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Journal articles on the topic 'Photoreceptor behaviour'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Sumner-Rooney, Lauren, Imran A. Rahman, Julia D. Sigwart, and Esther Ullrich-Lüter. "Whole-body photoreceptor networks are independent of ‘lenses’ in brittle stars." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1871 (2018): 20172590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2590.

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Photoreception and vision are fundamental aspects of animal sensory biology and ecology, but important gaps remain in our understanding of these processes in many species. The colour-changing brittle star Ophiocoma wendtii is iconic in vision research, speculatively possessing a unique whole-body visual system that incorporates information from nerve bundles underlying thousands of crystalline ‘microlenses’. The hypothesis that these might form a sophisticated compound eye-like system regulated by chromatophores has been extensively reiterated, with investigations into biomimetic optics and si

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Peirson, Stuart N., Stephanie Halford, and Russell G. Foster. "The evolution of irradiance detection: melanopsin and the non-visual opsins." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1531 (2009): 2849–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0050.

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Circadian rhythms are endogenous 24 h cycles that persist in the absence of external time cues. These rhythms provide an internal representation of day length and optimize physiology and behaviour to the varying demands of the solar cycle. These clocks require daily adjustment to local time and the primary time cue (zeitgeber) used by most vertebrates is the daily change in the amount of environmental light (irradiance) at dawn and dusk, a process termed photoentrainment. Attempts to understand the photoreceptor mechanisms mediating non-image-forming responses to light, such as photoentrainmen

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Insinna, E. M. "The Phototactic Sensorimotor Mechanism of the Unicellular Alga Euglena Gracilis. An Application to the Evolutionary Study of Vision." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (1997): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970287.

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Our understanding of even basic functions of microtubules (MT) such as intracellular transport and ciliary beating, including their role in sensory cells and nerve cells, is still incomplete. For example, vertebrate photoreceptors contain a cilium whose possible dynamical function is still unknown. A new model of microtubular dynamics, developed by me together with P Zaborski and J Tuszynski [Insinna et al, 1996 BioSystems39(3) 187 – 226], is capable of accounting for most of the phenomena associated with cell motility. Additionally, it sheds new light not only on the phototactic behaviour of

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Clark, R. C., R. D. Santer, and J. S. Brebner. "A generalized equation for the calculation of receptor noise limited colour distances in n -chromatic visual systems." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 9 (2017): 170712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170712.

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Researchers must assess similarities and differences in colour from an animal's eye view when investigating hypotheses in ecology, evolution and behaviour. Nervous systems generate colour perceptions by comparing the responses of different spectral classes of photoreceptor through colour opponent mechanisms, and the performance of these mechanisms is limited by photoreceptor noise. Accordingly, the receptor noise limited (RNL) colour distance model of Vorobyev and Osorio (Vorobyev & Osorio 1998 Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265 , 351–358 ( doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0302 )) generates predictions about

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Nilsson, Dan-Eric. "The evolution of eyes and visually guided behaviour." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1531 (2009): 2833–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0083.

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The morphology and molecular mechanisms of animal photoreceptor cells and eyes reveal a complex pattern of duplications and co-option of genetic modules, leading to a number of different light-sensitive systems that share many components, in which clear-cut homologies are rare. On the basis of molecular and morphological findings, I discuss the functional requirements for vision and how these have constrained the evolution of eyes. The fact that natural selection on eyes acts through the consequences of visually guided behaviour leads to a concept of task-punctuated evolution, where sensory sy

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Neal, S., D. M. de Jong, and E. C. Seaver. "CRISPR/CAS9 mutagenesis of a single r-opsin gene blocks phototaxis in a marine larva." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1904 (2019): 20182491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2491.

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Many marine animals depend upon a larval phase of their life cycle to locate suitable habitat, and larvae use light detection to influence swimming behaviour and dispersal. Light detection is mediated by the opsin genes, which encode light-sensitive transmembrane proteins. Previous studies suggest that r-opsins in the eyes mediate locomotory behaviour in marine protostomes, but few have provided direct evidence through gene mutagenesis. Larvae of the marine annelid Capitella teleta have simple eyespots and are positively phototactic, although the molecular components that mediate this behaviou

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Asano, Y., S. Nakamura, S. Ishida, K. Azuma, and T. Shinozawa. "Rhodopsin-like proteins in planarian eye and auricle: detection and functional analysis." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 9 (1998): 1263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.9.1263.

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The presence of rhodopsin-like proteins in the eyes and auricles of the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica was confirmed using anti-frog-rhodopsin rabbit IgG. The apparent relative molecular masses of these proteins were 65x10(3) and 62x10(3), and positive reactions to IgG were localized to the microvilli of the photoreceptor cells in the eyes and to the sensory cilia, rootlets and microvilli in the auricles. Eye- or head-excised planarians showed no negative phototaxis, whereas intact or auricle-excised planarians did. During regeneration in head-excised planarians, the appearance of rhodo

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Young, Lauriann E., Ronald E. Young, and D. A. P. Bundy. "Photoreceptor evoked potentials and phototactic behaviour in Cercaria caribbea LXXI cable." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 88, no. 4 (1987): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(87)90673-6.

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Honkanen, Anna, Esa-Ville Immonen, Iikka Salmela, Kyösti Heimonen, and Matti Weckström. "Insect photoreceptor adaptations to night vision." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1717 (2017): 20160077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0077.

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Night vision is ultimately about extracting information from a noisy visual input. Several species of nocturnal insects exhibit complex visually guided behaviour in conditions where most animals are practically blind. The compound eyes of nocturnal insects produce strong responses to single photons and process them into meaningful neural signals, which are amplified by specialized neuroanatomical structures. While a lot is known about the light responses and the anatomical structures that promote pooling of responses to increase sensitivity, there is still a dearth of knowledge on the physiolo

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NILSSON, DAN-E. "Eye evolution and its functional basis." Visual Neuroscience 30, no. 1-2 (2013): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523813000035.

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AbstractEye evolution is driven by the evolution of visually guided behavior. Accumulation of gradually more demanding behaviors have continuously increased the performance requirements on the photoreceptor organs. Starting with nondirectional photoreception, I argue for an evolutionary sequence continuing with directional photoreception, low-resolution vision, and finally, high-resolution vision. Calculations of the physical requirements for these four sensory tasks show that they correlate with major innovations in eye evolution and thus work as a relevant classification for a functional ana

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Warrant, Eric J. "The remarkable visual capacities of nocturnal insects: vision at the limits with small eyes and tiny brains." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1717 (2017): 20160063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0063.

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Nocturnal insects have evolved remarkable visual capacities, despite small eyes and tiny brains. They can see colour, control flight and land, react to faint movements in their environment, navigate using dim celestial cues and find their way home after a long and tortuous foraging trip using learned visual landmarks. These impressive visual abilities occur at light levels when only a trickle of photons are being absorbed by each photoreceptor, begging the question of how the visual system nonetheless generates the reliable signals needed to steer behaviour. In this review, I attempt to provid

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Döring, Thomas F., Marco Archetti, and Jim Hardie. "Autumn leaves seen through herbivore eyes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1654 (2008): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0858.

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Why leaves of some trees turn red in autumn has puzzled biologists for decades, as just before leaf fall the pigments causing red coloration are newly synthesized. One idea to explain this apparently untimely investment is that red colour signals the tree's quality to herbivorous insects, particularly aphids. However, it is unclear whether red leaves are indeed less attractive to aphids than green leaves. Because aphids lack a red photoreceptor, it was conjectured that red leaves could even be indiscernable from green ones for these insects. Here we show, however, that the colour of autumnal t

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Bahar, Sonya, and Frank Moss. "The Nonlinear Dynamics of the Crayfish Mechanoreceptor System." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 13, no. 08 (2003): 2013–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127403007916.

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We review here the nonlinear dynamical properties of the crayfish mechanoreceptor system from the hydrodynamically sensitive hairs on the tailfan through the caudal photoreceptor neurons embedded in the 6th ganglion. Emphasis is on the extraction of low dimensional behavior from the random processes (noise) that dominate this neural system. We begin with stochastic resonance in the sensory root afferents and continue with a discussion of the photoreceptor oscillator and its instabilities. Stochastic synchronization, rectification and the generation of second harmonic responses in the photorece

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MENZEL, R., E. STEINMANN, J. DE SOUZA, and W. BACKHAUS. "Spectral Sensitivity of Photoreceptors and Colour Vision in the Solitary Bee, Osmia Rufa." Journal of Experimental Biology 136, no. 1 (1988): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.136.1.35.

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The spectral sensitivity of single photoreceptors of Osmia rufa was determined by a fast voltage-clamp technique. Three receptor types were found whose spectral sensitivity functions followed a rhodopsin-like photopigment absorption function with λmax values at 348nm (ultraviolet receptor), 436nm (blue receptor) and 572nm (green receptor). The λmax of the green receptor in Osmia rufa is shifted to much longer wavelengths compared with other insect species. Discrimination of colour signals was tested after training a bee at the entrance to its nest. The colour signals were filter discs (70 mm i

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Frolov, Roman, and Matti Weckström. "Developmental changes in biophysical properties of photoreceptors in the common water strider (Gerris lacustris): better performance at higher cost." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 4 (2014): 913–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00239.2014.

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Although the dependence of invertebrate photoreceptor biophysical properties on visual ecology has already been investigated in some cases, developmental aspects have largely been ignored due to the general research emphasis on holometabolous insects. Here, using the patch-clamp method, we examined changes in biophysical properties and performance of photoreceptors in the common water strider Gerris lacustris during postembryonic development. We identified two types of peripheral photoreceptors, green and blue sensitive. Whole cell capacitance (a measure of cell size) of blue photoreceptors wa

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van der Kooi, Casper J., Doekele G. Stavenga, Kentaro Arikawa, Gregor Belušič, and Almut Kelber. "Evolution of Insect Color Vision: From Spectral Sensitivity to Visual Ecology." Annual Review of Entomology 66, no. 1 (2021): 435–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-061720-071644.

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Color vision is widespread among insects but varies among species, depending on the spectral sensitivities and interplay of the participating photoreceptors. The spectral sensitivity of a photoreceptor is principally determined by the absorption spectrum of the expressed visual pigment, but it can be modified by various optical and electrophysiological factors. For example, screening and filtering pigments, rhabdom waveguide properties, retinal structure, and neural processing all influence the perceived color signal. We review the diversity in compound eye structure, visual pigments, photorec

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Blackwell, K. T. "Ionic Currents Underlying Difference in Light Response Between Type A and Type B Photoreceptors." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 5 (2006): 3060–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00780.2005.

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In Hermissenda crassicornis, the memory of light associated with turbulence is stored as changes in intrinsic and synaptic currents in both type A and type B photoreceptors. These photoreceptor types exhibit qualitatively different responses to light and current injection, and these differences shape the spatiotemporal firing patterns that control behavior. Thus the objective of the study was to identify the mechanisms underlying these differences. The approach was to develop a type B model that reproduced characteristics of type B photoreceptors recorded in vitro, and then to create a type A

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Frolov, Roman, Esa-Ville Immonen, and Matti Weckström. "Visual ecology and potassium conductances of insect photoreceptors." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 4 (2016): 2147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00795.2015.

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Voltage-activated potassium channels (Kv channels) in the microvillar photoreceptors of arthropods are responsible for repolarization and regulation of photoreceptor signaling bandwidth. On the basis of analyzing Kv channels in dipteran flies, it was suggested that diurnal, rapidly flying insects predominantly express sustained K+ conductances, whereas crepuscular and nocturnally active animals exhibit strongly inactivating Kv conductances. The latter was suggested to function for minimizing cellular energy consumption. In this study we further explore the evolutionary adaptations of the photo

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Alix, Belén, Yolanda Segovia, and Magdalena García. "The Structure of the Retina of the Eurasian Eagle-Owl and its Relation to Lifestyle." Avian Biology Research 10, no. 1 (2017): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815617x14799886573147.

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The retinal layers of birds are the same as those of other vertebrates; however, some variations exist in morphology, areas of visual acuity, and retinal vascularisation. Moreover, as a result of the relationship between environment, visual perception and behaviour, some variations are observed between diurnal and nocturnal birds. In this study, we have investigated the retina of the Eurasian Eagle-owl ( Bubo bubo hispanicus) by optical microscopy. The results indicate that the retina has features of both nocturnal and diurnal birds. The pigment epithelium cells have long prolongations filled

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Lees, A. D. "The behaviour and coupling of the photoreceptor and hour-glass photoperiod timer at low temperature in the aphid Megoura viciae." Journal of Insect Physiology 33, no. 11 (1987): 885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(87)90037-0.

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21

Brown, P. E., C. P. Frank, H. L. Groves, and M. Anderson. "Spectral sensitivity and visual conditioning in the parasitoid wasp Trybliographa rapae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, no. 3 (1998): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300025864.

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AbstractSpectral sensitivity of the wasp Trybliographa rapae (Westwood), a parasitoid of cabbage root fly larvae, was measured by the electroretinogram (ERG) technique and by a complimentary behavioural technique, to 15 selected wavelength bands from 340 to 670 nm. Peaks of electroretinogram sensitivity were found in the ultraviolet, blue and green-yellow regions of the spectrum. This corresponds to known classes of photoreceptor present in the Hymenoptera. Behavioural peaks of phototactic attraction were found in the ultraviolet and green-yellow regions, but not in the blue. No differences we

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Chen, Pei-Ju, Gregor Belušič, and Kentaro Arikawa. "Chromatic information processing in the first optic ganglion of the butterfly Papilio xuthus." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 206, no. 2 (2019): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-019-01390-w.

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AbstractThe butterfly Papilio xuthus has acute tetrachromatic color vision. Its eyes are furnished with eight spectral classes of photoreceptors, situated in three types of ommatidia, randomly distributed in the retinal mosaic. Here, we investigated early chromatic information processing by recording spectral, angular, and polarization sensitivities of photoreceptors and lamina monopolar cells (LMCs). We identified three spectral classes of LMCs whose spectral sensitivities corresponded to weighted linear sums of the spectral sensitivities of the photoreceptors present in the three ommatidial

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Hood, Donald C., and David G. Birch. "A quantitative measure of the electrical activity of human rod photoreceptors using electroretinography." Visual Neuroscience 5, no. 04 (1990): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800000468.

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AbstractAn eletrical potential recorded from the cornea, the a-wave of the ERG, is evaluated as a measure of human photoreceptor activity by comparing its behavior to a model derived fromin vitrorecordings from rod photoreceptors. The leading edge of the ERG exhibits both the linear and nonlinear behavior perdicted by this model. The capability for recording the electrical activity of humans photoreceptors inin vivoopens new avenues for assessing normal and abnormal receptor activity in humans. Furthermore, the quantitative model of the receptor response can be used to isolate the inner retina

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Hargrove-Grimes, Passley, Anupam K. Mondal, Jessica Gumerson, et al. "Loss of endocytosis-associated RabGEF1 causes aberrant morphogenesis and altered autophagy in photoreceptors leading to retinal degeneration." PLOS Genetics 16, no. 12 (2020): e1009259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009259.

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Rab-GTPases and associated effectors mediate cargo transport through the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells, regulating key processes such as membrane turnover, signal transduction, protein recycling and degradation. Using developmental transcriptome data, we identified Rabgef1 (encoding the protein RabGEF1 or Rabex-5) as the only gene associated with Rab GTPases that exhibited strong concordance with retinal photoreceptor differentiation. Loss of Rabgef1 in mice (Rabgef1-/-) resulted in defects specifically of photoreceptor morphology and almost complete loss of both rod and cone functio

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Simmons, P. "The transfer of signals from photoreceptor cells to large second-order neurones in the ocellar visual system of the locust Locusta migratoria." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 2 (1995): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.2.537.

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The operation of the first synapse in the ocellar pathway of the locust Locusta migratoria has been studied by making simultaneous intracellular recordings from photoreceptors and large, second-order L-neurones. 1. The transfer curve for the synapse, obtained by plotting the amplitudes of the initial peak responses by the two cells to pulses of light against each other, shows that L-neurones are extremely sensitive to changes in photoreceptor potential and that the connection is tonically active in darkness. 2. Postsynaptic current in an L-neurone, produced when pulses of light are delivered f

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Stukenberg, Niklas, Markus Pietruska, Axel Waldherr, and Rainer Meyhöfer. "Wavelength-Specific Behavior of the Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis): Evidence for a Blue-Green Chromatic Mechanism." Insects 11, no. 7 (2020): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11070423.

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The western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) is a serious pest in horticulture, feeding on leaf tissue and floral resources. Blue and yellow sticky traps are commonly used for monitoring and control in greenhouses. The mechanisms underlying the color preferences are largely unknown. The use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is a promising approach to increase the attractiveness of visual traps and to study the color choice behavior in insects. The color preferences of F. occidentalis were systematically investigated in a series of choice experiments with several LEDs from the ultraviol

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McCormick, Lillian R., and Lisa A. Levin. "Physiological and ecological implications of ocean deoxygenation for vision in marine organisms." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2102 (2017): 20160322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0322.

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Climate change has induced ocean deoxygenation and exacerbated eutrophication-driven hypoxia in recent decades, affecting the physiology, behaviour and ecology of marine organisms. The high oxygen demand of visual tissues and the known inhibitory effects of hypoxia on human vision raise the questions if and how ocean deoxygenation alters vision in marine organisms. This is particularly important given the rapid loss of oxygen and strong vertical gradients in oxygen concentration in many areas of the ocean. This review evaluates the potential effects of low oxygen (hypoxia) on visual function i

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Dalton, Brian E., Ellis R. Loew, Thomas W. Cronin, and Karen L. Carleton. "Spectral tuning by opsin coexpression in retinal regions that view different parts of the visual field." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1797 (2014): 20141980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1980.

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Vision frequently mediates critical behaviours, and photoreceptors must respond to the light available to accomplish these tasks. Most photoreceptors are thought to contain a single visual pigment, an opsin protein bound to a chromophore, which together determine spectral sensitivity. Mechanisms of spectral tuning include altering the opsin, changing the chromophore and incorporating pre-receptor filtering. A few exceptions to the use of a single visual pigment have been documented in which a single mature photoreceptor coexpresses opsins that form spectrally distinct visual pigments, and in t

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Burton, Brian G., Ben W. Tatler, and Simon B. Laughlin. "Variations in Photoreceptor Response Dynamics Across the Fly Retina." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 2 (2001): 950–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.2.950.

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Gradients in the spatial properties of retinal cells and their relation to image statistics are well documented. However, less is known of gradients in temporal properties, especially at the level of the photoreceptor for which no account exists. Using light flashes and white-noise-modulated light and current stimuli, we examined the spatial and temporal properties of a single class of photoreceptor (R1–6) within the compound eyes of male blowfly, Calliphora vicina. We find that there is a trend toward higher performance at the front of the eye, both in terms of spatiotemporal resolution and s

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Arikawa, K., and D. Stavenga. "Random array of colour filters in the eyes of butterflies." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 19 (1997): 2501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.19.2501.

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The compound eye of the Japanese yellow swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus is not uniform. In a combined histological, electrophysiological and optical study, we found that the eye of P. xuthus has at least three different types of ommatidia, in a random distribution. In each ommatidium, nine photoreceptors contribute microvilli to the rhabdom. The distal two-thirds of the rhabdom length is taken up by the rhabdomeres of photoreceptors R1&shy;R4. The proximal third consists of rhabdomeres of photoreceptors R5&shy;R8, except for the very basal part, to which photoreceptor R9 contribut

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Dell'Orco, Daniele, and Karl-Wilhelm Koch. "Systems biochemistry approaches to vertebrate phototransduction: towards a molecular understanding of disease." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 5 (2010): 1275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0381275.

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Phototransduction in vertebrates represents a paradigm of signalling pathways, in particular those mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors. The variety of protein–protein, protein–ion and protein–nucleotide interactions makes up an intricate network which is finely regulated by activating–deactivating molecules and chemical modifications. The holistic systems properties of the network allow for typical adaptation mechanisms, which ultimately result in fine adjustments of sensitivity and electrical response of the photoreceptor cells to the broad range of light stimuli. In the present article,

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Wong, C. K. H., Y. C. Chan, J. Pfleger, Y. W. Lam, K. M. Leung, and D. S. Chiu. "Fatigue in hydrazone-based xerographic photoreceptors: Effect of ultraviolet irradiation." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 1 (1997): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0017.

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The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the xerographic sensitometry of organic photoreceptors was studied. Absorbed ultraviolet light decreased both the dark decay and the photoinduced discharge rates, and an increased buildup of the residual potential was observed. Above a threshold dose of ultraviolet irradiation, the residual potential was seen to decrease, and at the same time a slight increase of the hardness of the photoreceptor surface was detected. These behaviors originate from a decrease in the density of charge transport sites which is caused by the photochemical changes in the ch

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Miller, Eric B., Pengfei Zhang, Karli Ching, Edward N. Pugh, and Marie E. Burns. "In vivo imaging reveals transient microglia recruitment and functional recovery of photoreceptor signaling after injury." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 33 (2019): 16603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903336116.

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Microglia respond to damage and microenvironmental changes within the central nervous system by morphologically transforming and migrating to the lesion, but the real-time behavior of populations of these resident immune cells and the neurons they support have seldom been observed simultaneously. Here, we have used in vivo high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy with and without adaptive optics to quantify the 3D distribution and dynamics of microglia in the living retina before and after local damage to photoreceptors. Following photoreceptor injur

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Currie, Stephen P., Gayle H. Doherty, and Keith T. Sillar. "Deep-brain photoreception links luminance detection to motor output in Xenopus frog tadpoles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 21 (2016): 6053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515516113.

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Nonvisual photoreceptors are widely distributed in the retina and brain, but their roles in animal behavior remain poorly understood. Here we document a previously unidentified form of deep-brain photoreception in Xenopus laevis frog tadpoles. The isolated nervous system retains sensitivity to light even when devoid of input from classical eye and pineal photoreceptors. These preparations produce regular bouts of rhythmic swimming activity in ambient light but fall silent in the dark. This sensitivity is tuned to short-wavelength UV light; illumination at 400 nm initiates motor activity over a

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Claßen-Linke, I., and H. Stieve. "The Sensitivity of the Ventral Nerve Photoreceptor of Limulus Recovers after Light Adaptation in Two Phases of Dark Adaptation." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 41, no. 5-6 (1986): 657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1986-5-626.

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The time course of the recovery of the sensitivity of the Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptor was measured during dark adaptation following light adaptation by a bright 1 or 5 s illumination. The stimulus intensity ICR of a 300 μs light flash evoking a response of criterion amplitude (receptor potential or receptor current under voltage clamp conditions) was used as measure of sensitivity.The time course of dark adaptation shows two phases with time constants in the range of 5-9 s and 300-500 s (15 °C). Only the first of the two phases is significantly changed when the extracel- lular Ca2+-con

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Cronin, Thomas W., Michael J. Bok, N. Justin Marshall, and Roy L. Caldwell. "Filtering and polychromatic vision in mantis shrimps: themes in visible and ultraviolet vision." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1636 (2014): 20130032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0032.

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Stomatopod crustaceans have the most complex and diverse assortment of retinal photoreceptors of any animals, with 16 functional classes. The receptor classes are subdivided into sets responsible for ultraviolet vision, spatial vision, colour vision and polarization vision. Many of these receptor classes are spectrally tuned by filtering pigments located in photoreceptors or overlying optical elements. At visible wavelengths, carotenoproteins or similar substances are packed into vesicles used either as serial, intrarhabdomal filters or lateral filters. A single retina may contain a diversity

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Phillips, John B., Mark E. Deutschlander, Michael J. Freake, and S. Chris Borland. "The role of extraocular photoreceptors in newt magnetic compass orientation: parallels between light-dependent magnetoreception and polarized light detection in vertebrates." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 14 (2001): 2543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.14.2543.

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SUMMARYTheoretical models implicating specialized photoreceptors in the detection of the geomagnetic field have been the impetus for studying the effects of light on magnetic compass orientation. Magnetic orientation in flies, amphibians and birds has been found to be influenced by light, and in all these groups a shift of approximately 90° in the direction of magnetic compass orientation has been observed under certain wavelengths and/or intensities of light. In the eastern red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens, wavelength-dependent effects of light on magnetic compass orientation appear

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Chiou, Tsyr-Huei, and Ching-Wen Wang. "Neural processing of linearly and circularly polarized light signal in a mantis shrimp Haptosquilla pulchella." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 22 (2020): jeb219832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.219832.

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ABSTRACTStomatopods, or mantis shrimp, are the only animal group known to possess circular polarization vision along with linear polarization vision. By using the rhabdomere of a distally located photoreceptor as a wave retarder, the eyes of mantis shrimp are able to convert circularly polarized light into linearly polarized light. As a result, their circular polarization vision is based on the linearly polarized light-sensitive photoreceptors commonly found in many arthropods. To investigate how linearly and circularly polarized light signals might be processed, we presented a dynamic polariz

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Binder, T. R., D. G. McDonald, and M. P. Wilkie. "Reduced dermal photosensitivity in juvenile sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) reflects life-history-dependent changes in habitat and behaviour." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 9 (2013): 635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0041.

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This study tested the hypothesis that sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus L., 1758) undergo a reduction in the photosensitivity of photoreceptors in the tail after metamorphosing from burrow-dwelling, filter-feeding larval sea lampreys (ammocoetes) into open-water, parasitic juvenile phase animals that attach themselves to and feed on the blood of marine and freshwater fishes. Using a photo-illumination apparatus, ammocoetes and juvenile sea lampreys were exposed to white light at an intensity of 10 lx and the photokinetic response (time to movement) was measured in individual animals. The median

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WEHNER, RüDIGER. "The Hymenopteran Skylight Compass: Matched Filtering and Parallel Coding." Journal of Experimental Biology 146, no. 1 (1989): 63–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.146.1.63.

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In deriving compass information from the pattern of polarized light in the sky (celestial e-vector pattern), hymenopteran insects like bees and ants accomplish a truly formidable task. Theoretically, one could solve the task by going back to first principles and using spherical geometry to compute the exact position of the sun from single patches of polarized skylight. The insect, however, does not resort to such computationally demanding solutions. Instead, during its evolutionary history, it has incorporated the fundamental spatial properties of the celestial pattern of polarization in the v

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D’Angelo, G. J., A. Glasser, M. Wendt, et al. "Visual specialization of an herbivore prey species, the white-tailed deer." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 7 (2008): 735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-050.

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To gain knowledge of visual specializations influencing the behavior of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)), we examined gross eye characteristics, structural organization of the retina, and the density and distribution of cone photoreceptors. White-tailed deer possess ocular features similar to other ungulates including a horizontal slit pupil, reflective tapetum lucidum, typical retinal structure, and medium wavelength sensitive cone photoreceptors concentrated in a horizontal visual streak. The tapetum was found to cover the superior portion of the eye and overlap

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Spitschan, Manuel, James Mead, Chris Roos, et al. "luox: novel open-access and open-source web platform for calculating and sharing physiologically relevant quantities for light and lighting." Wellcome Open Research 6 (March 29, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16595.1.

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Light exposure has a profound impact on human physiology and behaviour. For example, light exposure at the wrong time can disrupt our circadian rhythms and acutely suppress the production of melatonin. In turn, appropriately timed light exposure can support circadian photoentrainment. Beginning with the discovery that melatonin production is acutely suppressed by bright light more than 40 years ago, understanding which aspects of light drive the 'non-visual' responses to light remains a highly active research area, with an important translational dimension and implications for "human-centric"

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Poupault, Clara, Diane Choi, Khanh Lam-Kamath, et al. "A combinatorial cis-regulatory logic restricts color-sensing Rhodopsins to specific photoreceptor subsets in Drosophila." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 6 (2021): e1009613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009613.

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Color vision in Drosophila melanogaster is based on the expression of five different color-sensing Rhodopsin proteins in distinct subtypes of photoreceptor neurons. Promoter regions of less than 300 base pairs are sufficient to reproduce the unique, photoreceptor subtype-specific rhodopsin expression patterns. The underlying cis-regulatory logic remains poorly understood, but it has been proposed that the rhodopsin promoters have a bipartite structure: the distal promoter region directs the highly restricted expression in a specific photoreceptor subtype, while the proximal core promoter regio

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Meglič, Andrej, Marko Ilić, Carmen Quero, Kentaro Arikawa, and Gregor Belušič. "Two chiral types of randomly rotated ommatidia are distributed across the retina of the flathead oak borer Coraebus undatus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 14 (2020): jeb225920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.225920.

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ABSTRACTJewel beetles are colorful insects, which use vision to recognize their conspecifics and can be lured with colored traps. We investigated the retina and coloration of one member of this family, the flathead oak borer Coraebus undatus using microscopy, spectrometry, polarimetry, electroretinography and intracellular recordings of photoreceptor cell responses. The compound eyes are built of a highly unusual mosaic of mirror-symmetric or chiral ommatidia that are randomly rotated along the body axes. Each ommatidium has eight photoreceptors, two of them having rhabdomeres in tiers. The ey

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Arechiga, H., E. Banuelos, E. Frixione, A. Picones, and L. Rodriguez-Sosa. "Modulation of crayfish retinal sensitivity by 5-hydroxytryptamine." Journal of Experimental Biology 150, no. 1 (1990): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.150.1.123.

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The responsiveness of crayfish retinal photoreceptors to light was enhanced by exposure to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), either following injection into whole animals or following topical application to isolated eyestalks or retinas. The effect was measured as an increment in the amplitude of the receptor potential, and was dose-dependent in the range 10(−6)-10(−3) mol l-1 (injected as a 0.1 microliter dose in intact animals). It was more pronounced at low levels of illumination and was reversibly blocked by methysergide. The enhancement was a consequence of a dual effect: (a) retraction of the

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Heimonen, K., E. V. Immonen, R. V. Frolov, et al. "Signal coding in cockroach photoreceptors is tuned to dim environments." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 10 (2012): 2641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00588.2012.

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In dim light, scarcity of photons typically leads to poor vision. Nonetheless, many animals show visually guided behavior with dim environments. We investigated the signaling properties of photoreceptors of the dark active cockroach ( Periplaneta americana) using intracellular and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to determine whether they show selective functional adaptations to dark. Expectedly, dark-adapted photoreceptors generated large and slow responses to single photons. However, when light adapted, responses of both phototransduction and the nontransductive membrane to white noise (WN)

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Martin, Vicki J. "Photoreceptors of cnidarians." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 10 (2002): 1703–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-136.

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Cnidarians are the most primitive present-day invertebrates to have multicellular light-detecting organs, called ocelli (eyes). These photodetectors include simple eyespots, pigment cups, complex pigment cups with lenses, and camera-type eyes with a cornea, lens, and retina. Ocelli are composed of sensory photoreceptor cells interspersed among nonsensory pigment cells. The photoreceptor cells are bipolar, the apical end forming a light-receptor process and the basal end forming an axon. These axons synapse with second-order neurons that may form ocular nerves. A cilium with a 9 + 2 arrangement

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PICONES, ARTURO, and HUGO ARÉCHIGA. "Electrophysiological Properties of Crayfish Retinal Photoreceptors." Journal of Experimental Biology 150, no. 1 (1990): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.150.1.111.

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Electrical properties of crayfish retinular photoreceptors were studied in the dark-adapted state and during responses to light. In fully dark-adapted photoreceptors, the resting potential was −49.8±3.3mV and input resistance was 31.3±5.4MΩ (mean±S.E.). The current—voltage relationship showed rectification near the resting potential, with decreased resistance within the depolarizing range. A value of 29.8±5.0kΩcm2 was calculated for specific resistance, and 3.0±0.4μFcm−2 for specific capacitance. Electrotonic analysis showed that the photoreceptor was isopotential. During the light response, m

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LAUGHLIN, SIMON B., and DANIEL OSORIO. "Mechanisms for Neural Signal Enhancement in the Blowfly Compound Eye." Journal of Experimental Biology 144, no. 1 (1989): 113–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.144.1.113.

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In the blowfly Calliphora vicina visual signals are enhanced by amplification and antagonism as they pass from the site of phototransduction in the retina to secondorder neurones (LMCs) in the first optic neuropile, the lamina. The mechanisms responsible for amplification and antagonism were investigated, using currentclamp techniques, to examine the conductance mechanisms generating LMC responses. LMCs responded Ohmically to injected current. Voltage-sensitive conductances and feedback mechanisms driven by the potential of a single LMC played a minor role in shaping responses. The LMCs respon

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Delfino, Laura, Robert P. Mason, Charalambos P. Kyriacou, Flaviano Giorgini, and Ezio Rosato. "Rab8 Promotes Mutant HTT Aggregation, Reduces Neurodegeneration, and Ameliorates Behavioural Alterations in a Drosophila Model of Huntington’s Disease." Journal of Huntington's Disease 9, no. 3 (2020): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jhd-200411.

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Background: Altered cellular vesicle trafficking has been linked to the pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease (HD), a fatal, inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutation of the huntingtin (HTT) protein. The Rab GTPase family of proteins plays a key role in regulation of vesicle trafficking, with distinct Rabs helping specify membrane identity and mediating cellular processes including budding, motility and tethering of vesicles to their targets. In recent years several Rab GTPases—notably, Rab5 and Rab11—have been linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, including H

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