Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Phylogénie moléculaire'
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Merle, Christophe (19. "Phylogénie moléculaire des foraminifères planctoniques." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX11022.
Full textRousset, Vincent. "Phylogénie moléculaire et morphologique des annélides." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MNHN0005.
Full textInterrelationships among the major Annelida groups remain unresolved, although addressed earlier both in molecular and morphological studies. We attempted to answer to some of these issues in four studies. (1) Combined parsimony analyses of 28S rRNA and morphological data to assess the relationships of Alvinellidae, a group known only from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Our results indicate that : Trichobranchidae is separate from Terebellidae and may be the sister of Alvinellidae, and Ampharetidae and Terebellidae are monophyletic but require further attention. (2) We assessed the phylogenetic position of Siboglinidae (the previous phyla Pogonophora and Vestimentifera, but now nested within polychaetes). Combined parsimony analyses of molecular (18S and 28S rRNA) and morphological data provide strong support for a sister-group relationship between Siboglinidae and Oweniidae, and for the monophyly of Terebelliformia, but demonstrate that the delineations of Terebellida and Sabellida require further study. (3) Based on 18S, 28S and 16S rRNA sequences, we analysed relationships and position of clitellates (earthworms and leeches). Parsimony and bayesian analyses indicate that clitellates have a sistergroup within polychaetes, consisting of a subgroup of a polyphyletic Scolecida, but also delineation problems with polychaetes and annelids. (4) Results obtained from parsimony and bayesian analyses of 117 terminals and 18S, 28S, 16S rRNA and histone H3 sequences indicate polyphyly of Annelida, owing to the nested positions of one sipunculan, one nemertean, one brachiopod and two molluscs, polyphyly of major groups of polychaetes and corroborate the results of the third study on the position of Clitellata
Martin, Jean-François (1973. "Phylogénie moléculaire : exemples d'applications, de l'espèce à la phylogénie des grands taxa." Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX11079.
Full textDuchemin, Wandrille. "Phylogénie des dépendances et dépendances des phylogénies dans les gènes et les génomes." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1264/document.
Full textMolecular evolution, based on the study of sequencing data, established itself as a fundamental approach in the study of the history of living organisms (noticeably through the inference of phylogenetic trees). Classical molecular evolution methods rely on the decomposition of genomes into entities that are supposed independent: genes. However we know that genes do not evolve independently: their potential biological function lead them to be influenced by (and influence) the evolution of other genes. Moreover, their position along chromosomes imply that they share events of structural mutations (duplication, loss of a chromosome fragment) with neighbouring genes. Similarly, a gene individual history inscribes itself in the history of the species that bears it. I show that not taking into account this inter-dependency relationships (co- evolutionary relationships) during the inference of gene trees results in an overesti- mation of the differences between gene trees as well as between gene tree and species tree. Modelling efforts these last year have allowed the integration of gene and species co-evolution information to the reconstruction of gene trees. Besides, researchers have proposed models describing the evolution of the relationships linking genes, but without integration of this information in the tree building process. My works aim to combine these advances in a method that modify gene trees according to a criterion that integrates sequence information and information coming from co-evolution relationships. This method, applied to mammals and fungi, leads to gene histories that are more congruent (simpler adjacency histories, longer events of loss or transfer, ...)
Chintauan-Marquier, Ioana. "Phylogénie moléculaire des melanoplinae (Insecta : Orthoptera : Caelifera : Acrididae)." Grenoble, 2010. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00580813.
Full textMolecular phylogenies aim to build affiliations between evolutionary units by using their changes at the molecular level (DNA, proteins). Thus, they are a precious tool to understand the evolution biodiversity in space and time of. The present work analyses the evolutionary history of a grasshopper group (Insecta: Orthoptera: Caelifera), using phylogenetic (parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesien) and dating methods on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA combined sequences. First, we study the subfamily Melanoplinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and one of its tribe (Podismini) in order to clarify their evolutionary history and taxonomy in a paleobiogeographic context. Then, we use the phylogenetic and dating methods in order to study the dynamics of the concerted evolution of rDNA (i. E. ITS1 genes and pseudogenes) inside the Podisma pedestris species
Rochette, de Lempdes Nicolas. "Étude de l’origine des eucaryotes par la phylogénie moléculaire." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10144.
Full textPas de résumé en anglais
Chat, Joelle Catherine. "Transmission des génomes cytoplasmiques et phylogénie moléculaire chez Actinidia." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INAP0006.
Full textChombard, Catherine. "Les demospongiae à asters : phylogénie moléculaire et homologie morphologique." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MNHN0025.
Full textDavesne, Donald. "La phylogénie des téléostéens acanthomorphes : approches paléontologique et moléculaire." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MNHN0017.
Full textAcanthomorpha is a group a mainly marine teleosts including more than 15 000 extant species. Acanthomorph interrelationships were almost unknown until the first analyses using cladistic methodology on morphological characters in the beginning of the nineties. The relationships supported by morphology were largely contradicted when molecular phylogenetic studies became available a decade later. The new, "molecular" relationships have never been tested with morphology, which implies that today, several classifications coexist. Moreover, the phylogenetic hypotheses on the first dichotomies of the tree (that is, the first diversification of the group in the early Late Cretaceous) are contradictory from one molecular study to another. For example, some molecular studies based on mitogenomes reject acanthomorph monophyly. My objective during this PhD was to obtain a consensual phylogenetic hypothesis for the base of the acanthomorph tree, allowing reconciling molecular results together and with morphology. In order to obtain this, I constituted morphological datasets with a broad taxonomic sampling covering acanthomorph diversity enough for the molecular hypotheses to be tested by morphology – which previous morphological datasets did not allow. These datasets included fossil taxa for the first time, among which some of the oldest acanthomorphs known on record, that show character state combinations that are extinct today. In parallel, I built molecular dataset using numerous mitochondrial and nuclear markers, in order to better characterize the sources of the incongruence between results. The analysis of my morphological, mitochondrial and nuclear data yielded largely congruent topologies. The clades recovered from one analysis to another have then an increased reliability. For example, Gadiformes (cods) and Zeiformes (dories) are grouped together. Acanthomorph monophyly is supported by all data. The inclusion of fossil taxa is critical to obtain relevant results. In this PhD I obtained a synthetic phylogenetic hypothesis for acanthomorphs, proposing synapomorphies for the "molecular" clades. This phylogeny is replaced in a timeframe thanks to fossil data. The integrative approach I used in my PhD is promising to resolve many other complex phylogenetic questions, especially for deep nodes
Boussau, Bastien. "Evolution Profonde et Phylogénie." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00345743.
Full textSallen, Brunehild. "Caractérisation moléculaire en bactériologie : taxonomie ribosomique 23S et épidémiologie moléculaire d'intégrons." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10136.
Full textRezaei, Hamid Reza. "Phylogénie moléculaire du Genre Ovis (mouton et mouflons), implications pour la conservation du genre et pour l’origine de l’espèce domestique." Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10317.
Full textThe systematic of the Ovis genus has been difficult to establish with several classifications proposed. Seven main groups of wild sheep are distinguished on the basis of different karyotype, morphologies and geographic distributions. The present work provides new insights for the systematic and evolution of the wild sheep by performing cytochrome b phylogenies. These phylogenies were based on 267 samples covering the whole geographic distribution area and representative ofmost of the wild sheep subspecies. Ln this phylogeny urial and mouflon, which are either considered as a single species (O. Orientalis) or as two separate species (O. Orientalis and O. Vignei), form two monophyletic groups strongly supported by high bootstrap values. Hybrids between O. Vignei and O. Orientalis appear in one or the other group, independently from their geographic origin within the hybrid zone. The European mouflon O. Musimon is clearly in the O. Orientalis clade. The other species, O. Dalli, O. Canadensis, O. Nivicola and 0. Ammon are monophyletic. Three of these wild species (0. Orientalis, O. Vignei and O. Ammon) has been considered as potential ancestors of the domestic sheep until now. The phylogenetic relationships between the domestic sheep these three Asiatic wild species demonstrate that the Asiatic mouflon (O. Orientalis) is the only true ancestor. The comparison of the mitochondrial DNA diversity of 130 domestic sheep with that of 140 Asiatic mouflons from ail over its modem distribution area allows restricting the cradle of domestication between Eastern Anatolia and the Zagros mountains, clearly excluding the Lower Indus Valley and more Eastern Asiatic regions. A large part of the wild genetic diversity has been captured, which indicates a large effective population size at the time of domestication. This challenges the current believe suggesting the occurrence ofbottlenecks at the beginning of the domestication process
Pelandakis, Michel. "Phylogénie moléculaire des drosophilides fondée sur l'analyse de différents fragments de l'arnr 28s." Paris 7, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA077119.
Full textFournier, Pierre-Edouard. "Identification et phylogénie des rickettsies du groupe boutonneux." Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/1999AIX20657.pdf.
Full textZaragüeta, Bagils René. "Tests morphologique et moléculaire des hypothèses de phylogénie des Clupeomorpha (Teleostei)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MNHN0019.
Full textThe cladistic concept of character is loosely defined and every systematicist seems to have its own. The formalisation of the concept of character proposed here makes the distinction between the source of the conjectures of homology and their validation, abandoning ancestor-descendant relationships and abductive interpretation. Three-taxon analysis maximises the homology as defined here, the severity of the test of congruence and the precision of the method. The retention index, the only relevant measure of fit, is used in two original approaches. NoiseSnapper allows the detection of noise in cladistic analysis by identifying the threshold under which characters have no explanatory power. The second application deals with the problem of the fit of cladograms to stratigraphy. All the hitherto defined indices are refuted and a new hierarchical fit index (HIFI) is proposed. A third development is the application of the analysis of saturation to morphological data that allows the detection of artefacts caused by long-branch attraction and by missing data optimization. In the second part of this work, the methodological results are applied to the phylogenetic hypothesis of the Clupeomorpha. The molecular test shows that Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi are sister-groups and proposes a redefinition of the Protacanthopterygii, with a sister-group relationship between esocoids and salmonids. The morphological test resolves the relationships between the most inclusive clades of the Clupeomorpha and redefines the Ellimmichthyiformes
Haevermans, Thomas. "Le genre Euphorbia L. ( Euphorbiaceae) à Madagascar : phylogénie moléculaire et systématique." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MNHN0036.
Full textIglésias, Samuel Paco. "Taxinomie, phylogénie moléculaire et évolution des Scyliorhinidae sensu lato (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0067.
Full textScyliorhinids are the largest extant shark family. The species Apristurus atlanticus is placed as junior synonym of A. Laurussonii, and a new species is described: A. Melanoasper. The phylogeny of scyliorhinids is explored through separate and combined analyses of a mitochondrial gene and of a nuclear gene. The paraphyly of scyliorhinids is strongly supported and the classification of the group is revised. Scyliorhinidae sensu stricto are redefined and Pentanchidae are resurrected and redefined. A reliable phylogeny allows inferences on the evolution of biological characters. Thus the character “mode of reproduction” is mapped on the molecular tree and makes it possible to discuss the transitions of the modes of reproduction within Carcharhiniformes. In addition Apristurus longicephalus is described as being the first rudimentary hermaphroditic species within Chondrichthyes. The development of the electrosensory system is correlated with the ecology of the species. The preliminary assumption supports that this system compensates the inefficiency of the vision for the detection of the preys
Arabi, Juliette. "Phylogénie des Chelicerata et étude des taux de substitution dans leurs gènes mitochondriaux et nucléaires." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0007.
Full textThe subphylum Chelicerata contains arthropods characterized by a pair of chelicerae : arachnids, horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura) and sea spiders (Pycnogonida). To date, inter- and intra-ordinal relationships remain poorly resolved and the inclusion of Pycnogonida within Chelicerata is still a highly debated issue. Mitochondrial phylogenies have shown conflicting results that can be explained by variations in substitution rates of the mitochondrial DNA during the evolution of Arthropoda. In this study, more than 1,600 sequences of the mitochondrial CO1 gene were analyzed for base composition at third codon positions. The results show great variations among chelicerates, with a reversal strand-specific bias in the case of opisthothele spiders and scorpions, and a strong heterogeneity within acarines, harvestmen, pseudoscorpions and sea spiders. Reversals of base composition can be related to mitochondrial rearrangements: an inversion of a genomic fragment containing CO1 can generate a local reversal, while an inversion of the control region can create a reversal in the whole genome. The study of CO1 alone can be used to identify taxa affected by mitogenomic rearrangements. From a phylogenetic view, the consequences of these inversions are dramatic, since they entail many reconstructions artifacts related to the long-branch attraction phenomenon. A matrix including three genes (CO1 and the nuclear 18S and 28S rRNAs) and 180 taxa was constructed to better understand inter-ordinal relationships. The results show that Euchelicerata, all arachnid orders (except Acari) and the Tetrapulmonata (Amblypygi, Araneae, Uropygi) are monophyletic. The position of Pycnogonida was found to be uncertain. The comparison between mitochondrial and nuclear trees suggests faster rates of molecular evolution in Acari and Pseudoscorpiones. The phylogenetic position of Pycnogonida was also studied using a large data set of nuclear data: 68 regions of protein-coding genes were extracted from nucleotide databases for 98 taxa. The analysis of third codon positions revealed important variations in base composition. In some organisms, like Mastigoproctus (Uropygi), all genes are rich in AT; in others, such as Ixodes (Acari), the majority of genes are rich in GC; in others, such as Idiogaryops (Pseudoscorpiones), the proportions are balanced. These variations suggest that multiple changes in mutational patterns occurred during the evolution of arthropods. As these changes can lead to tree reconstruction artifacts, we consider that the position of Pycnogonida needs to be reassessed using denser taxonomic sampling
Mollaret, Isabelle. "Phylogénie des monogènes (Plathelminthes) : apport des caractères spermatologiques et moléculaires." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MNHN0017.
Full textSilberfeld, Thomas. "Contributions des phylogénies moléculaires à la systématique et à la compréhension de l'évolution des algues brunes (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0023.
Full textSystematics of brown algae (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae) has long remained a significant challenge. The goal of my PhD was to explore systematics within Phaeophyceae at various scales through molecular phylogenies. First, a 10,000+ nt data set was analysed to reassess interordinal relationships. Moreover, mean divergence times were estimated under a fossil-calibrated bayesian relaxed molecular clock model. Our estimates suggest that the evolutionary history of brown algae was marked by an increase in the cladogenetic rhythm for ca 30 Ma during Lower Cretaceous. Multi-locus data sets have also allowed us to clarify the systematic position of several poorly studied pyrenoid-bearing taxa (e. G. Chordariopsis, Spongonema), and noticeably resulted in the proposal of a new order Asterocladonales. Finally, the availability of a rich sampling for the genus Padina (Dictyotales) has allowed us to shed light upon speciation processes and biogeography in the genus
Loreille, Odile. "Contribution de la paléogénétique à la phylogénie moléculaire et à la phylogéographie." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10335.
Full textRougerie, Rodolphe. "Phylogénie et biogéographie des Saturniinae (Lepidoptera : Bombycoidea, Saturniidae) : approche morphologique et moléculaire." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0038.
Full textThe Saturniinae subfamily is the most heterogeneous group of the Saturniidae. Following a detailed overview of the background knowledge on this group, a phylogenetic analysis is carried out based on three sets of characters: the morphology of the adults, the morphology of the immature stages, and the sequences of the 16S-LSU gene. The results of the analyses of each of these matrices are presented and discussed, and an original procedure for a posteriori weighting is put forward. A simultaneous analysis of the data as a whole is carried out and the results of this taken into account. The monophyly of the Saturniinae, as well as that of tribes Bunaeini, Micragonini and Attacini are strongly supported by the combined datasets; Saturniini are paraphyletic and Urotini polyphyletic. The position of problematic genera is discussed and an hypothesis for the biogeographical history of the subfamily is proposed : an African origin is suggested and 2 main lineages appeared subsequently
Lavoué, Sébastien. "Phylogénie moléculaire des poissons électriques de la superfamille des Mormyroidea (Osteoglossomorpha ; Teleostei)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MNHN0015.
Full textLeroy, Stéphanie. "Phylogénie moléculaire et évolution de la taille du génome chez les nématodes." Perpignan, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PERP0684.
Full textFuchs, Jérôme. "Biogéographie comparée des oiseaux forestiers de l'Ancien Monde : phylogénie et datation moléculaire." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066363.
Full textRousseau, Florence. "Phylogénie moléculaire des fucales et tendances évolutives au sein des algues brunes." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MNHN0003.
Full textVidal, Nicolas. "Phylogénie moléculaire des Colubroidea (Serpentes)néotropicaux : l'exemple des Crotalinae et des Xenodontinae." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MNHN0021.
Full textDauvergne, Xavier. "Taxonomie du genre Cochlearia des côtes bretonnes : morphologie, écologie, chimiotaxonomie et phylogénie moléculaire." Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2048.
Full textThe genus Cochlearia represents a complex of highly polymorphic species with regard to their morphology, chromosome number, ecological adaptation and distribution areas. In Brittany C. Aestuaria presents a delicate taxonomic status and can be confused with C. Anglica and C. Officinalis. In order to elucidate the taxonomy of this genus, a multi-field work was carried out, including (1) a morpho-ecological, a chemotaxonomic and molecular phylogeny studies. The biometric analyses highlighted some characters allowing to clarify the taxonomy of Cochlearia genus in Brittany. Scanning electron microscopy also revealed differences of seed ornamentation between the species. In complement of this study, the biochemical approach showed the characterisation of chemotaxonomic markers in each Cochlearia species. Accordingly, C. Aestuaria and C. Officinalis have be clearly characterised. Finally, the molecular phylogenetic analyis of Cochlearia which constitutes a sister section of Eucochlearia, (3) the monophyly of the Eucochlearia and, (4) the basal origin of C. Danica within Eucochlearia. Overall, our work confirmed the proximity of the various Britain species of the Cochlearia genus, and it also clarified the taxonomy of this genus in Brittany
Abdel, Samad Nour. "Caractérisation génétique du genre Iris évoluant dans la méditerranée orientale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS250/document.
Full textThe Iris genus belonging to the Iridaceae family includes over 220 species distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The Oncocyclus section (Siems.) Baker is confined to the Southwest Asia and includes more than 65 species with a discussed taxonomic status.This study focuses on the Iris species complex evolving in the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine / Israel, Armenia, Turkey and Iran.The rate of endemism within this genus is relatively high. The overharvesting and the destruction of their habitats threaten many of its species.To clarify the taxonomic status of the species and to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships that connect them, several methods are used: the analysis of the genome size, the study of the karyotype, genome organization based on the ribosomal genes location and the study of genetic diversity and phylogeny based on nuclear and chloroplast molecular markers.Laboratory studies are complemented by field work to monitor the dynamics of Lebanon's endemic taxa for their preservation.In our study, the ITS regions, trnL-F and matK of all Lebanese irises and 20 Oncocylus irises of the East Mediterranean region were sequenced to construct phylogenetic trees. Both techniques FISH and Feulgen were applied to several Lebanese Oncocyclus species. Extensive cytogenetic studies have been conducted on all species of collected Iris taxa
Hemery, Lenaïg. "Diversité moléculaire, phylogéographie et phylogénie des Crinoïdes (Échinodermes) dans un environnement extrême, l'océan Austral." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0026.
Full textThe crinoid classification is in constant change. It was however largely based on the analysis of the external characters of the skeleton. The recent contribution of the analysis of the ontogeny of morphological characters and a better understanding of the morphofunctional constraints helped to better understand the affinities within the class Crinoidea. The molecular approach developed in this work allows testing these affinities. In the new phylogeny of the class shown here, a clade A is only composed by stalked forms and a clade B comprises all the comatulids and some stalked crinoids. A quarter of the extant crinoid families are represented in the Southern Ocean. A new inventory of Antarctic crinoids accounts for 40 ESUs. Some are geographically well structured whereas some are circumpolar in distribution. Most are eurybathic. The description of ecological niches of the most abundant Antarctic species, found in sympatry and sometimes syntopy, allows showing that they share the same optimal regions but each of them has its own niche and its own specializations. The combination of different approaches such as molecular phylogeny, integrative taxonomy, phylogeography, population genetics, ecological niche description allowed characterizing the specific and ecological diversities of Antarctic crinoids and replacing them into a phylogeny of the class, while shedding light on the phyletic relationships between taxa
Brosseau, Olivier. "Phylogénie moléculaire et analyse morphométrique des pédicellaires et du test des Cidaroida (Echinodermata, Echinoidea)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0023.
Full textThe last revision of the Cidaroida (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) dates back to the beginning of the 20th century (Mortensen, 1928). In this work, Mortensen stressed the use of characters of the pedicellariae for classificatory purpose at every level of the taxonomy. Since Mortensen efforts to clarify the taxonomy of the Cidaroida, this group remained seldom studied (Smith et Whright, 1989). It seemed therefore necessary to revaluate the relevance of the morphological characters classically used in the classification of the Cidaroida. In the present study, I explored three main research approaches based on different exploratory methods in order to come to a better understanding of the systematics and evolutionary history of the Cidaroida. First, I investigated the variation and ontogenesis of a number of morphological characters of the pedicellariae. Secondly, I examined the post larval growth in different populations of Stylocidaris affinis. Finally, I used molecular sequences (28S-D1 and COI) to perform the first phylogenetic reconstruction of 27 taxa, representative of the whole group, using the parsimony criterion. Using a morphometric approach, I showed that the observed variability in shape of the globiferous pedicallariae can be explained by static allometries. I also showed that the different types of pedicellariae observed on Stylocidaris affinis and Prionocidaris sp. Can be interpreted in term of heterochronic processes. As a consequence I discussed the taxonomic implication of these results. The test growth was explained by growth allometry that may lead to significant morphological differences. Moreover, drastic changes in allometric patterns were shown to be related to the development of the genital pores at sexual maturity. The phylogenetic reconstruction showed the monophyly of the order Cidaroida. However, the family Cidaridae was monophyletic whereas the genus Goniocidaris was well supported by both Jackknife and Bremer indices
Filée, Jonathan. "Phylogénie moléculaire des gènes viraux impliqués dans le métabolisme et la réplication de l'ADN." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112324.
Full textCharrel, Rémi. "Virus GB-A et GB-C (famille Flaviviridae) : épidémiologie, caractérisation moléculaire, phylogénie et évolution." Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/1999AIX20654.pdf.
Full textGB virus A and GB virus C were discovered in 1995. They belong to the Flaviviridae family and are provisionally classified into the genus Hepacivirus. GB virus A (GBV-A) has been isolated from six species of New World monkeys belonging to the order of Primates. GB virus C, also known as hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) infects humans. GBV-C/HGV is a cosmopolitan virus, which prevalence of viremia ranges from 0. 7% to 12% of the population depending on the countries. We studied the epidemiology of GBV-C/HGV in 3 exposed populations: patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, kidney transplant recipients and prisoners. The prevalences of viremia were significantly higher in these groups than in the control population. However, no evident clinical or biological syndrome was found in infected individuals. We determined the complete coding sequence of a viral strain isolated from the serum of a French blood donor. This isolate is genetically representative for the viral population that can be isolated in Europe. Phylogenetic relationships between the 34 complete sequences of GBV-C/HGV and these from the other members of the Hepacivirus genus were analyzed. The phylogenetic grouping patterns and the distribution of the genetic distances support the acknowledgement of an unique genotype. The analysis of a 157-nucleotide fragment in the 5' non coding region allows to group the isolates in three major clusters in correlation with their geographical origin (Africa, Europe and North America, and Asia). Recently, a GBV-C/HGV-like virus was isolated from a chimpanzee. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that GBV-A on one hand and GBV-C/HGV and GBV-C/HGV-like on other hand have shared a common ancestor estimated around 35 million years ago. Comparison between phylogenetics of the viruses and their respective human and non human primate hosts suggest that a mechanism of co-evolution has occurred
Burrowes, Renaud. "Étude de l'évolution des algues brunes au moyen de phylogénies moléculaires." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066037.
Full textThe study of nucleic acid sequences, allowed us to resolve several phylogenetic relationships within brown algae, particularly the first divergences. The first comprehensive phylogenies of the Phaeophyceae were built using rDNA sequences coding for 18S and 28S rRNA and chloroplastic rbcL. Genus Choristocarpus is the first to diverge followed successively by the orders Dictyotales, Sphacelariales and Syringodermatales. The other lineages form a large clade, here called clade A. It includes the following orders : Fucales, Laminariales s. L. , Ectocarpales, Desmarestiales, Cutleriales, Tilopteridales, Sporochnales, Scytothamnales and Ralfsiales. The monophyly of the majority of orders was confirmed and the genus Microzonia - until now placed within either Dictyotales or Cutleriales - was moved in Syringodermatales. These results are supported by high statistical values and numerous morphological characters. However relationships within the clade A were not resolved. In order to improve the knowledge of inter-ordinal relationships within the clade A chloroplastic genes coding tufA and atpB were chosen and added to our dataset. Three monophyletic groups were highlighted
Roy, Virginie. "Les termites humivores Cubitermes spp. (Termitidae, Termitinae) : phylogénie moléculaire, structure reproductive et infection par Wolbachia." Paris 12, 2005. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990003941910204611&vid=upec.
Full textSoil-feeding termites are particulary interesting models since they contribute to tropical soil fertility and could represent bio-indicators of the landscape disturbance. This work has focused on an African soil-feeding termite, originally affiliated to a single species, Cubitermes subarquatus (Termitidae, Termitinae). Using molecular markers, we detected four cryptic species and characterized the breeding systems of the colonies. A study concerning the infection by the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia suggested particulary effective patterns of transmission and possible horizontal transfers of the symbiont in Isoptera. Molecular identification of Wolbochia strains revealed a strict association between the bacterium and the host species, suggesting several acquisition scenarios and asking the question of the implication of Wolbachia in the speciation process
Hassanin, Alexandre. "Phylogénie des bovidae (Mammalia, artiodactyla) : Apports de l’ADN ancien, évolution moléculaire et stratégies de pondération." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MNHN0001.
Full textLahaye, Renaud. "Phylogénie moléculaire des secamonoideae (Apocynaceae S. L. ) : histoire biogéographique et évolution des formes de croissance." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30253.
Full textPhylogenetic relationships within the subfamily Secamonoideae are inferred from four chloroplast regions: both the introns 5'trnK and trnL, the spacers trnT-L et trnL-F, and the gene matK. The study shows that these nucleotide sequences are phylogenetically congruent. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of the combined matrix support the position of the Secamonoideae as sister group to the Asclepiadoideae. Within the Secamonoideae, the genera Secamonopsis, Pervillaea, and Toxocarpus are monophyletic. The genus Calyptranthera is paraphyletic and the monophyly of the main genus Secamone remains uncertain. A Maximum Likelihood tree obtained without molecular clock constraint, transformed by NPRS, and calibrated by the appearance of Secamone volubilis on the volcanic island La Reunion, estimated the divergence of the Secamonoideae at about –15 millions years, latter than the fragmentation of the Gondwana. The subfamily has reached Madagascar from an African ancestor during the Miocene. On the island, the Secamonoideae show an adaptive radiation with rapid speciations and an important morphological diversification. During the Pliocene, the main genus Secamone shows several dispersals events from Madagascar back to Africa, and from Madagascar to Asia. There has been also exchanges within this genus between Africa and Southeast Asia in the early Pliocene. The actual distribution of the Secamonoideae around the Indian Ocean Basin would be mainly due to long-distance dispersal events. .
Botero-Castro, Fidel. "Systématique, phylogénie et évolution moléculaires des Phyllostomidae (Mammalia, Chiroptera) : une approche mitogénomique comparative." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20053/document.
Full textNew sequencing technologies have revolutionized the acquisition of molecular data by increasing the amount of sequences at a considerably lower cost. These new technologies have also given access to samples previously neglected because they resulted in low-quantity and degraded DNA yields, as for example, old tissues, museum specimens and even fossil rests. An additional advantage comes from the possibility of multiplexing; this is, mixing several taxa in a single sample thanks to the use of tags or labels allowing late separating the sequences using bioinformatic tools. A molecular marker that has greatly benefited from these technologies is the mitochondrial genome. Indeed, we show that, thanks to the high per-cell ratio of mitochondrial to nuclear DNA, it's possible to obtain whole well-covered mitochondrial genomes without previous sample enrichment. This allows the accomplishment of projects of comparative mitogenomics for species-rich groups needing exhaustive taxon sampling and for which strong genetic divergences would difficult the use of classical sequencing.It is in this context that this thesis tackles the molecular systematics, phylogenetics and evolution of a Neotropical family of bats: the Phyllostomidae. This species-rich family, accounting for more than 160 species, is also the family of Mammals with the highest diversity of life history traits, for example, feeding on almost every possible source of food. This diversity results in convergent morphologies that make this kind of characters inadequate for reconstructing the evolutionary history of this group. Mitogenomics has proven useful in similar cases but no study of this kind has been conducted for this family. We got to sequence whole mitogenomes for representatives of all major lineages and covering the diversity of life history traits. We then show that using these mitogenomes allows solving intrafamilial relationships with a resolution similar to that resulting from a concatenation of mitochondrial and nuclear markers and with solid statistical support for most of the nodes of the phylogeny. This allowed clarifying several controversial relationships and confirming several clades proposed in previous studies. Next, we illustrate the evolution of mitogenomes and the influence of life history traits using the clade of vampire bats, the only hematophagous Mammals, whose mitogenome seem to have undergone an acceleration of evolutionary rate as a consequence of the combined action of neutral and selective forces in order to counter the constraints imposed by this feeding habit. Finally, the robust phylogenetic frame provided by the 100 mitogenomes that we sequenced, will be used for future studies about, for exemple, the diversification process of Phyllostomids
Kin, Nathalie. "Caractérisation moléculaire intraspécifique et phylogénie comparée de deux Betacoronavirus de clade A : HCoV-OC43 et BCoV." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN2068.
Full textCoronaviruses are characterized by an important evolutionary potential by genetic recombination and single nucleotide polymorphisms. These events could lead to the successful emergence of a new variant in a new host population, following a species barrier crossing. One such event occurred at the end of the 19th century, with the emergence of hcov-oc43 from bcov. Genotyping of hcov-oc43 has made it possible to show an intraspecific diversification into numerous genotypes, including recombinant variants. In parallel, genotyping of bcov did not reveal recombinant events. However, we observed an organization of bcov with a geographical distribution, with a european cluster and an american/asian cluster. There is a need for monitoring the emergence of coronaviruses in the human population from an animal reservoir, such as has been seen in the emergence of sars-cov and mers-cov at the origin of epidemics associated with global mortality rates of around 10% and 40%, respectively
Rodriguez-Nava, Verónica. "Étude moléculaire et phylogénétique des bactéries appartenant au genre Nocardia." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10104.
Full textDubois, Jacques. "Phylogénie moléculaire et morphologique des Pimplinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) parasites d'araignées : scénarios évolutifs du mode de parasitisme." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0063.
Full textPimplinae are the subfamily whose parasitism patterns are the most diversified and biology one of the best known within the Ichneumonidae. Hypotheses on Pimplinae phylogeny being already established from morphological data, this work aimed at (1) supplying original molecular data, based on 28S and 16S rDNAs and CO1 analyses, in order to test the morphological hypotheses at a generic level; (2) detailing relationships within the Polysphincta genus group ; (3) establishing hypotheses about the evolution of parasitism patterns within this group. The study of the Polysphincta genus group, based on a morphological phylogeny, led to the redefinition of 21 genera, among which 3 were new. The subsequent inclusion of biological characters in the matrix enabled to retrace the evolutionary history of this group through the evolution of parasitism patterns and other behavioural traits of the larva and its cocoon
Benachenhou, Lahfa Nadia. "Etudes moléculaires et phylogénétiques des glutamates deshydrogenases chez les archaebacteries." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112176.
Full textBessadok, Anis. "La multiplicité de transport de la P-glycoprotéine : études de modélisation comparative et de docking au sein de la famille des protéines ABC." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066225.
Full textMejlumian, Lucine. "Analyse phylogénétique et fonctionnelle de la région régulatrice et du gène enveloppe des éléments gypsy chez drosophila." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077044.
Full textHuchon, Dorothée. "Phylogénie moléculaire des rongeurs (Mammalia, Rodenta) : contribution de gènes nucléaires et confrontation avec les données mitochondriales." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20199.
Full textGentzbittel, Laurent. "Construction d'une phylogénie moléculaire du genre Helianthus : application à l'analyse des stérilités mâles cytoplasmiques du tournesol." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO10086.
Full textLe, Péchon Timothée. "Systématique des dombeyoideae (Malvaceae, ex-"Sterculiaceae") des Mascareignes : approches morphologique et moléculaire." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066069.
Full textDijoux, Laury. "La diversité des algues rouges du genre Asparagopsis en Nouvelle-Calédonie : Approches in situ et moléculaire." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066262/document.
Full textSeaweeds proliferations may cause major issues to the ecosystems health, and especially in tropical coral reefs. The nature of theses proliferations and the species involved are two essential points to identify before taking environmental management measures. In this context, this study focused on the red algal genus Asparagopsis in New Caledonia. This work comprises two parts that aim to answer to the origins of the recent proliferations observed on Caledonian reefs. First, species and lineage identification occurring in New Caledonia were performed together with a study of the diversity at a worldwide scale. To achieve this, the sampling was extended to overlooked regions. Thanks to this enlarged sampling together with a higher sampling effort per site, a new lineage for A. taxiformis, that are now five and a new clade for A. armata were highlighted. In New Caledonia, only one lineage that has never been described was identified. Distribution and genetic diversity of this lineage highly support the hypothesis of a natural distribution area in New Caledonia. In a second part, attention was made on diversity and genetic structure of Asparagopsis populations in New Caledonia in relation with a seasonal monitoring of four populations for three consecutive years, allowing the characterization of abundance fluctuations of the algae. Field studies with population genetics revealed that blooms previously described were in fact natural fluctuation of a seasonal life cycle of a species that may occasionally reproduce clonally. All of these results revealed many research perspectives, in particular on integrative taxonomy, speciation process study and reproduction ecology
Mahé, Frédéric. "Phylogénie, éléments transposables et évolution de la taille des génomes chez les lupins." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00494607.
Full textGugger, Muriel. "Etudes taxinomique et phylogénétique des cyanobactéries toxiques d'eau douce par des approches biochimique et moléculaire." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077136.
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