Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Photonic network design'

In this dissertation, the prospect of a quantum technology based on a photonic crystal chip hosting a quantum network made of quantum dot spins interacting via single photons is investigated. The mathematical procedure to deal with the Liouville-Von Neumann equation, which describes the time-evolution of the density matrix, was derived for an arbitrary system, giving general equations. Using this theoretical groundwork, a numerical model was then developed to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of entanglement between various qubits produced in a controlled way over the entire quantum network. As a result, an efficient quantum interface was engineered allowing for storage qubits and traveling qubits to exchange information coherently while demonstrating little error and loss in the process; such interface is indispensable for the realization of a functional quantum network. Furthermore, a carefully orchestrated dynamic control over the propagation of the flying qubit showed high-efficiency capability for on-chip single-photon transfer. Using the optimized dispersion properties obtained quantum mechanically as design parameters, a possible physical structure for the photonic crystal chip was constructed using the Plane Wave Expansion and Finite-Difference Time-Domain numerical techniques, exhibiting almost identical transfer efficiencies in terms of normalized energy densities of the classical electromagnetic field. These promising results bring us one step closer to the physical realization of an integrated quantum technology combining both semiconductor quantum dots and sub-wavelength photonic structures.<br>ID: 029049734; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2010.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 247-254).<br>Ph.D.<br>Doctorate<br>Optics and Photonics

El estudio e investigación en el campo de las redes ópticas de acceso han sido fomentadas en años recientes debido a la continua migración de Servicios multimedia que son ofrecidos a través de Internet. Aunque los dispositivos utilizados para implementar Fiber-to-the-Home (fibra a casa), que reemplazan las soluciones tradicionales basadas en cable de cobre, están basadas aún en micro-óptica, se puede prever una evolución hacia integración fotónica. Todavía queda la pregunta acerca de los diseños necesarios para este paso importante de integración, que debe ser optimizado en términos del desempeño de transmisión, eficiencia energética y costo con el fin de lograr todos los requerimientos de las redes fotónicas de siguiente generación. Como elemento más crítico en las redes de acceso ópticas es el equipo en los clientes, este trabajo se centra en éste. Los temes cubiertos abarcan una gama amplia e incluyen: el reciclado de longitudes de onda para transmisión de datos en full-dúplex a través de una sola frecuencia óptica; la generación de formatos de modulación avanzados con moduladores semiconductores de bajo costo y factor pequeño de integración; soporte de amplificación óptica a través de técnicas de sembrado y el soporte de funcionalidades de capes superiores en la capa física. Después de la prueba principal de las técnicas propuestas, se resaltan los beneficios, impedimentos y caminos de reemplazo hacia sistemas fotónicos multifuncionales a través de casos de estudio. Por su parte, los diseños más representativos se profundizan más sobre todo por su posibilidad de ser integrados fotónicamente.<br>Optical access technology has experienced a boost in the last years, thanks to the continuously migrating multimedia services that are offered over the internet. Though the devices used for deploying Fiber-to-the-Home instead of traditional copper-based solutions are still based on micro-optics, an evolution towards photonic integration can be foreseen. What remains is the question about the exact designs for this important step of integration, which should be optimized in terms of transmission performance, energy efficiency and cost to address all requirements of next-generation photonic networks. As the most critical element in optical access, the customer premises equipment is in primary focus of this discussion. The covered topics span over a wide range and include wavelength recycling for full-duplex data transmission on a single optical frequency, the generation of advanced modulation formats with low-cost semiconductor modulators with small form factor, support for optical amplification by means of seeding techniques and the support of higher layer functionality at the physical layer. Next to the principal proof of the proposed techniques, the benefits, impediments and upgrade paths towards multifunctional photonic systems are highlighted in different case studies, while the most representative designs are further discussed in their capability of being photonically integrated.

In this thesis, we present the identification of methods and tools for the design and analysis of an Agile All-Photonic Network (AAPN).<br>This thesis discusses the layered topology which comprises of a set of overlaid star/tree networks, with an optical core space switch at each of the star centers and hybrid photonic/electronic switches at the edges, and optionally, with Multiplexer/Selectors in between to concentrate traffic. Consequently, network cost is minimized while taking into consideration performance criteria such as delay and reliable traffic restoration upon network failure. A new mixed integer linear programming formulation is presented for core node placement and link connectivity to determine the near cost optimal designs. Both a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and a Canadian Wide Area Network (WAN) with two-layer or three-layer network topological implementations have been tested. Network models and their performance were evaluated with a set of software tools and methodologies to design and dimension our vision of an AAPN.

Les systèmes multiprocesseurs sur puce (MPSoC)s sont fortement émergent comme principaux composants dans les systèmes embarqués à hautes performances. La principale complexité dans la conception et l’implémentation des MPSoC est la communication entre les cœurs. Les réseaux sur puce (NoC) sont considérés comme la solution pour cet effet. ITRS prédit que des centaines de cœurs seront utilisées dans la génération future de système sur puce (SoC), ce qui va donc augmenter les coûts de l’évolutivité, de bande passante et de l’implémentation des réseaux sur puce (NoC)s. Ces problèmes sont présents dans diverses tendances technologiques dans le domaine des semiconducteurs et de la photonique. Cette thèse préconise l'utilisation de la synthèse NoC comme l'approche la plus appropriée pour exploiter ces tendances technologiques et rattraper les exigences des applications. A partir de plusieurs méthodologies de conception basées sur la technologie FPGA et des techniques d'estimation basse énergie (HLS) pour plusieurs IPs, nous proposons une implémentation ASIC basée sur la technologie 3D Tezzaron. Multi-FPGA technologie est utilisée pour valider la conception MPSoC avec 64 processeurs Butterfly NoC. La synthèse NoC est basée sur le regroupement de maîtres et d’esclaves générant des architectures asymétriques avec un soutien approprié pour les demandes très haut débit par optique NoC (ONoC), tandis que les demandes de bande passante inférieure sont traitées par électronique NoC. Une programmation linéaire est proposée comme une solution pour la synthèse NoC<br>Multiprocessor systems on chip (MPSoC)s are strongly emerging as main components in high performance embedded systems. Several challenges can be determined in MPSoC design like the challenge which comes from interconnect infrastructure. Network-on-Chip (NOC) with multiple constraints to be satisfied is a promising solution for these challenges. ITRS predicts that hundreds of cores will be used in future generation system on chip (SoC) and thus raises the issue of scalability, bandwidth and implementation costs for NoCs. These issues are raised within the various technological trends in semiconductors and photonics. This PhD thesis advocates the use of NoC synthesis as the most appropriate approach to exploit these technological trends catch up with the applications requirements. Starting with several design methodologies based on FPGA technology and low power estimation techniques (HLS) for several IPs, we propose an ASIC implementation based on 3D Tezzaron technology. Multi-FPGA technology is used to validate MPSoC design with up to 64 processors with Butterfly NoC. NoC synthesis is based on a clustering of masters and slaves generating asymmetric architectures with appropriate support for very high bandwidth requests through Optical NoC (ONoC) while lower bandwidth requests are processed by electronic NoC. A linear programming is proposed as a solution to the NoC synthesis

Interest in nanophotonics continues to grow as integrated optics provides an affordable platform for areas like telecommunications, quantum information processing, and biosensing. Designing and characterizing integrated photonics components and circuits, however, remains a major bottleneck. This is especially true when complex circuits or devices are required to study a particular phenomenon.To address this challenge, this work develops and experimentally validates a novel machine learning design framework for nanophotonic devices that is both practical and intuitive. As case studies, artificial neural networks are trained to model strip waveguides, integrated chirped Bragg gratings, and microring resonators using a small number of simple input and output parameters relevant to designers. Once trained, the models significantly decrease the computational cost relative to traditional design methodologies. To illustrate the power of the new design paradigm, both forward and inverse design tools enabled by the new design paradigm are demonstrated. These tools are directly used to design and fabricate several integrated Bragg grating devices and ring resonator filters. The method's predictions match the experimental measurements well and do not require any post-fabrication training adjustments.

In this thesis, the design of passive networks with the aid of full-wave simulation software and geometry-based models of lumped elements is investigated. This is done by examining the results of a number of simulation examples, as well as measured data from manufactured designs to compare against simulated equivalents. One such example is a chip antenna evaluation board design, in which the PCB, antenna, matching components and connector are all modeled. When measured, the simulation agreed with the board’s best matched frequency of 5.5 GHz to within 20 MHz. In another, a new antenna layout is generated from an existing evaluation design which, produced a match of about -15 dB at the design frequency with a similar bandwidth to that shown on the antenna datasheet on the first attempt at manufacture. Additionally, a statistical experiment was conducted in order to provide insight into the phenomenon of coupling between lumped components, and to define clearly when it starts to become an important effect to consider. For both chip capacitors and inductors, a behavioral model of how much crosstalk is present in a prospective circuit was developed which takes into account angle and distance between components, as well as case size. Finally, a simple discrete gradient descent was implemented in a commercial full-wave simulation software in order to assist in the refinement of designs containing 3-D geometry-defined component models.

<p>In this thesis a novel method for controlling a manipulator with arbitrary number of Degrees of freedom is proposed, the proposed method has the main advantages of two common controllers, the simplicity of PID controller and the robustness and accuracy of adaptive controller. The controller architecture is based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and a PID controller.</p><p>The controller has the ability of solving inverse dynamics and inverse kinematics of robot with two separate Artificial Neural Networks. Since the ANN is learning the system parameters by itself the structure of controller can easily be changed to</p><p>improve the performance of robot.</p><p>The proposed controller can be implemented on a FPGA board to control the robot in real-time or the response of the ANN can be calculated offline and be reconstructed by controller using a lookup table. Error between the desired trajectory path and the path of the robot converges to zero rapidly and as the robot performs its tasks the controller learns the robot parameters and generates better control signal. The performance of controller is tested in simulation and on a real manipulator with satisfactory results.</p>

Chip-scale photonics has emerged as an exciting field which can potentially solve many of the problems plaguing the high-performance computing industry, from large-scale to embedded. In theory, photonics is a superior communication medium because of its higher bandwidth density using wave-division multiplexing and bandwidth-power translucency to distance traveled. In practice, physical-layer design and engineering issues such as optical loss, crosstalk, and packaging have slowed its entry into widespread adoption at the chip and board scale. In this work, we present these issues and potential design improvements. The major contributions, however, are the tools and methods we have developed for the design of photonic interconnection networks, including a system-level simulator and CAD and modeling environment for layout, both of which are publicly available to the research community.

Photonic technology is becoming an increasingly attractive solution to the problems facing today's electronic chip-scale interconnection networks. Recent progress in silicon photonics research has enabled the demonstration of all the necessary optical building blocks for creating extremely high-bandwidth density and energy-efficient links for on- and off-chip communications. From the feasibility and architecture perspective however, photonics represents a dramatic paradigm shift from traditional electronic network designs due to fundamental differences in how electronics and photonics function and behave. As a result of these differences, new modeling and analysis methods must be employed in order to properly realize a functional photonic chip-scale interconnect design. In this work, we present a methodology for characterizing and modeling fundamental photonic building blocks which can subsequently be combined to form full photonic network architectures. We also describe a set of tools which can be utilized to assess the physical-layer and system-level performance properties of a photonic network. The models and tools are integrated in a novel open-source design and simulation environment called PhoenixSim. Next, we leverage PhoenixSim for the study of chip-scale photonic networks. We examine several photonic networks through the synergistic study of both physical-layer metrics and system-level metrics. This holistic analysis method enables us to provide deeper insight into architecture scalability since it considers insertion loss, crosstalk, and power dissipation. In addition to these novel physical-layer metrics, traditional system-level metrics of bandwidth and latency are also obtained. Lastly, we propose a novel routing architecture known as wavelength-selective spatial routing. This routing architecture is analogous to electronic virtual channels since it enables the transmission of multiple logical optical channels through a single physical plane (i.e. the waveguides). The available wavelength channels are partitioned into separate groups, and each group is routed independently in the network. Each partition is spectrally multiplexed, as opposed to temporally multiplexed in the electronic case. The wavelength-selective spatial routing technique benefits network designers by provider lower contention and increased path diversity.

Nowadays, optical communication systems are capable of providing high bit rates. With technological evolution of these systems, it is necessary to study and improve domains like their packaging techniques, such as optical, electrical, thermal, mechanical and chemical packaging. In an early stage of this work, packaging design rules currently used in opto-electronic integrated circuit (OEIC) are listed. Furthermore, thermal dependence of some components placed in a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is presented. Later on, the electrical packaging is performed which consists of developing a printed circuit board (PCB) for testing a photonic integrated circuit (PIC). The connection between the microscopic optical circuit and the electric circuit is made through wire-bonding technology. This work is finalized with thermal packaging where it is created a list of thermal design rules TDRs containing information about the minimum distance between active components in an optical integrated circuit for not having thermal interference.<br>Hoje em dia, os sistemas de comunicação ótica são capazes de oferecer elevadas velocidades de transmissão. Com o desenvolvimento destes sistemas é necessário estudar e melhorar domínios como as suas técnicas de encapsulamento, nomeadamente encapsulamento ótico, elétrico, térmico, mecânico e químico. Esta dissertação aborda encapsulamento elétrico e térmico. Numa fase inicial deste trabalho são descritas regras de encapsulamento atualmente usadas num circuito integrado ótico-elétrico (OEIC) e é apresentada a dependência térmica de alguns componentes presentes num circuito ótico integrado (PIC). De seguida, é feito encapsulamento elétrico que consiste no desenvolvimento de um circuito impresso para teste de um circuito ótico. A sua conexão com o circuito ótico, de dimensões microscópicas, é feito através da tecnologia de wire-bonding. Este trabalho termina com um estudo acerca do encapsulamento térmico em que é criada uma lista de regras de design térmicas (TDRs). Estas regras contêm informação acerta da distancia mínima entre componentes num circuito ótico para que não haja interferência térmica.<br>Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações

碩士<br>元智大學<br>電機工程學系<br>90<br>The main purpose of this essay is to present many kinds of switching network architecture, which are 2x2 switching element on the basis of using LiNbO3 and semiconductor optical amplify separately. The views expressed in this paper about semiconductor optical amplify switch of signal to noise ratio are revised and concluded from many other theses. Using the above-mentioned formula the essay analyzes the ratio of every parameter to switching network of signal to noise ratio and the amount of semiconductor optical amplify required totally. In finally, we will explore the optical communications system with 32x32 switch established by 2x2 SOA switching element and LiNbO3 of 2x2 Directional Coupler. At the same time, the essay point out the advantages and future direction in application between two ones. By putting the two different bases’ switching network in LinkSim software to simulate a 32-channel of optical communication system. The system links multiplexer, nonlinear fiber, fiber amplify, demultiplexer, optical switch, multiplexer, nonlinear fiber, fiber amplify, demultiplexer, photo-detector, filter, Bit-Error-Rate-Test. The views expressed in this system includes PMD, Four-Wave-Mixing effect and ASE noise, crosstalk in optical switching network and demultiplexer and loss in each device will considered in order to be similar to optical communication authentically.

博士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>電子工程系<br>107<br>The performance and efficiency of modern complex networks (such as data center networks and telecommunication networks) can be enhanced using fast optical circuit switches (OCS) by actively rearranging the network configurations. Micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) switches that use moving mirror arrays are one of the commercially available optical switches that can scale to high port count with low insertion losses. However, they have long size, high drive voltage and limited reconfiguration speeds to be applicable in a highly dynamic traffic patterns. Recently, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology is found to be an attractive platform to design and build optical switches with broadband operation and fast reconfiguration time since it allows a strong light confinement in silicon waveguides due to its high refractive index contrast. This gives promise for dense integration of different components of photonic devices such as optical switches. Consequently, large scale integrated optical circuits can be made at relatively low cost in large volume by leveraging the already existing Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication processes. With the use of thermo-optic effect to induce a phase shift in the light travelling in the active region of the switch, optical switches with microsecond order response time is demonstrated. Therefore, this thesis work is primarily on the study of the design of Mach-Zehnder (MZ) based thermo-optic silicon photonic switches that have compact size, broadband operation, and low insertion loss performances and that are able to be scalable to high port count. One of the desired performance of optical switches is its bandwidth, compactness and switching speed to handle the high data traffic. The bandwidth of the switches are usually limited by its constituent components such as the directional couplers (DCs). Therefore, for the switch to operate over a broad wavelength range, its couplers need to be compact and broadband 3-dB couplers. This means that the coupler requires optimal performances. Thus, we first optimized the design parameters of an asymmetric curved DC (ACDC) with PSO so that it achieves broadband operation and compactness of the coupler. Then, this optimized coupler is used in the design of a Mach-Zehnder (MZ) based thermo-optic (TO) switch. Therefore, we are able to design compact and broadband 2×2 optical switches that are technological candidates promising for scalability to high port counts with low crosstalk levels and compact size. Consequently, an optical switch cell with broadband operation of about 130nm when its crosstalk level is defined to be <-20 dB is designed with a very compact size. Motivated by the compactness and broadband operation of the 2×2 elementary switch cell, we design a 4×4 optical switch as a scalability study of the switch. The switch is constructed using the Benes switching architecture considering its least number of switch cells requirement and its loss uniformity. The switch is rearrangeably non-blocking, has path independent insertion loss, has low crosstalk and is straightforward to control. Consequently, a switch with low crosstalk and broadband operation is obtained showing the possibility of further scalability to high port counts. The switch fabric is found to have broadband operation of 110 nm when the crosstalk level of the switch is defined to be <-20 dB at an average power consumption of 60 mW. It also a low insertion loss ranging from 2-3 dB at the central operating wavelength of 1.55 μm.

Besides colorless ONUs, we investigate potentially low cost, high speed vertical-cavity-surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) for use in future access networks. VCSELs are attractive because they may meet the stringent size, power dissipation and cost constraints of access network components. We carry out experiments to demonstrate that up to 20 Gb/s direct modulation of long wavelength VCSEL is possible and evaluate their performance as high-speed transceivers.<br>In order to reduce the complexity and costs of ONU transceiver, we propose a scheme based on a nonreciprocal optical modulator and a linear loop mirror for receiving downstream and sending upstream data We show that the nonreciprocity of traveling wave electrodes can selectively impress signal modulation onto the reflected upstream signals only. Monolithic integrated transceivers may thus remodulate downstream signals for upstream data transmission without needing integrated optical circulators. The proposed ONU is thus compatible with monolithic integration.<br>In this thesis, we describe our research on photonic devices and subsystems for future access networks. Since optical network units (ONUs) are the most cost-sensitive parts, we first investigate the use of advanced modulation format in colorless ONU structure. We implement a scheme which uses dark return-to-zero (DRZ) for downstream transmission and remodulation of it using a differential-phase-shift-keying (DPSK) for upstream both at 10 Gb/s. We also experimentally demonstrate silicon microring based optical frequency discriminators for use in demodulating DPSK and differential-quadrature-phase-shift-keying (DQPSK) signals. We show that the scheme is robust to variations in bit-rates in contrast with conventional Mach-Zehnder delay interferometer scheme.<br>Internet traffic has undergone tremendous growth in the past decades and has already penetrated into the daily lives of the general population. Demand for new high bandwidth services is beginning to drive the deployment of optical fiber-based access networks to solve the so-called last mile bottleneck around the world. Passive optical networks (PON) are attractive because there are no active components in the transmission line, thus reducing operational and deployment costs. Time-division-multiplexing (TDM) used in currently deployed PON, in which the bandwidth is shared among the users by time domain multiplexing, does not fully utilize the bandwidth potential of optical fibers and will not be able to satisfy the bandwidth demand in access networks in the near future. Among the advanced multiplexing techniques, wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) PON is a good candidate technology for providing sustained bit-rates beyond 10 Gb/s in access networks. However, reduction of costs in WDM PON remains a key challenge for their practical deployment.<br>Wired and wireless hybrid optical access networks are also investigated. Radio-over-fiber is one low-cost approach to deliver broadband wireless services, in which radio signals at the carrier frequency are delivered over optical networks from a central office to remote antenna base stations. Generation of high frequency carrier and radio frequency fading are the main research challenges. We propose and demonstrate frequency upconversion based on frequency doubling and quadrupling. Novel wired and wireless hybrid subsystems that mitigate millimeter-wave signal distortion are also demonstrated.<br>Xu, Lin.<br>Adviser: H. K. Tsang.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: .<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Abstract also in Chinese.