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Journal articles on the topic 'Phycobilins'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Beale, Samuel I. "Biosynthesis of phycobilins." Chemical Reviews 93, no. 2 (March 1993): 785–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr00018a008.

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2

BEALE, S. I. "ChemInform Abstract: Biosynthesis of Phycobilins." ChemInform 24, no. 29 (August 20, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199329341.

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3

Rhie, G., and S. I. Beale. "Biosynthesis of phycobilins. Ferredoxin-supported nadph-independent heme oxygenase and phycobilin-forming activities from Cyanidium caldarium." Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, no. 23 (August 1992): 16088–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41970-9.

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4

Alam, Tanveer. "Extraction of Natural Colors from Marine Algae." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 23 (January 10, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol23iss0pp81-91.

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Abstract:The pigment content in microalgae is a specific feature of each species. Colors from natural sources are gaining more importance mainly due to health and environmental issues. Algae contain a wide range of pigments. Three major classes of pigments are chlorophylls, carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) and phycobilins (Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin). Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin belong to the major class of phycobilins photosynthetic pigment while fucoxanthin and peridinin belong to carotenoid group of photosynthetic pigment. Macro- and microalgae (including cyanobacteria) have been recognized to provide a wide diversity of metabolites including pigments for energy capture and photo-protection. One of the main objectives is to identify and select potential micro- and macroalgae species that can be used a raw material for the color industry.
5

Alam, Tanveer. "Extraction of Natural Colors from Marine Algae." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 23, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol23iss1pp81-91.

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Abstract:The pigment content in microalgae is a specific feature of each species. Colors from natural sources are gaining more importance mainly due to health and environmental issues. Algae contain a wide range of pigments. Three major classes of pigments are chlorophylls, carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) and phycobilins (Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin). Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin belong to the major class of phycobilins photosynthetic pigment while fucoxanthin and peridinin belong to carotenoid group of photosynthetic pigment. Macro- and microalgae (including cyanobacteria) have been recognized to provide a wide diversity of metabolites including pigments for energy capture and photo-protection. One of the main objectives is to identify and select potential micro- and macroalgae species that can be used a raw material for the color industry.
6

Beale, S. I., and J. Cornejo. "Biosynthesis of phycobilins. 15,16-Dihydrobiliverdin IX alpha is a partially reduced intermediate in the formation of phycobilins from biliverdin IX alpha." Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, no. 33 (November 1991): 22341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54577-4.

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7

HIRATA, TAKASHI, HIROYUKI IIDA, MIKIYA TANAKA, MASAKI OOIKE, TEPPEI TSUNOMURA, and MORIHIKO SAKAGUCHI. "Bio-regulatory Functions of Biliproteins and Phycobilins from Algae." Fisheries science 68, sup2 (2002): 1449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.68.sup2_1449.

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8

Biggins, John, and Doug Bruce. "Regulation of excitation energy transfer in organisms containing phycobilins." Photosynthesis Research 20, no. 1 (April 1989): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00028620.

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9

Bi, Xiang Dong, Shu Lin Zhang, Bo Zhang, Wei Dai, and Ke Zhing Xing. "Effects of Berberine on the Photosynthetic Pigments Compositions and Ultrastructure of Cyanobacterium Microcystis Aeruginosa." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 1117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.1117.

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Berberine, as an allelochemical extracted from golden thread (Coptis chinensis), inhibits the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa significantly. To assess berberine-induced damage on the algal photosynthetic apparatus, the effects of berberine on the algal photosynthetic pigments compositions and ultrastructure were investigated. The results showed that the relative chlorophyll a content of M. aeruginosa decreased with the increasing concentrations of berberine and the prolongation of exposure time. The relative contents of phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin of M. aeruginosa transitioned from a decrease to an increase in the early phase of the experiment, and then decreased sharply to the end at low concentrations. However, when berberine concentration raised to 20.0 mg·L-1, all the relative phycobilins contents of M. aeruginosa had been decreasing with the prolongation of exposure time. Of the three phycobilins of M. aeruginosa, phycocyanin was affected most severely by berberine. TEM photographs showed that the ultrastructures of the multiple-layered cell wall, cell membrane and thylakoid lamella of M. aeruginosa were destroyed severely under the stress of berberine with the occurrence of cyanophycin granules. It was concluded that decreases in the photosynthetic pigments and destruction of the algal cells ultrastructures might be involved in berberine-caused antialgal mechanism.
10

Rüdiger, W., and P. Ó. Carra. "Studies on the Structures and Apoprotein Linkages of the Phycobilins." European Journal of Biochemistry 7, no. 4 (March 3, 2005): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb19637.x.

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11

Cheng, Lingjiang, and Lijin Jiang. "Circular dichroism and stereochemistry of the phycobilins and their derivatives." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 15, no. 4 (September 1992): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1011-1344(92)85140-p.

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12

Yadav, Vivek Kumar. "Comparative Growth Rate of Cyanobacteria from “Usar” Soil (saline/alkaline soils) with Respect to Pigments." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 9, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8759.

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The pigment content in Blue-green algae is a specific feature of each species. The pigment variation is specific features among microalgae. The paper aim to analyze cyanobacterial extracts of different Usar soil of Azamgarh and Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. The main object here is the importance of the blue green algae especially because of the pigments present in this class of algae. Pigments from natural sources are gaining more importance mainly due to health and environmental issues. Algae contain a wide range of pigments. Three major classes of pigments are chlorophylls, carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) and phycobilins (Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin). Our present study investigates the efficiency for phycobiliprotein pigment production from four different cyanobacteria Hapalosiphon sp., Phormidium sp., Anabaena sp. and Nostoc sp. The harvested and dried biomass was subjected to extract pigments using different solvents. Thin Layer Chromatography was performed from extracted pigments using Acetone as extraction solvents. And running solvent especially for phycocyanin pigment was optimized and concluded that Petroleum ether and Acetone in the ratio of 7:3. This paper presents the information about the natural pigments of cyanobacteria and how they can be extracted and identified using different procedures and spectrophotometry. It emphasizes that the principal algal pigments are Phycobilins, Chlorophylls and Carotenoids.
13

Lawrenz, Evelyn, Erin J. Fedewa, and Tammi L. Richardson. "Extraction protocols for the quantification of phycobilins in aqueous phytoplankton extracts." Journal of Applied Phycology 23, no. 5 (October 5, 2010): 865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-010-9600-0.

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14

Wedemayer, G. J., D. G. Kidd, D. E. Wemmer, and A. N. Glazer. "Phycobilins of cryptophycean algae. Occurrence of dihydrobiliverdin and mesobiliverdin in cryptomonad biliproteins." Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, no. 11 (April 1992): 7315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42521-5.

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15

Tomitani, Akiko, Kiyotaka Okada, Hideaki Miyashita, Hans C. P. Matthijs, Terufumi Ohno, and Ayumi Tanaka. "Chlorophyll b and phycobilins in the common ancestor of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts." Nature 400, no. 6740 (July 1999): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/22101.

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16

Karapetyan, Navassard V., Ute Windhövel, Alfred R. Holzwarth, and Peter Böger. "Physiological Significance of Overproduced Carotenoids in Transformants of the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC7942." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 54, no. 3-4 (April 1, 1999): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1999-3-409.

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Abstract The functional location of carotenoids in the photosynthetic apparatus of -crtB and -pys transformants of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC7942 was studied and compared with a control strain -pFP 1-3. These transformants overproduce carotenoids due to the insertion of an additional foreign phytoene synthase gene. A higher carotenoid content was found for -crtB and -pys transformants both in whole cells and isolated membranes; the -crtB transformant was also enriched with chlorophyll. 77-K fluorescence emission and excitation spectra of the phycobilin-free membranes were examined for a possible location of overproduced carotenoids in pigment-protein complexes in situ. A similar ratio of the amplitudes of fluorescence bands at 716 and 695 nm emitted by photosystems I and II, found for the three strains, indicates that the stoichiometry between photosystems of the transformants was not changed. Overproduced carotenoids are not located in the core antenna of photosys­ tem I, since 77-K fluorescence excitation spectra for photosystem I of isolated membranes from the studied strains do not differ in the region of carotenoid absorption. When illuminated with light of the same intensity but different quality, absorbed preferentially by either carotenoids, chlorophylls or phycobilins, respectively, oxygen evolution was found always higher in the transformants -crtB and -pys than in -pFP 1-3 control cells. Identical kinetics of fluorescence induction of all strains under carotenoid excitation did not reveal a higher activity of photosystem II in cells enriched with carotenoids. It is suggested that overproduced carotenoids of the transformants are not involved in photosynthetic light-harvesting; rather they may serve to protect the cells and its membranes against photodestruction.
17

Ramasamy, Thangaraj, Santhoshkumar Subramaniyam, Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai, Kala Karuppannan, Alharbi Naiyf Sulaiman, Arunachalam Chinnathambi, Ali Alharbi Sulaiman, and Thajuddin Nooruddin. "Evaluation of antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using phycobilins of Anabaena variabilis NTSS17." Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 3, no. 12 (December 2015): 944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12980/jclm.3.2015j5-140.

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18

Not, Fabrice, Klaus Valentin, Khadidja Romari, Connie Lovejoy, Ramon Massana, Kerstin Töbe, Daniel Vaulot, and Linda K. Medlin. "Picobiliphytes: A Marine Picoplanktonic Algal Group with Unknown Affinities to Other Eukaryotes." Science 315, no. 5809 (January 12, 2007): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1136264.

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Environmental sequencing has revealed unimagined diversity among eukaryotic picoplankton. A distinct picoplanktonic algal group, initially detected from 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences, was hybridized with rRNA λ-targeted (rRNA-targeted) probes, detected by tyramide signal amplification–fluorescent in situ hybridization, and showed an organelle-like body with orange fluorescence indicative of phycobilins. Using this fluorescence signal, cells were sorted by flow cytometry and probed. Hybridized cells contained a 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole–stained organelle resembling a plastid with a nucleomorph. This suggests that they may be secondary endosymbiotic algae. Pending the isolation of living cells and their formal description, these algae have been termed picobiliphytes.
19

Nunes, Nuno, Sofia Valente, Sónia Ferraz, Maria Carmo Barreto, and Miguel A. A. Pinheiro de Carvalho. "Biochemical study of attached macroalgae from the Madeira Archipelago and beach-cast macroalgae from the Canary Islands: multivariate analysis to determine bioresource potential." Botanica Marina 63, no. 3 (June 25, 2020): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2019-0022.

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AbstractFifteen attached macroalgae from the Madeira Archipelago, comprising three green, three red and nine brown algal species, as well as two beach-cast macroalgal samples, collected along the north shore of Gran Canaria, were assessed for their biochemical properties. The analysis included the determination of total minerals, total carbohydrates, protein, lipids, chlorophyll a, total carotenoids, total phenolic content, fucoxanthin and phycobilins (allophycocyanin, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin). The results showed a high variability of biochemical composition, allowing for the targetting of specific bioresources for particular purposes, including functional foods. This work provides the foundation for a biorefinery strategy implementation plan, for which specific macroalgae may be targeted for valuable and beneficial compounds.
20

Lawrenz, Evelyn, Erin J. Fedewa, and Tammi L. Richardson. "Erratum to: Extraction protocols for the quantification of phycobilins in aqueous phytoplankton extracts." Journal of Applied Phycology 25, no. 4 (April 27, 2013): 1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-0039-y.

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21

Bagul, Samadhan Yuvraj, Sneha Tripathi, Hillol Chakdar, N. Karthikeyan, K. Pandiyan, Arjun Singh, and M. Kumar. "Exploration and Characterization of Cyanobacteria from Different Ecological Niches of India for Phycobilins Production." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 12 (December 10, 2018): 2822–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.321.

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22

Wedemayer, G. J., D. E. Wemmer, and A. N. Glazer. "Phycobilins of cryptophycean algae. Structures of novel bilins with acryloyl substituents from phycoerythrin 566." Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, no. 8 (March 1991): 4731–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67710-0.

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23

Beale, S. I., and J. Cornejo. "Biosynthesis of phycobilins. Ferredoxin-mediated reduction of biliverdin catalyzed by extracts of Cyanidium caldarium." Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, no. 33 (November 1991): 22328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54575-0.

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24

Nehul, Janardhan Namdeo. "Influence of Different Media on Growth and Phycobilins in a Cyanobacterium Scytonema schmidtii, Gom." IARJSET 8, no. 5 (May 30, 2021): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/iarjset.2021.8578.

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25

Wemmer, D. E., G. J. Wedemayer, and A. N. Glazer. "Phycobilins of cryptophycean algae. Novel linkage of dihydrobiliverdin in a phycoerythrin 555 and a phycocyanin 645." Journal of Biological Chemistry 268, no. 3 (January 1993): 1658–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53903-x.

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26

Brown, Stanley B., Jennifer D. Houghton, and David I. Vernon. "New trends in photobiology biosynthesis of phycobilins. Formation of the chromophore of phytochrome, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 5, no. 1 (April 1990): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1011-1344(90)85002-e.

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27

Barbalace, Maria Cristina, Marco Malaguti, Laura Giusti, Antonio Lucacchini, Silvana Hrelia, and Cristina Angeloni. "Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Marine Algae in Neurodegenerative Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12 (June 22, 2019): 3061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20123061.

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Neuroinflammation is one of the main contributors to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Microglial and astrocyte activation is a brain defense mechanism to counteract harmful pathogens and damaged tissues, while their prolonged activation induces neuroinflammation that can trigger or exacerbate neurodegeneration. Unfortunately, to date there are no pharmacological therapies able to slow down or stop the progression of neurodegeneration. For this reason, research is turning to the identification of natural compounds with protective action against these diseases. Considering the important role of neuroinflammation in the onset and development of neurodegenerative pathologies, natural compounds with anti-inflammatory activity could be good candidates for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Marine organisms represent a huge source of natural compounds, and among them, algae are appreciated sources of important bioactive components such as antioxidants, proteins, vitamins, minerals, soluble dietary fibers, polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, sterols, carotenoids, tocopherols, terpenes, phycobilins, phycocolloids, and phycocyanins. Recently, numerous anti-inflammatory compounds have been isolated from marine algae with potential protective efficacy against neuroinflammation. This review highlights the key inflammatory processes involved in neurodegeneration and the potential of specific compounds from marine algae to counteract neuroinflammation in the CNS.
28

Kaňa, Radek, Ondřej Prášil, and Conrad W. Mullineaux. "Immobility of phycobilins in the thylakoid lumen of a cryptophyte suggests that protein diffusion in the lumen is very restricted." FEBS Letters 583, no. 4 (January 21, 2009): 670–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2009.01.016.

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29

Beale, S. I., and J. Cornejo. "Biosynthesis of phycobilins. 3(Z)-phycoerythrobilin and 3(Z)-phycocyanobilin are intermediates in the formation of 3(E)-phycocyanobilin from biliverdin IX alpha." Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, no. 33 (November 1991): 22333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54576-2.

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30

Pereira, Antia G., Paz Otero, Javier Echave, Anxo Carreira-Casais, Franklin Chamorro, Nicolas Collazo, Amira Jaboui, Catarina Lourenço-Lopes, Jesus Simal-Gandara, and Miguel A. Prieto. "Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids." Marine Drugs 19, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19040188.

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Algae are considered pigment-producing organisms. The function of these compounds in algae is to carry out photosynthesis. They have a great variety of pigments, which can be classified into three large groups: chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins. Within the carotenoids are xanthophylls. Xanthophylls (fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin) are a type of carotenoids with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities, due to their chemical structure rich in double bonds that provides them with antioxidant properties. In this context, xanthophylls can protect other molecules from oxidative stress by turning off singlet oxygen damage through various mechanisms. Based on clinical studies, this review shows the available information concerning the bioactivity and biological effects of the main xanthophylls present in algae. In addition, the algae with the highest production rate of the different compounds of interest were studied. It was observed that fucoxanthin is obtained mainly from the brown seaweeds Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum spp., and Fucus spp. The main sources of astaxanthin are the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella zofingiensis, and Chlorococcum sp. Lutein and zeaxanthin are mainly found in algal species such as Scenedesmus spp., Chlorella spp., Rhodophyta spp., or Spirulina spp. However, the extraction and purification processes of xanthophylls from algae need to be standardized to facilitate their commercialization. Finally, we assessed factors that determine the bioavailability and bioaccesibility of these molecules. We also suggested techniques that increase xanthophyll’s bioavailability.
31

Mohanty, Prasanna, Satoshi Hoshina, and David C. Fork. "ENERGY TRANSFER FROM PHYCOBILINS TO CHLOROPHYLL a IN HEAT-STRESSED CELLS OF Anacystis nidulans: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LOW TEMPERATURE 683 nm FLUORESCENCE EMISSION BAND." Photochemistry and Photobiology 41, no. 5 (May 1985): 589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1985.tb03531.x.

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32

Sosa-Hernández, Juan, Kenya Romero-Castillo, Lizeth Parra-Arroyo, Mauricio Aguilar-Aguila-Isaías, Isaac García-Reyes, Ishtiaq Ahmed, Roberto Parra-Saldivar, Muhammad Bilal, and Hafiz Iqbal. "Mexican Microalgae Biodiversity and State-Of-The-Art Extraction Strategies to Meet Sustainable Circular Economy Challenges: High-Value Compounds and Their Applied Perspectives." Marine Drugs 17, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17030174.

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In recent years, the demand for naturally derived products has hiked with enormous pressure to propose or develop state-of-the-art strategies to meet sustainable circular economy challenges. Microalgae possess the flexibility to produce a variety of high-value products of industrial interests. From pigments such as phycobilins or lutein to phycotoxins and several polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), microalgae have the potential to become the primary producers for the pharmaceutical, food, and agronomical industries. Also, microalgae require minimal resources to grow due to their autotrophic nature or by consuming waste matter, while allowing for the extraction of several valuable side products such as hydrogen gas and biodiesel in a single process, following a biorefinery agenda. From a Mexican microalgae biodiversity perspective, more than 70 different local species have been characterized and isolated, whereas, only a minimal amount has been explored to produce commercially valuable products, thus ignoring their potential as a locally available resource. In this paper, we discuss the microalgae diversity present in Mexico with their current applications and potential, while expanding on their future applications in bioengineering along with other industrial sectors. In conclusion, the use of available microalgae to produce biochemically revenuable products currently represents an untapped potential that could lead to the solution of several problems through green technologies. As such, if the social, industrial and research communities collaborate to strive towards a greener economy by preserving the existing biodiversity and optimizing the use of the currently available resources, the enrichment of our society and the solution to several environmental problems could be attained.
33

Chen, Min, Rosanne G. Quinnell, and Anthony W. D. Larkum. "Chlorophyll d as the major photopigment in Acaryochloris marina." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 06, no. 12 (December 2002): 763–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424602000889.

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Chlorophyll (Chl) d is the major pigment in the photosystems (PS) and light-harvesting complex(es) of Acaryochloris marina. Chl a is present in small and variable amounts in PSII and in the light-harvesting complex(es). Isolated PSII complex showed a major fluorescence emission peak at 725 nm and a smaller emission peak due to Chl d at 701 nm, while the PSI complex showed two pools of Chl d, one with emission at 730 nm and the other at 709 nm at 77 K. In PSI and PSII of classical cyanobacteria and of higher plants, where Chl a is the predominant pigment rather than Chl d, these differences are not as pronounced. Light energy absorbed by phycobiliproteins was also active in these Chl d emissions. The major light-harvesting pigment protein is similar to the prochlorophyte Chl-binding protein (pcb) and had a major emission peak at 711 nm. In Cyanobacteria an iron-stress induced Chl-binding protein (isiA) forms a polymeric ring around PSI, and so the effect(s) of iron stress on A. marina where investigated. No clear evidence could be deduced for the formation of an isiA protein under iron stress and no clear changes in the proportion of Chl d :Chl a could be discerned although phycobilins showed a decreased under iron-stress conditions. That Chl d replaces Chl a in all its functions in A. marina is clear; the advantage of this evolutionary development appears to be to enable A. marina to absorb far-red light which occurs in environments where red light is filtered out by other photosynthetic organisms.
34

Ramos-Romero, Sara, Joan Ramon Torrella, Teresa Pagès, Ginés Viscor, and Josep Lluís Torres. "Edible Microalgae and Their Bioactive Compounds in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Alterations." Nutrients 13, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13020563.

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Marine and freshwater algae and their products are in growing demand worldwide because of their nutritional and functional properties. Microalgae (unicellular algae) will constitute one of the major foods of the future for nutritional and environmental reasons. They are sources of high-quality protein and bioactive molecules with potential application in the modern epidemics of obesity and diabetes. They may also contribute decisively to sustainability through carbon dioxide fixation and minimization of agricultural land use. This paper reviews current knowledge of the effects of consuming edible microalgae on the metabolic alterations known as metabolic syndrome (MS). These microalgae include Chlorella, Spirulina (Arthrospira) and Tetraselmis as well as Isochrysis and Nannochloropsis as candidates for human consumption. Chlorella biomass has shown antioxidant, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, and antihyperlipidemic effects in humans and other mammals. The components of microalgae reviewed suggest that they may be effective against MS at two levels: in the early stages, to work against the development of insulin resistance (IR), and later, when pancreatic -cell function is already compromised. The active components at both stages are antioxidant scavengers and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators such as carotenoids and -3 PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid; EPA/DHA), prebiotic polysaccharides, phenolics, antihypertensive peptides, several pigments such as phycobilins and phycocyanin, and some vitamins, such as folate. As a source of high-quality protein, including an array of bioactive molecules with potential activity against the modern epidemics of obesity and diabetes, microalgae are proposed as excellent foods for the future. Moreover, their incorporation into the human diet would decisively contribute to a more sustainable world because of their roles in carbon dioxide fixation and reducing the use of land for agricultural purposes.
35

Demay, Justine, Sébastien Halary, Adeline Knittel-Obrecht, Pascal Villa, Charlotte Duval, Sahima Hamlaoui, Théotime Roussel, et al. "Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Wound-Healing Properties of Cyanobacteria from Thermal Mud of Balaruc-Les-Bains, France: A Multi-Approach Study." Biomolecules 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11010028.

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Background: The Balaruc-les-Bains’ thermal mud was found to be colonized predominantly by microorganisms, with cyanobacteria constituting the primary organism in the microbial biofilm observed on the mud surface. The success of cyanobacteria in colonizing this specific ecological niche can be explained in part by their taxa-specific adaptation capacities, and also the diversity of bioactive natural products that they synthesize. This array of components has physiological and ecological properties that may be exploited for various applications. Methods: Nine cyanobacterial strains were isolated from Balaruc thermal mud and maintained in the Paris Museum Collection (PMC). Full genome sequencing was performed coupled with targeted and untargeted metabolomic analyses (HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS). Bioassays were performed to determine antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. Results: Biosynthetic pathways for phycobiliproteins, scytonemin, and carotenoid pigments and 124 metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were characterized. Several compounds with known antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties, such as carotenoids, phycobilins, mycosporine-like amino acids, and aeruginosins, and other bioactive metabolites like microginins, microviridins, and anabaenolysins were identified. Secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 appeared to be inhibited by crude extracts of Planktothricoides raciborskii PMC 877.14, Nostoc sp. PMC 881.14, and Pseudo-chroococcus couteii PMC 885.14. The extract of the Aliinostoc sp. PMC 882.14 strain was able to slightly enhance migration of HaCat cells that may be helpful in wound healing. Several antioxidant compounds were detected, but no significant effects on nitric oxide secretion were observed. There was no cytotoxicity on the three cell types tested, indicating that cyanobacterial extracts may have anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential without harming body cells. These data open up promising uses for these extracts and their respective molecules in drugs or thermal therapies.
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Śliwińska-Wilczewska, Sylwia, Zofia Konarzewska, Kinga Wiśniewska, and Marta Konik. "Photosynthetic Pigments Changes of Three Phenotypes of Picocyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. under Different Light and Temperature Conditions." Cells 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 2030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9092030.

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It is estimated that the genus Synechococcus is responsible for about 17% of net primary production in the Global Ocean. Blooms of these organisms are observed in tropical, subtropical and even temperate zones, and they have been recorded recently even beyond the polar circle. The long-term scenarios forecast a growing expansion of Synechococcus sp. and its area of dominance. This is, among others, due to their high physiological plasticity in relation to changing environmental conditions. Three phenotypes of the genus Synechococcus sp. (Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3a) were tested in controlled laboratory conditions in order to identify their response to various irradiance (10, 55, 100 and 145 µmol photons m−2 s−1) and temperature (15, 22.5 and 30 °C) conditions. The highest total pigment content per cell was recorded at 10 μmol photons m−2 s−1 at all temperature variants with the clear dominance of phycobilins among all the pigments. In almost every variant the highest growth rate was recorded for the Type 1. The lowest growth rates were observed, in general, for the Type 3a. However, it was recognized to be less temperature sensitive in comparison to the other two types and rather light-driven with the highest plasticity and adaptation potential. The highest amounts of carotenoids were produced by Type 2 which also showed signs of the cell stress even around 55 μmol photons m−2 s−1 at 15 °C and 22.5 °C. This may imply that the Type 2 is the most susceptible to higher irradiances. Picocyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. require less light intensity to achieve the maximum rate of photosynthesis than larger algae. They also tolerate a wide range of temperatures which combined together make them gain a powerful competitive advantage. Our results will provide key information for the ecohydrodynamical model development. Thus, this work would be an important link in forecasting future changes in the occurrence of these organisms in the context of global warming.
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Zimba, Paul V. "An improved phycobilin extraction method." Harmful Algae 17 (May 2012): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2012.02.009.

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38

Her, N., G. Amy, J. Yoon, and M. Song. "Novel methods for characterizing algogenic organic matter and associated nanofiltration membrane fouling." Water Supply 3, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2003): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0163.

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Algogenic organic matter (AOM) has been extracted from blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) by various means and analyzed by UV absorbance scanning, HPSEC-UV-fluorescence-DOC, FTIR, and fluorescence excitation emission matrix (EEM). AOM extracted in water as a solvent showed a high hydrophilic fraction (57.3%) with a low SUVA (1.0 L/m-mg). The molecular weight (MW) distribution showed a significant heterogeneity (high value of polydispersivity) and high protein content (as indicated by specific fluorescence). A significant amount of proteinaceous components such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs, UV-screening components) and phycobilins (light-harvesting pigment) was detected by UV/visible absorption. The confirmation of proteins was proven by FTIR (at 1,661 cm-1 and 1,552 cm-1) and EEM spectra (EX: 278-282 nm and EM: 304-353 nm). A bench-scale cross-flow unit, employing a flat-sheet membrane specimen, was used to examine nanofiltration (NF) membrane fouling and removal of natural organic matter (NOM) derived from different blends of Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) and AOM. The flux decline and organic matter rejection as a function of delivered DOC showed significantly different results depending on the organic matter composition of samples even though the test conditions were the same (organic matter concentration, pH, temperature, inorganic salt composition and concentration, and recovery). A higher flux decline was observed with increasing proportions of AOM. Organic matter rejections also decreased with higher AOM contributions to the samples, indicating that lower MW AOM components were not well rejected by the NF 200 membrane having a 360 dalton molecular weight cutoff (MWCO). However, SRHA that shows a relatively high MW (5,000-1,000 daltons) and high SUVA (7.4 L/m-mg) was preferentially rejected through electrostatic repulsion/size exclusion by the NF 200 membrane, having a high negative charge (zeta potential: -15.6 mV), low MWCO, and relatively low hydrophobicity. Even though the DOC concentration of feed water is a decisive factor for membrane fouling along with membrane properties and operating conditions, the characteristics of organic matter are more influential in fouling potential. Protein-like and polysaccharide-like substances were found as major foulants by FTIR.
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Lyskov, Igor, André Anda, Yee X. Wong, Andrew J. Tilley, Christopher R. Hall, Joel Thia, Salvy P. Russo, Wallace W. H. Wong, Jared H. Cole, and Trevor A. Smith. "Bilirubin analogues as model compounds for exciton coupling." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 27 (2020): 15567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp01421d.

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Zianni, M. R. "Immunogold labeling of phycobilisomes in a cyanobacterium." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 1044–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100157206.

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Phycobilisomes are pigment-protein complexes that act as the major light- harvesting antenna, in addition to chlorophyll, for photosynthesis in red algae and Cyanobacteria. In vivo, phycobilisomes transfer their energy mainly to the photosystem II reaction center to which they are assumed to be attached. This assumption will be tested by the use of gold labeling of antibodies raised against photosystem II reaction center components to localize the reaction centers and to compare the location of the antibodies with that of the phycobili- somes. In Cyanobacteria phycobi1isomes are difficult to fix particularly under conditions required for immunocytochemistry. Here, two methods for efficient fixation of phycobi1isomes are described, together with immunocytochemical results to confirm the identity of the phycobilisomes.For phycobilisome detection, Synechocvstis sp. PCC 6803 cells were either freeze substituted or fixed in a high molarity buffer followed by cryomicrotomy. For freeze substitution the cells were collected, subjected to ultra-rapid freezing with a slammer device and a copper block at liquid helium temperature, placed in 5% acrolein in ethanol at -85°C for 4 days, and embedded in LR White. For cryo- sectioning the cells were fixed with 1% glutaraldehyde in 0.75M sodium potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, for 2 h, enrobed in 10% gelatin, infused with 1.6M sucrose in 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer,pH 7.2, for 3 h, and frozen in liquid freon. Cryosections were prepared with an RMC CR2000 cryoultramicrotomy unit on an MT-6000 ultramicrotome. In both procedures 0.05% Carnation nonfat dried milk in 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer was used to block nonspecific binding of the anti serum. Sections were treated with rod-phycocyanin (phycobilin protein) anti - serum followed by protein A conjugated to lOnm gold particles. Subsequently the plastic sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. The cryosections were subsequently treated with 1% OSO4, 1% tannic acid, uranyl acetate, and alkaline bismuth, dehydrated in ethanol, and embedded in LR White. Sections were observed in a Philips EM201.
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Zinicovscaia, Inga, Liudmila Rudi, Ana Valuta, Liliana Cepoi, Konstantin Vergel, Marina V. Frontasyeva, Alexey Safonov, Markus Wells, and Dmitrii Grozdov. "Biochemical Changes in Nostoc linckia Associated with Selenium Nanoparticles Biosynthesis." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 559–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2016-0039.

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Abstract The cyanobacterium Nostoc linckia was used to study the biotechnology of selenium nanoparticles synthesis for the first time. The experimental conditions of the nanoparticle production by the studied cyanobacteria in aqueous cobalt selenite solutions were examined. Neutron activation analysis allowed characterization of the dynamics of accumulation of the total selenium quantity by Nostoc linckia. Scanning Electron Microscope images demonstrated extracellular formation of amorphous nanoparticles. Released selenium nanoparticles ranged in size from 10 to 80 nm. The changes of essential parameters of biomass (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and phycobilin) content during the nanoparticle formation were assessed. During the first 24 h of nanoparticle synthesis, a slight decline of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates content in the biomass was observed. The most extensive was the process of phycobilin degradation. Furthermore, all biochemical component content as well as an antioxidant activity of the biomass extracts significantly decreased. The obtained substance of Nostoc biomass with selenium nanoparticles may be used for medical, pharmaceutical and technological purposes.
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Shigenaga, T., D. Aoyama, Y. Nakamura, H. Mino, and S. Itoh. "2P262 Phycobilin content influences phtosystems in Acaryochloris.marina containing chlorophyll d." Seibutsu Butsuri 44, supplement (2004): S175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.44.s175_2.

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43

Bretaudeau, Anthony, François Coste, Florian Humily, Laurence Garczarek, Gildas Le Corguillé, Christophe Six, Morgane Ratin, Olivier Collin, Wendy M. Schluchter, and Frédéric Partensky. "CyanoLyase: a database of phycobilin lyase sequences, motifs and functions." Nucleic Acids Research 41, no. D1 (November 21, 2012): D396—D401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1091.

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44

Zinicovscaia, I., T. Chiriac, L. Cepoi, L. Rudi, O. Culicov, M. Frontasyeva, and V. Rudic. "Selenium uptake and assessment of the biochemical changes inArthrospira(Spirulina)platensisbiomass during the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 1 (January 2017): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2016-0339.

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The process of selenium uptake by biomass of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis was investigated by neutron activation analysis at different selenium concentrations in solution and at different contact times. Experimental data showed good fit with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model, with a regression coefficient value of 0.99. In terms of absorption dependence on time, the maximal selenium content was adsorbed in the first 5 min of interaction without significant further changes. It was also found that A. platensis biomass forms spherical selenium nanoparticles. Biochemical analysis was used to assess the changes in the main components of spirulina biomass (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and phycobilin) during nanoparticle formation.
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Terry, M. J., P. J. Linley, and T. Kohchi. "Making light of it: the role of plant haem oxygenases in phytochrome chromophore synthesis." Biochemical Society Transactions 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0300604.

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The haem oxygenase (HO) enzyme catalyses the oxidation of haem to biliverdin IXα, CO and Fe2+, and performs a wide variety of roles in Nature, including degradation of haem from haemoglobin, iron acquisition and phycobilin biosynthesis. In plants, HOs are required for the synthesis of the chromophore of the phytochrome family of photoreceptors. There are four HO genes in the Arabidopsis genome. Analysis of a mutant deficient in HO1 (the hy1 mutant) has demonstrated that this plastid-localized protein is the major HO in the phytochrome chromophore synthesis pathway. HO2 may also have a minor role in this pathway, but our understanding of the divergent roles of this small gene family is still far from complete.
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Becker, Annette, Armin Meister, and Christian Wilhelm. "Flow cytometric discrimination of various phycobilin-containing phytoplankton groups in a hypertrophic reservoir." Cytometry 48, no. 1 (April 17, 2002): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cyto.10104.

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47

Rhie, G. E., and S. I. Beale. "Phycobilin Biosynthesis: Reductant Requirements and Product Identification for Heme Oxygenase from Cyanidium caldarium." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 320, no. 1 (June 1995): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1995.1358.

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48

Alvey, R. M., A. Biswas, W. M. Schluchter, and D. A. Bryant. "Effects of Modified Phycobilin Biosynthesis in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. Strain PCC 7002." Journal of Bacteriology 193, no. 7 (February 4, 2011): 1663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01392-10.

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Rhie, G., and S. I. Beale. "Regulation of heme oxygenase activity in Cyanidium caldarium by light, glucose, and phycobilin precursors." Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, no. 13 (April 1994): 9620–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36926-0.

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50

Gibson, C. E. "Adaptations inOscillatoria redekeiat very slow growth rates—changes in growth efficiency and phycobilin complement." British Phycological Journal 22, no. 2 (June 1987): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071618700650231.

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