Journal articles: 'Photovoltaic (PV) system'

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Kouřím, P., M. Libra, and V. Poulek. "Off-grid photovoltaic system for illumination ." Research in Agricultural Engineering 61, No. 3 (June 2, 2016): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/25/2014-rae.

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The off-grid photovoltaic (PV) system with batteries and with the LED light source was constructed and tested in in laboratory conditions. The PV system is used for emergency illumination and it is independent of the electric grid. The PV system is suitable for example in agriculture in store, in horse barn or in outdoors place. Description of the construction and testing is presented in this paper as well as results of the tests. The PV system was self-sufficient during the summer and autumn period till the November 3, 2011. Since November the illumination mode was modified. The illumination intensity was lowered, the discharging speed was decreased.

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Jia, Wen Ting, Xue Ye Wei, Jun Hong Zhang, and Yi Fei Meng. "Optimization of Photovoltaic Array Configurations in Photovoltaic System." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.48.

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Closely related to the actual output power and the light intensity, the temperature of the photovoltaic cell panel and the load of the PV array or the like. In the case of the external environment is stable and load conditions change, the output power of the PV modules exist Maximum Power Point, in order to improve the self-tracking PV system energy conversion efficiency, maximum power point tracking method may ensure the system running at maximum power points. Photovoltaic power generation system, optimize allocation method of PV array are also discussed in this paper.

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D. Raut, Piyush, Vishal V. Shukla, and Sandeep S.Joshi. "Recent developments in photovoltaic-thermoelectric combined system." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (September 24, 2018): 2619. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.18.12709.

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The photovoltaic system converts solar radiation into electricity. The output of the solar photovoltaic systems is strongly depending on the operating cell temperature. The power output of photovoltaic system reduces as the operating cell temperature increases. Several techniques have been reported in the literature to maintain the low operating temperature of the solar cell by utilizing module heat for separate thermal application. Integration of photovoltaic thermoelectric (PV-TE) system is one of these techniques. In these PV-TE systems, the hot junctions of thermoelectric modules are coupled with the photovoltaic. The thermoelectric module uses heat from PV system and generates additional power. This PV-TE system not only generates more power but also improves the PV efficiency. The present article reports a comprehensive review of latest developments in the PV-TE systems. A detailed classification, key outcomes of published research and the future research scope are discussed in this article.

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Saleh, Umar Abubakar, Muhammad Akmal Johar, Siti Amely Binti Jumaat, Muhammad Nazri Rejab, and Wan Akashah Wan Jamaludin. "Evaluation of a PV-TEG Hybrid System Configuration for an Improved Energy Output: A Review." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.33917.

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The development of renewable energy, especially solar, is essential for meeting future energy demands. The use of a wide range of the solar spectrum through the solar cells will increase electricity generation and thereby improve energy supply. However, solar photovoltaics (PV) can only convert a portion of the spectrum into electricity. Excess solar radiation is wasted by heat, which decreases solar PV cells’ efficiency and decreases their life span. Interestingly, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are bidirectional devices that act as heat engines, converting the excess heat into electrical energy through thermoelectric effects through when integrated with a PV. These generators also enhance device efficiency and reduce the amount of heat that solar cells dissipate. Several experiments have been carried out to improve the hybrid PV-TEG system efficiency, and some are still underway. In the present study, the photovoltaic and thermoelectric theories are reviewed. Furthermore, different hybrid system integration methods and experimental and numerical investigations in improving the efficiency of PV-TEG hybrid systems are also discussed. This paper also assesses the effect of critical parameters of PV-TEG performance and highlights possible future research topics to enhancing the literature on photovoltaic-thermoelectric generator systems.

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Wei, Chen Guang, and Yi Wang Bao. "Performance Research on Photovoltaic/Thermovoltaic Solar System in Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV)." Key Engineering Materials 544 (March 2013): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.544.401.

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A novel hybrid photovoltaic/thermovoltaic solar system (PV/TV) was designed with PV cells combined with heat collector and thermoelectric generator. This PV/TV model can collect heat from the solar panels to reduce its surface temperature, and then to generate electricity by using of temperature difference technology and devices. In this paper, electricity generation performance of PV/TV system between April to October was tested and discussed. The application of this system in photovoltaic building was discussed. The results indicate that overall efficiency of this PV/TV system is higher than that of a pure PV system, and about 5%-15% efficiency increase.

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Deng, Jun, Nan Xia, Jungang Yin, Jiliang Jin, Shutao Peng, and Tong Wang. "Small-Signal Modeling and Parameter Optimization Design for Photovoltaic Virtual Synchronous Generator." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020398.

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With the continuous proliferation of renewable energy generation, distributed photovoltaic inverters operating at a maximum power point reduce the inertia of power systems, degrading system frequency stability and potentially causing severe oscillations in systems after being disturbed. The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control method, which causes photovoltaic inverters to possess inertia and damping, now plays an important role in the field of distributed generation. However, while introducing the advantages of synchronous machines, problems with oscillations are also introduced and the stochastic fluctuation characteristic of photovoltaics results in the stochastic drifting of the operating point. This paper presents an adaptive controller parameter design method for a photovoltaic-VSG (PV-VSG) integrated power system. Firstly, a small-signal model of the PV-VSG is built and a state space model is deduced. Then, the small-signal stability and low frequency oscillation characteristics of the photovoltaic power generation system are analyzed. Finally, considering the limitations of system oscillations and the stochastic drifting of the operating point, a global optimization design method for controller parameters used to improve system stability is proposed. The time domain simulation shows that an optimized PV-VSG could provide sufficient damping in the case of photovoltaic power output changes across a wider range.

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Mr. Amol Barve, Mrs Ruchi Singh Chauhan. "MPSO-MPPT based Single Phase Grid PV System for Power Enhancement." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 4, no. 4 (April 20, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijoscience.v4i4.129.

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The solar power became a challenging area among other renewable energy sources (RESs) since the photovoltaic (PV) systems have the benefits of not inflicting pollution, having low maintenance, and durable operation life. Besides these benefits, a PV system has many drawbacks like significantly higher installation cost comparing some other RESs, and limited potency ranges between 9–18%. The feasibility analyses have a good role so as to work out the foremost appropriate plant site before installation. On the other hand, the operating analyses and enhancements supported maximum power point tracking (MPPT) are quite necessary to extend the harvested total energy. To maximize the performance of solar photovoltaics (PV) under dynamic climatic conditions, MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) controllers are integrated into photovoltaic systems. This research presents a modified PSO algorithm based on the method of tracking the maximum global power point used for photovoltaic systems with variable co-efficient. The modified PSO (MPSO) algorithm is able to trace the maximum global power point faster. This improves the effectiveness of follow-up. Simulation results show that MPSO coordination control methods have better tracking accuracy as compared to P&O as well as PSO MPPT Technique. This also improves the energy efficiency of the photovoltaic system.

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Jasiński, Michał, Jacek Rezmer, Tomasz Sikorski, and Jarosław Szymańda. "Integration Monitoring of On-grid Photovoltaic System: Case Study." Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 63, no. 2 (March 26, 2019): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppee.13423.

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The aim of the paper is to present possible using of monitoring systems associated with photovoltaic systems (PV) in point of its integration with electrical power system (EPS). Presented investigations is a case study of 15 kW Scientific Photovoltaic System. The paper contains a description of applied control and monitoring systems including monitoring of PV panels parameters, weather condition, PV DC/AC inverters as well as special monitoring systems dedicated to power quality (PQ) and shape of voltage and current. The aim of the paper is to exhibit a possibility to combine different monitoring systems of the PV in order to improve evaluation of integration of PV with EPS. Presented example contains selected elements of power quality assessment, power and energy production, weather conditions for selected period of PV system working time.

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Hossain, Ridwone, Al Jumlat Ahmed, Sheik Md Kazi Nazrul Islam, Nirupam Saha, Preetom Debnath, Abbas Z. Kouzani, and M. A. Parvez Mahmud. "New Design of Solar Photovoltaic and Thermal Hybrid System for Performance Improvement of Solar Photovoltaic." International Journal of Photoenergy 2020 (July 15, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8825489.

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Solar photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal systems are most widely used renewable energy technologies. Theoretical study indicates that the energy conversion efficiency of solar photovoltaic gets reduced about 0.3% when its temperature increases by 1°C. In this regard, solar PV and thermal (PVT) hybrid systems could be a solution to draw extra heat from the solar PV panel to improve its performance by reducing its temperature. Here, we have designed a new type of heat exchanger for solar PV and thermal (PVT) hybrid systems and have studied the performance of the system. The PVT system has been investigated in comparison with an identical solar PV panel at outdoor condition at Dhaka, Bangladesh. The experiments show that the average improvement of open circuit voltage (Voc) is 0.97 V and the highest improvement of Voc is 1.3 V. In addition, the overall improvement of output power of solar PV panel is 2.5 W.

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Almonacid-Olleros, G., G. Almonacid, J. I. Fernandez-Carrasco, and Javier Medina Quero. "Opera.DL: Deep Learning Modelling for Photovoltaic System Monitoring." Proceedings 31, no. 1 (November 20, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019031050.

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In this paper we present Deep Learning (DL) modelling to forecast the behaviour and energy production of a photovoltaic (PV) system. Using deep learning models rather than following the classical way (analytical models of PV systems) presents an outstanding advantage: context-aware learning for PV systems, which is independent of the deployment and configuration parameters of the PV system, its location and environmental conditions. These deep learning models were developed within the Ópera Digital Platform using the data of the UniVer Project, which is a standard PV system that was in place for the last twenty years in the Campus of the University of Jaén (Spain). From the obtained results, we conclude that the combination of CNN and LSTM is an encouraging model to forecast the behaviour of PV systems, even improving the results from the standard analytical model.

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Alqahtani, Ayedh, Mohammad Alsaffar, Mohamed El-Sayed, and Bader Alajmi. "Data-Driven Photovoltaic System Modeling Based on Nonlinear System Identification." International Journal of Photoenergy 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2923731.

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Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy sources are rapidly gaining potential growth and popularity compared to conventional fossil fuel sources. As the merging of PV systems with existing power sources increases, reliable and accurate PV system identification is essential, to address the highly nonlinear change in PV system dynamic and operational characteristics. This paper deals with the identification of a PV system characteristic with a switch-mode power converter. Measured input-output data are collected from a real PV panel to be used for the identification. The data are divided into estimation and validation sets. The identification methodology is discussed. A Hammerstein-Wiener model is identified and selected due to its suitability to best capture the PV system dynamics, and results and discussion are provided to demonstrate the accuracy of the selected model structure.

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Pelin, Denis, Milan Opačak, and Matej Pal. "PV Emulation by using DC Programmable Sources." International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems 8, no. 1 (2017): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.8.1.2.

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The paper describes fast emulation of one selected photovoltaic system. This type of emulation reduces emulation time multiple times regarding standard emulation. By speeding up emulation time it is possible to predict electricity generation in advance on a daily basis. This facilitates the evaluation and comparison of electricity generation of photovoltaic systems of different power and/or different photovoltaic (PV) modules. The emulated electrical energy of the selected photovoltaic systems will make it possible to put forward recommendations concerning the choice of the optimal photovoltaic system with regard to the climate elements of the region

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Pan, Lei, Dong Lin Wang, Bei Bei Wang, Wei Gong, and Gang Su. "Voltage Control Method Research of PV Power System Based on Small Signal Model." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.57.

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In photovoltaic power systems, both photovoltaic modules and switching-mode converters present nonlinear and time-variant characteristics, which result in a difficult control problem. This paper presents an in-depth analysis and modeling to discover the inherent features of a photovoltaic (PV) power system and proposes a control method for PV power system based on small-signal model. This paper also presents a state equation and transfer function of PV power system and a stable control system for regulating the photovoltaic voltage. Simulation and experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented analysis, design, and implementation.

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Ko, Jae-Hong, and Jeong-Min Park. "The Tracking Photovoltaic System by One sensor Type." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 13, no. 10 (October 31, 2012): 4733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2012.13.10.4733.

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Li, Feng Feng, Qiu Xuan Wu, Li Juan Huang, and Yu Jie Huang. "PV Cells Power Generation System Modeling Based on Heat Energy Efficiency." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 1977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1977.

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Temperature is one of the important factors affecting the power generation efficiency of PV cells. In order to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic power generation systems and heat utilization efficiency, we used Matlab/Simulink to build photovoltaic power system analysis model based on thermal power. By changing the heat and illumination input to the photovoltaic cell model and the heat generated by the battery we got the characteristics and temperature characteristics of the photovoltaic cell the system model, the photovoltaic power generation system model and the output power correction, etc. We got the environmental temperature change equation through the actual air temperature and curve fitting and used real and detailed data to compare the data obtained using the equation for online correction. PV cells temperature factor was used to get the PV cells temperature with the environment temperature changes. In order to get PV module thermal /energy efficiency the dates was processed and analyzed by using Matlab and Excel through actual observation data of school 120KW PV power station. The results showed that power generation efficiency increased and year average efficiency PV improved 21.3279% through the use of some heat about PV cells.

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Matuska, Tomas, and Borivoj Sourek. "Performance Analysis of Photovoltaic Water Heating System." International Journal of Photoenergy 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7540250.

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Performance of solar photovoltaic water heating systems with direct coupling of PV array to DC resistive heating elements has been studied and compared with solar photothermal systems. An analysis of optimum fixed load resistance for different climate conditions has been performed for simple PV heating systems. The optimum value of the fixed load resistance depends on the climate, especially on annual solar irradiation level. Use of maximum power point tracking compared to fixed optimized load resistance increases the annual yield by 20 to 35%. While total annual efficiency of the PV water heating systems in Europe ranges from 10% for PV systems without MPP tracking up to 15% for system with advanced MPP trackers, the efficiency of solar photothermal system for identical hot water load and climate conditions is more than 3 times higher.

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Gong, Xundong, Mingfeng Xue, Bo Yang, Deshun Wang, Xu Guo, Yuanfei Ge, and Xiongwen Zhang. "Feasibility study of emission policy for photovoltaic integrated building microgrids." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019402012.

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The photovoltaics (PV) based microgrids play important role in the development of green buildings. This work investigates the effects of emission policy on the PV integrated commercial and residential building microgrids. The component sizes of microgrid are determined by simulated optimal power dispatch with an optimization algorithm based on minimizing the cost of energy (COE). The COE is computed with consideration of the capital depreciation cost, fuel cost, emissions damage cost and maintenance cost. The simulation results show that the emission policy and photovoltaic subsidy have little effect on sizing the commercial microgrid system. However, the component sizing design for residential microgrid system is sensitive to the emission policy. Increasing emission taxes and photovoltaic subsidy can effectively raise the proportion of PV in the system. The most important factor of restricting PV usage in microgrids is the cost of batteries. Increasing the battery lifetime or selecting the lower cost of battery can significantly increase the installation of PV, thus rise the green building standard.

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Hussin, Noor Syahirah Mohd, Nasrul Amri Mohd Amin, Muhammad Juhairi Aziz Safar, Rina Syazwani Zulkafli, Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid, Mohd Afendi Rojan, and Izzuddin Zaman. "Performance Factors of the Photovoltaic System: A Review." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 03020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822503020.

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Photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the clean sustainable energy technology which sourced from the sun. However, there are many issues that can potentially degrade the system. This paper extensively discusses on the hybrid system power generation for the photovoltaic (PV) system. In addition, this paper also reviews the factor that affecting the photovoltaic system performance including the types of PV cell, the effect of ambient condition, system components, and the power quality characteristics. The performance of the monocrystalline type greater than the polycrystalline type around 5-7%. The usage of an inverter gives an impact with 8-20% of total energy losses. Finally, this paper summarises the future research work needed to overcome the drawback of the available photovoltaic systems.

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Radziemska, Ewa. "Performance Analysis of a Photovoltaic-Thermal Integrated System." International Journal of Photoenergy 2009 (2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/732093.

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The present commercial photovoltaic solar cells (PV) converts solar energy into electricity with a relatively low efficiency, less than 20%. More than 80% of the absorbed solar energy is dumped to the surroundings again after photovoltaic conversion. Hybrid PV/T systems consist of PV modules coupled with the heat extraction devices. The PV/T collectors generate electric power and heat simultaneously. Stabilizing temperature of photovoltaic modules at low level is higly desirable to obtain efficiency increase. The total efficiency of 60–80% can be achieved with the whole PV/T system provided that the T system is operated near ambient temperature. The value of the low-T heat energy is typically much smaller than the value of the PV electricity. The PV/T systems can exist in many designs, but the most common models are with the use of water or air as a working fuid. Efficiency is the most valuable parameter for the economic analysis. It has substantial meaning in the case of installations with great nominal power, as air-cooled Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems (BIPV). In this paper the performance analysis of a hybrid PV/T system is presented: an energetic analysis as well as an exergetic analysis. Exergy is always destroyed when a process involves a temperature change. This destruction is proportional to the entropy increase of the system together with its surroundings—the destroyed exergy has been called anergy. Exergy analysis identifies the location, the magnitude, and the sources of thermodynamic inefficiences in a system. This information, which cannot be provided by other means (e.g., an energy analysis), is very useful for the improvement and cost-effictiveness of the system. Calculations were carried out for the tested water-cooled ASE-100-DGL-SM Solarwatt module.

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Aronescu, Avi, and Joseph Appelbaum. "Shading on Photovoltaic Collectors on Rooftops." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 24, 2020): 2977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082977.

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Rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems in urban environments play an important role in solar electric energy generation. Shading on PV collectors, by self-shading, walls and fences on rooftops, affect negatively the output energy of the PV systems. Increasing the distance between the collector rows, and between the walls and fences near to the collectors, may minimize the shading losses. Practically, this option is usually limited, especially on rooftops. Rooftops may be of different types: horizontal, inclined, and saw-tooth, and may have obscuring structures like walls and fences. The distance between the shading objects and the PV collector rows determine the loss of energy due to shading. The study provides the PV system designer with mathematical expressions for distances from obscuring objects for the deployment of PV systems on rooftops. The optimal inclination and azimuths angles of a PV system on a triangular sloped rooftop are also illustrated.

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Qiao, Dao E., and Xiao Li Xu. "Power Optimizing of Solar Photovoltaic Systems." Advanced Materials Research 466-467 (February 2012): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.466-467.272.

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Efficient energy yield is a major concern in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. This paper describes a distributed control system to optimize the power output of the PV systems. The PV systems contain many PV modules. And every PV module has a monitoring and control network node. The communication data are successfully transmitted using a low-cost ZigBee wireless network. The field conditions are monitored by voltage, current, irradiance, and temperature sensors. The power operating point tracking is implemented at the PV module level. The reference voltage is calculated based on a neural network model, which is used to identify maximum power point. And the output voltage is regulated by a digital controller in the integrated converter according to the reference voltage. Experiments show that the power output can be greatly increased with this distributed control system under many shadow conditions.

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Alsadi, Samer, and Tamer Khatib. "Photovoltaic Power Systems Optimization Research Status: A Review of Criteria, Constrains, Models, Techniques, and Software Tools." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (September 29, 2018): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101761.

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The photovoltaic (PV) generating system has high potential, since the system is clean, environmental friendly and has secure energy sources. There are two types of PV system, which are grid connected and standalone systems. In the grid connected photovoltaic system (GCPV), PV generator supplies power to the grid, whether or not the whole or a portion of the generated energy will be used to supply load demands. Meanwhile, the standalone photovoltaic system (SAPV) is used to fulfil a load demand that close to its point of use. These days, many researchers study in term of optimization sizing of photovoltaic system, in order to select optimum number of PV modules, inverter, battery storage capacity, and tilt angle. Based on that, this review aims to give explanations on approaches done by previous researchers in order to find ultimate combinations for design parameters. Moreover, the paper discusses on modelling of PV system components, which includes PV panels’ output power estimation and battery system. Finally, simulation softwares that used as sizing tools in previous studies are reviewed and studied.

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Chow, T. T., J. Ji, and W. He. "Photovoltaic-Thermal Collector System for Domestic Application." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 129, no. 2 (June 27, 2006): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2711474.

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Photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) systems integrate photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies into one single system with dual production of electricity and heat energy. A typical arrangement is the direct attachment of PV modules onto a solar thermal collector surface. For a given collector surface area, the overall system energy performance is expected higher than the conventional “side-by-side” PV and solar thermal systems. In the development of PV/T collector technology using water as the coolant, the most common design follows the sheet-and-tube thermal absorber concept. Fin performance of the thermal absorber has been identified as one important factor that affects much the overall energy performance of the collector. Accordingly, an aluminum-alloy flat-box type PV/T collector prototype was constructed and tested in Hong Kong. Our test results indicate that a high combined thermal and electrical efficiency can be achieved. The primary-energy-saving efficiency for daily exposure approaches 65% at zero reduced temperature operation. With a simple and handy design, the product is considered to be very suitable for domestic application.

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Ma, You Jie, Ling Ma, and Xue Song Zhou. "The Summary of Related Technologies in PV System." Advanced Materials Research 749 (August 2013): 606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.749.606.

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At present years, the photovoltaic industry has a rapid development. The research of related technologies also has made tremendous progress. The photovoltaic power generation system includes the solar array, controller, batteries, inverter, electricity load, etc. In this paper, combining with domestic and foreign research status quo, respectively summarizes four aspects of photovoltaic system technology, the maximum power point tracking, DC converter, inverter and islanding detection.

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Libra, Martin, Pavel Kouřím, and Vladislav Poulek. "Behavior of Photovoltaic System during Solar Eclipse in Prague." International Journal of Photoenergy 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2653560.

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PV power plants have been recently installed in very large scale. So the effects of the solar eclipse are of big importance especially for grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. There was a partial solar eclipse in Prague on 20th March 2015. We have evaluated the data from our facility in order to monitor the impact of this natural phenomenon on the behavior of PV system, and these results are presented in the paper. The behavior of PV system corresponds with the theoretical assumption. The power decrease of the PV array corresponds with the relative size of the solar eclipse.I-Vcharacteristics of the PV panel correspond to the theoretical model presented in our previous work.

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Xiao, Hong Xia, Hong Chen, and Hua Mo. "Application of Prediction Algorithm of Photovoltaic Power in Distributed Photovoltaic Volatility Control." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.22.

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For the uncertain characteristics of output power of distributed Photovoltaic (PV), the energy storage device is used to make up the error, between the predicted output and the actual output, to achieve the volatility control of PV power system. This paper presents that the application of support vector machine (SVM) in the power output forecasting of PV volatility control. Based on the complex and non-linear of the factor affecting the PV output, it points the non-linear relationship between the influencing factors and predicted values, and it establishes the SVM regression model of the PV system. Meanwhile, combined with the historical data of the PV operation, it gives the predictive values. Both theoretical analyses and calculation examples show that this method is simple, with high precision, and it is more suitable to the PV output volatility control.

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Rodrigues, Sandy, Gerhard Mütter, Helena Geirinhas Ramos, and F. Morgado-Dias. "Machine Learning Photovoltaic String Analyzer." Entropy 22, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22020205.

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Photovoltaic (PV) system energy production is non-linear because it is influenced by the random nature of weather conditions. The use of machine learning techniques to model the PV system energy production is recommended since there is no known way to deal well with non-linear data. In order to detect PV system faults, the machine learning models should provide accurate outputs. The aim of this work is to accurately predict the DC energy of six PV strings of a utility-scale PV system and to accurately detect PV string faults by benchmarking the results of four machine learning methodologies known to improve the accuracy of the machine learning models, such as the data mining methodology, machine learning technique benchmarking methodology, hybrid methodology, and the ensemble methodology. A new hybrid methodology is proposed in this work which combines the use of a fuzzy system and the use of a machine learning system containing five different trained machine learning models, such as the regression tree, artificial neural networks, multi-gene genetic programming, Gaussian process, and support vector machines for regression. The results showed that the hybrid methodology provided the most accurate machine learning predictions of the PV string DC energy, and consequently the PV string fault detection is successful.

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Cao, Jigang. "Algorithm Study on Improving Application Efficiency of Independent Solar Power Supply System." Electronics Science Technology and Application 3, no. 1 (August 16, 2016): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/esta.v3i1.2.

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With the development of photovoltaic (PV) technologies, applications of photovoltaic have grown rapidly, indicating that the photovoltaic are attractive to produce environmentally benign electricity for diversified purposes. In order to maximize the use of solar energy, this thesis focuses on the PV power generation systems, which includes modeling of PV systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods for PV arrays. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method is an important means to improve the system efficiency of PV power generation system. MPPT theory and various MPPT algorithms are introduced in the literature. Based on those researches, this thesis proposes a novel implementation of an adaptive duty cycle P&O algorithm that can reduce the main drawbacks commonly related to the traditional P&O method.

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Hsieh, Wei Lin, Chia Hung Lin, Chao Shun Chen, Cheng Ting Hsu, Chin Ying Ho, and Hui Jen Chuang. "Optimal Penetration of Photovoltaic Systems in Distribution Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 590–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.590.

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The penetration level of a PV system is often limited due to the violation of voltage variation introduced by the large intermittent power generation. This paper discusses the use of an active power curtailment strategy to reduce PV power injection during peak solar irradiation to prevent voltage violation so that the PV penetration level of a distribution feeder can be increased to fully utilize solar energy. When using the proposed voltage control scheme for limiting PV power injection into the study distribution feeder during high solar irradiation periods, the total power generation and total energy delivered by the PV system over a 1-year period are determined according to the annual duration of solar irradiation. With the proposed voltage control to perform the partial generation rejection of PV systems, the optimal installation capacity of PV systems can be determined by maximizing the net present value of the system so that better cost effectiveness of the PV project and better utilization of solar energy can be obtained.

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Leigh, R. W., P. D. Metz, and K. Michalek. "Photovoltaic-Electrolyzer System Transient Simulation Results." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 108, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268086.

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Brookhaven National Laboratory has developed a Hydrogen Technology Evaluation Center to illustrate advanced hydrogen technology. The first phase of this effort investigated the use of solar energy to produce hydrogen from water via photovoltaic-powered electrolysis. A coordinated program of system testing, computer simulation, and economic analysis has been adopted to characterize and optimize the photovoltaic-electrolyzer system. This paper presents the initial transient simulation results. Innovative features of the modeling include the use of real weather data, detailed hourly modeling of the thermal characteristics of the PV array and of system control strategies, and examination of systems over a wide range of power and voltage ratings. The transient simulation system TRNSYS was used, incorporating existing, modified or new component subroutines as required. For directly coupled systems, we found the PV array voltage which maximizes hydrogen production to be quite near the nominal electrolyzer voltage for a wide range of PV array powers. The array voltage which maximizes excess electricity production is slightly higher. The use of an ideal (100 percent efficient) maximum power tracking system provides only a six percent increase in annual hydrogen production. An examination of the effect of PV array tilt indicates, as expected, that annual hydrogen production is insensitive to tilt angle within ± 20 deg of latitude. Summer production greatly exceeds winter generation. Tilting the array, even to 90 deg, produces no significant increase in winter hydrogen production.

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Huang, Yu Shui, Yan Jie Wei, and Xue Chen. "A Modified MPPT Method for Photovoltaic System." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 1348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.1348.

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The output of photovoltaic (PV) array is affected by the environmental factors such as irradiation and temperature, so an effective maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method of PV array is necessary. In this paper, a modified perturb and observe (MPO) method is proposed to achieve MPPT for a PV system and to improve the shortcomings of prior methods. Comparing with a typical perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT method, the MPO efficiency is improved in transient state by the proposed MPPT as theoretical prediction.

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Li, Tianyu, Shengyu Tao, Ruixiang Zhang, Zhixing Liu, Lei Ma, Jie Sun, and Yaojie Sun. "Reliability Evaluation of Photovoltaic System Considering Inverter Thermal Characteristics." Electronics 10, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10151763.

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The reliable operation of photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems is related to the security and stability of the power grid and is the focus of current research. At present, the reliability evaluation of PV power generation systems is mostly calculated by applying the standard failure rate of each component, ignoring the impact of thermal environment changes on the failure rate. This paper will use the fault tree theory to establish the reliability assessment method of PV power plants, model the PV power plants working in the variable environment through the hardware-in-the-loop simulation system, and analyze the influence of the thermal characteristics of the inverter’s key components on the reliability of the PV power plant. Studies have shown that the overall reliability of bus capacitors, inverters, and PV power plants is reduced by 18.4%, 30%, and 18.7%, respectively, compared to when the thermal characteristics of bus capacitors are not considered. It can be seen that thermal attenuation has a great influence on the reliability of the PV power generation system.

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Arifin, Yusnaini, Muhammad Sarjan, and Aristo Indrajaya. "Comparison of the input photovoltaic water pump with and without floating cooling system." MATEC Web of Conferences 331 (2020): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202033103002.

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Solar water pumps are one of the solar technologies that is becoming popular to fulfil the water requirement, particularly in the areas with limited or no access to electricity. However, the voltage of photovoltaic (PV), one of solar technology, drops as the temperature rises. Therefore, efforts are required to lower the temperature in the photovoltaic. This study aimed to observe the effect of cooling PV on direct-coupled water pump, motor and pump connected directly to PV. In this study, the cooling method used is floating method. Two module of PV were used. A photovoltaic module is firmly installed on an artificial pool as a cooling PV and the other without cooling. The results showed that a cooling photovoltaic (PV) produced higher power output transferred to motor and pump and had higher efficiency. In general, the power generated during the period measurement by PV with cooling is greater than that of PV without a cooling method. At 17:00 pm, when the intensity reaches 236 W/m2, the direct-coupled water pump with cooling PV system is able to operate with 9. 9484 W of power input. Meanwhile, under the same intensity, the water pump without cooling PV come into a halt, with 8. 6597 W of the input power.

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Di, Peng, and Wei Shen. "Application of PV Roof on Large Space Structure System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.391.

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Future development of solar energy technology will focus on photovoltaic (PV) component. Analyzing the application of PV roof on large space structure system, this paper points out that key points of application of this technology are PV cells and roof bearing body. Besides, the discussion of what is important in structure design of PV roof shows that the calculation of Building-attached Photovoltaic roof (BAPV roof) should consider the influence of load applied on the windward side and leeward side, the synergic action of panels and supporting frames and whipping effect; while the calculation of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic roof (BIPV roof) should put bearing load on the first place and satisfy insulation work as well as waterproof work of roof. The conclusion is that the future development direction of roof is the two-in-one PV roof.

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Gomaa, Mohamed R., Mujahed Al-Dhaifallah, Ali Alahmer, and Hegazy Rezk. "Design, Modeling, and Experimental Investigation of Active Water Cooling Concentrating Photovoltaic System." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (July 3, 2020): 5392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135392.

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This work presents performance study of a concentrating photovoltaic/thermal (CPV/T) collector and its efficiency to produce electric and thermal power under different operating conditions. The study covers a detailed description of flat photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) and CPV/T systems using water as a cooling working fluid, numerical model analysis, and qualitative evaluation of thermal and electrical output. The aim of this study was to achieve higher efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) system while reducing the cost of generating power. Concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) cells with low-cost reflectors were used to enhance the efficiency of the PV system and simultaneously reduce the cost of electricity generation. For this purpose, a linear Fresnel flat mirror (LFFM) integrated with a PV system was used for low-concentration PV cells (LCPV). To achieve the maximum benefit, water as a coolant fluid was used to study the ability of actively cooling PV cells, since the electrical power of the CPV system is significantly affected by the temperature of the PV cells. This system was characterized over the traditional PV systems via producing more electrical energy due to concentrating the solar radiation as well as cooling the PV modules and at the same time producing thermal energy that can be used in domestic applications. During the analysis of the results of the proposed system, it was found that the maximum electrical and thermal energy obtained were 170 W and 580 W, respectively, under solar concentration ratio 3 and the flow rate of the cooling water 1 kg/min. A good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results was confirmed.

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Zhou, Qing Shan, and Zhi Gang Zhang. "A Study on the Solar-Thermal Performance in PV/T System." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.74.

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Based on the thermal equilibrium between the PV panels and the glazing cover of PV/T system, the influence of the spacing between PV panels and glazing cover on the solar-thermal efficiency is discussed. The heat release and solar-heat conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic panels, under different plate spacing, in the PV/T systems in summer are calculated, according to the typical annual meteorological parameters of Tianjin area. The results show that the photo-thermal efficiency of the PV/T system can be improved by appropriate setup of the plate spacing, and the optimal plate spacing is affected by the temperature of photovoltaic panels.

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Abanda, F. H., J. H. M. Tah, and D. Duce. "PV-TONS: A photovoltaic technology ontology system for the design of PV-systems." Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 26, no. 4 (April 2013): 1399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2012.10.010.

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Rajagukguk, Antonius, Dedet Candra Riawan, and Mochamad Ashari. "Performance Characteristics of Miniature Photovoltaic Farm Under Dynamic Partial Shading." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i1.pp400-408.

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This paper presents investigation of performance characteristic on a miniature photovoltaic farm under dynamic partially shaded condition. Effects of applying bypass diodes in each photovoltaics modul and the transient current of the diode is also investigated. The miniature of PV Farm consisting 4 photovoltaic panels, connected in series to form one string. The whole system comprises 5 photovoltaic strings, which are connected in parallel producing 30 volt and 60 watt peak power fromminiature PV farm. Shading of 10%, 20 % up to 50 % with dynamically changed is applied. Result from both laboratory tests and simulations is investigated and show very similar.

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Yan, Yu Ting, Yang Yang, Jia Quan Yang, and Wen Bin Zhang. "Modeling and Simulation of MPPT Algorithm for PV Grid-Connected System." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 2880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.2880.

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This paper presents an equivalent circuit model of photovoltaic cells, and then discusses the photovoltaic (PV) grid power generation system in the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control principle of the boost circuit. The MATLAB/Simulink software was used to model and simulate MPPT verification of the system. The simulation results showed the effectiveness of the control Strategy. As a conlusion, potential solution to MPPT The BOOST circuit adopts the MPPT control in photovoltaic power generation system, not only can improve the efficiency of photovoltaic cells, and thus improve the efficiency of the photovoltaic power generation systems.

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Verayiah, Renuga, and Anusiya Iyadurai. "A Comparison Study on Types of PV for Grid Connected Photovoltaic Power." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v6.i2.pp349-356.

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Grid connected photovoltaic (PV) power systems is today’s breakthrough for renewable energy source in electricity generation Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power systems have the advantage of more effective utilization for highest renewable source of electricity generation and tendency to continual growth in the next years. The output performance grid connected photovoltaic (PV) power systems is influenced by the impact of cell temperature or ambient temperature and solar irradiance of the solar module. This paper highlights the effect of output energy of solar module by implementing different types of solar module technology and selecting the highest energy output of the module technology for modelling and simulating the design of grid connected photovoltaic (PV) power system using Matlab/Simulink.

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Chen, Yi-Fen, Bi-Chu Chen, Chia-Wen Tsai, Wen-Yu Chen, and Lee-Wei Wei. "Estimating the Global Demand of Photovoltaic System." International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 2012): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsds.2012010105.

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The purpose of this research is to predict the total market demand of photovoltaic (PV) system of the world. By using the Grey forecasting model, the results were precise and valid. Then, the sensitivity analysis was conducted to select the most appropriate horizontal adjusting factor (HAF) and to determine the growth type of PV industry. The result showed the HAF was 0.4, which indicated the growth speed is in a low speed but very close to normal speed. The average residual error was 10.5% from 1995 to 2007 compared to the actual value in the same period. Then, the forecasted value from 2008 to 2011 showed an increasing shape and would reach 8554.9 MW in 2011. This research found the growth type of PV industry of the world, offering meaningful information for firms to decide the strategy in the future. For government, the result could also help to implement adequate policies to support the development of PV industry in the future.

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Iftikhar, Ramsha, Iftikhar Ahmad, Muhammad Arsalan, Neelma Naz, Naghmash Ali, and Hammad Armghan. "MPPT for Photovoltaic System Using Nonlinear Controller." International Journal of Photoenergy 2018 (April 4, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6979723.

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Photovoltaic (PV) system generates energy that varies with the variation in environmental conditions such as temperature and solar radiation. To cope up with the ever increasing demand of energy, the PV system must operate at maximum power point (MPP), which changes with load as well as weather conditions. This paper proposes a nonlinear backstepping controller to harvest maximum power from a PV array using DC-DC buck converter. A regression plane is formulated after collecting the data of the PV array from its characteristic curves to provide the reference voltage to track MPP. Asymptotic stability of the system is proved using Lyapunov stability criteria. The simulation results validate the rapid tracking and efficient performance of the controller. For further validation of the results, it also provides a comparison of the proposed controller with conventional perturb and observe (P&O) and fuzzy logic-based controller (FLBC) under abrupt changes in environmental conditions.

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Sarniak, Mariusz T., Jacek Wernik, and Krzysztof J. Wołosz. "Application of the Double Diode Model of Photovoltaic Cells for Simulation Studies on the Impact of Partial Shading of Silicon Photovoltaic Modules on the Waveforms of Their Current–Voltage Characteristic." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 24, 2019): 2421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122421.

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Photovoltaics (PV) is the phenomenon of converting sun energy into electric energy by using photovoltaic cells. Furthermore, solar energy is the major renewable energy source. PV modules are systematically more efficient and manufacturing costs decrease at the same time. The PV module performance is affected by ambient temperature, humidity, wind speed, rainfall, incident solar radiation intensity and spectrum, dust deposition, pollution, and shading, which are environmental factors. The problem of partial shading of the generator often arises when designing photovoltaic installations. If it is not possible to avoid this phenomenon, its impact on the operation of the photovoltaic system should be estimated. The classical method is to measure the current–voltage characteristics, but it requires switching off the installation for the duration of the measurements. Therefore, this paper proposes a method using a computer simulation in the Matlab package with the implemented component “Solar Cell” for this purpose. Three cases of partial shading of photovoltaic modules with different degrees of shading were analyzed. The obtained results of the computer simulation were verified for two types of silicon PV modules: Mono- and polycrystalline.

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Shneen, Salam Waley. "Advanced Optimal For PV system coupled with PMSM." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 1, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v1.i3.pp556-565.

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The main advantages of PMSM are high torque density, high efficiency and small size. Photovoltaic power generation system PV generation technology is treated as the most promising technology among renewable energies. Photovoltaic (PV) power generation system is a promising source of energy with great interest in clean and renewable energy sources. To use different control systems, like Classical PI Controller, Expert System Fuzzy Logic Controller and Optimization PSO Controller. It used to control for power electronic (inverter) &PMSM which worked in the integration system to PV energy. There are two parts in this paper, first part advanced Optimal PSO, Fuzzy &PI Controller power electronic (inverter) with PV for using different control systems this part on the generator side at constant torque. Second part in the load side of variable torque, by using different control systems with PMSM to analyze all results after using the simulation model of proposed based PV system. The PV system is coupled with PMSM. A closed loop control system with a PI control, Fuzzy, PSO in the speed loop with current controllers.

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Xu, Huadian, Jianhui Su, Ning Liu, and Yong Shi. "A Grid-Supporting Photovoltaic System Implemented by a VSG with Energy Storage." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 3152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113152.

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Conventional photovoltaic (PV) systems interfaced by grid-connected inverters fail to support the grid and participate in frequency regulation. Furthermore, reduced system inertia as a result of the integration of conventional PV systems may lead to an increased frequency deviation of the grid for contingencies. In this paper, a grid-supporting PV system, which can provide inertia and participate in frequency regulation through virtual synchronous generator (VSG) technology and an energy storage unit, is proposed. The function of supporting the grid is implemented in a practical PV system through using the presented control scheme and topology. Compared with the conventional PV system, the grid-supporting PV system, behaving as an inertial voltage source like synchronous generators, has the capability of participating in frequency regulation and providing inertia. Moreover, the proposed PV system can mitigate autonomously the power imbalance between generation and consumption, filter the PV power, and operate without the phase-locked loop after initial synchronization. Performance analysis is conducted and the stability constraint is theoretically formulated. The novel PV system is validated on a modified CIGRE benchmark under different cases, being compared with the conventional PV system. The verifications demonstrate the grid support functions of the proposed PV system.

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Pavan Kumar Naidu, R., and S. Meikandasivam. "ICM based ANFIS MPPT controller for grid connected photovoltaic system." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (July 16, 2018): 1508. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.13562.

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In this paper, grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system is presented. PV system consists of a photovoltaic module, a boost converter, and voltage source inverter. ANFIS based ICM (Incremental Conductance Method) MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) controller is utilized to produce gate signal for DC-DC boost converter. This controller is used for optimizing the total performance of the Photovoltaic system in turn the errors were reduced in Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). The grid-connected PV system performance is evaluated and har-monics occurred in the system are decreased. The proposed methodology is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink.

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, Meneni Saigeetha, G. Vaddikasulu. "A Cuckoo MPPT based SMC Control for Grid tied PV System." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst060805.

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Maximum power point techniques (MPPT) are used in photovoltaic system to make full utilization of PV array output power. The output power of PV array is always changing with weather conditions i.e., solar irradiation and atmospheric temperature. PV cell generates power by converting sunlight into electricity. The electric power generated is proportional to solar radiation. PV cell can generate around 0.5 to 0.8 volts. During cloudy weather due to varying insolation levels the output of PV array varies. The MPPT is a process which tracks the maximum power from array and by increasing the duty cycle of the DC-DC boost converter, the output voltage of the system is increased. This paper presents the cuckoo mppt technique for PV system along with SMC controller methods in grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems for optimizing the solar energy efficiency

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Muhammad, N., H. Zainuddin, E. Jaaper, and Z. Idrus. "An early fault detection approach in grid-connected photovoltaic (GCPV) system." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i2.pp671-679.

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Faults in any components of PV system shall lead to performance degradation and if prolonged, it can leads to fire hazard. This paper presents an approach of early fault detection via acquired historical data sets of grid-connected PV (GCPV) systems. The approach is a developed algorithm comprises of failure detection on AC power by using Acceptance Ratio (AR) determination. Specifically, the implemented failure detection stage was based on the algorithm that detected differences between the actual and predicted AC power of PV system. Furthermore, the identified alarm of system failure was a decision stage which performed a process based on developed logic and decision trees. The results obtained by comparing two types of GCPV system (polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon PV system), showed that the developed algorithm could perceive the early faults upon their occurrence. Finally, when applying AR to the PV systems, the faulty PV system demonstrated 93.38 % of AR below 0.9, while the fault free PV system showed only 31.4 % of AR below 0.9.

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Shi, Tao, Shan Gao, and Linan Qu. "Simulation Research on Photovoltaic Power System Electromagnetic Transient Model." Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2014): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874129001408010190.

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With an increasing number of photovoltaic (PV) power stations integrated into the power grid, a model which is suitable to be used in the power system electromagnetic transient simulation is required. So in this paper, a detailed PV power system model is provided. In the model, the core components, such as PV array and inverter are all considered. Then in a certain case, which contains a PV power system, are simulated and analyzed. The results show that the model could reflect the electromagnetic characteristics of PV power system effectively.

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Rukman, Nurul Shahirah, Ahmad Fudholi, Putri Adia Utari, Cheku Nurul Aisyah, Andri Joko Purwanto, Rakhmad Indra Pramana, Erie Martides, et al. "Bi-fluid cooling effect on electrical characteristics of flexible photovoltaic panel." Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 12, no. 1 (July 31, 2021): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/j.mev.2021.v12.51-56.

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A photovoltaic (PV) system integrated with a bi-fluid cooling mechanism, which is known as photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system, was investigated. The electrical characteristics of flexible solar panel were evaluated for PV and PV with bi-fluid (air and water) cooling system. The integration of monocrystalline flexible solar panel into both systems was tested under a fixed solar radiation of 800 W/m2. A total of 0.04–0.10 kg/s of air flow was utilised in PV with cooling system with a fixed water mass flow rate of 0.025 kg/s. The efficiencies of flexible panel for PV and PV with cooling system were explored. For PV with bi-fluid flow, the highest obtained efficiency of module was 15.95% when 0.08 kg/s of air and 0.025 kg/s of water were allowed to flow through the cooling system. Compared with PV without cooling mechanism, the highest efficiency of module was 13.35% under same solar radiation. Current–voltage and power graphs were also plotted to present the electrical characteristics (current, voltage and power) generated by both systems.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Photovoltaic (PV) system'

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