cascade XOR logic gate were respectively obtained as 44.29 dB and 1.5 Tb/s. In addition, the designed structure had very small dimensions at 158.65 μm2 and required very low power to operate, which made it suitable for low-power circuits. This structure could also be used as a NOT logic gate. Therefore, an XNOR logic gate can be designed using XOR and NOT logic gates.

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Djavid, M., M. H. T. Dastjerdi, M. R. Philip, D. D. Choudhary, A. Khreishah, and H. P. T. Nguyen. "4-Port reciprocal optical circulators employing photonic crystals for integrated photonics circuits." Optik 144 (September 2017): 586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.06.115.

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M, Sivasindhu, and P. Samundiswary. "Performance evaluation of GaAs photonic crystal based directional coupler all optical switch." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.29 (August 24, 2018): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.29.18799.

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In future, the telecommunication systems will be totally based upon the photonic integrated circuits and components for the transmission of optical signals. Since optical signals offer high speed, less delay and higher efficiency. This introduces a new research area for photonic crystal based optical components like optical switch, multiplexer, optical filters etc. Among these devices, the optical switch draws more attention due to its primary switching operation. Hence, this paper deals with the modified design structure of GaAs photonic crystal based directional coupler all optical switch which operates at the wavelength of 1300nm. Further the switching performance evaluation of this device is made for both electro optic effect and non-linear optical effect. The design and simulation of the optical switch is done through Comsol Multiphysics software.

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Schelew, Ellen, Georg W. Rieger, and Jeff F. Young. "Characterization of Integrated Planar Photonic Crystal Circuits Fabricated by a CMOS Foundry." Journal of Lightwave Technology 31, no. 2 (January 2013): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2012.2228466.

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Pernice, Wolfram H. P., Chi Xiong, and Hong X. Tang. "Photonic crystal dumbbell resonators in silicon and aluminum nitride integrated optical circuits." Journal of Nanophotonics 7, no. 1 (April 16, 2013): 073095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jnp.7.073095.

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Alipour-Banaei, Hamed, and Farhad Mehdizadeh. "High sensitive photonic crystal ring resonator structure applicable for optical integrated circuits." Photonic Network Communications 33, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11107-016-0625-4.

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Hu, Ying, Gui Qiang Liu, Xiang Nan Zhang, and Zheng Jie Cai. "A New Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Channel Drop Filter Based on Two-Resonant Cavities." Advanced Materials Research 760-762 (September 2013): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.397.

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In this paper, a channel drop filter (CDF) is composed of two cubic lattice circular ring resonator cavities and point micro-cavities in a two-dimensional photonic crystal. The photonic band gap is calculated using the plane wave expansion (PWE) method and the optical characteristics of proposed structure are studying by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method with perfectly matched layers (PMLs) acting as the boundary conditions . Two different wavelengths centered at 1773 nm and 1742 nm have been successful separation in this CDF. These demonstrate that our proposed structure is suitable for photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and coarse wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical communication systems.

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HARRIS, JAMES S. "(GaIn)(NAsSb): MBE GROWTH, HETEROSTRUCTURE AND NANOPHOTONIC DEVICES." International Journal of Nanoscience 06, no. 03n04 (June 2007): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x07004699.

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Dilute nitride GaInNAs and GaInNAsSb alloys grown on GaAs have quickly become excellent candidates for a variety of lower cost 1.2–1.6 μm lasers, optical amplifiers, and high power Raman pump lasers that will be required in the networks to provide high speed communications to the desktop. Because these quantum well active regions can be grown on GaAs , the distributed mirror technology for vertical cavity surface emitting lasers coupling into waveguides and fibers and photonic crystal structures can be readily combined with GaInNAsSb active regions to produce a variety of advanced photonic devices that will be crucial for advanced photonic integrated circuits. GaInNAs ( Sb ) provides several new challenges compared to earlier III–V alloys because of the limited solubility of N , phase segregation, nonradiative defects caused by the low growth temperature, and ion damage from the N plasma source. This paper describes progress in overcoming some of the material challenges and progress in realizing record setting edge emitting lasers, the first VCSELs operating at 1.5 μm based on GaInNAsSb and integrated photonic crystal and nanoaperture lasers.

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Lai, Guo Zhong, Xi Yao Chen, Yu Fei Wang, and Hong Lin. "Photonic Crystal Fabry-Perot Self-Collimation Interferometer by Liquid Crystal Infiltration." Key Engineering Materials 428-429 (January 2010): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.428-429.573.

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A Fabry-Perot self-collimation interferometer (FPSI) constructed in a two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D PhC) by liquid crystal infiltration has been proposed and demonstrated theoretically. The resonant cavity of FPSI is infiltrated with a nematic liquid crystal (LC) 5CB with ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices 1.522 and 1.706, respectively. The transmission spectrum of the FPSI has been investigated with the 2D finite-difference time-domain method. Calculation results show that resonant transmission peaks have nearly equal frequency spacing 0.0090c/a. When the effective refractive index neff of the liquid crystal is increased from 1.522 to 1.706, the peaks shift to the lower frequencies over 0.0071c/a while the peak spacing is almost kept unchanged. Thus this FPSI by LC infiltration can work as a tunable attenuator or an optical switch. For the central operating wavelength around 1.55m, its dimensions are only about tens of microns. Thus this device may be applied to photonic integrated circuits.

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Oliveira, Jorge Everaldo de, Fabio Barros de Sousa, Jackson Moreira de Oliveira, Lelis Araujo de Oliveira, Hudson Afonso Batista da Silva, Elizabeth Rego Sabino, Fabio Souza de Araújo, Alan dos Reis Silva, Fabrício Pinho da Luz, and Marcos Benedito Caldas Costa. "Analysis of the behavior of an all-optical not logic gate in a photonic crystal directional coupler / Análise do comportamento de uma porta lógica not totalmente óptica em um acoplador direcional de cristal fotônico." Brazilian Journal of Development 8, no. 4 (April 25, 2022): 30365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n4-491.

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In the present work, an optical directional coupler (ODC) based on two-dimensional (2-D) photonic crystal (PhC) was analyzed and proposed, through the methods of plane wave expansion (PWE) and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), which were used with the purpose of analyzing the behavior of a new all-optical NOT logic gate and the electric field distribution in the coupler for linear (bar), non-linear (cross) states and the control signal. The simulation results in OptiFDTD software show that the proposed crystal structure is a strong candidate for use in ultrafast photonic integrated circuits (PICs), being highly advantageous with excellent transmission performance and simple design.

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Davanco, M., Aimin Xing, J. W. Raring, E. L. Hu, and D. J. Blumenthal. "Compact broadband photonic crystal filters with reduced back-reflections for monolithic InP-based photonic integrated circuits." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 18, no. 10 (May 2006): 1155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2006.874729.

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Andonegui, Imanol, Isidro Calvo, and Angel J. Garcia-Adeva. "Inverse design and topology optimization of novel photonic crystal broadband passive devices for photonic integrated circuits." Applied Physics A 115, no. 2 (October 16, 2013): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-013-8032-5.

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Rafiee, Esmat, Farzin Emami, and Roozbeh Negahdari. "Design of a novel nano plasmonic-dielectric photonic crystal power splitter suitable for photonic integrated circuits." Optik 172 (November 2018): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.06.006.

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Noonepalle, Haripriya, Sandip Swarnakar, and Santosh Kumar. "Modeling and anatomization of three-input photonic crystal-based XOR/XNOR gates for photonic integrated circuits." Results in Optics 11 (May 2023): 100417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2023.100417.

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Rajalakshmi, G., A. Sivanantha Raja, and D. Shanmuga Sundar. "Design and optimization of two dimensional photonic crystal based optical filter." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 24, no. 03 (September 2015): 1550027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863515500277.

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In this paper, the channel drop filter based on two dimensional photonic crystal is proposed. The structure is made of silicon rods with the refractive index n1 = 3.4641 which are perforated in air with refractive index n2 = 1. The simulation results are obtained using 2D finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The photonic band gap is calculated by plane wave expansion solver method. Resonant mode of the ring resonator and the filter transmission spectrum is calculated using 2D FDTD method. Full width half maximum (FWHM) bandwidth of the filter at the output transmission spectrum from 1.508 μm to 1.512 μm is 4 nm. The quality factor of the filter is 377.5 and the proposed filter design is around 21 × 15 μm which is suitable for photonic integrated circuits.

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HAN, SHOUZHEN, JIE TIAN, CHENG REN, XINGSHENG XU, ZHIYUAN LE, BINGYING CHENG, and DAOZHONG ZHANG. "Y-TYPE PHOTONIC CRYSTAL WAVEGUIDE WITH MINIMUM BRANCHES SPACE." International Journal of Nanoscience 05, no. 06 (December 2006): 743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x0600508x.

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The abstract should summarize the context, content and conclusions of the paper in less than 200 words. We fabricated a two-dimensional Y-branch photonic crystal waveguide in the near infrared region by using focused ion beam etching and depositing system. The light guide characters of the waveguide were measured for three different spaces between branches. Field intensity distributions of TE polarized wave in the branches were simulated by using the transfer matrix method. Both the theoretical and experimental results show that the shortest space between branches of the photonic crystal waveguide is about 1.4 times wavelength of transmitted light. If the space became shorter, the light in the two branches would couple to each other seriously. This result might be helpful for the design of compact wave demultiplexer and all-optical integrated circuits.

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Yu, Xingshi, Xia Chen, Milan M. Milosevic, Weihong Shen, Rob Topley, Bigeng Chen, Xingzhao Yan, et al. "Ge Ion Implanted Photonic Devices and Annealing for Emerging Applications." Micromachines 13, no. 2 (February 12, 2022): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13020291.

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Germanium (Ge) ion implantation into silicon waveguides will induce lattice defects in the silicon, which can eventually change the crystal silicon into amorphous silicon and increase the refractive index from 3.48 to 3.96. A subsequent annealing process, either by using an external laser or integrated thermal heaters can partially or completely remove those lattice defects and gradually change the amorphous silicon back into the crystalline form and, therefore, reduce the material’s refractive index. Utilising this change in optical properties, we successfully demonstrated various erasable photonic devices. Those devices can be used to implement a flexible and commercially viable wafer-scale testing method for a silicon photonics fabrication line, which is a key technology to reduce the cost and increase the yield in production. In addition, Ge ion implantation and annealing are also demonstrated to enable post-fabrication trimming of ring resonators and Mach–Zehnder interferometers and to implement nonvolatile programmable photonic circuits.

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Al-Hmoud, Mohannad, and Rasha Alyahyan. "High sensitivity and low detection limit sensor based on a slotted nanobeam cavity." Photonics Letters of Poland 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v14i3.1161.

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In this work, the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) method is used to design and analyze a refractive index sensor based on a slotted photonic crystal nanobeam cavity. These type of cavities support a high quality-factor and a small volume, and therefore is attractive for optical sensing. We demonstrate that when immersing our proposed sensor in water it can possess a high-quality factor of 2.0×10^6, high sensitivity of 325 nm/RIU, and a detection limit of 2.4×10^(-7) RIU. We believe that our proposed sensor is a promising candidate for potential applications sensing like in optofluidic- and bio-sensing. Full Text: PDF ReferencesE. Chow, A. Grot, L. Mirkarimi, M. Sigalas, G. Girolami, "Ultracompact biochemical sensor built with two-dimensional photonic crystal microcavity", OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Ser. 97 909 (2004). CrossRef S. Kim, H-M. Kim, Y-H. Lee, "Single nanobeam optical sensor with a high Q-factor and high sensitivity", Opt. Lett. 40 5351 (2015). CrossRef D-Q, Yang, B Duan, X, Liu, A-Q, Wang, X-G, Li, Y-F, Ji, "Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavities for Nanoscale Optical Sensing: A Review", Micromachines 11 (2020). CrossRef P.B. Deotare, M.W. McCutcheon, I.W. Frank, M. Khan, M. Lončar, "High quality factor photonic crystal nanobeam cavities", Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 121106 (2009). CrossRef P. Seidler, K. Lister, U. Drechsler, J. Hofrichter, T. Stöferle, "Slotted photonic crystal nanobeam cavity with an ultrahigh quality factor-to-mode volume ratio", Opt. Express 21 32468 (2013). CrossRef H. Choi, M. Heuck, D. Englund, "Self-Similar Nanocavity Design with Ultrasmall Mode Volume for Single-Photon Nonlinearities", Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 223605 (2017). CrossRef M. Al-Hmoud, S. Bougouffa, "Simultaneous high Q/V-ratio and optimized far-field emission pattern in diamond slot-bridge nanobeam cavity", Results Phys. 26 104314 (2021). CrossRef Q. Quan (2014). CrossRef M.A. Butt, C. Tyszkiewicz, P. Karasiński, M. Zięba, D. Hlushchenko, T. Baraniecki, A. Kaźmierczak, R. Piramidowicz, M. Guzik, A. Bachmatiuk, "Development of a low-cost silica-titania optical platform for integrated photonics applications", Opt. Express 30 23678 (2022). CrossRef D-Q. Yang, B. Duan, X. Liu, A-Q. Wang, X-G. Li, Y-F. Ji, ""Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavities for Nanoscale Optical Sensing: A Review", Micromachines 72, 11 (2020). CrossRef Y.N. Zhang, Y. Zhao, R.Q Lv, "A review for optical sensors based on photonic crystal cavities", Sens. Actuators A: Phys. 233 374 (2015). CrossRef P. Lalanne, S. Mias, and J.P. Hugonin, "Two physical mechanisms for boosting the quality factor to cavity volume ratio of photonic crystal microcavities", Opt. Express 12 458 (2004). CrossRef C. Sauvan, G. Lecamp, P. Lalanne, J.P Hugonin, "Modal-reflectivity enhancement by geometry tuning in Photonic Crystal microcavities", Opt. Express 13 245 (2005). CrossRef J.T. Robinson, C. Manolatou, L. Chen, M. Lipson, "Ultrasmall Mode Volumes in Dielectric Optical Microcavities", Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 143901 (2005). CrossRef S. Olyaee, M. Seifouri, R. Karami, A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, "Designing low power and high contrast ratio all-optical NOT logic gate for using in optical integrated circuits", Opt. Quantum Electron. 51 1 (2019). CrossRef

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Wu, Chao, Wei Wei, Xueguang Yuan, Yangan Zhang, Xin Yan, and Xia Zhang. "Design and Simulation of Low-Threshold Miniaturized Single-Mode Nanowire Lasers Combined with a Photonic Crystal Microcavity and Asymmetric Distributed-Bragg-Reflector Mirrors." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 2344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122344.

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A low-threshold miniaturized single-mode nanowire laser operating at telecommunication wavelengths was proposed and simulated. The device was constructed by combining a single InGaAs nanowire with a photonic crystal microcavity and asymmetric distributed-Bragg-reflector mirrors. The mode characteristics and threshold properties were calculated using the three-dimensional finite-different time-domain method. Due to the effective subwavelength confinement and strong optical feedback, provided by the photonic crystal microcavity, and distributed-Bragg-reflector mirrors, respectively, the confinement factor, end-facet reflectivity, and quality factor significantly improved. A lowest threshold of ~80 cm−1 and ultra-small cut-off radius of ~40 nm are obtained, reduced by 67%, and 70%, respectively, compared with a traditional nanowire laser. In addition, due to the photonic band gap effect, single-mode lasing is achieved with a high side-mode suppression ratio of >12 dB. By placing several identical nanowires in the photonic crystal with different lattice constants, an on-chip laser array is realized, which is promising in wavelength division multiplexing applications. This work may pave the way for the development of low-threshold miniaturized nanolasers and low-consumption high-density photonic integrated circuits.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Photonic Crystal Integrated Circuits'

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