Journal articles: 'Photoreactor'

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Kayahan, Emine, Mathias Jacobs, Leen Braeken, et al. "Dawn of a new era in industrial photochemistry: the scale-up of micro- and mesostructured photoreactors." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (October 8, 2020): 2484–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.202.

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Photochemical activation routes are gaining the attention of the scientific community since they can offer an alternative to the traditional chemical industry that mainly utilizes thermochemical activation of molecules. Photoreactions are fast and selective, which would potentially reduce the downstream costs significantly if the process is optimized properly. With the transition towards green chemistry, the traditional batch photoreactor operation is becoming abundant in this field. Process intensification efforts led to micro- and mesostructured flow photoreactors. In this work, we are reviewing structured photoreactors by elaborating on the bottleneck of this field: the development of an efficient scale-up strategy. In line with this, micro- and mesostructured bench-scale photoreactors were evaluated based on a new benchmark called photochemical space time yield (mol·day−1·kW−1), which takes into account the energy efficiency of the photoreactors. It was manifested that along with the selection of the photoreactor dimensions and an appropriate light source, optimization of the process conditions, such as the residence time and the concentration of the photoactive molecule is also crucial for an efficient photoreactor operation. In this paper, we are aiming to give a comprehensive understanding for scale-up strategies by benchmarking selected photoreactors and by discussing transport phenomena in several other photoreactors.

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Beltrán, Fernando J., Javier Rivas, and Juan-Fernando Garcia-Araya. "Six Flux Model for the Central Lamp Reactor Applied to an External Four-Lamp Reactor." Catalysts 11, no. 10 (2021): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11101190.

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One of the difficulties of establishing the intrinsic kinetics of photocatalytic oxidation processes is due to the complex mathematical formula used to determine the rate of photon absorption. To solve this problem, some models have been proposed and checked, such as the Six Flux Model (SFM) confirmed in central lamp photoreactors. External lamp photoreactors are also one of the most used configurations to study the photocatalytic oxidation of contaminants in water, and complex mathematical solutions have been reported to solve the rate of photon absorption. In this work, SFM Equations already reported for the central lamp photoreactor have been adapted to determine the rate of photon absorption in an external four-lamp photoreactor. The results obtained show slight differences from those of the Monte Carlo method. Additionally, once the rate of photon absorption was validated, the intrinsic rate constant and scavenging factor of the photocatalytic oxidation of some contaminant compounds from results already published have been determined.

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Ounnar, Amel, Abdelkrim Bouzaza, Lidia Favier, and Fatiha Bentahar. "Macrolide antibiotics removal using a circulating TiO2-coated paper photoreactor: parametric study and hydrodynamic flow characterization." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 11 (2016): 2627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.096.

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The present work investigates the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of biorecalcitrant macrolide antibiotics in a circulating tubular photoreactor. As target pollutants, spiramycin (SPM) and tylosin (TYL) were considered in this study. The photoreactor leads to the use of an immobilized titanium dioxide on non-woven paper under artificial UV-lamp irradiation. Maximum removal efficiency was achieved at the optimum conditions of natural pH, low pollutant concentration and a 0.35 L min−1 flow rate. A Langmuir–Hinshelwood model was used to fit experimental results and the model constants were determined. Moreover, the total organic carbon analysis reveals that SPM and TYL mineralization is not complete. In addition, the study of the residence time distribution allowed us to investigate the flow regime of the reactor. Electrical energy consumption for photocatalytic degradation of macrolides using circulating TiO2-coated paper photoreactor was lower compared with some reported photoreactors used for the elimination of pharmaceutic compounds. A repetitive reuse of the immobilized catalyst was also studied in order to check its photoactivity performance.

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Acosta-Herazo, Raúl, Briyith Cañaveral-Velásquez, Katrin Pérez-Giraldo, Miguel A. Mueses, María H. Pinzón-Cárdenas, and Fiderman Machuca-Martínez. "A MATLAB-Based Application for Modeling and Simulation of Solar Slurry Photocatalytic Reactors for Environmental Applications." Water 12, no. 8 (2020): 2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082196.

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Because of the complexity caused by photochemical reactions and radiation transport, accomplishing photoreactor modeling usually poses a barrier for young researchers or research works that focus on experimental developments, although it may be a crucial tool for reducing experimental efforts and carrying out a more comprehensive analysis of the results. This work presents PHOTOREAC, an open-access application developed in the graphical user interface of Matlab, which allows a user-friendly evaluation of the solar photoreactors operation. The app includes several solar photoreactor configurations and kinetics models as well as two variants of a radiation absorption-scattering model. Moreover, PHOTOREAC incorporates a database of 26 of experimental solar photodegradation datasets with a variety of operational conditions (model pollutants, photocatalyst concentrations, initial pollutant concentrations); additionally, users can introduce their new experimental data. The implementation of PHOTOREAC is presented using three example cases of solar photoreactor operation in which the impact of the operational parameters is explored, kinetic constants are estimated according to experimental data, and comparisons are made between the available models. Finally, the impact of the application on young researchers’ projects in photocatalysis at the University of Cartagena was investigated. PHOTOREAC is available upon request from Professor Miguel Mueses.

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Aillet, Tristan, Karine Loubiere, Odile Dechy-Cabaret, and Laurent Prat. "Accurate Measurement of the Photon Flux Received Inside Two Continuous Flow Microphotoreactors by Actinometry." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 12, no. 1 (2014): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2013-0121.

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Abstract In this study, the photon flux received in two continuous flow microphotoreactors was measured by actinometry (potassium ferrioxalate). The microphotoreactors had two different geometries and were irradiated by either a polychromatic or a monochromatic light source. A model considering the partial absorption of photons through the reactor depth and, if required, the polychromatic character of the light source and the dependence of the actinometer properties on the wavelength were formulated to describe the variation of the actinometer conversion with the irradiation time. The photon flux received in the microphotoreactors could be thus accurately calculated as a function of the emitted wavelength. The same methodology was then applied to measure the photon flux received in a batch immersion well photoreactor. The radiant power received in each photoreactor was compared to that emitted by the lamp and major differences were found, thus confirming the need for this kind of in situ measurement. Finally, some guidelines based on a knowledge of the photon flux were proposed to compare various photoreactors. They revealed in particular that the choice of the most efficient photoreactor depended on the criteria chosen to evaluate the performances (i.e. productivity, Space Time Yield).

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Enesca, Alexandru. "The Influence of Photocatalytic Reactors Design and Operating Parameters on the Wastewater Organic Pollutants Removal—A Mini-Review." Catalysts 11, no. 5 (2021): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11050556.

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The organic pollutants removal by conventional methods (adsorption, coagulation, filtration, microorganism and enzymes) showed important limitation due to the reluctance of these molecules. An alternative to this issue is represented by the photocatalytic technology considered as an advanced oxidation process (AOP). The photoreactors design and concepts vary based on the working regime (static or dynamic), photocatalyst morphology (powders or bulk) and volume. This mini-review aims to provide specific guidelines on the correlations between the photoreactor concept characteristics (working regime, volume and flow rate), irradiation scenarios (light spectra, irradiation period and intensity) and the photocatalytic process parameters (photocatalyst materials and dosage, pollutant type and concentration, pollutant removal efficiency and constant rate). The paper considers two main photoreactor geometries (cylindrical and rectangular) and analyses the influence of parameters optimization on the overall photocatalytic efficiency. Based on the systematic evaluation of the input data reported in the scientific papers, several perspectives regarding the photocatalytic reactors’ optimization were included.

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Hincapié Mejía, Gina María, Juan Miguel Marín S., Luis Alberto Rios, and Gloria Restrepo. "Evaluating E. coli degradation using a rotatory disk photoreactor." Ingeniería e Investigación 27, no. 3 (2007): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v27n3.14846.

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Degradation of the bacterium E. coli was studied using a rotatory disk photoreactor manufactured in stainless steel to ascertain this photoreaction system’s behavior in different operating conditions. The photoreactor was equipped with 6 black light bulbs (BLB) used as a source of UV light and fitted with 7 removable disks made of common frosted glass impregnated with TiO2 photocatalyzer which were coupled to a rotation system. TiO2 was impregnated on the disks using the sol-gel method varying molar precursor gel ratios. Abrasion resistance, disk adhesion and surface uniformity tests were carried out for selecting the film presenting the best characteristics. Bacterial photodegradation studies were carried out using the following variable parameters: the disks’ rotation speed, radiation intensity and the number of discs which were directly related to the concentration of photocatalyzer in the system. Up to 64.3% degradation was achieved in 4 hours using 7 disks, low intensity and low rotation speed.

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Riddell, Alexander, Patric Kvist, and Diana Bernin. "A 3D printed photoreactor for investigating variable reaction geometry, wavelength, and fluid flow." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 8 (2022): 084103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087107.

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Research in the field of photochemistry, including photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis, has been revitalized due to the potential that photochemical reactions show in the sustainable production of chemicals. Therefore, there is a need for flexible photoreactor equipment that allows for the evaluation of the geometry, light wavelength, and intensity of the vessel, along with the fluid flow in various photochemical reactions. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have narrow emission spectra and can be either pulsed or run continuously; being flexible, they can be arranged to fit the dimensions of various types of the reactor vessel, depending on the application. This study presents a 3D printed photoreactor with the ability to adjust distances easily and switch between high-power LED light sources. The reactor design utilizes customized printed circuit boards to mount varying numbers and types of LEDs, which enables multiple wavelengths to be used simultaneously. These LED modules, comprised of heat sinks and cooling fans, fulfill the higher heat dissipation requirements of high-power LEDs. The flexibility of the reactor design is useful for optimizing the reaction geometry, flow conditions, wavelength, and intensity of photochemical reactions on a small scale. The estimates for incident light intensity under five possible reactor configurations using ferrioxalate actinometry are reported so that comparisons with other photoreactors can be made. The performance of the photoreactor for differing vessel sizes and distances, in both the flow and batch modes, is given for a photochemical reaction on 2-benzyloxyphenol—a model substance for lignin and applicable in the production of biobased chemicals.

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Danyliuk, N. V., T. R. Tatarchuk, and A. V. Shyichuk. "Batch microreactor for photocatalytic reactions monitoring." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 21, no. 2 (2020): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.21.2.338-346.

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Photocatalytic oxidation of organic contaminants is a hot topic in environmental research. However, an effective purification process needs an effective photoreactor. Typical light sources such as mercury and halogen lamps are replaced with more energy efficient Light Emitting Diodes. In the current work, a miniature photoreactor with low catalyst consumption was presented. The work of the micro-photoreactor is investigated using anatase and P25 industrial titania as model catalysts. The key element of the microreactor is replaceable UV-LED. The used 365 nm emission wavelength is optimal for the model pollutant Rhodamine B dye. The micro-photoreactor is able to mineralize the Rhodamine B dye almost completely.

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Behnajady, Mohammad A., Sadegh Amirmohammadi-Sorkhabi, Nasser Modirshahla, and Mohammad Shokri. "Investigation of the efficiency of a tubular continuous-flow photoreactor with supported titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the removal of 4-nitrophenol: operational parameters, kinetics analysis and mineralization studies." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 1 (2011): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.666.

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In this study, to investigate the application of heterogeneous photocatalysis in the removal of organic contaminants from aqueous media a novel tubular continuous-flow photoreactor with supported TiO2-P25 on glass plates was designed and constructed. The photoreactor comprises six quartz tubes and a UV lamp which was placed in the center of the quartz tubes. 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) as a most refractory pollutant was chosen as a probe pollutant to examine the photoreactor efficiency for environmental cleaning applications. Results of experiments show that the removal efficiency of 4-NP in this photoreactor is a function of photoreactor length, gas and liquid flow rates and 4-NP initial concentration. Kinetics analysis indicates that degradation of 4-NP in continuous-mode can be modeled with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) model (kL–H = 1.5 mg L−1 min−1, Kads = 0.11 mg−1 L). A design equation was obtained with a combination of L–H modified equation and tubular reactor design equation. This equation can be used for estimation of 4-NP concentration in different photoreactor lengths under various operational parameters. Mineralization study was followed through total organic carbon (TOC) analysis and measurement of nitrite and nitrate as final degradation products.

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Palchik, A., Y. Zamora, and N. Burega. "Problems of using microbiological systems in the process of remission of carbon gas from atmospheric air." Energy and automation, no. 4(56) (October 28, 2021): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2021.04.088.

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The initiatives of the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Convention on Climate Change 2015, the X Prize Prize Fund for Revolutionary Innovation and the announcement by Grand Elon Musk of the invention of the best carbon capture technology with a total budget of $ 100 million suggest that air absorption from carbon. In our opinion, the use of biological photosynthetic crops and technological solutions based on them, which will ensure the absorption of carbon dioxide, is a great prospect, as this process has already changed the Earth's atmosphere in the distant past. In addition, the use of plants will not only absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, but also obtain additional raw materials rich in hydrocarbons and lipids, as well as generate oxygen. This technological solution to the problem of the presence of greenhouse gases establishes the feasibility of using the process of growing unicellular microalgae in photoreactor systems. Energy and technical and economic indicators of functioning of carbon dioxide utilization systems on the basis of standard approaches are determined. The need to create a system of automatic analysis of the state of culture based on the use of artificial intelligence and systems of automatic pattern recognition has been identified. The necessity of integration of the heat accumulator into the structure of the photoreactor for smoothing of daily temperature differences (which in turn minimized energy consumption) and systems of additional lighting and mixing is proved. A number of own designs of photoreactors and further ways of their modernization on use of polymeric films for isolation of working space of photoreactors for the purpose of avoidance of infection of culture are offered.

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Younis, Sherif, and Ki-Hyun Kim. "Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Scalability for Environmental Remediation: Opportunities and Challenges." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (2020): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101109.

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Heterogeneous photocatalysis is an ecofriendly technique for purifying organic pollutants in environmental systems. While pilot-scale photoreactors have explored photocatalytic system upscalibility, their practical implementation is restricted for various reasons. These include feed composition alteration, complicated photoreactor designs, high operation and synthesis costs, photocatalyst poisoning, low quantum yield under solar irradiation, fast exciton recombination, and low reuse or regeneration capabilities. In this paper, we highlight the photocatalyst scalability challenges for real-world applications. We also provide an in-depth discussion on photocatalyst opportunities for effective air and water pollution control. Lastly, we offer a contemporary perspective on photocatalysis scale-up for the real environmental treatment.

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VARGAS, X. M., J. M. MARIN, and G. RESTREPO. "EVALUATION OF A COUPLED SYSTEM USING A NANOMATERIAL Fe-DOPED TiO2 AND A SEQUENTIAL BATCH REACTOR (SBR) TO DEGRADE AZO DYES." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 46, no. 2 (2016): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2016.331.

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A coupled system comprising a photoreactor combined with a sequential batch bioreactor (SBR) was evaluated for the degradation of a Cibacron Yellow LS-R commercial dye. The photoreactor was evaluated by comparing synthesized 0.1% Fedoped TiO2 with titanium dioxide P-25. The photoreactor demonstrated satisfactory performance in color and DOC removal of 94.5% and 37.6%, respectively. These results were only slightly inferior to those obtained using the commercially available catalyst TiO2 P-25 over six hours of operation. The photoreactor increased the dye biodegradability from 0.1 to 0.47 over four hours of phototreatment with the synthesized 0.1% Fe-doped TiO2 photocatalyst. The coupled system completed the dye degradation in 34 hours, reaching a mineralization level of 70%, measured as COD. These results are remarkable, considering that the biological process as a single treatment did not lead to dye removal.

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Arrington, Kyle J., and John B. Matson. "Assembly of a visible light photoreactor: an inexpensive tool for bottlebrush polymer synthesis via photoiniferter polymerization." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 48 (2017): 7452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py01741c.

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We report the design of a simple, inexpensive photoreactor for photoiniferter polymerization of vinyl monomers mediated by thiocarbonylthio compounds. This photoreactor allowed for the synthesis of block copolymers and well-defined bottlebrush polymers by grafting-from and grafting-through.

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Atheba, Patrick, Didier Robert, Albert Trokourey, Drissa Bamba, and Jean-Victor Weber. "Design and study of a cost-effective solar photoreactor for pesticide removal from water." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 8 (2009): 2187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.640.

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In order to remove pesticides from water, a basic photoreactor has been built. We evaluated the performance of this photoreactor using two commercial photocatalytic materials from Ahlstrom group and from Saint-Gobain, with solar and artificial UV-lamps. We compared the kinetics of photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of Diuron in the same reactor with of both photocatalyst supports. We showed that Diuron is easily degraded under solar or artificial irradiation, while the kinetics of mineralization in the same condition are very slow. The behaviour of these commercial materials has been studied after several uses in the same conditions. We showed the effectiveness of this basic and cheap photoreactor for the elimination of pesticide in water.

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Petkov, Georgi D., and Marusja G. Muchtarova. "Heat balance of a closed microalgal photoreactor." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 79 (December 14, 1995): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/algol_stud/79/1995/119.

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Tawkaew, Sittinun, Tawan Sooknoi, Angkhana Jaroenworaluck, Thammarat Panyathanmaporn, and Sitthisuntorn Supothina. "A Textile Waste Water Treatment System Using Photocatalytic Reactor and Catalyst Recycle Unit." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.5.

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A photocatalytic system for wastewater treatment from textile industries was constructed and tested for its efficiency. The system consisted of two units – a photoreactor for dye decomposition and a catalyst recovery unit. The photoreactor was an annular plug flow photoreactor under irradiation of 36 W Toshiba blacklight. The catalyst recovery unit was 42 L of sediment tank for TiO2 catalyst recovery. In our study, a Cibra Cron red R-W 150% (an anionic azo dye) was used to prepare a synthetic textile wastewater. The experimental parameters such as flow rate, pH, dye initial concentration, catalyst loading and setteled time that affected the system performance were investigated. The photodegradation kinetics were found to follow the Langmuire - Hinshelwood model and also depended on the TiO2 concentration and the pH. The optimum condition for photocatalytic decomposition was at pH 3 and at 1 g/L of TiO2 catalyst loading. The reaction rate constant, k and the adsorption constant, K for the scale-up photoreactor were 3.345 mg/L-min and 0.0204 L/mg, respectively. For the catalyst recycle unit, the overflow and underflow concentration of the TiO2 catalyst were 2.00 and 0.002 mg/L, respectively, at 100 ml/min of inlet flow rate, 50 ml/min of overflow and 50 ml/min of underflow.

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Fekete, Roman, Terézia Žáková, Ľudmila Gabrišová, et al. "OPTIMALIZATION OF PHOTOREACTOR GEOMETRY FOR THE CULTIVATION OF CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII." Acta Polytechnica 58, no. 2 (2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2018.58.0092.

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At the present time, a great attention is being paid to the use of algae. Algae can adapt to different conditions and can produce substances corresponding to responsible environments. The main problem in their cultivation is the design of a suitable photoreactor. It should create the optimal conditions for their growth, which is mainly dependent on the contact of the algae with the light. The intensity of the light depends on the hydrodynamic conditions in the photoreactor and on its geometry. This paper deals with the study of kinetics of growth and gross biomass yield of biomass in laboratory photobioreactors, respecting their geometrical similarity as a basis for a possible scale-up. An optimal ratio between biomass growth rate and its gross biomass yield as a function of the photoreactor geometry is searched. <em>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</em> were used as the model organism.

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Kishikawa, Naoya, Mahmoud El-Maghrabey, Ayaka Kawamoto, Kaname Ohyama, and Naotaka Kuroda. "Determination of Anthraquinone-Tagged Amines Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Online UV Irradiation and Luminol Chemiluminescence Detection." Molecules 28, no. 5 (2023): 2146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052146.

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Quinones are frequently used as derivatization reagents in HPLC analysis to improve detection sensitivity. In the present study, a simple, sensitive, and selective chemiluminescence (CL) derivatization strategy for biogenic amines, prior to their HPLC-CL analysis, was developed. The novel CL derivatization strategy was established based on using anthraquinone-2-carbonyl chloride as derivatizing agent for amines and then using the unique property of the quinones’ moiety to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to UV irradiation. Typical amines such as tryptamine and phenethylamine were derivatized with anthraquinone-2-carbonyl chloride and then injected into an HPLC system equipped with an online photoreactor. The anthraquinone-tagged amines are separated and then UV-irradiated when they pass through a photoreactor to generate ROS from the quinone moiety of the derivative. Tryptamine and phenethylamine can be determined by measuring the chemiluminescence intensity produced by the reaction of the generated ROS with luminol. The chemiluminescence disappears when the photoreactor is turned off, suggesting that ROS are no longer generated from the quinone moiety in the absence of UV irradiation. This result indicates that the generation of ROS could be controlled by turning the photoreactor on and off. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection for tryptamine and phenethylamine were 124 and 84 nM, respectively. The developed method is successfully applied to determine the concentrations of tryptamine and phenethylamine in wine samples.

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Dong, Shuangshi, Dandan Zhou, and Xiaotao Bi. "Radial distribution modeling of liquid-phase phenol concentration in a liquid–solid fluidized bed photoreactor." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 6 (2012): 977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.018.

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A fluidized bed photoreactor with titanium dioxide-immobilized spherical activated carbon particles was examined. The light intensity profile was modeled using the Lambert–Beer rule for the modeling of the radial distribution of liquid-phase phenol concentration in the fluidized bed photoreactor, when considering the reactor composed of numerous differential annular drums and no mass transfer between drums. The model could be well matched with the experimental data which indicated the liquid flow rate of 13.8 L/min was the optimum in the balance of flow rate-related light penetration and photocatalyst concentration. By integration of liquid-phase phenol concentration along the radius, photocatalytic oxidation performance of the photoreactor was evaluated in comparison with the experimental data and model prediction. The results showed that the errors were less than 30% for most of the predictions. It is suggested that mass transfer and flow rate difference along the radial direction should be considered to obtain more precise prediction.

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Sacco, Olga, Diana Sannino, and Vincenzo Vaiano. "Packed Bed Photoreactor for the Removal of Water Pollutants Using Visible Light Emitting Diodes." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (2019): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030472.

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A packed bed photoreactor was developed using a structured photocatalyst active under visible light. The packed bed reactor was irradiated by visible light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for the evaluation of photocatalytic activity in the removal of different types of water pollutants. By using a flexible LEDs strip as the external light source, it was possible to use a simple cylindrical geometry for the photoreactor, thereby enhancing the contact between the photocatalyst and the water to be treated. The visible light active structured photocatalyst was composed by N-doped TiO2 particles supported on polystyrene spheres. Photocatalytic results showed that the almost total methylene blue decolorization was achieved after 120 min of irradiation. Moreover, the developed packed bed photoreactor was effective in the removal of ceftriaxone, paracetamol, and caffeine, allowing it to reach the almost total degradation of the pollutants and a total organic carbon removal above 80% after 180 min of visible light irradiation.

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Qi, Ning, Michael K. Wismer, Donald V. Conway, Shane W. Krska, Spencer D. Dreher, and Shishi Lin. "Development of a high intensity parallel photoreactor for high throughput screening." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 7, no. 2 (2022): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1re00317h.

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Shama, Gilbert, Christopher Peppiatt, and Marina Biguzzi. "A novel thin film photoreactor." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 65, no. 1 (1996): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4660(199601)65:1<56::aid-jctb354>3.0.co;2-y.

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An, Xingda, Ronghai Cheng, Pinghua Liu, and Björn M. Reinhard. "Plasmonic photoreactors-coated plastic tubing as combined-active-and-passive antimicrobial flow sterilizer." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 10, no. 12 (2022): 2001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tb02250d.

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Li, X. Z., and Y. G. Zhao. "On-site treatment of dyeing wastewater by a bio-photoreactor system." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (1997): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0510.

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Synthetic dyeing wastewater consisting of the three different commercial dyes with different strengths of COD (about 900 and 3000 mg/l respectively) was initially treated by an aerobic biological process, Intermittently Decanted Extended Aeration reactor (IDEA), for BOD removal, and then continuously treated by a TiO2 sensitised photoreactor for a further COD removal and decolorization. The catalysed photooxidation process can degrade those non-biodegradable organic substances in the effluent treated by the IDEA process and also decolorize the effluent completely. It is also found that some nonbiodegradable organic substances can be converted to biodegradable forms by the sensitized photo-oxidation reaction. A bio-photoreactor system was designed to combine this photocatalytic reactor with the IDEA reactor for the treatment of dyeing wastewater. The performance of this combined bio-photoreactor system with and without recirculation was investigated and compared. The system with recycled water has similar efficiency for decolorization and COD removal to that without recirculation, but has a high capacity to eliminate the effects caused by a shock loading, and also the system can treat dyeing wastewater with a higher organic concentration.

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Mateos, Javier, Alessio Cherubini-Celli, Tommaso Carofiglio, et al. "A microfluidic photoreactor enables 2-methylbenzophenone light-driven reactions with superior performance." Chemical Communications 54, no. 50 (2018): 6820–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc01373j.

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Mehrvar, M., W. A. Anderson, and M. Moo-Young. "Comparison of the photoactivities of two commercial titanium dioxide powders in the degradation of 1,4-dioxane." International Journal of Photoenergy 4, no. 4 (2002): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1110662x02000168.

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Two different commercial photocatalysts, Degussa P25 and Hombikat UV 100, were used to degrade 1,4-dioxane photocatalytically in an annular slurry photoreactor. The optimum photocatalyst loading for Degussa P25 was found to be1.5gL-1while for Hombikat UV 100 was between3.0−4.0gL-1. The photoactivity of Degussa P25 is higher than that of Hombikat at lower photocatalyst loadings whereas it is lower at higher photocatalyst loadings. This was found both experimentally and also by mathematical modeling of the radiation within the photoreactor zone. The photoactivity of UV 100 titanium dioxide was found to be twice that of Degussa P25 at optimum loadings.

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Ghanbari, Sina, Mohammad Hadi Givianrad, and Parviz Aberoomand Azar. "Simultaneous reduction of Cr (VI) and degradation of azo dyes by F-Fe-codoped TiO2/SiO2 photocatalysts under visible and solar irradiation." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 97, no. 9 (2019): 659–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2018-0529.

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A new TiO2/SiO2 photocatalyst codoped with fluorine and iron was synthesized using the sol–gel process and immobilized onto glass beads by coupling two methods of dip coating and heat attachment. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, DRS-UV–vis, FESEM, EDX, TEM, and N2 adsorption–desorption analysis. The effective parameters of pH, flow rate, and photoreactor vessels’ angle against solar irradiation on degradation performance were optimized. Subsequently, the photocatalytic activity of the prepared nanocomposites was investigated in an innovative fabricated photoreactor using a four-component pollutant mixture of Cr (VI), basic red 29, basic blue 41, and basic yellow 51 under visible and solar irradiation. Furthermore, the effectiveness of photoreactor performance was assessed under various outdoor climate conditions as natural irradiation sources. Consequently, UV–vis spectrophotometry results showed significant efficiency of photocatalytic removal of the pollutant mixture. TOC results of 74.39% and 78.04% for removal of organic content of the sample under visible and solar light, respectively, were also confirmed the great capability of the designed system for the simultaneous removal of some hazardous inorganic and organic contaminants under natural light sources.

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Bianchi, C. L., C. Pirola, F. Galli, et al. "NOxdegradation in a continuous large-scale reactor using full-size industrial photocatalytic tiles." Catalysis Science & Technology 6, no. 7 (2016): 2261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cy01627d.

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Neti, Nageswara Rao. "Photocatalysts and Photoreactors for Treatment of Industrial Effluents." Materials Science Forum 712 (February 2012): 191–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.712.191.

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Development of photocatalysts and photoreactors for treatment of industrial effluents is considered important to harness solar energy for environmental clean up. The photocatalytic method of decolorization of textile dyes utilizes UV component of sunlight (3-5%) and the only solid phase (TiO2catalyst) can be recycled on a technical scale. Moreover, the method does not produce any sludge unlike adsorption and coagulation methods. These attributes of the photocatalytic method are attractive for possible application in industry. Our group is presently working on pilot scale photoreactors and exploring feasibility of industrial application of this technique. We have developed a few TiO2based photocatalysts (P-25 TiO2, ZnO, TiO2(bulk) and rare earth metal (In2O3, Nd2O3, Yb2O3and Sm2O3) doped TiO2), photo catalyst bearing supports (e.g., acrylic sheet) and photoreactors (annular immersion well type, falling film type and shallow slurry photoreactors) for use with UV & sunlight. We have carried out a few tests with Solar Slurry Photoreactor (SSPR) in field using actual textile wastewater with encouraging results. The SSPR developed under this study was capable of decolorizing textile wastewater under specified conditions approximately with a treatment rate of 9.0 Lh-1. The reactor area exposed to sunlight was approximately 1 m2. Thus, a reactor having 18-20 m2exposed area would treat about 1.0 m3textile wastewater at a rate approximately equal to180 Lh-1. The present data suggest that it may be possible to apply this technique initially for the color treatment of textile wastewater from small dyeing operations. However, the details of techno-economic feasibility need to be assessed beforehand. The proposed book chapter would present details of all the above-mentioned efforts. It would be targeted to bring out inadequacies associated with the photocatalytic technology for wastewater treatment.

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Ziegenbalg, Dirk, Günter Kreisel, Dieter Weiß, and Dana Kralisch. "OLEDs as prospective light sources for microstructured photoreactors." Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 13, no. 7 (2014): 1005–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3pp50302j.

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Zalesskiy, Sergey S., Nikita S. Shlapakov, and Valentine P. Ananikov. "Visible light mediated metal-free thiol–yne click reaction." Chemical Science 7, no. 11 (2016): 6740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc02132h.

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Ioannou, Georgios I., Tamsyn Montagnon, Dimitris Kalaitzakis, Spiros A. Pergantis, and Georgios Vassilikogiannakis. "Synthesis of cyclopent-2-enones from furans using a nebulizer-based continuous flow photoreactor." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 15, no. 48 (2017): 10151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ob02557b.

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de Lemos Chernicharo, C. A., J. C. de Castro Silva, A. M. Zerbini, and V. M. Godinho. "Inactivation of E. coli and helminth eggs in aerobic and anaerobic effluents using UV radiation." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 9 (2003): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0521.

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This paper evaluates the performance of a simplified bench-scale UV-photoreactor used to inactivate Escherichia coli and eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides. The photoreactor consisted of a tubular unit constructed with PVC tube, 100 mm diameter and 45 cm total height, with a low-pressure mercury lamp adapted in the centre of the tube. The reactor was tested to disinfect the effluents from a trickling filter and from an UASB reactor, both fed with domestic sewage. The results showed an excellent performance of the photoreactor, with very high E. coli inactivation efficiencies being observed for the aerobic effluent (in the range of 4 to 5 log-units, for doses varying from 50.7 to 13.6 mW.s.cm−2) and also for the effluent from the UASB reactor (usually above 4 log-units, for doses of 20.3 and 13.6 mW.s.cm−2). In relation to the inactivation of helminth eggs, it was observed that UV radiation significantly affected the development of eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, with the better results being obtained for radiation times of 40 and 60 seconds (doses of 13.6 and 20.3 mW.s.cm−2, respectively), when approximately 65% of the eggs remained in the stage of single cell and only 9 to 10% were able to fully develop to the stage of motile larva.

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Borrás-Jiménez, Daniel, Wilber Silva-López, and César Nieto-Londoño. "Towards the Configuration of a Photoelectrocatalytic Reactor: Part 2—Selecting Photoreactor Flow Configuration and Operating Variables by a Numerical Approach." Nanomaterials 12, no. 17 (2022): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12173030.

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This work aims to select a photoreactor flow configuration and operational conditions that maximize the Photocatalytic Space-time Yield in a photoelectrocatalytic reactor to degrade Reactive Red 239 textile dye. A numerical study by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was carried out to model the phenomena of momentum and species transport and surface reaction kinetics. The photoreactor flow configuration was selected between axial (AF) and tangential (TF) inlet and outlet flow, and it was found that the TF configuration generated a higher Space-time Yield (STY) than the AF geometry in both laminar and turbulent regimes due to the formation of a helical movement of the fluid, which generates velocity in the circumferential and axial directions. In contrast, the AF geometry generates a purely axial flow. In addition, to maximize the Photocatalytic Space-time Yield (PSTY), it is necessary to use solar radiation as an external radiation source when the flow is turbulent. In conclusion, the PSTY can be maximized up to a value of 45 g/day-kW at an inlet velocity of 0.2 m/s (inlet Reynolds of 2830), solar radiation for external illumination, and internal illumination by UV-LEDs of 14 W/ m2, using a photoreactor based on tangent inlet and outlet flow.

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Lahmann, John M., Ryan A. Faase, Hsuan Yu Leu, et al. "Microfluidic photoreactor to treat neonatal jaundice." Biomicrofluidics 15, no. 6 (2021): 064104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0066073.

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Zainul, R., I. Dewata, and B. Oktavia. "Fabrication of hexagonal photoreactor indoor lights." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1185 (April 2019): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1185/1/012007.

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Gaulhofer, F., D. Ziegenbalg, and A. Peschl. "Modular industrial scalable continuously operated photoreactor." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 92, no. 9 (2020): 1363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.202055436.

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Huang, Wei, Beatriz Chiyin Ma, Di Wang, et al. "A fixed-bed photoreactor using conjugated nanoporous polymer-coated glass fibers for visible light-promoted continuous photoredox reactions." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 8 (2017): 3792–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta10768k.

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Xi, W., S. U. Geissen, and A. Vogelpohl. "Solar detoxification of wastewater in a novel aerated cascade photoreactor (ACP)." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 5 (2001): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0294.

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A newly developed aerated cascade photoreactor (ACP), based on a non-concentrating suspension photoreactor, combines the advantages of a cascade with the increased mass-transfer and the use of oxygen from air as an oxidizing agent in a bubble column. Systematic studies of the limiting hydrodynamic conditions in the ACP and the solid/liquid-separation of the photocatalyst from the treated wastewater have shown that the ACP is technically and commercially attractive. The ACP outperforms the thin-film fixed-bed reactor (TFFBR) with respect to a 3-13 times higher degradation efficiency for the model compound dichloroacetic acid (DCA). The treatment of two biologically pretreated real wastewaters, one from a textile factory and one from car-washing, have been successfully carried out under artificial light and sunlight.

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Haas, Christian P., Thomas Roider, Reinhard W. Hoffmann, and Ulrich Tallarek. "Light as a reaction parameter – systematic wavelength screening in photochemical synthesis." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 4, no. 11 (2019): 1912–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9re00339h.

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Systematic wavelength screening with 16 LED arrays in a continuous-flow photoreactor revealed different reaction channels for the perfluoroalkylation of 2-methylindole, which were transferred into independent synthetic routes.

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Munjal, Guncha, Ashok N. Bhaskarwar, and Amita Chaudhary. "Kinetic-invariant analysis of dye degradation in an annular slurry bubble-column photo reactor." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 19, no. 8 (2021): 839–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2021-0004.

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Abstract Heterogeneous photocatalysis refers to the series of oxidation and reduction reactions on a semiconductor surface by the electrons and holes generated by absorption of light by the catalyst. This method is widely used for the degradation of dyes and their mixtures present in the textile effluent, and involves two main aspects, viz. a photocatalyst, and a photoreactor. TiO2 nanoparticles are well explored and among the best known photocatalysts used worldwide. Annular slurry bubble-column reactor is a commonly used photoreactor for dye(s) degradation. This research paper explores the effects of different parameters like air-flow rate, photocatalyst loading, and initial dye concentration on the dye degradation in an annular slurry bubble-column photoreactor. The results showed that the best dye degradation efficiencies were reported at an aeration rate of 1.7 × 10−4 m3/s and at a catalyst loading of 1.5 kg/m3. Higher the initial concentration of dye, the greater is the time taken for complete degradation and mineralization. A kinetic-invariant method, which is based on the dimensionless representation of existing data to predict the new experimental results, is used to develop a semi-empirical reactor performance equation. It can be used to predict the concentration of dye undergoing degradation in the photocatalytic reactor at any time without a need for further experimentation.

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Yang, Zhengpeng, Xiaoting Lv, Xuqing Liu, et al. "Sieve-Like CNT Film Coupled with TiO2 Nanowire for High-Performance Continuous-Flow Photodegradation of Rhodamine B under Visible Light Irradiation." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (2021): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051335.

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Continuous-flow photoreactors hold great promise for the highly efficient photodegradation of pollutants due to their continuity and sustainability. However, how to enable a continuous-flow photoreactor with the combined features of high photodegradation efficiency and durability as well as broad-wavelength light absorption and large-scale processing remains a significant challenge. Herein, we demonstrate a facile and effective strategy to construct a sieve-like carbon nanotube (CNT)/TiO2 nanowire film (SCTF) with superior flexibility (180° bending), high tensile strength (75–82 MPa), good surface wettability, essential light penetration and convenient visible light absorption. Significantly, the unique architecture, featuring abundant, well-ordered and uniform mesopores with ca. 70 µm in diameter, as well as a homogenous distribution of TiO2 nanowires with an average diameter of ca. 500 nm, could act as a “waterway” for efficient solution infiltration through the SCTF, thereby, enabling the photocatalytic degradation of polluted water in a continuous-flow mode. The optimized SCTF-2.5 displayed favorable photocatalytic behavior with 96% degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) within 80 min and a rate constant of 0.0394 min−1. The continuous-flow photodegradation device made using SCTF-2.5 featured exceptional photocatalytic behavior for the continuous degradation of RhB under simulated solar irradiation with a high degradation ratio (99.6%) and long-term stability (99.2% retention after working continuously for 72 h). This work sheds light on new strategies for designing and fabricating high-performance continuous-flow photoreactors toward future uses.

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Ditrói, Tamás, József Kalmár, Jose Angel Pino-Chamorro, Zsolt Erdei, Gábor Lente, and István Fábián. "Construction of a multipurpose photochemical reactor with on-line spectrophotometric detection." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 15, no. 4 (2016): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5pp00407a.

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A versatile photoreactor was constructed from commercially available parts, which is capable of recording high quality kinetic traces in homogeneous and heterogeneous photoreactions and also easily adaptable to flow-through operation.

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Alves, C. V. P., C. A. L. Chernicharo, and M. von Sperling. "UV disinfection of stabilization pond effluent: a feasible alternative for areas with land restriction." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 2 (2012): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.363.

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The purpose of this research was to determine the feasibility of a UV photoreactor for the disinfection of effluent from a polishing pond following a UASB reactor treating domestic wastewater. For this, a 20 mm diameter photoreactor (20.7 litre volume) equipped with four 30 W submerged low-pressure mercury arc lamps was used. Three tests with contact times and doses ranging from 45 to 90 s and from 16.9 to 31.3 mW s cm−2 were carried out. Inactivation of total coliforms and Escherichia coli varied from 2.6 to 3.4 log-units, even with the presence of suspended solids in the range of 87 to 102 mg L−1. These results have shown that UV radiation disinfection of pond effluents can be a feasible alternative in areas with land restriction.

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Demetz, David, and Alexander Sutor. "Inductively Powered Sensornode Transmitter Based on the Interconnection of a Colpitts and a Parallel Resonant LC Oscillator." Energies 15, no. 17 (2022): 6198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176198.

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An inductively powered passive transmitter architecture for wireless sensornodes is presented in this paper. The intended applications are inductively powered internally illuminated photoreactors. The application range of photoreactors is wide. They are used, e.g., for microalgae cultivation or for photochemistry, just to name two important fields of use. The inductive powering system used to transmit energy to the wireless internal illumination system is to be additionally used to supply the here presented transmitter. The aim of expanding the named internal illuminated photoreactors with wireless sensors is to obtain a better insight into the processes inside it. This will be achieved by measuring essential parameters such as, e.g., the temperature, pH value, or gas concentrations of the medium inside the reactor, which for algal cultivation would be water. Due to the passive architecture of the transmitter electronics, there is no need for batteries, and therefore, no temporal limitations in their operational cycle are given. The data transmission is also implemented using the inductive layer in the low frequency range. The data transmitting coil and the energy receive coil are implemented as one and the same coil in order to avoid interference and unwanted couplings between them, and in order to save weight and space. Additionally, the transmitter works in a two-step alternating cycle: the energy harvesting step, followed by the data transmission step. The measured values are sent using on-off keying. Therefore, a Colpitts oscillator is switched on and off. The circuit is simulated using SPICE simulations and consequentially implemented as a prototype in order to perform practical analyses and measurements. The feasibility of our transmitter is therefore shown with the performed circuit simulations, and practically, by testing our prototype on an internal illuminated laboratory scaled photoreactor.

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Conte, Francesco, Antonio Tripodi, Ilenia Rossetti, and Gianguido Ramis. "Feasibility Study of the Solar-Promoted Photoreduction of CO2 to Liquid Fuels with Direct or Indirect Use of Renewable Energy Sources." Energies 14, no. 10 (2021): 2804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102804.

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Solar irradiation data collected at the latitude of Milan city, near the 45th parallel North, and original activity data of some high-performing photocatalysts (i.e., commercial TiO2 P25, TiO2 prepared by flame spray pyrolysis, 0.2% wt/wt Au/P25) have been used to evaluate the feasibility and the efficiency of an ideal solar photoreactor for the CO2 photoreduction in liquid phase. The best theoretical performance was achieved with commercial bare P25 titania, despite the fact that it was the material with the widest band gap (3.41 eV vs. 3.31 for FSP and 3.12 for Au/P25). In that case the efficiency of energy storage was calculated as about 2% (considering the total irradiated solar energy) and ca 18% (considering only the UV fraction of solar irradiance). Most of the energy content of the products was stored as formic acid, which would return a productivity of about 640 kg/year kgcat under daylight solar irradiation considering the variance of the irradiance data. Bare FSP titania gave a less promising result, while Au/P25 ranked in the middle. A comparison between the proposed setup and a photoreactor irradiated with UV lamps powered through a wind turbine or solar panels, which allow for an indirect use of renewable energy sources also intended for energy storage purposes, unveil that the latter is many times less efficient than the hypothesized direct solar photoreactor, despite the fact that it could be a reasonable storage system for energy production peaks.

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Carr, B. L., and R. S. Brown. "Matrix Isolation/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry of Laser-Desorbed Species." Applied Spectroscopy 49, no. 7 (1995): 955–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953964750.

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Initial results are presented for a novel experimental arrangement which allows the successful study of laser-desorbed neutral species under matrix isolation conditions. In the current work, a pulsed carbon dioxide laser (10.6 μm) is employed for laser desorption. With the combination of a previously described cryogenic trapping technique with coaxial matrix isolation gas (xenon or argon) introduction, laser-desorbed neutrals have been matrix isolated and their Fourier transform infrared spectra recorded. Two different cinnamic acid derivatives ( p-coumaric acid and sinapinic acid) typically employed for matrix-assisted laser ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry were utilized to demonstrate this new technique. Experimental conditions were determined for optimal matrix isolation of the laser-desorbed species. Two different desorption geometries were examined with respect to their effectiveness for matrix isolation of desorbed neutrals. A covalent dimer of p-coumaric acid produced in an external UV photoreactor and thought to be a possible photoreaction product in UV MALDI was studied by this technique. Thermal degradation of this dimer is shown to occur above threshold irradiance for laser desorption.

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Abdel-Maksoud, Yasmine K., Emad Imam, and Adham R. Ramadan. "TiO2 water-bell photoreactor for wastewater treatment." Solar Energy 170 (August 2018): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.05.053.

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Lewicki, Andrzej, Jacek Dach, Damian Janczak, and Wojciech Czekała. "The Experimental Macro Photoreactor for Microalgae Production." Procedia Technology 8 (2013): 622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2013.11.090.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Photoreactor'

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