Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Photoscan'

The popularity of using UAV in image-taking for the production of 3D models and orthophotos has increased over time. Karlskoga Municipality has recently acquired an UAV to produce their own 3D models and orthophotos. This project paper aims to study the geospatial accuracy of the orthophotos and DEM files produced using the images taken with their UAV. The flight takes only a few minutes but a considerable time is spent in the production processes. Difficulty is experienced in determining the right center point for most GCPs. Produced orthophotos in the software Photoscan have a resolution from 1.7 to 2.4 centimeters while DEM files have a resolution from 3.4 to 4.8 centimeters. Four orthophotos and four DEM files are produced where GCPs are used and not used and at two different flight heights, 76 and 105 meters. The spatial data of the ten GCPs are identified on the orthophotos and DEM files in ArcMap and compared with GNSS NRTK measurements and Lantmäteriet's data. A visual control in terms of completeness of data, alignment, residual tilt and scale is also done. Standard deviations in plane for orthophotos there GCPs are not used are greater than 2 meters, while there GCPs are used are around 0.7 meters. Standard deviations for DEM files are observed at 0.8 meters.

Städer och infrastruktur är i ständig utveckling och arbetet att uppdatera befintlig och äldre data blir ett mödosamt och dyrt arbete. Lantmäteriet undersöker möjligheter att effektivisera samhällsprocessen med hjälp av 3D-data. Det är framförallt en lösning på en mer effektiv detaljplanering och byggprocess som önskas. Vi föreslår en metod där en äldre georeferering hos en 3D-modell utnyttjas för att uppdatera modellen med nytt objekt. Detta betyder att georefereringen ärvs från det äldre objektet. Syftet med studien är att utföra tester och avgöra om lägesosäkerhet som Lantmäteriet ställer som krav vid utförande av detaljmätning ka nuppnås. Kommer det nya objektet att ärva den äldre georefereringen, och vilken avvikelse går det att uppnå i relation mellan nytt objekt och äldre modell? Det nya objektet fotograferas med olika kameror för att simulera en imaginär men realistisk situation, där bilder har samlats in genom crowdsourcing och microtasks. En modell skapades över hus 45 Högskolan Gävle med hjälp av äldre bilder som fotograferats med en UAS. Fotograferingen skedde på 70 m flyghöjd, där även snedbilder har tagits med en lägre flyghöjd runt byggnaden. I programmet Agisoft PhotoScan användes bilderna för att skapa 3D-punktmoln och 3D-bildmodeller. Studien visar att nya objekt kan ärva georeferering från en äldre modell. Ett snitt från båda hörnen visar ett resultat över testmätningar visar en sammanlagd avvikelse i plan på 0,051 m och 0,041 m i höjd. Lantmäteriet ställer krav för detaljmätning med fyra standardnivåer. Där standardnivå 2 har som krav att en lägesosäkerhet på som mest 0,1 m ska kunna garanteras, en nivå som används för kommunaldetaljplanering och vid detaljplanering av tätort. Två olika tekniker används för att utföra mätningar, direkt i 3D-bildsmodell och direkt i 3D-punktmoln, mätningarna utförs även i 2D och i 3D. Det stora problemet med metoden är arbetstiden är väldigt stor, och att Agisoft PhotoScan har begränsningar och direkta problem när det ska användas för att utföra mätningar i en 3D-bildmodell.

The deficiencies of traditional dendrometry mean improvements in methods of tree mensuration are necessary in order to obtain accurate tree metrics for applications such as resource appraisal, and biophysical and ecological modelling. This thesis tests the potential of SfM-MVS (Structure-fromMotion with Multi-View Stereo-photogrammetry) using the software package PhotoScan Professional, for accurately determining linear (2D) and volumetric (3D) tree metrics. SfM is a remote sensing technique, in which the 3D position of objects is calculated from a series of photographs, resulting in a 3D point cloud model. Unlike other photogrammetric techniques, SfM requires no control points or camera calibration. The MVS component of model reconstruction generates a mesh surface based on the structure of the SfM point cloud. The study was divided into two research components, for which two different groups of study trees were used: 1) 30 small, potted ‘nursery’ trees (mean height 2.98 m), for which exact measurements could be made and field settings could be modified, and; 2) 35 mature ‘landscape’ trees (mean height 8.6 m) located in parks and reserves in urban areas around the South Island, New Zealand, for which field settings could not be modified. The first component of research tested the ability of SfM-MVS to reconstruct spatially-accurate 3D models from which 2D (height, crown spread, crown depth, stem diameter) and 3D (volume) tree metrics could be estimated. Each of the 30 nursery trees was photographed and measured with traditional dendrometry to obtain ground truth values with which to evaluate against SfM-MVS estimates. The trees were destructively sampled by way of xylometry, in order to obtain true volume values. The RMSE for SfM-MVS estimates of linear tree metrics ranged between 2.6% and 20.7%, and between 12.3% and 47.5% for volumetric tree metrics. Tree stems were reconstructed very well though slender stems and branches were reconstructed poorly. The second component of research tested the ability of SfM-MVS to reconstruct spatially-accurate 3D models from which height and DBH could be estimated. Each of the 35 landscape trees, which varied in height and species, were photographed, and ground truth values were obtained to evaluate against SfM-MVS estimates. As well as this, each photoset was thinned to find the minimum number of images required to achieve total image alignment in PhotoScan and produce an SfM point cloud (minimum photoset), from which 2D metrics could be estimated. The height and DBH were estimated by SfM-MVS from the complete photosets with RMSE of 6.2% and 5.6% respectively. The height and DBH were estimated from the minimum photosets with RMSE of 9.3% and 7.4% respectively. The minimum number of images required to achieve total alignment was between 20 and 50. There does not appear to be a correlation between the minimum number of images required for alignment and the error in the estimates of height or DBH (R2 =0.001 and 0.09 respectively). Tree height does not appear to affect the minimum number of images required for image alignment (R 2 =0.08).

Flygfotografering med Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) är i jämförelse med traditionell fotogrammetri effektivare, billigare och säkrare vilket har medfört att denna teknik föredras av många aktörer. Ett tidskrävande arbete som varit svårt att kringgå är att etablera flygsignaler på marken som används för att georeferera och kontrollera flygbilderna med. Under 2018 presenterade UAS-tillverkaren DJI sin nya quadcopter med integrerad Real-Time Kinematic (RTK)-modul. I samband med detta kan kontinuerliga och noggranna positioner levereras via Nätverks-RTK (NRTK) och behovet av markstödpunkter reduceras. I denna studie undersöktes lägesosäkerheterna i plan för ortofoton som framställdes med hjälp av en DJI Phantom 4 RTK där flygbilderna georefererades med begränsat antal eller utan markstödpunkter. Lägesosäkerheterna beräknades och kontrollerades enligt Handbok i mät- och kartfrågor (HMK) – Ortofoto, vilket är ett stöddokument inom ämnet. Vid framställning av ett ortofoto krävs även en digital terrängmodell (DTM) eller en digital ytmodell (Digital Surface Model, DSM) och kvaliteten av denna har stor inverkan på ortofotots kvalitet. I denna studie kontrollerades och utvärderades därför en del av den DSM som användes vid ortofotoframställning för respektive uppsättning enligt den tekniska specifikationen SIS-TS 21144:2016. Resultatet från studien visar att ett ortofoto går att framställas utan markstödpunkter och samtidigt klara kraven på specificerad lägesosäkerhet enligt HMK-standardnivå 3. Den sammanlagda lägesosäkerheten beräknades till 0,029 m vilket är 5 mm högre i jämförelse med ett ortofoto som baserats på traditionell georefereringsmetod, dvs. med markstödpunkter. Kravet på kvalitet i höjddata uppfylldes också för ortofotoframställning trots att en systematisk effekt i höjd uppkom. Denna effekt påverkade inte ortofotots koordinater i plan då standardosäkerheterna i höjd var låga. Resultatet visade att om två markstödpunkter adderades i vardera änden av området, kunde de systematiska effekterna i höjd minimeras och det var då möjligt att skapa en DSM som uppfyller kraven för detaljprojektering (noggrannhetsklass 1–3) enligt SIS-TS 21144:2016.
Aerial photography with UAS is in comparison with traditional photogrammetry more efficient, cheaper and safer which has led to this technology being preferred by many performers. A time-consuming job that has been difficult to avoid is to establish signals at the ground that are used for georeferencing and evaluate the results. In 2018, the UAS manufacturer DJI presented its new quadcopter with integrated Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) module. This allows continuous and accurate positions delivered via Network RTK (NRTK) and the need of ground control points can be reduced. In this study, investigations of the position uncertainties in orthophotos produced using a DJI Phantom 4 RTK carried out where the aerial images were georeferenced with limited numbers or without ground control points. The position uncertainties were calculated and controlled according to the Swedish HMK – Ortofoto (Orthophoto) which is a document within the subject. When producing an orthophoto, a digital terrain model (DTM) or a digital surface model (DSM) is also required and the quality of this has a great impact on the result. Therefore, a part of the DSM used for orthophoto production for each set was checked and evaluated according to the Swedish technical specification, SIS-TS 21144:2016. The result of the study shows that an orthophoto can be produced without ground control points and at the same time meet the requirements for specified position uncertainty according to HMK standard level 3. The total position uncertainty was calculated to be 0,029 m, which is 5 mm higher compared to the orthophoto based on the traditional georeferencing method, i.e. with ground control points. The requirement for quality in height data was also met for orthophoto production even though a systematic effect in height occurred. This effect did not affect the plane coordinates in the orthophoto because of the low standard uncertainties in height. The result showed that if two ground control points were added at each end of the area, the systematic effects were minimized, and it was possible to produce a DSM that fulfils the requirements for accuracy class 1-3 according to SIS-TS 21144:2016.

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This research aimed to evaluate the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) as a platform for taking aerial photographs for mapping erosion planialtimetric located in urban areas. In addition, we evaluated the need to use or not to field control points for the generation of Digital Surface Model (DSM) and ortomosaico as tools to evaluate the erosive process. Despite the wide variation in attitude of aerial photographs that make up the aerophotogrammetric block arising from the instability of the UAV, it was possible to generate the MDS and ortomosaico with or without control points. This research was conducted in two urban erosions located in Goiania in Sector Fonte Nova in the stream of grass and the other in Silvânia called foot-washing. Whole generation of MDS, Digital Surface Model (MDT) and ortomosaico were performed in Agisoft PhotoScan program in semi-automatic processing, if used control points, or automatic without control points. The ortomosaicos generated without control points presented rotation, translation and scale of different generated with support. In addition, MDS generated without control points showed elevation or lowering of the reference surface with respect to the generated control, it is emphasized that these discrepancies are not constant. When performing automatic conversion of MDS to MDT, it was realized that the program was not able to eliminate the shrub vegetation located within the erosion. The vegetation or tree, shrub or undergrowth (grass) prevents proper limitation of erosion to the volume calculation. But unlike the MDS generated between two distinct epochs identifies the changes in the interval of time in areas without vegetation. The use of control points was essential to ensure the orientation, scale and the reference plane in the products generated from aerial photographs and thus evaluate the changes. Anyway, the UAV can be used as a platform for taking aerial photographs for generating cartographic products that enable the mapping and evaluation of erosions.
Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a utilização do Veículo Aéreo Não Tripulado (VANT) como plataforma para a tomada de fotografias aéreas para o mapeamento planialtimétrico de erosão situada em zona urbana. Além disso, analisou-se a necessidade de utilização ou não de pontos de controle de campo para a geração de Modelo Digital de Superfície (MDS) e ortomosaico como instrumentos para examinar o processo erosivo. Apesar da grande variação da atitude da aeronave durante a obtenção das fotografias aéreas que compõem o bloco aerofotogramétrico, foi possível gerar o MDS e o ortomosaico com ou sem pontos de controle. Este estudo foi realizado em duas erosões urbanas, uma situada em Goiânia-GO, no Setor Fonte Nova/Córrego do Capim, e a outra em Silvânia-GO, denominada de Lava-Pés. Toda a geração dos MDS, Modelo Digital de Terreno (MDT) e ortomosaico foram realizados no programa Agisoft PhotoScan, em processamento semiautomático (i.e., com pontos de controle) e automático (i.e., sem pontos de controle). Os ortomosaicos gerados sem pontos de controle apresentaram rotação, translação e escala diferente dos gerados com apoio. Ademais, os MDS gerados sem pontos de controle apresentaram elevação ou rebaixamento da superfície de referência em relação aos gerados com controle. Ressalta-se, ainda, que essas discrepâncias não foram constantes. Ao realizar a conversão automática do MDS para o MDT, percebeu-se que o programa não foi capaz de eliminar a vegetação arbustiva localizada no interior da erosão. As vegetações arbórea, arbustiva ou rasteira (gramíneas) impedem a correta delimitação da erosão para o cálculo do volume. Porém, a diferença dos MDS gerados entre duas épocas distintas propicia identificar as alterações ocorridas nesse intervalo de tempo nas regiões sem cobertura vegetal. O uso de pontos de controle foi essencial para garantir a orientação, a escala e o plano de referência nos produtos gerados a partir das fotografias aéreas e, assim, avaliar as modificações da erosão. Por fim, o VANT pode ser utilizado como plataforma para a tomada de fotografias aéreas para gerar produtos cartográficos que possibilitem o mapeamento e as avaliações das erosões, sobretudo em áreas urbanas.

Il caso studio della Rocca Brancaleone ha permesso di poter applicare ad un edificio di grande importanza storica e architettonica tecniche di modellazione tridimensionale, basate su applicazioni di modellazione geometrica, con l’obiettivo di creare un modello 3D digitale polifunzionale. Nel caso specifico della Rocca Brancaleone, un modello tridimensionale di questo tipo risulta molto utile per scopi informativi e documentativi, e nello stesso tempo può essere utilizzato anche come strumento per eventuali interventi di restauro. Inoltre lo studio ha potuto analizzare le possibili criticità nei metodi di acquisizione, modellazione e foto-modellazione tridimensionale, procedimenti applicati frequentemente anche in altri ambiti quali l’architettura e il design industriale, ma usati perfino in settori come il cinema seppure con obiettivi diversi. Nel caso studio sono state effettuate acquisizioni tridimensionali effettuate tramite applicazioni Structure from Motion. I modelli 3D ottenuti tramite il Reverse Modeling sono caratterizzati da un elevato grado di dettaglio che però di contro li rende molto pesanti e difficili da gestire se non con workstation professionali. Un’altra importante fase della modellazione risulta l’attribuzione del colore al modello 3D attraverso l’inserimento di una texture, realizzata sia con la tecnica dello Structure from Motion che con l’elaborazione digitale di alcune immagini tramite l’uso di Adobe Photoshop: è stata inoltre applicata una tecnica di rimozione delle ombre e correzione dell’illuminazione che ha permesso di migliorare la qualità della texture.

Il tempio di Baalshamin si trovava nell’antica città di Palmira, in Siria. Risalente al II secolo d.C. era l’edificio meglio conservato dell’intero sito archeologico. Il 23 agosto 2015 i miliziani dell’Isis, dopo averlo dichiarato profano, lo hanno fatto esplodere. Questa tesi tratta di geomatica e anastilosi applicate al caso del tempio di Baalshamin. L’obiettivo è ricostruire fotogrammetricamente il tempio di Baalshamin utilizzando foto turistiche trovate sul web. Si partirà da un inquadramento storico della città di Palmira, per poi passare ai nostri giorni e toccare argomenti di attualità. Dopodiché saranno illustrate brevemente le nozioni fondamentali della geomatica e si parlerà di anastilosi. Nella parte sperimentale della tesi verranno analizzati i prodotti ottenuti dal raddrizzamento fotografico e dalla ricostruzione fotogrammetrica. Si vuole dimostrare che anche da foto di bassa qualità è possibile ottenere risultati apprezzabili dal punto di vista geometrico. Si vuole inoltre sottolineare l’importanza del turismo e del mondo del web, senza i quali questa tesi non sarebbe stata realizzata.

L'elaborato descrive le capacità di vari software di aerofotogrammetria testati con relativa comparazione dei risultati, descrizione degli errori, caratterizzazione delle ottiche delle camera da presa utilizzate. All'inizio dell'elaborato è fornita un'introduzione teorica degli aspetti fondamentali dell'aerofotogrammetria.

O efeito do fotossensibilizador na estrutura biológica não é apenas influenciado por suas propriedades fotofísicas, mas também por sua interação específica com biosistemas.Além disso, a localização do fotossensibilizador no tecido tumoral é um importante fator que resulta em diferentes mecanismos de destruição do tumor. Muitos fotossensibilizadores, após administração sistêmica, se ligam às proteínas plasmáticas e com isso são distribuídos em diferentes sítios no organismo. Os fotossensibilizadores hidrofílicos são largamente transportados por albuminas e globilinas e se acumulam preferencialmente no estroma vascular dos tumores. Entretanto, fotossensibilizadores mais hidrofóbicos se ligam às lipoproteínas, principalmente LDL, que promove a entrada do FS na célula através de endocitose mediado por receptor. Sendo assim, a localização do FS depende de sua ligação com as deferentes proteínas plasmáticas, sua farmacocinética e também é influenciada pela diferença entre o tecido normal e tumoral. O tecido tumoral tem pH mais baixo e maior expressão de receptores de LDL do que os tecidos normais, aumentando a seletividade dos FSs as células tumorais. A incorporação de FS hidrofóbicos em lipossomas para a administração sistêmica pode realçar ao transporte deste pelas lipoproteínas. No presente trabalho estudou-se a influência do pH na interação de fotossensibilizadores com lipossomas de DMPC e LDL. Os fotossensibilizadores utilizados nesse estudo foram Photofrin®, Photogem® e Photosan® que são derivados de hematoporfirinas. A metodologia empregada constitui de variação das concentrações de DMPC e LDL para os seguintes valores de pHs 5,0; 7,4 e 9,0, esse último pH utilizou-se somente para DMPC. O complexo FS - DMPC foi obtido por incubação dos FSs na concentração de 10 micro g.mL-1 com diferentes concentrações de DMPC (0 a 400 micro M) por trinta minutos no escuro. Isolou-se o LDL do plasma humano por ultracentrifugação por gradiente de densidade. Após a separação, o complexo FS - LDL foi obtido por incubação (12 horas no escuro) do FS na concentração 10 micro g.mL-1 com diferentes concentrações de LDL (0 a 0,04 micro M). O comportamento desses complexos foi analisado por espectroscopia de absorção ótica e por espectroscopia de fluorescência.
The effect of a photosensitizing compound on biological structures is governed not only by its photophysical properties but also by the specificity of its interaction with biosystems. Moreover, localization of the photosensitizer in the tumor tissue is an important factor affecting the outcome as well as mechanism leading to tumor destruction. Following administration, most photosensitizers are bound to blood components and delivered to different sites in the organism. It is generally accepted that hydrophilic photosensitizers are largely transported by albumins and globulins and mainly accumulate in the vascular stroma of tumors. More hydrophobic sensitizers are bound to lipoproteins, which promote drug internalization by cells through endocytosis of the lipoprotein carrier. In this way, uptake and localization depend on the initial plasma binding and the plasma pharmacokinetics of the drug. However, the selective localization of some photosensitizers are influence for the difference between malignant and normal tissues. Notably, the lower pH of the microenvironment usually found in the tumor tissue and the expression of greater number of LDL receptors on the surface of the tumor cells might influence cellular uptake. Delivery to lipoproteins or target tissues may be facilitated and enhanced by the incorporation of lipophilic photosensitizers into liposomes for systemic administration. In the present work we have studied the pH-dependence of the interaction of photosensitizers with DMPC liposomes and low density lipoprotein (LDL). The photosensitizers used in this study are Photofrin®, Photogem® and Photosan®, which are hematoporphyrin derivates. The methodology used to this work, constitute of various concentrations of DMPC liposomes and LDL at different pH values. It were used the 5,0; 7,4 and 9,0 pH values. The DMPC-drug complexes were obtained by incubation of the photosensitizers 10 _g.mL-1 with differents DMPC concentrations for 30 min in the dark. The LDL was isolated from human plasma by sequential density gradient ultracentrifugation. The LDL-drug complexes were obtained by incubation of the photosensitizers 10 _g.mL-1 with differents LDL concentrations. The incubation was performed in a water bath at 20_C for 12 hours in the dark. The comportment of the complexes was analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy.

Fotossensibilizadores são moléculas capazes de interagir com a luz de modo a gerar espécies altamente reativas de oxigênio como o oxigênio singlete e outras formas radicalares. Esta propriedade pode ser utilizada para o tratamento de câncer, remoção de contaminantes ambientais, inativação de agentes patogênicos no sangue e hemoderivados, bem como na esterilização alimentos. A técnica que utiliza o efeito fotodinâmico para o tratamento de câncer recebe o de nome Terapia Fotodinâmica (do termo em inglês: Photodynamic Therapy - PDT).Photofrin®, Photogem® e Photosan® são fármacos de primeira geração, derivados da hematoporfirina, que constituem o principal grupo de medicamentos com aplicação clínica em PDT. Photodithazine® é um fármaco de 2ª geração, derivado de clorina-e-6, que encontra-se em fase de testes clínicos e apresenta resultados promissores como fotossensibilizador (FS). Este trabalho tem o objetivo de investigar a eficiência fotodinâmica destes fármacos através de experimentos que envolvem a utilização da albumina de soro bovino (BSA) e o ácido úrico (AU) como dosímetros químicos; eritrócitos como modelo de membrana celular e a determinação do coeficiente de partição (P ou Log P) para se investigar lipofilicidade e a interação dos FS com as membranas celulares. Soluções contendo BSA e FS, preparadas em tampão fosfato, foram iluminadas com LED (630nm) e o decréscimo na fluorescência do BSA em 340nm foi utilizado para se calcular constante da velocidade de fotoxidação (kC, min-1). No teste do AU, a mistura AU e FS foi iluminada com LED e o coeficiente de atividade fotodinâmica (AF, m2.J-1) foi determinado através do decréscimo da banda do AU em 293nm. Os resultados convergem para a seguinte ordem de eficiência fotodinâmica: Photodithazine® >> Photogem® > Photofrin® > Photosan®, baseada nos valores de kC (14,8±0,3); (9,8±0,5); (3,2±0,7) e (2,9±0,5)min-1 e AF (64±14), (37±9), (9±2) e (4±1)m2J-1, respectivamente. Com objetivo de determinar o tempo necessário para causar 50% de hemólise (t50), amostras de eritrócitos (hematócrito=2%) foram irradiadas por 10 minutos e o dano causado à membrana pelo efeito fotodinâmico foi monitorado através da variação na absorbância característica da oxihemoglobina em 540 e 577nm. O mecanismo preferencial envolvido na fotoxidação da membrana celular foi investigado por meio de experimentos que avaliaram a influência de água deuterada, azida de sódio e manitol na velocidade de fotoxidação dos eritrócitos. Os resultados dos experimentos de hemólise apontam para a seguinte ordem de eficiência fotodinâmica: Photodithazine® >> Photofrin® > Photogem® > Photosan®, baseada nos valores de t50 : (1,2±0,3), (3,4±0,1), (3,8±0,2), (5,2±0,1)min e logP (0,21); (0,15); (0,11); (-0,21); respectivamente. A hemólise com Photogem® em meio deuterado foi cerca de 25% mais rápida e a presença de azida de sódio causou diminuição na hemólise, expressa pela diminuição dos valores de porcentagem máxima de hemólise (%HMÁX) e aumento nos valores de t50.. A presença de manitol nos ensaios de hemólise não apresentou influência nos valores de t50 e %HMÁX, indicando que a hemólise não ocorre via mecanismo radicalar, mas aponta para o mecanismo do tipo II, via oxigênio singlete, como sendo o mecanismo predominante na fotoxidação da membrana plasmática dos eritrócitos pelos fotossensibilizadores estudados. As diferenças encontradas entre os fármacos HpD são atribuídas as suas diferentes constituições, uma vez que tratam-se de misturas de monômeros, dímeros e oligomeros em diferentes frações. Experimentos realizados em solução homogênea, tais como os experimentos de fotoxidação de BSA e o teste do ácido úrico, fornecem importantes informações a respeito da estrutura-atividade dos fármacos, mas negligenciam os efeitos de interação dos FS com o meio biológico. Em ambiente biológico, os FS participam de inúmeras interações adicionais, constituindo sistemas únicos, com diferentes propriedades fotofísicas e fotoquímicas. Estudos anteriores, realizados no nosso grupo de pesquisa, envolvendo a determinação da citotoxicidade destes FS em culturas de células normais e tumorais, bem como estudos de separação cromatográfica dos constituintes de fármacos HpD estão de acordo com os resultados apresentados neste trabalho.
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a developing technology that has been used for cancer treatment and recognized to have a huge potential for microorganisms inactivation and detoxication. It is based on light irradiation of a photosensitizer (PS) in order to produce reactive oxygen species. Many kinds of compounds are known to have photosensitizing properties. Photofrin®, Photogem® and Photosan® consist of mixtures of monomers, dimmers, and oligomers from hematoporphyrin treated chemically being the most clinically used PS. Photodithazine® is a water soluble clorin-e6-derivative, a second-generation drug. The present work provides a comparative study between these PS, using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and uric acid (UA) as chemical dosimeters as well as human red blood cells (RBC) as a cell membrane model and octanol/phosphate buffer partition coefficient (logP) to access the lipophilicity of the compounds. BSA and PS solutions in phosphate buffer were illuminated with LED ( =630nm) and the decrease in the BSA fluorescence at 340nm was used to calculate the photoxidation rate constant (kC, min-1). In UA test, a mixture of UA and photosensitizer was illuminated with LED ( =630nm) and the photodynamic activity coefficient (PA, m2.J-1) was determined by the decrease in the 293nm absorbance of UA. The results from these methodologies suggest that the photodynamic efficiency order is: Photodithazine® > Photogem® > Photofrin® > Photosan®, based on PA values (64±14), (37±9), (9±2) and (4±1)m2J-1 and kC values (14.8±0.3); (9.8±0.5); (3.2±0.7) and (2.9±0.5)min-1, respectively. In order to determine the t50 (time for 50% of hemolysis) the samples of RBC (hematocrit=2,0%) were irradiated for 10min and the absorbance characteristic of oxyhemoglobin (540 e 577nm) released due to the damage and consequent membrane lysis by the action of the PS was obtained. The mechanism involved in the photoxidation of the membrane was also studied determining how sodium azide, deuterium oxide and manitol affect the t50 values. The hemolysis experiments and logP values suggest the following order: Photodithazine® > Photofrin® > Photogem® > Photosan®, based on t50 values (1.2±0.3), (3.4±0.1), (3.8±0.2), (5.2±0.1)min and logP (0.21); x (0.15); (0.11); (-0.21), respectively. The rate of the hemolysis is increased about 25% in the deuterium oxide presence, and decreased in the sodium azide presence. Moreover, the experiments performed in the manitol presence not show any diference on t50 values. These results showed that the preponderant mechanism in the photohemolisys is of the type II. The differences in the photoxidative action of the HpD should be due to the diverse content of monomers, dimmers and oligomers of the PS components. The results of hemolysis experiments suggest that these differences should result in singular interactions of HpD with the membrane constituents. Photofrin seems to be the more effective HpD concerning the hemolysis of erythrocytes and logP values. Therefore the results of all used methodologies suggest that clorin-e6-derivative seems to be a much more efficient PS, followed by the three HpD. Photooxidation experiments performed in simple solution provide valuable information on structure-activity relationships, but neglect the effects due to of membrane interactions; the PS molecule can bind with the membrane of RBC and this PS-RBC complex is a unique system with different photophysical and photochemical properties. These results have been confirmed in our group by cytotoxic studies with tumor and non-tumor cells as well as by chromatographic separation of the HpDs showing that the correlation between the parameters still holds.

Il versante sinistro delle Gole di Scascoli (BO) è caratterizzato da una marcata tendenza evolutiva per crollo e ribaltamento. Negli ultimi 25 anni si sono verificati eventi parossistici con volumi di roccia coinvolti rispettivamente di 7000 m3, 20000 m3 e 35000 m3. Il sito è di grande rilevanza a causa del forte fattore di rischio rappresentato per la strada di fondovalle ad esso adiacente. Il lavoro di tesi è stato finalizzato allo studio dei fenomeni di versante di una parete rocciosa inaccessibile nota in letteratura come “ex-Mammellone 1” mediante tecniche di telerilevamento quali TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanning) e CRP (Close Range Photogrammetry) al fine affiancare il rilievo geomeccanico soggettivo dell’area svolto nel 2003 da ENSER Srl in seguito ai fenomeni di crollo del 2002. Lo sviluppo di tecnologie e metodi innovativi per l’analisi territoriale basata sull’impiego di UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, meglio noti come Droni), associata alle tecniche di fotogrammetria digitale costituisce un elemento di notevole ausilio nelle pratiche di rilevamento in campo di sicurezza e tempi di esecuzione. Il lavoro ha previsto una prima fase di rilevamento areo-fotogrammetrico mediante strumentazione professionale e amatoriale, a cui è seguita l’elaborazione dei rispettivi modelli. I diversi output sono stati confrontati dal punto di vista geomorfologico, geometrico, geomeccanico e di modellazione numerica di caduta massi. Dal lavoro è stato possibile indagare l’evoluzione morfologica del sito in esame negli ultimi 10 anni, confrontare diversi metodi di rilevamento e analisi dati, sperimentare la robustezza e ripetibilità geometrica del metodo fotogrammetrico per il rilievo di fronti rocciosi e mettere a punto un metodo semiautomatico di individuazione e analisi delle giaciture delle discontinuità.

Questo lavoro di tesi propone lo studio, tramite i metodi della modellazione digitale e del rilievo, della Rocca medievale di Reggiolo, in provincia di Reggio Emilia. Dopo un’analisi dettagliata dello stato dell’arte, con lo studio dei testi di riferimento per le discipline coinvolte nel lavoro (rilievo fotogrammetrico e mediante laser scanning terrestre, modellazione parametrica BIM e rappresentazione digitale di beni artistici e monumentali), si è svolto il rilievo digitale ad alta risoluzione. L’acquisizione informativa geometrica dello stato attuale del monumento è stata realizzata tramite strumenti attivi e passivi, oltre che mediante consultazione di elaborati grafici tradizionali. La parte più corposa riguarda l’elaborazione successiva delle informazioni, raccolte in modelli progettati per ospitare contenuti, non sola geometrici ma anche materici. Le nuvole di punti raccolte e registrate con il rilievo sono state rielaborate parametricamente per giungere alla produzione di astrazioni architettoniche digitali dalle proprietà semantiche (BIM-fitting), aggregate secondo regole specifiche per valutare come proporzione e grammatica siano state interpretate nella realizzazione dell’opera. Anche le difformità con i disegni originali sono state considerate nel raggiungimento dell’obiettivo finale: la costruzione di un modello conoscitivo regolato da parametri e integrato da informazioni pertinenti lo stato di conservazione del monumento. Il modello finale, ma prima ancora il processo metodologico seguito per generarlo, possono garantire una documentazione completa e analitica delle condizioni nelle quali si trova l’edificio storico, anche in funzione di future operazioni di restauro, recupero, manutenzione o salvaguardia. Il lavoro di tesi, si inserisce nell’ambito della ricerca applicativa che riguarda l’adozione di criteri di Building Information Modeling e restituzione digitale degli edifici, storico-monumentali, indagandone potenzialità e limiti attuali.

碩士
國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
102
With the advance of science and technology, the 3-dimensional cyber city is more easily to access. By various kinds of software, models are built quickly with the detailed requirement. Nowadays, the modeling speed has become faster than before; however, it still takes more time to finish in a large scale. This study is based on 2 ways, passive and initiative modeling simulation.Using SketchUp and PhotoScan to build the 3-dimensional cyber city model of southern Taichung City, and compared the time, acreage, accuracy and cost of construction at the same time. This study offers a method of building a model. Taking the southern Taichung city as an instance,it costs less time with PhotoScan,building up the acreage 994 times larger than SketchUp within 1 hour,while reaches the same accuracy as SketchUp does, hence build up the model fast.

With the recent advances in technology and miniaturization of devices such as GPS or IMU, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles became a feasible platform for a Remote Sensing applications. The use of UAVs compared to the conventional aerial platforms provides a set of advantages such as higher spatial resolution of the derived products. UAV - based imagery obtained by a user grade cameras introduces a set of problems which have to be solved, e. g. rotational or angular differences or unknown or insufficiently precise IO and EO camera parameters. In this work, UAV - based imagery of RGB and CIR type was processed using two different workflows based on PhotoScan and VisualSfM software solutions resulting in the DSM and orthophoto products. Feature detection and matching parameters influence on the result quality as well as a processing time was examined and the optimal parameter setup was presented. Products of the both workflows were compared in terms of a quality and a spatial accuracy. Both workflows were compared by presenting the processing times and quality of the results. Finally, the obtained products were used in order to demonstrate vegetation classification. Contribution of the IHS transformations was examined with respect to the classification accuracy.

abstract: I investigate the Black Canyon City landslide (BCC landslide), a prominent deep-seated landslide located northeast of Black Canyon City, Arizona. Although the landslide does not appear to pose a significant hazard to structures, its prominent features and high topographic relief make it an excellent site to study the geologic setting under which such features develop. This study has the potential to contribute toward understanding the landscape evolution in similar geologic and topographic settings, and for characterizing the underlying structural processes of this deep-seated feature. We use field and remotely-based surface geology and geomorphological mapping to characterize the landslide geometry and its surface displacement. We use the Structure from Motion (SfM) method to generate a 0.2 m resolution digital elevation model and rectified ortho-photo imagery from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) - and balloon-based images and used them as the base map for our mapping. The ~0.6 km2 landslide is easily identified through remotely-sensed imagery and in the field because of the prominent east-west trending fractures defining its upper extensional portion. The landslide displaces a series of Early and Middle Miocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The main head scarp is ~600 m long and oriented E-W with some NW-SE oriented minor scarps. Numerous fractures varying from millimeters to meters in opening were identified throughout the landslide body (mostly with longitudinal orientation). The occurrence of a distinctive layer of dark reddish basalt presents a key displaced marker to estimate the long-term deformation of the slide mass. Using this marker, the total vertical displacement is estimated to be ~70 m, with maximum movement of ~95 m to the SE. This study indicates that the landslide motion is translational with a slight rotational character. We estimate the rate of the slide motion by resurvey of monuments on and off the slide, and examination of disturbed vegetation located along the fractures. The analysis indicates a slow integrated average landslide velocity of 10-60 mm/yr. The slide motion is probably driven during annual wet periods when increased saturation of the slide mass weakens the basal slip surface and the overall mass of the slide is increased. Results from our study suggest that the slide is stable and does not pose significant hazard for the surrounding area given no extreme changes in the environmental condition. Although the landslide is categorized as very slow (according to Cruden and Varnes, 1996), monitoring the landslide is still necessary.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Geological Sciences 2016

碩士
國立臺灣大學
資訊工程學研究所
95
Multimedia content presents special challenges for the search engines. Although the search engines could benefit from semantic annotation of images, unfortunately, neither manual labeling nor automatic annotation is effective. Manual labeling is too tedious and time-consuming for humans, whereas automatic image annotation is too difficult for the computers. In this thesis, we explore the power of human computationby designing a multi-player online game, PhotoSlap, to achieve the task of annotating metadata for a collection of digital photos. PhotoSlap engages users in an interactive game that capitalizes on human ability in deciphering quickly whether the same person shows up in two consecutive images presented by the computer. This research extends human computation research toproductivity gamesin two aspects: general gameplay designing principles and quantitative evaluation metrics. In particular, PhotoSlap can be shown to keep players engaged and ensure the productivity by adopting the flow principle and the dramatic principle. A experiment has been conducted to demonstrate the game to be fun and effective in annotating people metadata for photo collections. Moreover, a second experiment has been conducted to show two gameplay designing principles to be effective in productivity games.

碩士
高雄師範大學
工業科技教育學系
98
With change of times, computers become popular in people’s lives. Upon the advance of digital image technology, digital image processing is more convenient, which allow information dissemination to be easier easily. With the advancement of Internet technology, social networking websites, such as Wretch and Facebook, have provided a new channel for maintaining interpersonal relationship. With the development of graphic software, varied special effects can be produced or applied on computers, and it creates another style and direction for traditional design. Use of computer graphics almost replaces traditional design (Chang, 2002). Thus, digital image processing has become a required course in elementary school and high school. However, there are various kinds of digital image processing software, such as PhotoImpact, PhotoShop, etc., and their prices are at least several thousands. Price of Chinese educational version of Photoshop CS 4 is even over NT$10,000, which cannot be afforded by ordinary schools or students. Thus, it is necessary to conduct image processing instruction by free open source software. Free open source software not only reduces the software expenditure of schools, but also allows students to easily obtain the software, and practice at home to extend learning time and increase practicability. Since 2003, Ministry of Education has been promoting open source software at three stages: school system construction, school application promotion and school instruction promotion. It demonstrates that instruction upon open source software is the trend of current information instruction. Therefore, by action study and image processing instruction of open source software PhotoScape, this research treats grade 2 students in junior high schools as subjects, and develops the purposes below: 1.To recognize and solve students’ problems in information learning by open source software PhotoScape. 2.To recognize and solve teachers’ obstacles in digital image processing instruction by open source software PhotoScape. 3.To develop and validate effective instructional model of digital image processing of open source software PhotoScape in information courses in junior high schools. The solutions obtained are below: 1.To increase instructional motivation by ARCS motivation model suggested by Keller and to plan complete instructional activities by Gagne’ learning cognitive process. 2.To reduce information gap by information assistant system, reduce teachers’ teaching burdens, and increase learning efficiency. 3.To develop model of image processing instruction planning, improve instructional model, and construct instructional samples.