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1
Cumming, Royce T., Jessa H. Thurman, Sam Youngdale, and Stephane Le Tirant. "Walaphyllium subgen. nov., the dancing leaf insects from Australia and Papua New Guinea with description of a new species (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae)." ZooKeys 939 (June 9, 2020): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.939.52071.
Full textAbstract:
A new subgenus, Walaphylliumsubgen. nov., is described within Phyllium Illiger, 1798 to accommodate three leaf insect species. One of the species included is newly described herein as Phyllium (Walaphyllium) lelantossp. nov. from Papua New Guinea. This new subgenus of Phyllium can be diagnosed by a following combination of features. This new species is compared to the two additional new subgenus members, Phyllium zomproi Größer, 2001 and Phyllium monteithi Brock & Hasenpusch, 2003. Also for the first time the male morphology of Phyllium zomproi is described and illustrated. To conclude, a brief biogeographical view of the leaf insects on either side of the Torres Strait is presented, as well as a key to species and a distribution map to the known species of Phyllium (Walaphyllium)subgen. nov.
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Cumming, Royce T., Jessa H. Thurman, Sam Youngdale, and Stephane Le Tirant. "Walaphyllium subgen. nov., the dancing leaf insects from Australia and Papua New Guinea with description of a new species (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae)." ZooKeys 939 (June 9, 2020): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.939.52071.
Full textAbstract:
A new subgenus, Walaphyllium subgen. nov., is described within Phyllium Illiger, 1798 to accommodate three leaf insect species. One of the species included is newly described herein as Phyllium (Walaphyllium) lelantos sp. nov. from Papua New Guinea. This new subgenus of Phyllium can be diagnosed by a following combination of features. This new species is compared to the two additional new subgenus members, Phyllium zomproi Größer, 2001 and Phyllium monteithi Brock & Hasenpusch, 2003. Also for the first time the male morphology of Phyllium zomproi is described and illustrated. To conclude, a brief biogeographical view of the leaf insects on either side of the Torres Strait is presented, as well as a key to species and a distribution map to the known species of Phyllium (Walaphyllium) subgen. nov.
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CUMMING, ROYCE T. "A new species of Phyllium (Phyllium) Illiger, 1798 from Mindanao, Philippines (Phasmida, Phylliidae)." Zootaxa 4303, no. 2 (2017): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4303.2.10.
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A new species of leaf insect, Phyllium (Phyllium) fallorum n. sp. is described and illustrated. In addition a key to the current known species of Phyllium Illiger, 1798 from the Philippines is provided. This species is currently only known from the single unique holotype, which will be deposited in the San Diego Natural History Museum. Measurements of anatomical figures were made to the nearest 0.1 mm. Photos were taken using a Canon 5D Mark II and a MP-E 65mm macro lens and stacked using Zerene photo stacking software, version 1.04, 64-bit. Currently, ten species of Phyllium Illiger, 1798 have been described from the Philippines, with Phyllium (Phyllium) fallorum n. sp. the eleventh. Of the eleven known species from the Philippines, five are only known from female specimens.
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Cumming, Royce T., Stéphane Le Tirant, Jackson B. Linde, et al. "On seven undescribed leaf insect species revealed within the recent “Tree of Leaves” (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae)." ZooKeys 1173 (August 3, 2023): 145–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1173.104413.
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With the recent advance in molecular phylogenetics focused on the leaf insects (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae), gaps in knowledge are beginning to be filled. Yet, shortcomings are also being highlighted, for instance, the unveiling of numerous undescribed phylliid species. Here, some of these taxa are described, including Phyllium iyadaonsp. nov. from Mindoro Island, Philippines; Phyllium samarensesp. nov. from Samar Island, Philippines; Phyllium ortizisp. nov. from Mindanao Island, Philippines; Pulchriphyllium heraclessp. nov. from Vietnam; Pulchriphyllium delisleisp. nov. from South Kalimantan, Indonesia; and Pulchriphyllium bhaskaraisp. nov. from Java, Indonesia. Several additional specimens of these species together with a seventh species described herein, Pulchriphyllium anangusp. nov. from southwestern India, were incorporated into a newly constructed phylogenetic tree. Additionally, two taxa that were originally described as species, but in recent decades have been treated as subspecies, are elevated back to species status to reflect their unique morphology and geographic isolation, creating the following new combinations: Pulchriphyllium scythe (Gray, 1843) stat. rev., comb. nov. from Bangladesh and northeastern India, and Pulchriphyllium crurifolium (Audinet-Serville, 1838) stat. rev., comb. nov. from the Seychelles islands. Lectotype specimens are also designated for Pulchriphyllium scythe (Gray, 1843) stat. rev., comb. nov. and Pulchriphyllium crurifolium (Audinet-Serville, 1838) stat. rev., comb. nov. from original type material.
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Cumming, Royce T., Tirant Stéphane Le, Jackson B. Linde, et al. "On seven undescribed leaf insect species revealed within the recent "Tree of Leaves" (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae)." ZooKeys 1173 (August 3, 2023): 145–229. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1173.104413.
Full textAbstract:
With the recent advance in molecular phylogenetics focused on the leaf insects (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae), gaps in knowledge are beginning to be filled. Yet, shortcomings are also being highlighted, for instance, the unveiling of numerous undescribed phylliid species. Here, some of these taxa are described, including Phyllium iyadaon sp. nov. from Mindoro Island, Philippines; Phyllium samarense sp. nov. from Samar Island, Philippines; Phyllium ortizi sp. nov. from Mindanao Island, Philippines; Pulchriphyllium heracles sp. nov. from Vietnam; Pulchriphyllium delislei sp. nov. from South Kalimantan, Indonesia; and Pulchriphyllium bhaskarai sp. nov. from Java, Indonesia. Several additional specimens of these species together with a seventh species described herein, Pulchriphyllium anangu sp. nov. from southwestern India, were incorporated into a newly constructed phylogenetic tree. Additionally, two taxa that were originally described as species, but in recent decades have been treated as subspecies, are elevated back to species status to reflect their unique morphology and geographic isolation, creating the following new combinations: Pulchriphyllium scythe (Gray, 1843) stat. rev., comb. nov. from Bangladesh and northeastern India, and Pulchriphyllium crurifolium (Audinet-Serville, 1838) stat. rev., comb. nov. from the Seychelles islands. Lectotype specimens are also designated for Pulchriphyllium scythe (Gray, 1843) stat. rev., comb. nov. and Pulchriphyllium crurifolium (Audinet-Serville, 1838) stat. rev., comb. nov. from original type material.
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HENNEMANN, FRANK H., OSKAR V. CONLE, MARCO GOTTARDO, and JOACHIM BRESSEEL. "On certain species of the genus Phyllium Illiger, 1798, with proposals for an intra-generic systematization and the descriptions of five new species from the Philippines and Palawan (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae: Phylliinae: Phylliini)." Zootaxa 2322, no. 1 (2009): 1–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2322.1.1.
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Thirteen species of Phyllium (Phyllium) Illiger, 1798 are studied and (re)described in detail with emphasis on those species which exhibit more or less well developed alae in the females and those occurring in the Philippine Islands and on Palawan. Amongst these five new species are described and illustrated from both sexes and the eggs: Ph. (Ph.) ericoriai Hennemann, Conle, Gottardo & Bresseel n. sp. from the Philippine Islands of Luzon, Marinduque and Batan, Phyllium philippinicum Hennemann, Conle, Gottardo & Bresseel n. sp. from the Philippine Island of Luzon, Phyllium mindorense Hennemann, Conle, Gottardo & Bresseel n. sp. from the Philippine Island of Mindoro, Phyllium mabantai Bresseel, Hennemann, Conle & Gottardo n. sp. from the Philippine Island of Mindanao and Ph. (Ph.) gantungense Hennemann, Conle, Gottardo & Bresseel n. sp. from Palawan. Ph. (Ph.) celebicum de Haan, 1842 is re-described with the male and egg described and illustrated for the first time. It is shown to be restricted to Sulawesi and Ambon with all records from continental Asia based on misidentifications mostly relating to Ph. (Ph.) westwoodii Wood-Mason, 1875. All Philippine records of Ph. (Ph.) celebicum de Haan relate to Ph. (Ph.) ericoriai Hennemann, Conle, Gottardo & Bresseel n. sp.. Both sexes and the eggs of Ph. (Ph.) westwoodii Wood-Mason, 1875 are re-described and illustrated and a survey is provided of its intraspecific variability. This species was misinterpreted by most former authors and is here shown to be widely distributed in southern continental Asia having so far been recorded from the Andamans, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Kamputchea, S-China, N-Vietnam, Sumatra and the Riouw Archipelago. The holotype of Phyllium (Ph.) siccifolium (Linné, 1758) is described in detail for the first time with illustrations provided. This, the type-species of the entire family Phylliidae, is shown to have been misinterpreted by almost all previous authors and the distribution to be in fact restricted to the Moluccas (Ambon, Ceram, Halmahera, Sula Islands and Banggai). Ambon is shown to be most likely the type-locality of Ph. siccifolium. Records from Peninsular Malaysia have proven to relate to Ph. (Ph.) hausleithneri Brock, 1999 and Philippine material erroneously referred to as “Ph. siccifolium” by various authors is Ph. (Ph.) philippinicum Hennemann, Conle, Gottardo & Bresseel n. sp.. Ph. (Ph.) tobeloense Größer, 2007 from Halmahera (Moluccas) is shown to represent a junior synonym of Ph. siccifolium (n. syn.). Comparison of the Malayan Ph. (Ph.) hausleithneri Brock, 1999 with Malayan specimens previously referred to as „Ph. siccifolium” has revealed these to be the same species which shows considerable variation concerning to the shape of the abdomen in females. Ph. (Ph.) hausleithneri is characteristic for the conspicuous blue interior marking on the mesoand metacoxae. Both sexes and the eggs as well as the remarkable variation of females are illustrated. Similarly strong variation is recorded and illustrated for females of the Javanese Ph. (Ph.) jacobsoni Rehn & Rehn, 1933. A brief discussion of its variability and distribution as well as a summary of the diagnostic features and illustrations of the females and eggs are presented. The Philippine Ph. (Ph.) bilobatum Gray, 1843 is only known from the unique female holotype and all subsequent records appear to have been based on misidentified material. Subsequent records from Peninsular Malaysia relate to Ph. (Ph.) hausleithneri Brock, 1999 and records from Java have all proven to represent Ph. (Ph.) jacobsoni Rehn & Rehn, 1933. The male allotype of Ph. (Ph.) woodi Rehn & Rehn, 1933 from the Philippine island of Mindanao is specifically distinct from the female holotype from Sibuyan Island and here designated as a paratype of Ph. (Ph.) mabantai Bresseel, Hennemann, Conle & Gottardo n. sp.. The diagnostic features of Ph. (Ph.) woodi, a species so far only known from the island of Sibuyan, are briefly summarized. With emphasis on the Philippine fauna, a checklist and keys are provided for the nine species of Phyllium Illiger, 1798 presently known to occur in the Philippine Islands and Palawan. Critical notes are presented on the current intra-generic systematization of Phyllium Illiger, 1798 along with an extended and more detailed distinction between the two subgenera contained, Phyllium Illiger, 1798 and Pulchriphyllium Griffini, 1898. Based on morphological features of the insects and eggs species-groups are suggested within both subgenus. Phyllium (Phyllium) is proposed to include the siccifolium species-group and celebicum species-group, whereas Phyllium (Pulchriphyllium) subdivides into the bioculatum species-group, schultzei species-group, frondosum species-group and brevipenne species-group. The latter two groups are shown to differ considerably from other members of the subgenus and do not belong in Pulchriphyllium (sensu stricto). Keys are provided for the distinction of the speciesgroups here proposed. The celebicum species-group of Phyllium (Phyllium) is discussed in more detail and provisionally contains all those species in which females have developed alae, a fact overlooked for several species by previous authors. Eight species are here attributed to the celebicum species-group and keys are provided to distinguish these.Five species are transferred from one subgenus to the other. Phyllium drunganum Yang, 1995 and Ph. tibetense Liu, 1993 from S-China are removed from the subgenus Pulchriphyllium and transferred to Phyllium (Phyllium) (n. comb.). Ph. chitoniscoides Größer, 1992 and Ph. frondosum Redtenbacher, 1906 from New Guinea as well as Ph. keyicum Karny, 1914 from they Key-Islands are removed from Phyllium (Phyllium) and transferred to the frondosum species-group of Phyllium (Pulchriphyllium) (n. comb.). Ph. insulanicum Werner, 1922 from the Key Islands is removed from synonymy with the New Guinean Ph. frondosum Redtenbacher, 1906 and synoynmised with Ph. keyicum Karny, 1914; differences between Ph. frondosum and Ph. keyicum are presented. The Philippine Phyllium (Phyllium) pusillulum Rehn & Rehn, 1933 is removed from the genus Phyllium Illiger, 1798 and transferred to Microphyllium Zompro, 2001, hence the valid name now is Microphyllium pusillulum (Rehn & Rehn, 1993 n. comb.). Some taxonomically important features traditionally used for distinguishing the genera and species in the family Phylliidae are critically discussed. The present distinction of Chitoniscus Stål, 1875 and Phyllium Illiger, 1798 is shown to be problematic since research on the length relation of the meso-praescutum (anterior portion of the mesonotum in front of the tegmina) has revealed several species in Phyllium Illiger, 1798 that violate the generic description by having this clearly transverse and actually keying out to Chitoniscus Stål, 1875. The prosternal projection characteristic for Chitoniscus Stål, 1875 is shown to be also present in several members of Phyllium Illiger, 1798. Although the entire family Phylliidae was traditionally diagnosed by females having the antennae with nine segment, six species of Phyllium (Phyllium) Illiger, 1798 are here shown to have in fact ten antennomeres. Another interesting fact are the distinctly pectinate ungues (= claws) seen in Ph. (Ph.) gantungense n. sp. which have so far only been known to occur in the Old World areolate family Aschiphasmatidae.
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Cumming, Royce T., Sarah Bank, Stephane Le Tirant, and Sven Bradler. "Notes on the leaf insects of the genus Phyllium of Sumatra and Java, Indonesia, including the description of two new species with purple coxae (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae)." ZooKeys 913 (February 19, 2020): 89–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.913.49044.
Full textAbstract:
Within the last two years, the leaf insects of the genus Phyllium of both the islands of Java and Sumatra have been reviewed extensively based on morphological observations. However, cryptic species which cannot be differentiated morphologically may be present among the various populations. Since it has frequently been demonstrated that analyses based on molecular data can bring clarity in such cases, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis based on three genes (nuclear gene 28S and mitochondrial genes COI and 16S) from the Phyllium species of these islands. The results show distinct molecular divergence for several populations and suggest the presence of two new cryptic species, morphologically inseparable from Phyllium hausleithneri Brock, 1999. From Sumatra, the population originally thought to be a range expansion for Phyllium hausleithneri, is now here described as Phyllium nisussp. nov., with the only consistent morphological difference being the color of the eggs between the two populations (dark brown in P. hausleithneri and tan in P. nisussp. nov.). Further, an additional population with purple coxae from Java was morphologically examined and found to have no consistent features to separate it morphologically from the other purple coxae species. This cryptic species from Java was however shown to be molecularly distinct from the other purple coxae populations from Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia and is here described as Phyllium gardabagusisp. nov. In addition, Phyllium giganteum is here officially reported from Java for the first time based on both historic and modern records of male specimens.
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Cumming, Royce T., Sarah Bank, Tirant Stephane Le, and Sven Bradler. "Notes on the leaf insects of the genus Phyllium of Sumatra and Java, Indonesia, including the description of two new species with purple coxae (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae)." ZooKeys 913 (February 19, 2020): 89–126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.913.49044.
Full textAbstract:
Within the last two years, the leaf insects of the genus Phyllium of both the islands of Java and Sumatra have been reviewed extensively based on morphological observations. However, cryptic species which cannot be differentiated morphologically may be present among the various populations. Since it has frequently been demonstrated that analyses based on molecular data can bring clarity in such cases, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis based on three genes (nuclear gene 28S and mitochondrial genes COI and 16S) from the Phyllium species of these islands. The results show distinct molecular divergence for several populations and suggest the presence of two new cryptic species, morphologically inseparable from Phyllium hausleithneri Brock, 1999. From Sumatra, the population originally thought to be a range expansion for Phyllium hausleithneri, is now here described as Phyllium nisus sp. nov., with the only consistent morphological difference being the color of the eggs between the two populations (dark brown in P. hausleithneri and tan in P. nisus sp. nov.). Further, an additional population with purple coxae from Java was morphologically examined and found to have no consistent features to separate it morphologically from the other purple coxae species. This cryptic species from Java was however shown to be molecularly distinct from the other purple coxae populations from Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia and is here described as Phyllium gardabagusi sp. nov. In addition, Phyllium giganteum is here officially reported from Java for the first time based on both historic and modern records of male specimens.
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Cumming, Royce T. "A new species of Phyllium (Phyllium) Illiger, 1798 from Mindanao, Philippines (Phasmida, Phylliidae)." Zootaxa 4303, no. 2 (2017): 297–300. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4303.2.10.
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Cumming, Royce T., and Sierra N. Teemsma. "Phyllium (Phyllium) letiranti sp. nov. (Phasmida: Phylliidae) a new leaf insect from Peleng Island, Indonesia." Insecta Mundi, no. 618 (April 27, 2018): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699395.
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Cumming, Royce T., Teemsma, Sierra N. (2018): Phyllium (Phyllium) letiranti sp. nov. (Phasmida: Phylliidae) a new leaf insect from Peleng Island, Indonesia. Insecta Mundi 618: 1-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3699395
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Cumming, Royce T., Stephane Le Tirant, and Sierra N. Teemsma. "Phyllium (Phyllium) brossardi sp. nov. (Phasmida, Phylliidae), a new species of leaf insect from northern Borneo." Insecta Mundi 2017, no. 596 (2017): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5169651.
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Cumming, Royce T., Tirant, Stephane Le, Teemsma, Sierra N. (2017): Phyllium (Phyllium) brossardi sp. nov. (Phasmida, Phylliidae), a new species of leaf insect from northern Borneo. Insecta Mundi 2017 (596): 1-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5169651
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Cumming, Royce T., and Sierra N. Teemsma. "A new species of Phyllium (Phyllium) Illiger (Phasmida: Phylliidae) from Yap Island, Micronesia, representing a range expansion for the family." Insecta Mundi, no. 650 (August 31, 2018): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3708254.
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Cumming, Royce T., Teemsma, Sierra N. (2018): A new species of Phyllium (Phyllium) Illiger (Phasmida: Phylliidae) from Yap Island, Micronesia, representing a range expansion for the family. Insecta Mundi 650: 1-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3708254
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Cumming, Royce T., Jing V. Leong, and David J. Lohman. "Leaf insects from Luzon, Philippines, with descriptions of four new species, the new genus Pseudomicrophyllium, and redescription of Phyllium (Phyllium) geryon Gray, 1843, (Phasmida: Phylliidae)." Zootaxa 4365, no. 2 (2017): 101–31. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4365.2.1.
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Cumming, Royce T., Leong, Jing V., Lohman, David J. (2017): Leaf insects from Luzon, Philippines, with descriptions of four new species, the new genus Pseudomicrophyllium, and redescription of Phyllium (Phyllium) geryon Gray, 1843, (Phasmida: Phylliidae). Zootaxa 4365 (2): 101-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4365.2.1
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Cumming, Royce T., Sarah Bank, Joachim Bresseel, et al. "Cryptophyllium, the hidden leaf insects – descriptions of a new leaf insect genus and thirteen species from the former celebicum species group (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae)." ZooKeys 1018 (February 18, 2021): 1–179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.
Full textAbstract:
While the leaf insects (Phylliidae) are a well-supported group within Phasmatodea, the genus Phyllium Illiger, 1798 has repeatedly been recovered as paraphyletic. Here, the Phyllium (Phyllium) celebicum species group is reviewed and its distinctiveness from the remaining Phylliini genera and subgenera in a phylogenetic context based on morphological review and a phylogenetic analysis of three genes (nuclear gene 28S and mitochondrial genes COI and 16S) from most known and multiple undescribed species is shown. A new genus, Cryptophylliumgen. nov., is erected to partially accommodate the former members of the celebicum species group. Two species, Phyllium ericoriaiHennemann et al., 2009 and Phyllium bonifacioi Lit & Eusebio, 2014 morphologically and molecularly do not fall within this clade and are therefore left within Phyllium (Phyllium). The transfer of the remaining celebicum group members from Phyllium Illiger, 1798 to this new genus creates the following new combinations; Cryptophyllium athanysus (Westwood, 1859), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium celebicum (de Haan, 1842), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium chrisangi (Seow-Choen, 2017), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium drunganum (Yang, 1995), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium oyae (Cumming & Le Tirant, 2020), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium parum (Liu, 1993), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium rarum (Liu, 1993), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium tibetense (Liu, 1993), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium westwoodii (Wood-Mason, 1875), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium yapicum (Cumming & Teemsma, 2018), comb. nov.; and Cryptophyllium yunnanense (Liu, 1993), comb. nov. The review of specimens belonging to this clade also revealed 13 undescribed species, which are described within as: Cryptophyllium animatumgen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Quang Nam Province; Cryptophyllium bankoigen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Quang Ngai, Thua Thien Hue, Da Nang, Gia Lai, Quang Nam, and Dak Nong Provinces; Cryptophyllium bollensigen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Ninh Thuan Province; Cryptophyllium daparogen. et sp. nov. from China: Yunnan Province; Cryptophyllium echidnagen. et sp. nov. from Indonesia: Wangi-wangi Island; Cryptophyllium faulknerigen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Quang Ngai and Lam Dong Provinces; Cryptophyllium icarusgen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Lam Dong and Dak Lak Provinces; Cryptophyllium khmergen. et sp. nov. from Cambodia: Koh Kong and Siem Reap Provinces; Cryptophyllium limogesigen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Lam Dong, Dak Lak, and Dak Nong Provinces; Cryptophyllium liyananaegen. et sp. nov. from China: Guangxi Province; Cryptophyllium nuichuaensegen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Ninh Thuan Province; Cryptophyllium phamigen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Dong Nai and Ninh Thuan Provinces; and Cryptophyllium wennaegen. et sp. nov. from China: Yunnan Province. All newly described species are morphologically described, illustrated, and molecularly compared to congenerics. With the molecular results revealing cryptic taxa, it was found necessary for Cryptophyllium westwoodii (Wood-Mason, 1875), comb. nov. to have a neotype specimen designated to allow accurate differentiation from congenerics. To conclude, male and female dichotomous keys to species for the Cryptophylliumgen. nov. are presented.
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Cumming, Royce T., Sarah Bank, Joachim Bresseel, et al. "Cryptophyllium, the hidden leaf insects – descriptions of a new leaf insect genus and thirteen species from the former celebicum species group (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae)." ZooKeys 1018 (February 18, 2021): 1–179. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.
Full textAbstract:
While the leaf insects (Phylliidae) are a well-supported group within Phasmatodea, the genus Phyllium Illiger, 1798 has repeatedly been recovered as paraphyletic. Here, the Phyllium (Phyllium) celebicum species group is reviewed and its distinctiveness from the remaining Phylliini genera and subgenera in a phylogenetic context based on morphological review and a phylogenetic analysis of three genes (nuclear gene 28S and mitochondrial genes COI and 16S) from most known and multiple undescribed species is shown. A new genus, Cryptophyllium gen. nov., is erected to partially accommodate the former members of the celebicum species group. Two species, Phyllium ericoriai Hennemann et al., 2009 and Phyllium bonifacioi Lit & Eusebio, 2014 morphologically and molecularly do not fall within this clade and are therefore left within Phyllium (Phyllium). The transfer of the remaining celebicum group members from Phyllium Illiger, 1798 to this new genus creates the following new combinations; Cryptophyllium athanysus (Westwood, 1859), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium celebicum (de Haan, 1842), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium chrisangi (Seow-Choen, 2017), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium drunganum (Yang, 1995), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium oyae (Cumming & Le Tirant, 2020), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium parum (Liu, 1993), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium rarum (Liu, 1993), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium tibetense (Liu, 1993), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium westwoodii (Wood-Mason, 1875), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium yapicum (Cumming & Teemsma, 2018), comb. nov.; and Cryptophyllium yunnanense (Liu, 1993), comb. nov. The review of specimens belonging to this clade also revealed 13 undescribed species, which are described within as: Cryptophyllium animatum gen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Quang Nam Province; Cryptophyllium bankoi gen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Quang Ngai, Thua Thien Hue, Da Nang, Gia Lai, Quang Nam, and Dak Nong Provinces; Cryptophyllium bollensi gen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Ninh Thuan Province; Cryptophyllium daparo gen. et sp. nov. from China: Yunnan Province; Cryptophyllium echidna gen. et sp. nov. from Indonesia: Wangi-wangi Island; Cryptophyllium faulkneri gen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Quang Ngai and Lam Dong Provinces; Cryptophyllium icarus gen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Lam Dong and Dak Lak Provinces; Cryptophyllium khmer gen. et sp. nov. from Cambodia: Koh Kong and Siem Reap Provinces; Cryptophyllium limogesi gen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Lam Dong, Dak Lak, and Dak Nong Provinces; Cryptophyllium liyananae gen. et sp. nov. from China: Guangxi Province; Cryptophyllium nuichuaense gen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Ninh Thuan Province; Cryptophyllium phami gen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Dong Nai and Ninh Thuan Provinces; and Cryptophyllium wennae gen. et sp. nov. from China: Yunnan Province. All newly described species are morphologically described, illustrated, and molecularly compared to congenerics. With the molecular results revealing cryptic taxa, it was found necessary for Cryptophyllium westwoodii (Wood-Mason, 1875), comb. nov. to have a neotype specimen designated to allow accurate differentiation from congenerics. To conclude, male and female dichotomous keys to species for the Cryptophyllium gen. nov. are presented.
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CUMMING, ROYCE T., JING V. LEONG, and DAVID J. LOHMAN. "Leaf insects from Luzon, Philippines, with descriptions of four new species, the new genus Pseudomicrophyllium, and redescription of Phyllium (Phyllium) geryon Gray, 1843, (Phasmida: Phylliidae)." Zootaxa 4365, no. 2 (2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4365.2.1.
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Examination of unidentified Phylliidae specimens revealed a number of undescribed species from the island of Luzon, Philippines. Morphological and molecular study of specimens from the obscure phasmid genus Microphyllium Zompro, 2001, revealed a new species, which we describe as Microphyllium haskelli Cumming sp. nov.. It is here described and differentiated from the two other species in the genus, both currently only known from adults of a single sex. Pseudomicrophyllium Cumming gen. nov. is described as a new genus within Phylliidae with the type species Pseudomicrophyllium faulkneri Cumming gen. et sp. nov. as the sole known species in the genus. As is unfortunately often the case in the leaf-mimicking family Phylliidae, this new genus and species is only known from a single specimen. In addition to the new genus, two new Phyllium (Phyllium) species from the siccifolium species-group are named and described as Ph. (Ph.) antonkozlovi Cumming sp. nov. and Ph. (Ph.) bourquei Cumming & Le Tirant sp. nov.. In addition to the newly described species, Phyllium (Phyllium) geryon Gray, 1843 is redescribed from a nearly perfect specimen, completing some of the morphological knowledge gaps currently missing because of the severely damaged holotype specimen. A key to all known species of Phylliidae from Luzon is included. Holotype specimens for all four new species will be deposited in the National Museum of the Philippines type collection and paratype specimens will be deposited into the San Diego Natural History Museum collection or retained within the first author’s collection.
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Hennemann, Frank H., Oskar V. Conle, Marco Gottardo, and Joachim Bresseel. "On certain species of the genus Phyllium Illiger, 1798, with proposals for an intra-generic systematization and the descriptions of five new species from the Philippines and Palawan (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae: Phylliinae: Phylliini) 2322." Zootaxa 2322, no. 1 (2009): 1–83. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2322.1.1.
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Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Gottardo, Marco, Bresseel, Joachim (2009): On certain species of the genus Phyllium Illiger, 1798, with proposals for an intra-generic systematization and the descriptions of five new species from the Philippines and Palawan (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae: Phylliinae: Phylliini) 2322. Zootaxa 2322 (1): 1-83, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2322.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2322.1.1
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Cumming, Royce T., Stephane Le Tirant, Sierra N. Teemsma, Frank H. Hennemann, Luc Willemse, and Thies H. Büscher. "Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae)." ZooKeys 969 (September 17, 2020): 43–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214.
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After successful laboratory rearing of both males and females from a single clutch of eggs, the genus Nanophyllium Redtenbacher, 1906 (described only from males) and the frondosum species group within Phyllium (Pulchriphyllium) Griffini, 1898 (described only from females) are found to be the opposite sexes of the same genus. This rearing observation finally elucidates the relationship of these two small body sized leaf insect groups which, for more than a century, have never been linked before. This paper synonymizes the frondosum species group with Nanophyllium Redtenbacher, 1906 in order to create a singular and clearly defined taxonomic group. Five species are transferred from the Phyllium (Pulchriphyllium) frondosum species group and create the following new combinations: Nanophyllium asekiense (Größer, 2002), comb. nov.; Nanophyllium chitoniscoides (Größer, 1992), comb. nov.; Nanophyllium frondosum (Redtenbacher, 1906), comb. nov.; Nanophyllium keyicum (Karny, 1914), comb. nov.; Nanophyllium suzukii (Größer, 2008), comb. nov. The only taxon from this species group not transferred from the frondosum species group to Nanophyllium is Phyllium (Pulchriphyllium) groesseri Zompro, 1998. Based on protibial exterior lobes, this species belongs in the schultzei species group as described in Hennemann et al. 2009 and is therefore excluded from further discussion here. The rearing of Nanophyllium also yielded the male Nanophyllium asekiense (Größer, 2002), comb. nov. thus, enabling comparison of this male to the other previously known Nanophyllium species. Two new species of nano-leaf insects are described within, Nanophyllium miyashitaisp. nov., from Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea, and Nanophyllium daphnesp. nov., from Biak Island, Papua Province, Indonesia. With such distinct sexual dimorphism in Nanophyllium between sexes, which have only now been matched up via captive rearing, illustrated within are numerous specimens which might represent the unknown opposite sexes of the many currently known species of Nanophyllium. Due to pronounced sexual dimorphism in Nanophyllium, only future captive rearing or molecular analysis will match up the many unknown sexes. To conclude, with the description of two new Nanophyllium species, dichotomous keys to species for known males and females are presented.
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Cumming, Royce T., Tirant Stephane Le, Sierra N. Teemsma, Frank H. Hennemann, Luc Willemse, and Thies H. Büscher. "Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae)." ZooKeys 969 (September 17, 2020): 43–84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214.
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After successful laboratory rearing of both males and females from a single clutch of eggs, the genus Nanophyllium Redtenbacher, 1906 (described only from males) and the frondosum species group within Phyllium (Pulchriphyllium) Griffini, 1898 (described only from females) are found to be the opposite sexes of the same genus. This rearing observation finally elucidates the relationship of these two small body sized leaf insect groups which, for more than a century, have never been linked before. This paper synonymizes the frondosum species group with Nanophyllium Redtenbacher, 1906 in order to create a singular and clearly defined taxonomic group. Five species are transferred from the Phyllium (Pulchriphyllium) frondosum species group and create the following new combinations: Nanophyllium asekiense (Größer, 2002), comb. nov.; Nanophyllium chitoniscoides (Größer, 1992), comb. nov.; Nanophyllium frondosum (Redtenbacher, 1906), comb. nov.; Nanophyllium keyicum (Karny, 1914), comb. nov.; Nanophyllium suzukii (Größer, 2008), comb. nov. The only taxon from this species group not transferred from the frondosum species group to Nanophyllium is Phyllium (Pulchriphyllium) groesseri Zompro, 1998. Based on protibial exterior lobes, this species belongs in the schultzei species group as described in Hennemann et al. 2009 and is therefore excluded from further discussion here. The rearing of Nanophyllium also yielded the male Nanophyllium asekiense (Größer, 2002), comb. nov. thus, enabling comparison of this male to the other previously known Nanophyllium species. Two new species of nano-leaf insects are described within, Nanophyllium miyashitai sp. nov., from Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea, and Nanophyllium daphne sp. nov., from Biak Island, Papua Province, Indonesia. With such distinct sexual dimorphism in Nanophyllium between sexes, which have only now been matched up via captive rearing, illustrated within are numerous specimens which might represent the unknown opposite sexes of the many currently known species of Nanophyllium. Due to pronounced sexual dimorphism in Nanophyllium, only future captive rearing or molecular analysis will match up the many unknown sexes. To conclude, with the description of two new Nanophyllium species, dichotomous keys to species for known males and females are presented.
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CUMMING, ROYCE T., JING V. LEONG, and DAVID J. LOHMAN. "Addendum to “Leaf insects from Luzon, Philippines, with descriptions of four new species, the new genus Pseudomicrophyllium, and redescription of Phyllium (Phyllium) geryon Gray, 1843, (Phasmida: Phylliidae)”." Zootaxa 4433, no. 2 (2018): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4433.2.10.
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At the time Cumming et al. (2017) was published, the GenBank accession numbers for partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) DNA barcode sequences from Microphyllium specimens sampled in the phylogenetic analysis were not yet available. This information is provided in Table 1.
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Friedemann, Katrin, Benjamin Wipfler, Sven Bradler, and Rolf Georg Beutel. "On the head morphology of Phyllium and the phylogenetic relationships of Phasmatodea (Insecta)." Acta Zoologica 93, no. 2 (2011): 184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00497.x.
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Leigh, H. R. "Preliminary Account of the Life-history of the Leaf-Insect, Phyllium crurifolium Serville." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 79, no. 1 (2009): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1909.tb01859.x.
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Dossey, Aaron T., Marco Gottardo, John M. Whitaker, William R. Roush, and Arthur S. Edison. "Alkyldimethylpyrazines in the Defensive Spray of Phyllium westwoodii: A First for Order Phasmatodea." Journal of Chemical Ecology 35, no. 8 (2009): 861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-009-9666-9.
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Dong, Zhiwei, Jun Li, Jinwu He, et al. "The mitochondrial genome of a leaf insect Phyllium westwoodii (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae) in Southeast Asia." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 6, no. 3 (2021): 888–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2021.1886014.
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Delfosse, Emmanuel. "A new giant leaf insect species of the genus Phyllium from Thailand (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae)." Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 120, no. 3 (2015): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bsef.2015.2261.
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Büscher, Thies H., Elise Quigley, and Stanislav N. Gorb. "Adhesion Performance in the Eggs of the Philippine Leaf Insect Phyllium philippinicum (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae)." Insects 11, no. 7 (2020): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11070400.
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Leaf insects (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae) exhibit perfect crypsis imitating leaves. Although the special appearance of the eggs of the species Phyllium philippinicum, which imitate plant seeds, has received attention in different taxonomic studies, the attachment capability of the eggs remains rather anecdotical. We herein elucidate the specialized attachment mechanism of the eggs of this species and provide the first experimental approach to systematically characterize the functional properties of their adhesion by using different microscopy techniques and attachment force measurements on substrates with differing degrees of roughness and surface chemistry, as well as repetitive attachment/detachment cycles while under the influence of water contact. We found that a combination of folded exochorionic structures (pinnae) and a film of adhesive secretion contribute to attachment, which both respond to water. Adhesion is initiated by the glue, which becomes fluid through hydration, enabling adaption to the surface profile. Hierarchically structured pinnae support the spreading of the glue and reinforcement of the film. This combination aids the egg’s surface in adapting to the surface roughness, yet the attachment strength is additionally influenced by the egg’s surface chemistry, favoring hydrophilic substrates. Repetitive detachment and water-mediated adhesion can optimize the location of the egg to ensure suitable environmental conditions for embryonic development. Furthermore, this repeatable and water-controlled adhesion mechanism can stimulate further research for biomimeticists, ecologists and conservationalists.
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Bonduriansky, Russell, and Caitlin Creak. "Exoskeleton ageing and its relation to longevity and fecundity in female Australian leaf insects (Phyllium monteithi)." Australian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 4 (2022): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo21052.
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Pramudi, M. Indar, Eka Febrianti, and Helda Orbani Rosa. "Pengaruh Ekstrak Patikan Kebo (Euphorbhia hirta Linn) Terhadap Serangan Hama Daun Sawi." JURNAL PROTEKSI TANAMAN TROPIKA 5, no. 1 (2022): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jptt.v5i1.1028.
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Plant Pest Organisms that often attack mustard are Tritip caterpillar (Plutella xylostella L), armyworm (Spodoptera litura F), growing point caterpillar (Crocidolomia binotalis Zel), common pests that often attack mustard, namely Leaf Grasshopper (Phyllium pulchrifolium), Nezara viridula L, and Chrysodeixis chalcites. One of the environmentally friendly pest control techniques is the use of pesticides derived from plants which are commonly called biopesticides. Patikan kebo (Euphorbia hirta L) was known to contain antibacterial active compounds that can be used as organic herbicides. This study used patikan kebo extract with several concentrations to suppress the attack of mustard leaves destroying pests. The research took place in a vegetable growing area and was carried out for 40 days from sowing to harvesting. The research was conducted using an experimental method. The results of this study showed that all treatments of patikan kebo extract were able to suppress the attack of mustard leaf pests and the use of a very significant concentration was found in (7.5 ml) with the lowest attack intensity of 4.79%.
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Büscher, Thies H., Raunak Lohar, Marie-Christin Kaul, and Stanislav N. Gorb. "Multifunctional Adhesives on the Eggs of the Leaf Insect Phyllium philippinicum (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae): Solvent Influence and Biomimetic Implications." Biomimetics 5, no. 4 (2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics5040066.
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Leaf insects (Phylliidae) are well-camouflaged terrestrial herbivores. They imitate leaves of plants almost perfectly and even their eggs resemble seeds—visually and regarding to dispersal mechanisms. The eggs of the leaf insect Phyllium philippinicum utilize an adhesive system with a combination of glue, which can be reversibly activated through water contact and a water-responding framework of reinforcing fibers that facilitates their adjustment to substrate asperities and real contact area enhancement. So far, the chemical composition of this glue remains unknown. To evaluate functional aspects of the glue–solvent interaction, we tested the effects of a broad array of chemical solvents on the glue activation and measured corresponding adhesive forces. Based on these experiments, our results let us assume a proteinaceous nature of the glue with different functional chemical subunits, which enable bonding of the glue to both the surface of the egg and the unpredictable substrate. Some chemicals inhibited adhesion, but the deactivation was always reversible by water-contact and in some cases yielded even higher adhesive forces. The combination of glue and fibers also enables retaining the adhesive on the egg, even if detached from the egg’s surface. The gained insights into this versatile bioadhesive system could hereafter inspire further biomimetic adhesives.
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MODDER, W. W. D., and K. SIVARAJAH. "Changes in oxygen uptake and respiratory quotient during post-embryonic development of the leaf-insect Phyllium crurifolium Serville (Phasmida: Phylliidae)." Journal of Entomology Series A, General Entomology 47, no. 1 (2009): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1972.tb00010.x.
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Büscher, Thies H., and Stanislav N. Gorb. "Convergent Evolution of Adhesive Properties in Leaf Insect Eggs and Plant Seeds: Cross-Kingdom Bioinspiration." Biomimetics 7, no. 4 (2022): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7040173.
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Plants and animals are often used as a source for inspiration in biomimetic engineering. However, stronger engagement of biologists is often required in the field of biomimetics. The actual strength of using biological systems as a source of inspiration for human problem solving does not lie in a perfect copy of a single system but in the extraction of core principles from similarly functioning systems that have convergently solved the same problem in their evolution. Adhesive systems are an example of such convergent traits that independently evolved in different organisms. We herein compare two analogous adhesive systems, one from plants seeds and one from insect eggs, to test their properties and functional principles for differences and similarities in order to evaluate the input that can be potentially used for biomimetics. Although strikingly similar, the eggs of the leaf insect Phyllium philippinicum and the seeds of the ivy gourd Coccinia grandis make use of different surface structures for the generation of adhesion. Both employ a water-soluble glue that is spread on the surface via reinforcing fibrous surface structures, but the morphology of these structures is different. In addition to microscopic analysis of the two adhesive systems, we mechanically measured the actual adhesion generated by both systems to quantitatively compare their functional differences on various standardized substrates. We found that seeds can generate much stronger adhesion in some cases but overall provided less reliable adherence in comparison to eggs. Furthermore, eggs performed better regarding repetitive attachment. The similarities of these systems, and their differences resulting from their different purposes and different structural/chemical features, can be informative for engineers working on technical adhesive systems.
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Turberville, Caleb M., Jesualdo A. Fuentes-González, Sydney Rogers, and Jason Pienaar. "Moss phyllid morphology varies systematically with substrate slope." Plant Ecology and Evolution 154, no. 3 (2021): 419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2021.1839.
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Background and aims – Tracheophyte leaf morphology is well studied but it is unclear if the findings generalize to poikilohydric plants. We tested combinations of hypotheses to determine if microhabitat characteristics, including light exposure, moisture availability, and substrate slope, controlled for morphological differences between upright and prostrate growth forms, affect phyllid surface area and costa length of mosses.Material and methods – We quantified mean phyllid surface-area and costa lengths for four replicates of 38 moss species from Alabama. Phylogenetic comparative methods that model adaptation were used to evaluate the relative evidence for each hypothesis using information criteria. To further explore mechanistic explanations involving substrate slope, we tested whether mosses on vertical substrates differed from those on horizontal substrates in the average amount of water-retaining, nutrient-rich litter they accumulated.Key results – Substrate slope and growth form combined were the best predictors of phyllid surface area. Mosses growing on vertical substrates exhibited smaller phyllid surface area for both growth forms. Although growth form and phyllid length best explained costa length variation, a more complex model including substrate slope performed nearly as well. Within the prostrate growth forms, species growing on vertical substrates exhibit longer relative costa than those on horizontal substrates. We also estimated rapid rates of adaptation for both traits.Conclusion – The smaller phyllid surface area of both upright and prostrate growth forms is possibly an adaptive response to reduced habitat moisture-retention or nutrient quality that vertical substrates offer. The longer costa lengths of prostrate mosses growing on vertical surfaces relative to prostrate mosses on horizontal surfaces, possibly make up for the decreased ability of smaller phyllids to rapidly reabsorb water when it is available. Further work is required to determine if it is truly substrate slope itself that matters or other variables associated with the differences in slope, and to determine how general this phenomenon is.
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Turberville, Caleb, Jesualdo Fuentes-González, Sydney Rogers, and Jason Pienaar. "Moss phyllid morphology varies systematically with substrate slope." Plant Ecology and Evolution 154, no. (3) (2021): 419–31. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2021.1839.
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<b>Background and aims</b> – Tracheophyte leaf morphology is well studied but it is unclear if the findings generalize to poikilohydric plants. We tested combinations of hypotheses to determine if microhabitat characteristics, including light exposure, moisture availability, and substrate slope, controlled for morphological differences between upright and prostrate growth forms, affect phyllid surface area and costa length of mosses.<b>Material and methods</b> – We quantified mean phyllid surface-area and costa lengths for four replicates of 38 moss species from Alabama. Phylogenetic comparative methods that model adaptation were used to evaluate the relative evidence for each hypothesis using information criteria. To further explore mechanistic explanations involving substrate slope, we tested whether mosses on vertical substrates differed from those on horizontal substrates in the average amount of water-retaining, nutrient-rich litter they accumulated.<b>Key results</b> – Substrate slope and growth form combined were the best predictors of phyllid surface area. Mosses growing on vertical substrates exhibited smaller phyllid surface area for both growth forms. Although growth form and phyllid length best explained costa length variation, a more complex model including substrate slope performed nearly as well. Within the prostrate growth forms, species growing on vertical substrates exhibit longer relative costa than those on horizontal substrates. We also estimated rapid rates of adaptation for both traits.<b>Conclusion</b> – The smaller phyllid surface area of both upright and prostrate growth forms is possibly an adaptive response to reduced habitat moisture-retention or nutrient quality that vertical substrates offer. The longer costa lengths of prostrate mosses growing on vertical surfaces relative to prostrate mosses on horizontal surfaces, possibly make up for the decreased ability of smaller phyllids to rapidly reabsorb water when it is available. Further work is required to determine if it is truly substrate slope itself that matters or other variables associated with the differences in slope, and to determine how general this phenomenon is.
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Blumör, Thomas. "Stratiforme Turmalinite in der Phyllit-Quarzit-Serie des Peloponnes (Griechenland) (Stratiform tourmalinites in the Phyllite-Quartzite-Series of the Peloponnesus (Greece))." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1991, no. 2 (1991): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1991/1991/71.
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Zhou, Yang, Shengrui Su, and Peng Li. "Mechanical Behavior, Energy Release, and Crack Distribution Characteristics of Water-Saturated Phyllite under Triaxial Cyclic Loading." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (December 30, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3681439.
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Many geological engineering hazards are closely related to the dynamic mechanical behaviors of rock materials. However, the dynamic mechanical behaviors of phyllite are less studied. In this study, we have carried out a series of triaxial cyclic tests on dry and water-saturated phyllite by employing the MTS 815 servohydraulic testing system and AE testing equipment to reveal the mechanical behavior, energy release, and crack distribution characteristics of phyllite. Results show that phyllite is a water-sensitive rock. Water and cyclic loading substantially affect the compressive strength, crack damage stress, deformation parameters, dilatancy, energy release, and crack distribution characteristics of phyllite. Furthermore, based on the dissipated energy, a new damage variable for phyllite is established. The critical damage variable for phyllite is approximately 0.80; this variable can be used as an index to predict the failure of phyllite. The water saturation effect of phyllite is very obvious; that is, it results in the weakness of mechanical properties of phyllite and changes the AE energy release and crack distribution characteristics of phyllite. This research can provide guidance for engineering construction and disaster prevention and control.
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Jiang, Yingjun, Jiangtao Fan, Yong Yi, Tian Tian, Kejia Yuan, and Changqing Deng. "Investigation on cement-improved phyllite based on the vertical vibration compaction method." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (2021): e0247599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247599.
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The vertical vibration compaction method (VVCM), heavy compaction method and static pressure method were used to form phyllite specimens with different degrees of weathering. The influence of cement content, compactness, and compaction method on the mechanical properties of phyllite was studied. The mechanical properties of phyllite was evaluated in terms of unconfined compressive strength (Rc) and modulus of resilience (Ec). Further, test roads were paved along an expressway in China to demonstrate the feasibility of the highly weathered phyllite improvement technology. Results show that unweathered phyllite can be used as subgrade filler. In spite of increasing compactness, phyllite with a higher degree of weathering cannot meet the requirements for subgrade filler. With increasing cement content, Rc and Ec of the improved phyllite increases linearly. Rc and Ec increase by at least 15% and 17%, respectively, for every 1% increase in cement content and by at least 10% and 6%, respectively, for every 1% increase in compactness. The higher the degree of weathering of phyllite, the greater the degree of improvement of its mechanical properties.
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Taher, Ratna, Makruf Nurudin, and Eko Hanudin. "Characteristics of Soils Developing from Gabbro, Phyllite and Chert Parent Rock in Karangsambung District." Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) 4, no. 3 (2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ipas.32392.
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Understanding the nature of the soil is very important to know the potential and the proper management of the soil. This study aimed to determine the differences in morphological, physical, and chemical properties of the soils developing from gabbro, phylitte and chert parent materials. The soil profile was made to represent each parent rock of gabbro, phyllite and chert located on the upper and middle slopes with pine-dominated vegetation and mixed gardens. Observation in the field is a professional description to observe soil morphology. Soil samples were taken at each horizon to analyze soil physical properties (bulk density, particle density, and texture), soil chemical properties (pH, exchanged cations, cation exchange capacity, available P, organic C, and total N). Texture analysis results showed that clay content of the soil developing from parent rock of Gabro 1 is the highest, followed by the soil clay content from Chert 1, Phyllite 1, Chert 2, Phyllite 2, and Gabbro 2, respectively. The order of soil acidity level (pH) is Gabbro 2 > Gabbro 1> Chert 1 ~ Chert 2 > Phyllite 1 ~ Phyllite 2. Meanwhile, the order of the cation exchange capacity is Gabbro 1> Gabbro 2> Phyllite 1> Chert 1> Phyllite 2> Chert 2, and the order of the base saturation is Chert 2> Gabbro 2> Chert 1> Phyllite 2 > Phyllite1> Gabbro 1.
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Vaca Roca, Dean Kenji. "DIVERSIDAD DE MACROHONGOS (Phyllum Ascomycetos y Phyllum Basidiomycetos)Marco A. Vásquez Vega EN DOS TIPOS DE BOSQUES EN LA COMUNIDAD DE SANTA LOURDES." REVISTA CIENTÍFICA CIENCIAS BIOLOGICA Y NATURALES 1 (December 3, 2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.58272/rdcbyn.v1i1.40.
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Los Macrohongos juegan un rol muy importante en la naturaleza en la descomposición de la materia orgánica que sirve de alimentos y abono a los vegetales y son utilizados en la alimentación, medicina e industria, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo general Incrementar el conocimiento de los Macrohongos en la Comunidad Santa Lourdes de los Phyllum Ascomycetos y Phyllum Basidiomycetos en dos tipos de bosques (bosque alto de tierra firme y bosque intervenido), donde se seleccionaron los bosques alto de tierra firme y bosque intervenido, utilizando la metodología del muestreo aleatorio simple, en una superficie de 10.500 m² para cada sector, donde se identificaron a nivel de familia y especie, para conocer la riqueza y abundancia se utilizó el índice de diversidad de ShannonWiener, la diversidad registrada fue de 10 especies pertenecen al Phyllum Ascomycetes y 66 especies al Phyllum Basidiomycetes, haciendo un total de 76 especies, 35 géneros y 20 familias, las familias más representativas fueron: Polyporaceae, Ganodermataceae y Xilaricacceae. Las especies muy abundancia en los bosques altos de tierra firme fueron: Xilaria multiplex, Coprinus dessimidatos, Ganoderma sp, Marasmius sp, Favolus teniculus, Ganoderma aplanatum, y las de los bosques intervenidos fueron: Xilaria curta, Psathyrella cadolliana, Lentinus crinitus, Marasmius sp, Polyporus sp, Lachnocladium sp, Lycoperdon sp, Collybia aurea. Todas las especies registradas son nuevas para el departamento Pando.
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Li, Xin Zhe, Geng Feng Wang, and Ling Cao. "Test Research on Influence of Water and Mineral Composition on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Phyllite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 2398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.2398.
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As a regional metamorphic rock, the engineering properties of the phyllite are rather complex. It is common that the tunnel construction safety has tremendous difficulty due to the groundwater, the initial stress state, joints, cracks and faults and other factors, so it is necessary to find an effective construction method for the construction of phyllite tunnel. To master the regular pattern of the influence of relative factors on physical and mechanical properties of phyllite is the basis to establish an effective construction method. The paper tries to analyze the influence of water and mineral composition on physical and mechanical properties of phyllite by making relevant tests on Lu Lin tunnel, and hope to give some clue to the design and construction of phyllite tunnels.
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Saisorn, Witsanu, Jiratthi Satthaphorn, and Shuichiro Tagane. "Taxonomy, Lectotypification, and Conservation of the Genus Phyllodium (Fabaceae: Desmodieae) in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam." Plants 14, no. 12 (2025): 1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14121822.
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A taxonomy of the genus Phyllodium Desv. in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam is presented. The plant specimens collected from the fields and herbarium specimens kept at Asian and European herbaria are examined. The IUCN conservation status of each species at regional and national levels is assessed. Five species are enumerated, viz., Phyllodium elegans (Lour.) Desv., P. kurzianum (Kuntze) H.Ohashi, P. longipes (Craib) Schindl., P. pulchellum (L.) Desv., and P. vestitum Benth. Lectotypification of two names, Desmodium longipes Craib and D. tonkinense Schindl., is performed. A key to the species, description, distribution, ecology, phenology, vernacular names, full list of specimens examined, and photographs are provided. The conservation status of five Phyllodium species varies across Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Indochina. Phyllodium elegans and P. pulchellum are consistently Least Concern (LC) in all regions. Phyllodium kurzianum is Data Deficient (DD) in Laos, Near Threatened (NT) in Vietnam, and LC in Indochina. Phyllodium longipes is EN in Cambodia but LC elsewhere. Phyllodium vestitum is NT in Cambodia, Vulnerable (VU) in Laos and Vietnam, and LC in Indochina. The taxonomic information provided in this work will contribute to the advancement of the Flora of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam and the conservation status of each species proposed in this paper can be used for future conservation planning.
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Zhao, Xiushao, Linhao Zhao, Qijing Yang, et al. "Permeability and Disintegration Characteristics of Composite Improved Phyllite Soil by Red Clay and Cement." Minerals 13, no. 1 (2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010032.
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The bearing capacity of the phyllite soil subgrade can be greatly improved by red clay, but the water stability of the modified soil is still poor. Hence, the blended soil has been found to be unsuitable for the construction of high-speed railways. This paper proposes an innovative scheme, by adding appropriate amounts of cement and red clay concurrently, to improve phyllite soil, which achieves a higher bearing capacity of the subgrade immediately after compaction, while also solving the problem of insufficient water stability. Laboratory tests of the permeability and disintegration characteristics of phyllite soils improved by cement, red clay, and both were carried out. The test results show that the permeability coefficient and maximum disintegration rate of soil can be improved effectively by using both red clay and cement. It was found that the optimal combination scheme is to add 3% cement and 40% red clay to phyllite soil by mass. Under the optimal scheme, the permeability coefficient, maximum disintegration rate, and disintegration rate of the improved soil decreased by 90.02%, 90.30%, and 99.02%, respectively, compared with the phyllite soil. The microscopic study shows that the mechanism of red clay blending with phyllite is that the finer particles of red clay infill the pores among the phyllite particles, thus reducing its permeability coefficient. The mechanism of adding cement to the blending soil mainly results from the production of hard-setting new materials and the formation of a cementation network among the soil particles, which not only increases the shear strength of the soil, but also reduces the permeability coefficient and the maximum disintegration ratio of the soil. This work makes full use of the complementary characteristics of red clay and phyllite soil and the advantages of hard-setting new materials, which will provide a new idea for soil improvement of the phyllite soil in the future.
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Almogait, Entesar, Aljawhara H. Almuqrin, Nourah Alhammad, and M. I. Sayyed. "Thermoluminescence Sensitization of Phyllite Natural Rock." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (2022): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020637.
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A sensitization procedure is used to enhance the thermoluminescence (TL) sensitivity of phyllite to emit radiation. Phyllite is a type of foliated metamorphic rock made from slate. This study examines naturally grown phyllite rock, which had not been previously studied. Using a Thermo 3500 manual reader, the TL sensitivity of phyllite as a function of dosage was measured. The doses required to perform this study were administered using a 60Co source. The statistical regression test of the data had a significance level of p < 0.05. The study also included thermal and pre-dose effects. Using the sensitization procedure, the nonlinearity in TL dose–response was removed, and the sensitivity was increased 44 times that of its original value. The fading study showed a dependence on the test dose. According to the obtained results, the combination of linear dose–response and high sensitivity to gamma radiation makes phyllite an important rock for dating and retrospective dosimetry.
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Sartono, Nurmasari, Ratna Komala, and Helda Dumayanti. "PENGARUH PENERAPAN MODEL RECIPROCAL TEACHING TERINTEGRASI MIND MAPPING TERHADAP PEMAHAMAN KONSEP SISWA PADA MATERI FILUM ARTHROPODA." BIOSFER: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI 9, no. 1 (2018): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/biosferjpb.9-1.4.
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The Arthropoda Phyllum is part of the Biology subject that requires an understanding of concepts. One of models for these subject is a reciprocal teaching integrated mind mapping model. This model make the students better to understand and easier to remember it for the relationship between various concepts, and their visualization and image colours. The purpose of this research was to know the effect of reciprocal teaching integrated mind mapping model application towards to student’s understanding concept on Arthropoda Phyllum. The research was conducted in SMA 105 Jakarta from February until March 2016. The research method was used a quasi-experimental with research design posttest-only control group design. Sample handling technical was used simple random sampling method. The instrument of these method was comperehension concept posttest in the form of multiple choice objective test accompanied by CRI index (Certainty of Response Index) or the scale of confidence of respondents in answering questions. Based on data analysis result, showed that data as normally distributed and homogeny. The conclusions of this research show there is effect of application reciprocal teaching integrated mind mapping model toward student’s comperehension concept on Phyllum Arthropoda.
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Uribe-Mogollon, Camilo, and Kierran Maher. "White Mica Geochemistry: Discriminating Between Barren and Mineralized Porphyry Systems." Economic Geology 115, no. 2 (2020): 325–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4706.
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Abstract The Grasshopper prospect, located 23 km west-southwest from Dillon, Montana, presents exposed zones of phyllic alteration assemblages comprising the early and late phyllic styles. The mineral chemistry of white micas from both phyllic alteration zones was evaluated by short-wave infrared spectroscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The early phyllic expression consists of white to green micas characterized by longer Al-OH absorption wavelengths (2,204–2,210 nm), whereas the late phyllic phase contains white micas with shorter Al-OH absorption wavelengths (2,197–2,204 nm). Correlation with electron microprobe data found that the Tschermak substitution in the white micas is mainly controlled by Mg concentrations. Based on LA-ICP-MS data, higher Mn and Sr concentrations characterize white micas from the early phyllic alteration, whereas higher concentrations of B, Ba, Cr, Cs, Cu, Li, Rb, Sc, Sn, Ti, Tl, V, and W are present in white micas from the late phyllic style. Systematic zoning patterns of trace element concentrations in white micas from the early and late phyllic alteration styles were confirmed at Grasshopper. In general, increasing trends toward the center of the system were observed in V, Cu, Sc, Sn, W, and Zn, whereas increasing trends outward from the hydrothermal center were reported in Li and Cs. Comparison of the trace element concentrations of white micas from the early phyllic style from the barren system of Grasshopper and the mineralized system of Copper Cliff indicates significant differences in Zn, Cr, B, Tl, Sn, and Cs. Therefore, we propose a preliminary discrimination (Zn + Cr + B vs. Tl + Sn + Cs) plot that can be used to differentiate white micas from the early phyllic alteration among mineralized and weakly to unmineralized systems.
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Wen, Guanping, Jianhua Hu, Yabin Wu, Zong-Xian Zhang, Xiao Xu, and Rui Xiang. "Mechanical Properties and Failure Behavior of Dry and Water-Saturated Foliated Phyllite under Uniaxial Compression." Materials 15, no. 24 (2022): 8962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248962.
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Phyllite is widely distributed in nature, and it deserves to be studied considering rock engineering applications. In this study, uniaxial compression tests were conducted on foliated phyllite with different foliation angles under dry and water-saturated conditions. The impacts of water content and foliation angle on the stress–strain curves and basic mechanical properties of the Phyllite were analyzed. The experimental results indicate that the peak stress and peak strain decrease first and then increase with increasing foliation angle as a U-shape or V-shape, and the phyllite specimens are weakened significantly by the presence of water. Moreover, an approach with acoustic emission, digital image correlation, and scanning electron microscopic is employed to observe and analyze the macroscopic and mesoscopic failure process. The results show that tensile microcracks dominate during the progressive failure of phyllite, and their initiation, propagation, and coalescence are the main reasons for the failure of the phyllite specimens. The water acts on biotite and clay minerals that are main components of phyllite, and it contributes to the initiation, propagation, and coalescence of numerous microcracks. Finally, four failure modes are classified as followed: (a) for the specimens with small foliation angles α = 0° or 30° (Saturated), both shear sliding and tensile-split across the foliation planes; (b) for the specimens with low to medium foliation angles α = 30° (Dry) or 45°(Saturated), shear sliding dominates the foliation planes; (c) for the specimens with medium to high foliation angles α = 45° (Dry) or 60°, shear sliding dominates the foliation planes; (d) for the specimens with high foliation angles α = 90°, tensile-split dominates the foliation planes.
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Zhao, Linhao, Xiushao Zhao, An Cheng, Zixi Chen, Jianglong Rao, and Linli Mo. "Synergistic Effects of Red Clay and Lime for Improving Phyllite Soil." Minerals 13, no. 10 (2023): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13101321.
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Phyllite soil and red clay belong to the soils that negatively impact the engineering performance of railway subgrade and may cause subgrade bulges, uneven subgrade settlement, and other subgrade distresses. In order to make full use of these two soils, a collaborative improvement plan was proposed. A series of tests were conducted to analyze the synergistic effects of lime and red clay on the improvement of phyllite soil. The tests included the no loading swelling ratio, swelling pressure, consolidation, and direct shear tests. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the role of lime and red clay in soil improvement. The test results show that a red clay ratio of 60% + lime content of 3% is the optimal composite improvement scheme. The scheme led to a 93% reduction in the no loading swelling ratio and an 88% reduction in swelling pressure. Additionally, cohesion, the internal friction angle, and the compression modulus increased by 345%, 73%, and 373%. Red clay and lime had weak synergistic improvement effects on the no loading swelling ratio, the swelling pressure, and the internal friction angle of phyllite soil, that is, the synergistic improvement effect of red clay and lime was less than the sum of the single improvement effect but greater than the single improvement effect. Red clay and lime had a strong synergistic improvement effect on the cohesion and the compression modulus of phyllite, that is, the synergistic improvement effect of red clay and lime was greater than the sum of the single improvement effect. The microstructure analysis test results show that red clay can fill the pores of phyllite soil and improve its immediate strength. Through hardening and cementation, lime can enhance the strength of phyllite soil as well as address the issue of the reduced engineering properties of phyllite soil and red clay when exposed to water. Red clay and lime promote each other’s reactions and have a synergistic improvement effect on phyllite soil.
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Franco Vásquez, Paola, Pablo Franco León, Liduvina Sulca Quispe, and Eduardo Oyague. "Comunidades acuáticas de la laguna Aricota de Candarave." Ciencia & Desarrollo, no. 26 (June 29, 2020): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.33326/26176033.2020.26.937.
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La lagunaAricota se ha mantenido ''biológicamente'' estable en los últimos años, a pesar de la extracción de agua por parte de las centrales hidroeléctricas (Aricota I y II) y la disminución del cauce por parte de sus afluentes (ríos Callazas y Salado). El objetivo del trabajo tuvo como propósito la identificación de las diferentes comunidades acuáticas (fitoplancton, perifiton, zooplancton, macroinvertebrados bentónicos y peces). El estudio se realizó durante cinco meses en 5 estaciones de muestreo, a fines de 2017 e inicios del 2018, a lo largo de la zona litoral y pelágica de la laguna. En los resultados, el fitoplancton estuvo representado por 52 morfoespecies distribuidas en: 6 Phyllum, 26 ordenes y 31 familias; el perifiton, con 56 morfoespecies distribuidas en: 8 Phyllum, 25 ordenes y 34 familias; el zooplancton, con 13 morfoespecies distribuidas en: 6 Phyllum, 8 ordenes y 11 familias; los macroinvertebrados estuvieron representados por 24 especies distribuidas en: 5 Phyllum, 9 ordenes y 16 familias; y la ictiofauna estuvo representada por Oncorhynchus mykiss y Trichomycterus sp. Los parámetros físico químicos presentaron valores promedio: la temperatura en la zona litoral de la laguna Aricota (HBO1, HBO2, HBO3 y HBO4) fue de 18.0-18.2 °C, mientras que en la zona pelágica (HBO5) fue de 17.9-18.2 °C; en el caso del oxígeno disuelto, la variación en la zona litoral fue de 7.14-7.24 mg/L y en la zona pelágica fue de 7.21-7.24 mg/L; para la conductividad eléctrica, la variación en la zona litoral fue de 1960-2031 µS/cm y en la zona pelágica fue de 1964-2030 µS/cm; y para el pH, la variación en la zona litoral fue de 7.99-8.85 y en la zona pelágica fue de 8.53-9.02. Se concluye que las comunidades acuáticas presentaron una moderada riqueza de especies durante el tiempo de evaluación.
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Xie, Yongbin, Xiaoyu Yang, Jianhua Dong, and Guosheng Liu. "Quantitative Study on Empirical Strength Parameters of Extremely Fractured Phyllite Based on Fractal Theory." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (August 18, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2241351.
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Extremely broken phyllite is widely distributed and is easily seen in engineering construction. Aiming at the problem that the empirical strength parameters of extremely broken surrounding rock have intense subjectivity and significant difference, based on the characteristics of the existence of particle group state in the highly broken surrounding rock, the fractal theory and large-scale direct shear test are used, the fractal description of polar broken phyllite samples with different pile numbers in fault fracture zone of Qinyu Tunnel is carried out, and the fractal dimensions and empirical strength parameters of each sample are determined. Based on a fractal description and large shear test, the functional relationship between fractal dimension and empirical strength parameter of extremely broken phyllite in fault fracture zone is established, and the quantitative value method of empirical strength parameter determined by fractal dimension of extremely broken phyllite is given, which provides ideas for the quantitative value of empirical strength parameter of the similar extremely broken surrounding rock.
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Isyqi, Nugroho Imam Setiawan, and Ferian Anggara. "Preliminary Study of the Graphite Phyllite Rock from the Luk Ulo Melange Complex, Central Java, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1378, no. 1 (2024): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1378/1/012029.
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Abstract Phyllite rocks containing graphite minerals are exposed at the Luk Ulo Melange Complex (LUMC), Central Java, Indonesia. This study aims to determine the occurrence, petrographic, and geochemical characteristics of the LUMC phyllite rocks. The method used in this research consists of field observation and laboratory analysis, including petrographic and geochemical analysis using ICP AES/MS. Field observations were carried out in six locations, namely in the Karangsambung, Totogan, Duren, Kebondalem, Kebutuhjurang, and Pesangkalan villages. The phyllites are present as blocks in LUMC with 2 to >10 m in dimension and are associated with other metamorphic rocks such as greenschist, quartzite, and marble. LUMC phyllite rock has a fresh grey-black color, phyllitic foliated structure, and lepidoblastic texture. The main minerals are graphite, muscovite, quartz, and chlorite. Whole rock geochemical analysis was carried out on a phyllite sample from the Karangsambung area and showed that the major elements that dominated were SiO2 (69 wt%), Al2O3 (13 wt%), and Fe2O3 (5.78 wt%) that typical of metapelite rocks.
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Sosa Choque, Julio Cesar, Stephany V. Quispe Cruz, Luis Pauro Flores, and Edwin Cañazaca Choquehuanca. "EFECTO DE LOS REGULADORES DE CRECIMIENTO Y BIOESTIMULANTE EN EL RENDIMIENTO DEL CULTIVO DE PAPA (Solanum tuberosum L.), C.E. ILLPA-PUNO." Revista de Ciencias Agrarias 9, no. 2 (2024): 77–81. https://doi.org/10.53719/rca.2024.871.
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Los bajos rendimientos del cultivo de papa en condiciones del Altiplano, nos lleva a la búsqueda de mejores técnicas para contribuir en el aumento de la producción, para disminuir la escasez de alimentos a largo plazo y poder contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria de la población. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de los reguladores de crecimiento y bioestimulantes en el rendimiento del cultivo de papa, donde se evaluaron diferentes parámetros como: emergencia, número de tallos, porcentaje de floración, altura de planta, número de tubérculos por planta, peso promedio de tubérculos/planta; las evaluaciones se dieron desde la emergencia, los diferentes productos se aplicaron en la siembra e inicio de floración, para el análisis se distribuyeron los tratamientos en un diseño bloque completo al azar; los resultados fueron favorables para el tratamiento 1 (T1: Phyllum + Cresisac) aplicado en la siembra, desde la emergencia hasta la altura de la planta a los 60 días, así mismo en el incremento de rendimiento de tubérculos destaco este mismo tratamiento de Phyllum + Cresisac, siendo provechoso para el cultivo de papa, obteniendo 18.50 kg/parcela, superando a los demás tratamientos mientras que el testigo obtuvo 14.46 kg/parcela siendo el de menor rendimiento, también se concluye que el tiempo para aplicar el bioestimulante (Phyllum), en combinación con reguladores de crecimiento (Cresisac y Ethesac) es durante la siembra.