Dissertations / Theses: 'Physical and mechanical wood properties'

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Kirkpatrick, John Warren. "Mechanical and physical properties of preservative-treated strandboard." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2005. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/ETD-browse/browse.

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Paredes, Heller Juan Jacobo. "The Influence of Hot Water Extraction on Physical and Mechanical Properties of OSB." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/ParedesJJ2009.pdf.

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Anderson, Scott Powell. "Wood fiber reinforced bacterial biocomposites effects of interfacial modifers and processing on mechanical and physical properties /." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2007/S_Anderson_100507.pdf.

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Naderi, Nader. "Influence of the planing on the physical, mechanical and gluing properties of wood." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ39378.pdf.

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Li, Junqiu. "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Medite® MDF Exterior from Acetylated Wood Fibers." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76444.

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Currently, the demand for wood-based panels has been growing solidly in European countries. Medium density fibreboard (MDF) manifests the potentialities for outstanding physical and mechanical properties. However, MDF from different fiber sources is normally designed for internal applications due to the poor moisture resistant capability. This study was conducted on acetylated MDF (Medite® MDF Exterior) to evaluate how physical (i.e. density, moisture content, dimensional stability, thickness swelling) and mechanical (i.e. modulus of elasticity, internal bonding strength before and after accelerated aging, bending stiffness and bending strength) properties behave at different relative humidity (i.e. 35 %, 65 % and 85 % RH at constant temperature of 20 ℃) levels. Bending stiffness was measured non-destructively by means of resonance method. The material used for control samples was commercial MDF. The size, quantity, conditioning and test method were followed in accordance with respective standards. The results showed that physical and mechanical properties were less influenced by Medite® MDF Exterior compared to commercial MDF. Medite® MDF Exterior were superior to commercial MDF in moisture resistance. Medite® MDF Exterior had more stable mechanical properties than commercial MDF with the changes of relative humidity.

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Skyba, Oleksandr. "Durability and physical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanically (THM)-densified wood /." Zürich : ETH, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17855.

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Qi, Hucheng. "Leaching, hydration and physical-mechanical properties of spent chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood-cement composites." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ58808.pdf.

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CARVALHO, GILBERTO. "Aplicação da radiação gama na determinação de parâmetros físicos em madeiras." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10603.

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Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Ashaduzzaman, Md. "Physico-mechanical and decay resistance properties of bio-resin modified wood." Thesis, Bangor University, 2014. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/physicomechanical-and-decay-resistance-properties-of-bioresin-modified-wood(f4588ffc-250d-4f89-95f5-8f9ea381dba7).html.

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Crafford, Philippus Lodewicus. "An investigation of selected mechanical and physical properties of young, unseasoned and finger-jointed Eucalyptus grandis timber." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80072.

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Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is a timber scarce country that will most probably experience a shortage of structural timber in the near future. In this study the concept of using young finger‐jointed Eucalyptus grandis timber was evaluated for possible application in roof truss structures while the timber is still in the green, unseasoned state. 220 finger‐jointed boards of cross‐sectional dimension 48 x 73 mm and 36 x 111 mm timber, cut from 5‐18 year old Eucalyptus grandis trees were obtained from Limpopo province, South Africa. The boards were manufactured using a polyurethane (PU) adhesive at moisture content levels above fibre saturation point and no drying was performed. The objectives of this study were to determine various mechanical and physical properties of this finger‐jointed product. More specifically (1) to determine the strength and stiffness potential of the product in the wet and the dry condition, (2) to evaluate physical properties such as density, warp, checking and splitting, (3) to evaluate potential indicator properties to be used as structural grading parameters, and (4) to compare the flexural properties to the current SA pine resource and SANS structural grade requirements. The boards were divided into two groups of the same size, which constituted the wet and the dry samples. Each sample was further separated into six different groups for testing the different strength and stiffness properties. The dry group was stacked in a green‐house for nine weeks until equilibrium moisture content was reached. Afterwards selected physical properties such as warp, checking and splitting were assessed. Destructive testing was conducted on the boards and the results were used to determine various mechanical properties. Finally, each board was assessed for density and moisture content (MC) values. The study showed that the young finger‐jointed Eucalyptus grandis timber had very good flexural properties. Both mean modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) 5th percentile strength values for wet and dry boards complied with the current SANS 10163‐1 (2003) requirements for grade S7.The values of tensile perpendicular to grain and compression perpendicular to grain strength did not conform to SANS requirements for grade S5. The other strength properties for the wet and dry groups complied with one of the three SANS structural grades. The 5 year old (48 x 73 mm) boards’ showed significantly higher levels of twist and checking compared to 11 year old boards of the same dimension. Only 46.3% of the finger‐jointed products conformed to the density requirements in SANS 1783‐2 (2004) for grade S7. There was a significant difference in density between the three age groups (5, 11 and 18 years) presented in this study. The variation in both MOE and MOR values of the fingerjointed product proved to be significantly lower in comparison to currently used SA pine sources. Based on the results from this study the concept of producing roof trusses from wet, unseasoned and finger‐jointed young Eucalyptus grandis timber has potential. However, additional research on a number of issues not covered in this study is still required for this product including full scale truss evaluations, proof grading, PU adhesive evaluation at elevated temperatures, nail plate load capacity, and the possible need for chemical treatment of the product against Lyctus beetles.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid Afrika is ‘n land wat waarskynlik ‘n tekort aan strukturele hout sal ervaar in die nabye toekoms. In hierdie studie word die gebruik van jong gevingerlasde Eucalyptus grandis hout vir die moontlike gebruik in dakstrukture, terwyl nat en ongedroog, ondersoek. 220 gevingerlasde planke van deursnit 48 x 73 mm en 36 x 111 mm gesaag van 5‐18 jaar‐oue Eucalyptus grandis bome en afkomstig van die Limpopo provinsie in Suid Afrika, is gebruik. Die produk is vervaardig met poli‐uretaan (PU) lym uit planke met vog inhouds vlakke bo veselversadigingspunt. Die doelwit van hierdie studie was om verskeie meganiese en fisiese eienskappe van die vingerlas produk vas te stel. Meer spesifiek (1) om die sterkte en modulus van elastisiteit (MOE) potensiaal van die vingerlas produk in die nat en droë toestand te analiseer, (2) om die fisiese eienskappe soos digtheid, vervorming, oppervlakbarse en spleting te ondersoek, (3) om potensiële graderingsparameters te evalueer, en (4) om die buigeienskappe van die produk te vergelyk met SA dennehout asook die SANS strukturele graad vereistes. Die planke is verdeel in twee groepe, ‘n nat groep en ‘n droë groep. Elke groep is verder verdeel in ses kleiner groepe soos buig, trek en drukmonsters. Die droë groep was in ‘n kweekhuis geplaas vir nege weke totdat veselversadigingspunt bereik is. Daarna is geselekteerde fisiese eienskappe soos vervorming, oppervlak barse en spleting gemeet. Destruktiewe toetsing is uitgevoer op die planke en die resultate was gebruik om verskeie meganiese eienskappe vas te stel. Laastens is elke plank se digtheid en voggehalte gemeet. Die studie het getoon dat die jong gevingerlasde Eucalyptus grandis hout goeie buigeienskappe het. Beide die gemiddelde MOE en buig sterkte 5de persentiel waardes van die nat en droë groep het voldoen aan die huidige SANS 10163‐1 (2003) vereistes vir graad S7. Die sterkte‐eienskappe van loodregte trekkrag en loodregte druk het nie die vereistes vir SANS graad S5 gemaak nie. Die ander sterkte‐eienskappe van die nat en droë groep het voldoen aan een van die drie SANS strukturele graadvereistes. Die 5 jaar‐oue (48 x 73 mm ) planke het beduidend hoër vlakke van draai‐trek en oppervlakbarste getoon as die 11 jaar‐oue planke van dieselfe dimensie. Slegs 46.3% van die vingerlas produk het voldoen aan digtheidsvereistes vir SANS graad S7. Daar was ‘n beduidende verskil in dightheid tussen die drie ouderdomsgroepe (5, 11 en 18 jaar). Die MOE en buigsterkte‐waardes van die Biligom produk het beduidend laer variasie as huidige SA denne houtbronne getoon. Die resultate verkry in die studie toon dat die konsep om dakkappe te vervaardig van nat, gevingerlasde jong Eucalyptus grandis hout die potensiaal het om suksesvol toegepas te word. Bykomende navorsing oor ‘n aantal faktore wat nie in hierdie studie ingesluit is nie word steeds benodig. Dit sluit in ‘n volskaalse dakkap evaluasie, proefgradering, PU lym evaluasie by hoë temperature, spykerplaat ladingskapasiteit en die moontlike noodsaaklikheid van chemiese behandeling van die produk teen Lyctus kewers, insluit.

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SEVERIANO, LUCIO C. "Estudo do efeito da radiacao gama sobre algumas propriedades fisico-mecanicas de madeiras usadas em patrimonios artisticos e culturais brasileiros." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2010. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9543.

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Erwinsyah, Erwinsyah. "Improvement of Oil Palm Wood Properties Using Bioresin." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1211880694953-36973.

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Die ausWestafrika stammende Ölpalme (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) ist zur populärsten Kulturpflanze in Südostasien geworden. Als Haupterzeugnisse dieser Pflanze gelten die Öle der Früchte und der Fruchtkerne. Die weltweite Nachfrage nach diesen beiden Haupterzeugnissen nimmt sehr rasch zu. Ursache hierfür ist die breite Anwendungspalette dieser Pflanzenöle, wie z.B. Bratöl, ölbasierte Chemikalien und ölbasierte Nahrungsmittel, Kosmetika, Waschmittel, Biobrennstoff usw. Indonesien und Malaysia sind die Hauptproduzenten und Hauptlieferanten solcher Produkte und decken über 85% des weltweiten Bedarfs. Mit Extensivierung der Ölpalmplantagen sehen sich die Erzeugerländer zunehmend mit ernstzunehmenden Umweltprobleme konfrontiert, da nach Erreichen der wirtschaftlichen Lebenspanne (Umtriebszeit) von 25 Jahren große Mengen an festen, biologischen Abfallstoffe bei der Neubegründung der Bestände anfallen. So sollen z.B. im Jahre 2010 laut Vorhersagen mehr als 20 Mill. Kubikmeter Ölpalmen- Holz jährlich anfallen
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) becomes the most popular crop, especially in Southeast Asia, than its origin,West Africa. World demand of two main products from this crop (e.g. crude palm oil and palm kernel oil) increases very rapidly, due to very wide ranges use of these vegetable oils for industrial purposes, such as fried oil, oleo-chemical and -food, cosmetics, detergent, biofuel and etc. Indonesia and Malaysia are the main producers and supplying more than 85% of world consumption. On the other hand, due to the economic life span of this popular crop (25 years), the producer countries have been facing a serious environmental problems concerning to the solid biowaste handling of oil palm industry, particularly the oil palm trunk after replanting activity. Starting 2010, it is predicted that more than 20 millions cubic meter biomass from oil palm trunk available annually

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Dowse, George Patrick. "Selected mechanical properties and the structural grading of young Pinus patula sawn timber." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5341.

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Thesis (MScFor (Dept. of Forest and Wood Science)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study 1345 pieces of 38x114 mm timber sawn from 16-20 year-old Pinus patula trees were obtained from a wide variety of sites along the Mpumalanga escarpment in South Africa. The samples were tested for various mechanical and physical properties. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the variation in the bending strength, tension strength, and stiffness of the sawn timber, (2) to assess the efficiency of the current visual and mechanical grading rules on this sample, and (3) to evaluate the potential of some indicator properties to be used as structural grading parameters on this resource. A large number of non-destructive measurements were performed on all the samples, including scanning of the boards with a commercial X-ray density scanner, moisture content measurement, growth ring measurements, warp measurement, acoustic frequency measurement and measurement of the stiffness using a mechanical grader. The data from the X-ray density scanner was used to calculate a number of knot-related variables for each board. Visual grading according to the SANS 1783-2 (2005) specifications for structural timber was performed by a certified grader on all the boards. The timber was divided into two groups for destructive testing, one group each for bending and tension tests. Tests were conducted according to the SANS 6122 (1994) method for in-grade testing. Due to the sampling method followed, the destructive tests effectively used a random placement of defects with regard to the load application position. From the destructive tests the modulus of elasticity (MOEedge), bending strength (MOR) and tensile strength were determined. The study showed that the MOEedge of the sawn timber was far below the requirements of the current national standard (SANS 10163-1) for all of the visual and mechanical grades. The mean MOEedge of the visually graded S5 timber was about 30% lower than required. The 5th percentile values for bending strength of all the visual and mechanical grades were above the required values of SANS 10163-1. The 5th percentile values for tensile strength of all the visual and mechanical grades were similar to that required by the SANS 10163-1 standard. Correlations between flatwise measured MOE (MOEflat) and edgewise measured MOE (MOEedge) were smaller than expected, as well as the correlations between both MOEedge and MOEflat with MOR. Dynamic MOE (MOEdyn), calculated from acoustic frequency tests on the timber, was found to be the best single predictor of MOEedge, MOR and tension strength. Multiple regression analysis showed that a combination of MOEdyn, density and knot parameters can be used to improve the predictability of some of the strength and stiffness characteristics of the timber. It is recommended that a comprehensive study on the structural grading of SA Pine be performed which includes (1) an analysis of market requirements in terms of strength and stiffness properties of timber, (2) in-grade testing of a representative sample of structural timber in South Africa, and (3) a review of the standards used in South Africa to regulate the structural grading of timber.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie is 1345 stukke 38x114 mm 16-20 jaar-oue Pinus patula planke, afkomstig van ‘n wye verskydenheid groeiplekke teen die Mpumalanga platorand in Suid Afrika, gebruik. Die planke is getoets vir verskeie meganiese sowel as fisiese eienskappe. Die doelwitte van hierdie studie was om (1) die variasie in buigsterkte, treksterkte en styfheid van die gesaagde planke te bepaal, (2) die effektiwiteit van die huidige visuele -en meganiese graderingsreëls op hierdie monster planke vas te stel, en (3) die potensiaal te evalueer van sommige eienskappe wat gebruik kan word as strukturele graderingsparameters. ‘n Groot hoeveelheid nie-destruktiewe toetse is op alle planke uitgevoer, wat ingesluit het skandering van planke met ‘n kommersiële X-straaldigt-heidskandeerder, metings van voginhoud, groeiringwydtes, deformasie, akoestiese frekwensie en die bepaling van styfheid met behulp van ‘n meganiese gradeerder. Die data van die X-straalskandeerder is gebruik om ‘n aantal kwasverwante veranderlikes vir elke plank te bereken. Visuele gradering is op alle planke uitgevoer ooreenkomstig met die SANS 1783-2 (2005) spesifikasies vir strukturele hout deur ‘n gesertifiseerde gradeerder. Die hout is in twee groepe opgedeel vir destruktiewe toetse, een vir buigtoetse en een vir trektoetse, ooreenkomstig met die SANS 6122 (1994) metode vir binnegraadse toetse. As gevolg van die monsternemingsmetodiek wat gevolg is, is daar effektief gebruik gemaak van ‘n lukrake plasing van defekte met betrekking tot die las-aanwendingsposisie. Die modulus van elastisiteit (MOEedge), buigsterkte (MOR) en treksterkte is deur middel van destruktiewe toetsresultate bepaal. Die studie het aangetoon dat die MOEedge van gesaagde hout aansienlik minder as die vereiste van die huidige nasionale standaard (SANS 10163-1) is vir al die visuele en meganiese grade. Die gemiddelde MOEedge van die visueel-gegradeerde S5 planke was omtrent 30% laer as vereis. Die 5de persentiel waardes vir buigsterkte van alle visuele en meganiese grade was hoër as die vereiste waardes soos voorgeskryf deur SANS 10163-1. Die 5de persentiel waardes vir treksterkte van alle visuele en meganiese grade was gelykstaande aan wat vereis word deur SANS 10163-1. Korrelasies tussen MOE, gemeet op die wydte sy (MOEflat), en MOE, gemeet op die diktesy (MOEedge), asook die korrelasies van beide MOEedge en MOEflat met MOR van die planke was laer as verwag. Dinamiese MOE (MOEdyn), wat bereken was vanaf die akoestiese frekwensie resultate, is vasgestel as die beste enkele indikator van MOEedge, MOR en treksterkte. Meervuldige regressie analise het aangetoon dat ‘n kombinasie van MOEdyn, digtheid en kwasparameters gebruik kan word om die voorspelbaarheid van sommige van die sterkte- en styfheids eienskappe van die hout te verbeter. Daar word aanbeveel dat ‘n omvattende studie gedoen word op die strukturele gradering van SA Dennehout, wat insluit (1) ‘n analise van die markbehoeftes in terme van die sterkte- en styfheids eienskappe van hout, (2) binnegraadse toetsing van ‘n verteenwoordigende monster strukturele hout in Suid Afrika, en (3) die hersiening van standaarde in gebruik in Suid Afrika om die strukturele gradering van hout te reguleer.

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Araújo, Henrique José Borges de. "Agrupamento das espécies madeireiras ocorrentes em pequenas áreas sob manejo florestal do projeto de colonização Pedro Peixoto (AC) por similaridade das propriedades físicas e mecânicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-03122002-081639/.

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O manejo florestal sustentado mostra-se uma solução tecnológica adequada para a região amazônica. A exploração seletiva das espécies madeireiras tradicionais vem ocasionando a escassez dessas espécies. É necessário melhorar o aproveitamento dos recursos florestais amazônicos, aproveitando o máximo de suas potencialidades. As espécies de madeira exploradas para fins comerciais são poucas, sendo que há muitas outras com potencial de uso. Vários fatores mostram que o estado do Acre tem aptidão para atividades florestais. O objetivo do presente trabalho é agrupar, por similaridade das propriedades físicas e mecânicas, as madeiras ocorrentes em áreas sob manejo florestal, identificando espécies com potencial de uso e comercialização. A revisão bibliográfica abordou aspectos relacionados ao mercado internacional de madeiras, ao consumo da produção madeireira amazônica, ao uso sustentado dos recursos florestais, a novas espécies de madeira, à caracterização geral do material Madeira, e, à análise estatística multivariada. A área do estudo é composta por 12 pequenas propriedades localizadas no estado do Acre. A área total sob manejo florestal das propriedades é de 431 ha. O plano de manejo florestal prevê a exploração de 8,0 m 3 .ha -1 de madeira em um compartimento de 3,6 ha ao ano em cada propriedade. As espécies do estudo foram as ocorrentes no inventário florestal a 100% em 206,8 ha das propriedades. Os parâmetros dendrométricos (totais e por hectare) foram: número de árvores (N), volume (V), área basal (ABs) e Índice de Importância da Espécie (IND). Neste estudo foram utilizadas três propriedades físicas e nove mecânicas, e os dados foram obtidos por meio de consultas bibliográficas. Às propriedades físicas e mecânicas das madeiras foram realizadas análises de correlações e ajustadas equações de regressão para estimativas a partir da densidade básica (DEb). Foram três os agrupamentos das espécies: o primeiro com base em DEb; o segundo com base em todas as propriedades; e, o terceiro com base apenas nas principais propriedades para diferentes usos finais. O segundo e o terceiro agrupamento foram por meio da análise multivariada. Os cálculos estatísticos foram no programa SAS. O segundo agrupamento foi analisado em termos de importância estatística das propriedades, composição e uso final das madeiras e importância pelo parâmetro IND (Índice de Importância da Espécie). Os resultados do inventário foram: N total de 3.871; AB (abundância) de 18,7 árvores.ha -1 ; V total de 22.244,44 m 3 ; V hectare de 107,56 m 3 ; ABs total de 1.461,96 m 2 ; e, ABs hectare de 7,07 m 2. Foram reconhecidas na área do estudo 204 espécies, pertencentes a 136 gêneros e a 43 famílias. O total das espécies para os agrupame ntos foi 187, sendo que 113 (60,4%) foram localizadas na literatura por coincidência de gênero e 74 (39,6%) foram localizadas ao nível de espécie. Houve expressiva correlação entre as propriedades, sendo que os maiores CCORR médios foram CPpar, DUtr e DEb. As equações de regressão apresentaram coeficientes de determinação (R 2 ) satisfatórios, em geral, acima de 0,8. O agrupamento com base na DEb revelou que 84% das espécies são das classes Média, Leve e Pesada, e 16% são das classes Muito Leve e Muito Pesada. O segundo agrupamento revelou a formação de cinco grupos de espécies, sendo que a quantidade de cada grupo foi 33, 46, 19, 46 e 43. As propriedades de maior importância estatística para os agrupamentos foram DUtr, FEe, DUpa, DEb, TRper e CPpel. O IND dos grupos mostrou que todos possuem espécies com bom potencial para o manejo florestal. Os agrupamentos por meio da análise multivariada apresentaram resultados coerentes, e, portanto, válidos. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho permitem admitir que a massa específica da madeira é o melhor indicativo para usos dependentes da resistência a esforços mecânicos.
The sustained forest management is accepted as an appropriate technological solution for the Amazon Region. The selective explotation of the traditional wood species is causing the shortage of those species. It is necessary to improve the use of the Amazon forest resources, taking the maximum advantage of their potentialities. The wood species explored for commercial uses are few, and there are many others with use potential. Several factors show that the state of Acre has the aptitude for forest activities. The objective of the present work is to group, by similarity of their physical and mechanical properties, the woods that occur in areas under forest management, identifying species with use and marketing potentiality. The bibliographical revision focused on aspects related to the international market of wood, the consumption of the wood produced in the Amazon, the sustained use of forest resources, new wood species, the general characterization of the Wood material and the statistical analysis. The study area is composed of 12 small farms located in the state of Acre. Their total area under forest management 431 hectares. The forest management plan estimates the extraction of 8.0 m 3 .ha -1 of wood from a compartment of 3.6 hectares per year in each property. The species of the study are the ones that occurred in the forest inventory to 100% in 206.8 hectares. The mensuration parameters selected (total and per hectare) were: number of trees (N), volume (V), basal area (ABs) and Index of Importance of the Specie (IND). In this study three physical properties and nine mechanical properties were used, the data being obtained from bibliographic consultations. Correlation analyses among the wood properties were carried out and the regression equations were adjusted for estimates starting from the basic density (DEb). Three were the groupings of species obtained: the first based on DEb; the second based on all other properties; and the third based on the main properties for different final uses. The second and third groupings were by multivariate analysis. The statistical calculations were done by the SAS program. The second grouping was analyzed in terms of statistical importance of the properties, by composition and final use of the wood, and importance by the parameter IND (Index of Importance of the Species). The results of the inventory were: N total 3,871; AB (abundance) 18.7 trees.hectare -1 ; V total 22,244.44 m 3 ; V hectare 107.56 m 3 ; ABs total 1,461.96 m 2 ; and, ABs hectare 7.07 m 2 . In the area of the study 204 species were recognized, belonging to 136 botanical genera and 43 familiae. The total species for grouping were 187; 113 (60.4%) were located in the literature by coincidence of genera and 74 (39.6%) species level. High correlation among properties was detected, with the highest average CCORR being CPpar, DUtr e DEb. The regression equations showed satisfactory determination coefficients (R 2 ), in general, above 0.8. The grouping based on DEb revealed that 84% of the species belong to the Middle, Light and Heavy weight classes, and 16% to the Very Light and Very Heavy classes. The second grouping revealed the formation of five groups of species, and the numbers in each group were 33, 46, 19, 46 e 43. The properties of larger statistical importance for the groupings were DUtr, FEe, DUpa, DEb, TRper e CPpel. The IND of the groups showed that all contain species with good potential for the forest management. The groupings by multivariate analysis presented coherent results, and, therefore, valid. The results obtained in this work allow to admit that the specific gravity of the wood is the best indicative for dependent uses of the resistance to mechanical efforts.

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Liaw, Joshua Dong Xiong. "Evaluation of Corn Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles as a Functional Material to Replace Synthetic Resin in Wood Particleboards." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31622.

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Corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is mostly marketed as a livestock feed due to its high protein content of 30%. Recently, the proteins in DDGS have shown potential to act as binding agents along with melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin. However, it is unknown if DDGS can be chemically functionalized as a natural binder to replace synthetic resin in particleboard. In this study, several formulations were tested using various concentrations of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide treatments with combinations of temperature, DDGS concentrations, particle sizes, and wax. FTIR results indicated that DDGS proteins were decoupled through acid or alkali treatments, and acid treated DDGS in particleboards displayed higher improvements in internal bond strength as well as the moisture resistance of the particleboards. These results suggest that acid or alkali treated DDGS has potential to act as a natural binder for manufacturing medium-density particleboard.

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16

Liaw, Joshua Dong Xiong. "Evaluation of Corn Distiller?s Dried Grains with Solubles as a Functional Material to Replace Synthetic Resin in Wood Particleboards." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31622.

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Abstract:

Corn distiller?s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is mostly marketed as a livestock feed due to its high protein content of 30%. Recently, the proteins in DDGS have shown potential to act as binding agents along with melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin. However, it is unknown if DDGS can be chemically functionalized as a natural binder to replace synthetic resin in particleboard. In this study, several formulations were tested using various concentrations of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide treatments with combinations of temperature, DDGS concentrations, particle sizes, and wax. FTIR results indicated that DDGS proteins were decoupled through acid or alkali treatments, and acid treated DDGS in particleboards displayed higher improvements in internal bond strength as well as the moisture resistance of the particleboards. These results suggest that acid or alkali treated DDGS has potential to act as a natural binder for manufacturing medium-density particleboard.

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17

Pierre, Fernanda Cristina [UNESP]. "Caracterização físico-mecânica de painéis aglomerados de Eucalyptus grandis com adição de resíduos industriais madeireiros." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106672.

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O setor de painéis de madeira tem apresentado forte dinamismo no mundo e, em especial, no Brasil. Esse mercado vem sofrendo mudanças, em função dos seguintes fatores: busca de alternativas à madeira maciça; modernização tecnológica do parque fabril, que proporcionou a oferta de novos produtos (MDF – Painel de Densidade Média e OSB – Painel Orientado) e a melhoria da qualidade (a evolução do aglomerado para MDP); redução dos juros e melhoria da renda, que deram forte impulso à construção civil e ao setor de móveis, ambos consumidores de painéis de madeira. No Brasil, a madeira de florestas plantadas – em especial, de eucalipto e de pinus – constitui a principal fonte de matéria-prima para produção de painéis aglomerados. O aproveitamento dos resíduos florestais para produção desses painéis ainda não foi implementado em nível industrial. A incorporação de resíduos florestais no processo produtivo demanda alterações de ordem tecnológica, organizacional e gerencial para racionalizar o uso dos recursos madeireiros. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as propriedades dos painéis de madeira aglomerada de três camadas, fabricados industrialmente, utilizando madeira de Eucalyptus grandis e resíduos industriais madeireiros (material reciclado de paletes e serragem, em diferentes proporções, variando de 10% a 35% em volume. Avaliaram-se as propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis de madeira aglomerada fabricados com partículas de Eucalyptus grandis e resíduos industriais madeireiros e o efeito da mistura de diferentes proporções destes resíduos nas propriedades dos painéis. O material foi disponibilizado pela Eucatex S. A. Ind. e Com. da Unidade MDP localizada no município de Botucatu – SP, onde foram fabricados os painéis em escala industrial e os ensaios físicos e mecânicos foram realizados nos laboratórios de processo da Eucatex...
The sector of wood panels has presented strong dynamism in the world and, specially, in Brazil. This market comes suffering changes, in function of the following factors: search of alternatives to wood; technological modernization of the manufacturer park, that promoted the offering of new products (MDF – Medium Density Fiberboard, and OSB – Oriented Strandboard) and the improvement of products quality (the evolution from particleboard to MDP – Medium Density Particleboard); reduction of the interests and improvement of the gains of population in general, that had given fort impulse to civil construction and furniture sector, both consumers of wood panels. In Brazil, wood from planted forests - in special, of eucaliptus and pinus - constitutes the main material source for the production of particleboards. The utilization of the forest residues for production of these panels was not implemented in industrial level yet. The incorporation of industrial wood residues in the productive process demands alterations of technological, organizational and managerial order to rationalize the use of the industrial wood resources. This work had the objective of evaluating the properties of three layers particleboard, industrially manufactured, using wood of Eucalyptus grandis from plantation and industrial wood residues, in different ratios (adittion from 10% to 35% in volume). The physical and mechanical properties of these... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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18

Pierre, Fernanda Cristina 1979. "Caracterização físico-mecânica de painéis aglomerados de Eucalyptus grandis com adição de resíduos industriais madeireiros /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106672.

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Resumo: O setor de painéis de madeira tem apresentado forte dinamismo no mundo e, em especial, no Brasil. Esse mercado vem sofrendo mudanças, em função dos seguintes fatores: busca de alternativas à madeira maciça; modernização tecnológica do parque fabril, que proporcionou a oferta de novos produtos (MDF - Painel de Densidade Média e OSB - Painel Orientado) e a melhoria da qualidade (a evolução do aglomerado para MDP); redução dos juros e melhoria da renda, que deram forte impulso à construção civil e ao setor de móveis, ambos consumidores de painéis de madeira. No Brasil, a madeira de florestas plantadas - em especial, de eucalipto e de pinus - constitui a principal fonte de matéria-prima para produção de painéis aglomerados. O aproveitamento dos resíduos florestais para produção desses painéis ainda não foi implementado em nível industrial. A incorporação de resíduos florestais no processo produtivo demanda alterações de ordem tecnológica, organizacional e gerencial para racionalizar o uso dos recursos madeireiros. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as propriedades dos painéis de madeira aglomerada de três camadas, fabricados industrialmente, utilizando madeira de Eucalyptus grandis e resíduos industriais madeireiros (material reciclado de paletes e serragem, em diferentes proporções, variando de 10% a 35% em volume. Avaliaram-se as propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis de madeira aglomerada fabricados com partículas de Eucalyptus grandis e resíduos industriais madeireiros e o efeito da mistura de diferentes proporções destes resíduos nas propriedades dos painéis. O material foi disponibilizado pela Eucatex S. A. Ind. e Com. da Unidade MDP localizada no município de Botucatu - SP, onde foram fabricados os painéis em escala industrial e os ensaios físicos e mecânicos foram realizados nos laboratórios de processo da Eucatex... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The sector of wood panels has presented strong dynamism in the world and, specially, in Brazil. This market comes suffering changes, in function of the following factors: search of alternatives to wood; technological modernization of the manufacturer park, that promoted the offering of new products (MDF - Medium Density Fiberboard, and OSB - Oriented Strandboard) and the improvement of products quality (the evolution from particleboard to MDP - Medium Density Particleboard); reduction of the interests and improvement of the gains of population in general, that had given fort impulse to civil construction and furniture sector, both consumers of wood panels. In Brazil, wood from planted forests - in special, of eucaliptus and pinus - constitutes the main material source for the production of particleboards. The utilization of the forest residues for production of these panels was not implemented in industrial level yet. The incorporation of industrial wood residues in the productive process demands alterations of technological, organizational and managerial order to rationalize the use of the industrial wood resources. This work had the objective of evaluating the properties of three layers particleboard, industrially manufactured, using wood of Eucalyptus grandis from plantation and industrial wood residues, in different ratios (adittion from 10% to 35% in volume). The physical and mechanical properties of these... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Adriano Wagner Ballarin
Coorientador: Hernando Alfonso Lara Palma
Banca: Francisco Antonio Rocco Lahr
Banca: José Claudio Caraschi
Banca: Vladimir Eliodoro Costa
Banca: Marcos Antonio de Rezende
Doutor

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19

Moutinho, Victor Hugo Pereira. "Influência da variabilidade dimensional e da densidade da madeira de Eucalyptus sp. e Corymbia sp. na qualidade do carvão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-19022013-110220/.

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O presente trabalho objetivou a determinação e análise comparativa das propriedades físicas da madeira e do respectivo carvão vegetal, ao longo da direção radial e longitudinal do lenho de árvores de dez clones de alta produtividade de Eucalyptus e Corymbia. Para tanto, discos de diferentes alturas do tronco foram coletados de árvores das espécies, no município de Capelinha-MG, obtendo-se amostras para a determinação da densidade básica, contração linear e volumétrica, coeficiente de anisotropia e umidade inicial. Na sequência, os corpos de prova foram carbonizados, visando a determinação da densidade aparente, degradação linear e volumétrica, rendimento gravimétrico e resistência mecânica à compressão. Na avaliação do experimento, utilizou-se a análise de variância, segundo delineamento inteiramente casualizado e as análises de componentes principais (ACP), dissimilaridade e multivariada (correlação canônica) na avaliação comparativa entre as propriedades físicas da madeira e do carvão. Como resultados, verificou-se uma alta heterogeneidade entre as espécies estudadas, as quais dividiram-se em 4 grupos distintos, sendo que as contrações lineares e volumétricas mostraram-se independentes da densidade e com correlações significativas entre si. Após a carbonização, o agrupamento se fez diferente ao ocorrente para madeira, sendo que a densidade aparente apresentou alta correlação para as variáveis estudadas do carvão, a exceção da degradação linear longitudinal. A relação canônica apontou relações significativas positivas com a densidade aparente do carvão e também para o módulo de elasticidade, resistência à compressão, rendimento gravimétrico, degradação linear radial axial e tangencial. As contrações lineares e volumétricas da madeira pouco contribuíram para as propriedades do carvão. Os clones pertencentes ao gênero Corymbia mostraram-se mais promissores à produção de carvão.
This study aimed to make a comparative analysis and to determine the physical properties of wood and its charcoal along the radial and longitudinal directions of the wood of ten clones of Eucalyptus and Corymbia, of high productivity. Therefore, disks of different heights of the trunk were collected from tree species in the town of Capelinha, State of Minas Gerais - Brazil, obtaining test samples according to specific standard for determining the density, linear shrinkage and volumetric coefficient of anisotropy and initial moisture. Following, the samples were charred, aimed at determining the bulk density, volumetric and linear degradation, gravimetric yield and mechanical strength. For the evaluation of the experiment a variance analysis in a completely randomized statistical design and the principal component analysis (PCA) on comparative evaluation of the physical properties of wood was used. Multivariate dissimilarity (canonical relations) in the comparative evaluation of the physical properties of wood and charcoal was used as well. As a result, there was a high heterogeneity between the studied species, which were divided into four different groups, and also the linear and volumetric contractions were shown to be independent of density and with significant correlations with each other. After carbonization the group was different from occurring wood, where the apparent density was highly correlated to the charcoal variables, except the longitudinal linear degradation. The canonical relationship pointed to positive relationships with the bulk density of the charcoal and also the elasticity modulus, compression resistance, gravimetric yield, axial, radial and tangential linear degradation. The volumetric and linear shrinkage of wood did not significantly contribute to the properties of the charcoal. The hybrids of the genus Corymbia were more promising for charcoal production.

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20

Calonego, Fred Willians 1977. "Efeito da termorretificação nas propriedades físicas, mecânicas e na resistência a fungos deterioradores da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101814.

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Orientador: Elias Taylor Durgante Severo
Banca: Claudio Angeli Sansigolo
Banca: Adriano Wagner Ballarin
Banca: Rosilei Aparecida Garcia
Banca: José Otavio Brito
Resumo: A madeira é um dos mais versáteis materiais de construção. Entretanto, considerando as pressões ambientais e a escassez de madeira nativa nas regiões Sul e Sudeste, deve-se utilizar madeiras alternativas. O gênero eucalipto se apresenta como uma solução para esse problema, porém possui limitações, tais como, altos níveis de tensões de crescimento, baixa permeabilidade e problemas de secagem, alta retratibilidade e susceptibilidade a fungos deterioradores. Uma forma comercialmente atrativa de se melhorar a estabilidade dimensional e a durabilidade biológica deste produto é a termorretificação da madeira logo após a sua secagem. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da termorretificação sob diferentes condições de temperatura na qualidade da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden. Para tanto, foram usadas tábuas provenientes de toras de Eucalyptus grandis, com cerca de 5,9 anos de idade, da empresa Duratex-SA. Cada uma das tábuas foi seccionada de modo a fornecer peças controle e outras destinadas para a termorretificação, com temperaturas finais de 140ºC, 160ºC, 180ºC, 200ºC e 220ºC. A qualidade da madeira foi determinada pelos seguintes ensaios: (1) perda de massa e variação da espessura das tábuas; (2) propriedades físicas (massa específica básica, a 0%, a 12,0% e a 17,5% de umidade, teor de umidade de equilíbrio, inchamentos volumétricos e lineares, coeficientes de retratibilidade e fator anisotrópico); (3) resistência a fungos deterioradores; e (4) propriedades mecânicas (compressão paralela às fibras, flexão estática e dureza Janka normal às fibras). Os resultados mostraram que: (1) a perda de massa das tábuas de E. grandis aumenta exponencialmente entre 0,004% e 5,7% com o aumento da temperatura de termorretificação de 140ºC até 220ºC; (2) na região próxima à medula há uma variação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The wood is one of the most versatile building materials, however considering the environmental pressures associated with lack of native wood in the South and Southeast region, alternatives woods must be used. The Eucalyptus species are a solution to this problem however they have limitations such high levels of growth stress, high shrinkage, low permeability, drying defects and susceptibility to rot fungi. A commercially attractive way to improve the dimensional stability and durability of these products is this retification® process after its drying. The objetive of this work was evaluating the effect of retification®, under different temperatures on the quality of the Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden wood. In order to do it so, were used logs of Eucalyptus grandis trees, with 5.9 years of age from company Duratex-SA. Each board was cutting to provide pieces and those designed with control and retified® with temperatures of 140ºC, 160ºC, 180ºC, 200ºC and 220ºC. The quality of retified® wood was determined by the following tests (1) mass loss and tickness variation of boards; (2) physical properties (densities at 0%, 12.0% and 17.5% of moisture content, equilibrium moisture content, volumetric and linears swelling, shrinkage coeficient and anisotropic factor); (3) decay resitance of wood; and (4) mechanical properties (compression parallel to grain, static bending and Janka hardness perpendicular to grain). The results showed that: (1) the mass loss of Eucalyptus grandis boards exponentially increases from 0.004% to 5.7% with an increase of retification® temperature; (2) near pith there is a variation in the boards thickness reduction of up 99.6% with an increase of treatment temperature, while near bark this variation was of up to 18.5%; (3) with increase retification® temperature has an significant improvements on moisture content and volumetric, tangential, radial... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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21

Nogueira, Marta Cristina de Jesus Albuquerque. "Proposta de método de ensaio e parâmetros para o dimensionamento de ligações entre peças de madeira por anéis metálicos fechados." Universidade de São Paulo, 1996. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-10042018-110328/.

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Neste trabalho são estabelecidas uma proposta de método de ensaio e também sugestões para o dimensionamento da ligação entre peças de madeira por anéis metálicos fechados de 64 mm (2 1/2\") e 102 mm (4\"), sob a ótica do método dos estados limites. Para alcançar esta finalidade foram realizados estudos bibliográficos e avaliações experimentais. Foram determinadas algumas propriedades físicas e mecânicas das espécies estudadas e realizados ensaios de ligações com anéis metálicos fechados submetidas à compressão paralela às fibras e à compressão normal às fibras.
In this work a method is proposed to test timber structural joints with split-ring connectors, 64 mm (2 1/2\") and 102 mm (4\") diameters. Some suggestions are also registered to the design of such joints, under the Limit States Method principles. To reach these subjects bibliographical studies and laboratorial experiments were carried out. Some physical and mechanical properties of the studied essences were determined and tests of joints with split-ring connectors were conducted in compression parallel and perpendicular to the grain.

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22

Calonego, Fred Willians [UNESP]. "Efeito da termorretificação nas propriedades físicas, mecânicas e na resistência a fungos deterioradores da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101814.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:20:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 calonego_fw_dr_botfca.pdf: 3568847 bytes, checksum: d25f748cc5d32be67e26d15d918ce5ab (MD5)
A madeira é um dos mais versáteis materiais de construção. Entretanto, considerando as pressões ambientais e a escassez de madeira nativa nas regiões Sul e Sudeste, deve-se utilizar madeiras alternativas. O gênero eucalipto se apresenta como uma solução para esse problema, porém possui limitações, tais como, altos níveis de tensões de crescimento, baixa permeabilidade e problemas de secagem, alta retratibilidade e susceptibilidade a fungos deterioradores. Uma forma comercialmente atrativa de se melhorar a estabilidade dimensional e a durabilidade biológica deste produto é a termorretificação da madeira logo após a sua secagem. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da termorretificação sob diferentes condições de temperatura na qualidade da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden. Para tanto, foram usadas tábuas provenientes de toras de Eucalyptus grandis, com cerca de 5,9 anos de idade, da empresa Duratex-SA. Cada uma das tábuas foi seccionada de modo a fornecer peças controle e outras destinadas para a termorretificação, com temperaturas finais de 140ºC, 160ºC, 180ºC, 200ºC e 220ºC. A qualidade da madeira foi determinada pelos seguintes ensaios: (1) perda de massa e variação da espessura das tábuas; (2) propriedades físicas (massa específica básica, a 0%, a 12,0% e a 17,5% de umidade, teor de umidade de equilíbrio, inchamentos volumétricos e lineares, coeficientes de retratibilidade e fator anisotrópico); (3) resistência a fungos deterioradores; e (4) propriedades mecânicas (compressão paralela às fibras, flexão estática e dureza Janka normal às fibras). Os resultados mostraram que: (1) a perda de massa das tábuas de E. grandis aumenta exponencialmente entre 0,004% e 5,7% com o aumento da temperatura de termorretificação de 140ºC até 220ºC; (2) na região próxima à medula há uma variação...
The wood is one of the most versatile building materials, however considering the environmental pressures associated with lack of native wood in the South and Southeast region, alternatives woods must be used. The Eucalyptus species are a solution to this problem however they have limitations such high levels of growth stress, high shrinkage, low permeability, drying defects and susceptibility to rot fungi. A commercially attractive way to improve the dimensional stability and durability of these products is this retification® process after its drying. The objetive of this work was evaluating the effect of retification®, under different temperatures on the quality of the Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden wood. In order to do it so, were used logs of Eucalyptus grandis trees, with 5.9 years of age from company Duratex-SA. Each board was cutting to provide pieces and those designed with control and retified® with temperatures of 140ºC, 160ºC, 180ºC, 200ºC and 220ºC. The quality of retified® wood was determined by the following tests (1) mass loss and tickness variation of boards; (2) physical properties (densities at 0%, 12.0% and 17.5% of moisture content, equilibrium moisture content, volumetric and linears swelling, shrinkage coeficient and anisotropic factor); (3) decay resitance of wood; and (4) mechanical properties (compression parallel to grain, static bending and Janka hardness perpendicular to grain). The results showed that: (1) the mass loss of Eucalyptus grandis boards exponentially increases from 0.004% to 5.7% with an increase of retification® temperature; (2) near pith there is a variation in the boards thickness reduction of up 99.6% with an increase of treatment temperature, while near bark this variation was of up to 18.5%; (3) with increase retification® temperature has an significant improvements on moisture content and volumetric, tangential, radial... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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23

Quinhones, Rogério. "Fabricação e qualificação de placas compostas de serragem e plástico reciclável." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-13072007-092913/.

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A utilização de polímeros ligno-celulósicos combinados com polímeros artificiais na forma de materiais compostos é fruto do desenvolvimento de uma linha de pesquisa que tinha como objetivo inicial a utilização dos primeiros como enchimento de uma matriz termofixa ou termoplástica aglutinante. Com o advento da necessidade do reaproveitamento de resíduos de processos industriais, as pesquisas e a utilização de resíduos fibrosos e partículas de madeira cresceram em importância e passaram a contribuir ainda mais decisivamente no desenvolvimento de novas técnicas, processos, equipamentos e insumos que possibilitam ampla gama de aplicações dos produtos obtidos. O presente trabalho objetivou a fabricação de placas compostas de serragem de duas espécies amplamente utilizadas em serrarias combinada com polietileno de baixa densidade reciclável (PEBD). Serragem e farinha de madeira de Pinus elliottii e Eucalyptus grandis , provenientes de lenho e de casca, foram separadas, beneficiadas e misturadas com partículas de PEBD também classificadas por tamanho, na proporção de 40% de madeira e 60% de plástico. A mistura foi prensada a 150 ° C por 30 minutos à pressão de 3 MPa. Foram fabricadas 44 placas de 6 mm de espessura nominal e 40 x 50 cm de lados, em 4 repetições de 11 tratamentos. Foram produzidos corpos-de-prova de todas as placas para os ensaios físicomecânicos segundo a norma ASTM D-1037, determinando-se a massa específica, o teor de umidade, a variação da massa e da espessura ocorridas em 2 e 24 horas de imersão em água, o módulo de elasticidade e o módulo de ruptura na flexão estática, a resistência à compressão e a força máxima de arrancamento de prego e de parafuso de fenda. O lenho de Pinus de granulometria fina combinado com PEBD fino apresentou as melhores propriedades físicomecânicas. Os tratamentos com lenho de Eucalyptus obtiveram o melhor desempenho geral e naqueles em que se utilizou a casca de Pinus os resultados não foram satisfatórios. Dentre os tratamentos que utilizaram cascas, a de Eucalyptus de granulometria grossa foi superior. O lenho de Pinus , principalmente em granulometrias mais finas e homogêneas revelaram-se promissores na utilização externa e as placas obtidas de casca de Pinus revelaram um grande potencial de utilização em usos internos não estruturais, como material alternativo.
Using ligno-celullose polymers combined with artificial polymers in form of composite material is result of a developing research line which had as initial objective the use of the firsts as just filling material in an agglutinant thermoplastic matrix. Due to the necessity of reusing industrial processing residues, the research and utilization of fiber and woody particles had grown in importance and started to contribute on the development of new techniques, processes, equipment and materials that make possible creating a huge variety of products and applications. The present work had the objective of manufacturing composite boards using sawdust from two different species widely used in sawmill combined with recyclable low density polyethylene. Pinus elliotii and Eucalyptus grandis sawdust and wood flour, produced from lumber and bark had been separated, treated and mixed with PEBD particles also classified by size, in the proportion of 40% wood and 60% plastic. The mixture was pressed at 150 °C during 30 minutes under 3 MPa pressure. It were manufactured 44 boards 6 mm nominal thickness and 40 x 50 cm sides in 4 replications of 11 treatments. Samples were obtained from all boards for physicmechanical tests according to ASTM D – 1037 standard, determining specific gravity, moisture content, mass and thickness variation occurred in 2 and 24 hours in water, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture in the static bending, compression strength and the withdrawal load of nail and screw. The Pinus wood of thin granulosity combined with thin LDPE had presented better physic-mechanical properties. The treatments in which was used Eucalyptus wood had shown better general performance and those in which was utilized Pinus bark had not presented satisfactory performance. Amongst the treatments in which bark was used, the Eucalyptus of thick granulosity had showed better performance. Boards made of Pinus wood specially in thinner and homogeneous granulosities seems to be excellent for exterior application and those in which was used Pinus bark had shown great potential as an alternative material for non structural purposes for interior applications.

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24

Valle, Ana Caroline Margarido. "Influência da adição de dióxido de titânio (TiO2) nas propriedades físico-mecânicas de painéis MDP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-26072018-151544/.

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A utilização de nanomateriais na produção de painéis de madeira se apresenta como uma inovação, pois uma revolução vem acontecendo na ciência e tecnologia desde o entendimento que os materiais em escala nanométrica podem apresentar novos comportamentos e/ou propriedades diferentes daquelas que geralmente apresentam em escala macroscópica. O presente projeto teve como objetivo a produção de painéis particulados de madeira de Eucalyptus grandis com adição em diferentes porcentagens de nanopartículas de dióxido de titânio (TiO2) e dióxido de titânio em pó e avaliação das suas propriedades físicas e mecânicas, tais como inchamento em espessura, teor de umidade e densidade das chapas, determinação do módulo de ruptura (MOR) e módulo de elasticidade (MOE) na flexão estática, adesão interna (tração perpendicular), arrancamento de parafuso de topo e superfície, conduzidos conforme a norma NBR 14810 (ABNT, 2013), além da obtenção do perfil de densidade pelo método não destrutivo de raio x. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, sendo constituído por 8 tratamentos com 4 repetições cada. Através deste experimento foram analisadas 3 proporções de nano-TiO2 (1, 3 e 5%); 2 proporções de TiO2 em pó (3 e 5%) e 2 tratamentos sem TiO2 (com e sem adição de parafina). Mediante análise dos resultados dos ensaios concluiu-se que: para o ensaio de inchamento em espessura após 24h de imersão e taxa de não-retorno em espessura, tanto as nano-TiO2 quanto o TiO2 tiveram efeito negativo nos painéis, não atendendo às especificações da norma. Porém, para os ensaios mecânicos de ligação interna e arrancamento de parafuso - topo, a adição de TiO2 em pó, sem adição de parafina, provocou um aumento significativo dessas propriedades, pois há relatos de melhoras em performances mecânicas, de força e adesivas deste composto. Para as demais propriedades físicas e mecânicas, todos os painéis obtiveram valores dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela NBR 14810 (ABNT, 2013).
The use of nanomaterials in the production of wood panels is presented as an innovation because a revolution is going on in science and technology with the understanding that the materials at nanoscale may exhibit new behaviors and/or different properties from those generally present in macroscopic scale. The purpose of this research was the production of particulate panels of Eucalyptus grandis wood by adding different percentages of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2), and titanium dioxide powder, and evaluation of its physical and mechanical properties such as thickness swelling, content moisture and density of the panels, static bending - modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bond, direct screw withdrawal conducted by NBR 14810 (ABNT 2013). The evaluation of the density profile of the panels was also performed by X-ray attenuation methodology. Eight treatments with 4 replicates were analyzed with 3 proportions of nano-TiO2 (1, 3 and 5%); 2 proportions of TiO2 powder (3 and 5%) and 2 treatments without TiO2 (with and without addition of paraffin). It was observed that for the thickness swelling test, both nano-TiO2 as TiO2 had a negative effect on the panels. However, for the internal bond and screw pullout - top, the addition of TiO2 powder without paraffin, caused a significant increase of these properties, as there are improvements reports of mechanical performance, strength and adhesive of this compound. For all other physical and mechanical properties, all panels obtained values within the limits established by NBR 14810 (ABNT, 2013).

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25

Danielius, Marius. "Paprastosios eglės (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) vidinio puvinio įtaka medienos savybėms." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130621_144131-13413.

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Magistro darbe tiriama paprastosios eglės vidinio puvinio įtaka medienos savybėms . Darbo objektas – eglės mediena, kuri buvo paimta iš VĮ Prienų miškų urėdijos 15 kv 25 skl., 49 kv 15 skl., Veisėjų 3 kv 7 skl., Šilutės 2 kv 7skl., 11 kv 12 skl., 19 kv 6 skl., 33 kv 3 skl., 147 kv 4 skl. Darbo tikslas – ištirti paprastosios eglės vidinio puvinio įtaką medienos tankio ir stiprio savybėms. Darbo metodai – tirtuose eglės bareliuose visi medžiai buvo patikrinti prietaisu „ARBOTOM“, kuris matuoja garso sklidimo greitį medienoje ir pateikia erdvinį garso greičio stiebe vaizdą. Garsas sveikoje ir puvinio pažeistoje medienoje sklinda skirtingu greičiu. Vėliau atsitiktiniu būdu iš visų medžių, kuriuose prietaisas parodė vidinį puvinį, buvo atrinkti ir nupjauti medžiai. Radus puvinį buvo paimta kelminė atpjova 50 cm ilgio tolesniems tyrimams. Ruošiant bandinius, iš atpjovų buvo išpjauta centrinė (einanti išilgai per šerdį) 60 mm storio išpjova, kuri supjaustyta į sluoksnius. Medienos fizinės ir mechaninės savybės nustatytos LAMMC Miškų instituto medienos laboratorijoje ir slėnio „Nemunas“ medienos naudojimo, kokybės ir apdirbimo technologijų laboratorijoje. Vykdant medienos stipruminių savybių bandymus, naudota 5 tonų galios bandymų mašina P – 5. Duomenų sisteminimas ir jų analizė atlikta, naudojant statistinių duomenų tvarkymo paketą Microsoft Excell. Darbo rezultatai: atlikus tyrimus nustatyta, kad Prienų urėdijos eglės branduolio puvinio įtaką medienos tankiui, išryškėjo, jog... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
In this master thesis was researched internal rot of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and its impact to woods characteristics. The object of this work: wood of Norway spruce (Picea abies), which was taken from Prienai state-owned forest enterprise (therefore SOFE) 15 quarter 25 plot, 49 quarter 15plot,Veisiejai SOFE 3 quarter 7 plot, Šilutė SOFE 2quarter 7plot, 11 quarter 12plot, 19 quarter 6 plot, 33 quarter 3plot, 147 quarter 4 plot. The aim of this work is to research the inner rot influence of picea abies to wood density and strength properties. The methods: all spruce in research area were checked with device called “ARBOTROM”, which measures sound speed in wood and shows spatial sound speed view in a steam. Sound in healthy and rot wood differs. Randomly were selected and cut down all trees, which according to the device had an inner rot. After the rot was found a 50cm length tree stump sample was taken for the further research. During preparation of samples there was prepared the central 60 mm thick cutoff (lengthways the core) and shredded to layers. Physical and mechanical wood properties were defined in LRCAF Forest Institute for timber laboratory and in “Nemunas” valley, timber quality and technology lab. For a wood strength property testing was used 5 ton test machine P-5. All data was systematized and analyzed by using Microsoft Excel. Results: after researching Norway spruce kernel rot effect to wood density, was discovered, that wood samples with inner rot from... [to full text]

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26

Silva, Jair Rosas da [UNESP]. "Compactação do solo causada pelo tráfego de máquinas na colheita de madeira de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101742.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Foram avaliados os efeitos causados ao solo pelo tráfego de máquinas florestais de corte e baldeio de madeira, com ênfase à compactação, em floresta de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden, de 91 meses de idade, através do comportamento de parâmetros físicos e mecânicos de um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, com 480 g.kg-1 de areia total e 430 g.kg-1 de argila. Os tratamentos avaliados foram o trânsito anterior ao experimento, a fase de corte e processamento de madeira, efetuada por colhedora (harvester) sobre esteiras e a fase de extração, por trator transportador autocarregável (forwarder) com rodado de pneus, considerando-se as condições de presença ou ausência de cobertura de galhada. Os parâmetros físicos empregados na avaliação foram: densidade do solo, porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade, água disponível no solo, taxa de infiltração de água, temperatura do solo e estabilidade de agregados a seco. Os parâmetros mecânicos avaliados foram resistência do solo à penetração e ao cisalhamento, densidade máxima do solo, teor de água crítico para compactação e grau de compactação. Também foram avaliadas a área de contato rodado-solo e a pressão de rodados sobre o solo. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo os resultados obtidos submetidos à análise de variância pelo Statistical Analysis System (SAS), com aplicação do teste Tukey a 5% e 10% de significância. Comparativamente, a densidade do solo, a resistência mecânica ao cisalhamento e a pressão de rodados sobre o solo foram maiores após o tráfego do trator transportador em relação ao conferido pela colhedora de madeira. Os parâmetros porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade, água disponível e estabilidade de agregados a seco foram maiores na fase de corte de madeira do que na fase de baldeio...
A study of soil compaction was carried out on a Red-Yellow Latosol with 43% of clay and 48% of sand, according to some soil physical and mechanical parameters in a harvester of a 91-month-old Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex-Maiden forest. The aim was to evaluate the influence caused by the traffic of a 100 kWa-tracked harvester followed by a 190 kWa-wheeled-forwarder, over and without slash, in comparison to the soil conditions before the harvesting operations. The physical parameters used were soil dry bulk density, total porosity, air-filled porosity, micro porosity, soil water availability and infiltration rate, temperature and soil mean aggregate sizes. The mechanical parameters were soil penetrometer resistance, shear strength, Proctor test and machine ground pressure. A randomized-block trial with 15 replicates was used, applying Statistical Analysis System (SAS) and Tukey test at 5% and 10% significance levels. Results showed that wheeled-forwarder increased soil dry bulk density, soil shear strength and soil machine pressure in relation to the tracked-harvester. Thus, the parameters total porosity, air-filled porosity, micro porosity, soil water availability and soil mean aggregate sizes were higher on harvesting than on wood hauling. The wheeled-forwarder operating without slash produced a higher soil dry bulk density, temperature and soil compaction degree. Also, this work condition decreased total porosity and air-filled porosity in relation to the same operation accomplished over slash. Micro porosity, water availability, soil infiltration rate, soil penetrometer resistance and the maximum soil dry bulk density were not affected by both machines working on both slash conditions. All the soil mechanized operations evaluated were rated higher than 2 MPa on soil penetrometer resistance parameter, looked like a soil limit to allow the root growing... (Complete abstract, click eletronic address below)

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27

Pertuzzatti, Anderson. "INFLUÊNCIA DOS TRATAMENTOS TERMOMECÂNICOS NA MADEIRA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8757.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Thermomechanical treatments seek to increase the wood density, throught of the temperature and pressure combination, which results in a material with improved physical and mechanical properties. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the influence of thermomechanical treatments in Pinus elliottii Engelm and Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden wood. So, were prepared from five trees of each species, wood pieces that have been submitted to six different thermomechanical treatments. For this purpose, we used a laboratory oil bath to perform preheating of wood and a hydraulic press with the temperatures of the dishes ranging from 150 to 190°C. Compression time used was between 30 and 60 min. After, physical (compression rate, weight loss, equilibrium moisture content, density, dimensional stability and hygroscopicity), mechanical (static bending, dynamic bending and Janka hardness), surface (colorimetry and roughness) and infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) tests were performed. For statistical analysis, we used qualitative factorial 3 x 2, with three temperature levels and two compression time and Tukey test. Furthermore, it was performed to compare the treatments with the control. The main results for the technological properties showed that the degree of compression and mass loss increased with the temperature increase. The equilibrium moisture content decreased and the density obtained increases. For the dimensional stability was observed that there was a reduction of the effect of the return densified wood, and hygroscopicity was increased in both wood species. The mechanical properties showed increases with the densification, except for the Janka hardness and dynamic flexion in E. grandis wood treated with high temperatures. Infrared spectroscopy showed degradation of the amorphous cellulose and hemicellulose, providing a proportional increase of crystalline cellulose and lignin. The color of the densified wood was changed presenting surface browning, measured by decrease in brightness L* parameter. Roughness was reduced, making the surface softer wood. Before the alterations, it is indicated using thermomechanical treatment with temperature of 150°C and the compression time of 60 min. In this respect, it is recommended the use of densified wood floors and coatings, even for softwoods (conifers).
Os tratamentos termomecânicos visam aumentar a densidade da madeira, por meio da combinação entre temperatura e pressão, o que resulta em um material com as propriedades físico-mecânicas melhoradas. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência dos tratamentos termomecânicos na madeira. Para tanto, foram confeccionadas peças de madeira, a partir de cinco árvores de Pinus elliottii Engelm e Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden que foram submetidas a seis tratamentos termomecânicos. Para tal, foi utilizado um banho de óleo laboratorial para realizar o pré-aquecimento da madeira e uma prensa hidráulica com a temperatura dos pratos variando de 150 a 190°C e o tempo de compressão entre 30 e 60 min. Na sequência, foram realizados os ensaios físicos (grau de compressão, perda de massa, teor de umidade de equilíbrio, densidade, estabilidade dimensional e higroscopicidade), mecânicos (flexão estática, flexão dinâmica e dureza Janka), de superfície (colorimetria e rugosidade) e espectroscopia no infravermelho (ATR-IR). Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o arranjo fatorial qualitativo 3 x 2, com três níveis de temperatura (150, 170 e 190°C) e dois de tempo de compressão (30 e 60 min) e comparados pelo teste de Tukey. Além disso, foi realizado a comparação dos tratamentos com o controle pelo teste de Dunnett. Os principais resultados encontrados para as propriedades tecnológicas mostraram que o grau de compressão, a perda de massa e a densidade aumentaram com o acréscimo da temperatura, já o teor de umidade de equilíbrio apresentou decréscimo com a elevação da temperatura. Para a estabilidade dimensional foi observado que houve redução pelo efeito do retorno da madeira densificada e a higroscopicidade foi aumentada na madeira de ambas as espécies. As propriedades mecânicas apresentaram acréscimo com a densificação, com exceção para a dureza Janka e flexão dinâmica da madeira de E. grandis tratada com altas temperaturas. Por meio da espectrometria no infravermelho foi verificado a partir da razão de pico que houve degradação de hemiceluloses e celulose amorfa, proporcionando aumento proporcional de celulose cristalina e lignina. A coloração da madeira densificada foi alterada apresentando escurecimento superficial, quantificado pelo decréscimo do parâmetro de claridade L*. Já a rugosidade foi reduzida, tornando a superfície da madeira mais suave. Diante das alterações ocorridas é indicado utilizar tratamento termomecânico com a temperatura de 150°C e o tempo de compressão de 60 min. Nesse aspecto, é recomendado a utilização da madeira densificada como assoalhos e revestimentos, mesmo para as madeiras macias (coníferas).

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Galão, Ana Tereza Durão [UNESP]. "Incremento médio anual, anatomia e propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. com sementes de duas procedências." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152049.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. é uma espécie nativa considerada promissora por apresentar valor econômico comprovado, em função da qualidade de sua madeira. Esta é empregada em diversos setores da indústria madeireira, da construção civil ao uso na produção de papel e é considerada uma espécie de rápido crescimento, com altos níveis de sobrevivência e acúmulo de biomassa. O objetivo foi estudar o incremento médio anual, as variações nas características anatômicas, propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de P. dubium plantadas em Luis Antônio – SP com sementes de duas procedências (Alvorada do Sul – PR e Bauru – SP). Cortamos 30 árvores com 32 anos, sendo 15 de sementes procedentes de Alvorada do Sul (ASPAS) e as outras 15 com sementes procedentes de Bauru (ASPBA). Retiramos o pranchão central das 30 árvores das toras basais do tronco, desse pranchão retiramos sarrafos com dimensões 3,5x3,5 em três diferentes regiões do raio (PM - próximo à medula, I - intermediário e PC - próximo à casca) e dos sarrafos confeccionamos corpos de prova para caracterização anatômica (macerado e cortes histológicos), propriedades físicas (densidade básica e aparente a 12% de umidade e retração volumétrica) e mecânicas (resistência a compressão paralela às fibras, resistência à flexão, módulo de elasticidade e resistência ao cisalhamento). De acordo com os resultados não há diferença no incremento médio anual entre as procedências. As procedências diferiram apenas na densidade de raios. Foi observado um aumento do comprimento do elemento de vaso, diâmetro de vaso, largura do raio, espessura da parede das fibras, comprimento das fibras, densidades, fator de anisotropia, módulo de elasticidade, resistência à flexão estática, à compressão e ao cisalhamento no sentido medula-casca e uma diminuição da densidade de vasos e largura e densidade de raios no mesmo sentido. A madeira das árvores com sementes provenientes de Alvorada do Sul (ASPAS), especialmente da região próxima à casca, é mais densa e com propriedades mecânicas mais elevadas, porém é mais heterogênea radialmente quando comparada às árvores com sementes provenientes de Bauru (ASPBA). A madeira de P. dubium do presente trabalho apresentou classe de resistência C20, a menor das classes de resistência para uso estrutural.
Peltophorumdubium (Spreng.) Taub. is a native species considered promising because it presents a proven economic value, due to the quality of its wood. It is used in many sectors of the timber industry, from civil construction to use in paper production and is considered a species of rapid growth, with high levels of survival and accumulation of biomass. The aim of this research was to study the average annual increment, variations in the anatomical characteristics, physical and mechanical properties of P. dubium wood planted in Luiz Antônio - SP with seeds from two sources (Alvorada do Sul - PR and Bauru - SP). We cut 30 trees of 32 years old, where 15 of seeds were from Alvorada do Sul (ASPAS) and the other 15 coming from Bauru (ASPBA). We removed the central board from the 30 trees of the basal logs of the trunk, from this plank we removed 3,5x3,5, dimensions in three different regions of the radius (PM - near the medulla, I - intermediate and PC - close to the bark) and from the battens we made test specimens for anatomical characterization (Basic and apparent density at 12% moisture content and volumetric retraction) and mechanical (resistance to compression parallel to fibers, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and shear strength). According to the results, there is no difference in the average annual increase among provenances. The provenances differed only in radius density. It was observed an increase in vessel length, vessel diameter, ray width, fiber wall thickness, fiber length, densities, coefficient of anisotropy, modulus of elasticity, resistance to static bending, compression and shear strength, at the medulla-bark direction, and a decrease in vessel density and width and density of rays in the same direction. The wood of the trees with seeds originated from Alvorada do Sul (ASPAS), especially in the region near the bark, is denser and with higher mechanical properties, but it is more heterogeneous radially when compared to the trees with seeds from Bauru (ASPBA) .The wood of P. dubium showed resistance class C20, the lowest of the resistance classes for structural use.

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Mendes, Rafael Farinassi. "Efeito do tratamento térmico sobre as propriedades de painéis OSB." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-11022011-105740/.

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O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico das partículas strand (pré-tratamento) e dos painéis (pós-tratamento) sobre as propriedades físicomecânicas dos painéis, visando principalmente à melhoria de sua estabilidade dimensional. O delineamento experimental se constituiu de sete tratamentos, com a avaliação de: Duas temperaturas de tratamento das partículas (200 e 240°C) por um período de 60 minutos; do póstratamento térmico dos painéis produzidos com e sem a aplicação de parafina na temperatura de 220°C e por um período de 12 minutos; e do aumento do teor de adesivo e a aplicação de parafina em painéis sem tratamento térmico. Para cada tratamento foram produzidos três painéis com densidade nominal de 0,65 g/cm³, colados com adesivo à base de fenol-formaldeído. O ciclo de prensagem dos painéis foi o seguinte: pressão de 35 kgf/cm², temperatura de 160ºC e tempo de 8 minutos. A partir dos painéis produzidos, corpos-de-prova foram obtidos para a realização de ensaios físicos (Teor de umidade, densidade aparente, absorção de água e inchamento em espessura) e mecânicos (Módulo de ruptura, Módulo de elasticidade e Ligação interna), conduzidos conforme as normas ASTM D 1037 (2006) e DIN 52362 (1982). Mediante à análise dos resultados dos ensaios foi possível extrair as seguintes conclusões: Os painéis produzidos com as partículas tratadas termicamente a 240°C apresentaram-se superiores aos outros tratamentos em todas as propriedades físicas avaliadas, sendo portanto o tratamento com a melhor estabilidade dimensional. O pós-tratamento térmico promoveu melhora significativa das propriedades físicas dos painéis sem comprometer as propriedades mecânicas. O pré-tratamento térmico teve efeito mais pronunciado sobre as propriedades dos painéis do que o pós-tratamento térmico, proporcionando a melhoria das propriedades físicas e a diminuição das propriedades mecânicas. O aumento do teor de adesivo e a aplicação de parafina não se mostraram tão eficientes na estabilidade dimensional dos painéis OSB quanto o tratamento térmico aplicado nas partículas na temperatura de 240°C.
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermal treatment of strand particles (pre treatment) and panels (post-treatment) on the physical and mechanical properties of the panels, aiming primarily to improve the dimensional stability. The experimental design was consisted of seven treatments, with the evaluation of: two temperatures of particle treatment (200 and 240 °C) during 60 minutes; thermal post-treatment of the panels produced with and without the application of paraffin at 220 ° C during 12 minutes; and the increase in adhesive content and application of paraffin on the panels without thermal treatment. Three panels were produced for each treatment with nominal density of 0.65 g/cm ³, bonded with phenol-formaldehyde adhesive. The pressing cycle of the panels was as follows: 8- minute press time, pressure of 35 kgf/cm ², and temperature of 160 °C. From the panels produced, specimens were obtained to conduct physical tests (moisture content, bulk density, water absorption and thickness swelling) and mechanical (Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of elasticity and internal bonding), tests according to ASTM D 1037 (2006) and DIN 52 362 (1982) standard. Through the analysis of test results it was possible to conclude: The panels produced with the particles thermally treated at 240°C were superior to the others for all physical properties evaluated, and therefore it was treatment with better dimensional stability. The post-thermal treatment caused a significant improvement of the physical properties of the panels without compromising the mechanical properties. The prethermal treatment had an effect on the properties of the panels that was more pronounced than the post-heat treatment, providing improved physical properties and lower mechanical properties. The increase in adhesive content and the application of paraffin were not as efficient in the dimensional stability of OSB as the thermal treatment applied on the particles at 240 ° C.

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Almeida, Andréa de Souza. "Influência da impregnação contra demanda biológica em propriedades físico-mecânicas de madeiras tropicais brasileiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2019. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18158/tde-21032019-085555/.

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A preservação química visa proteger a madeira contra quaisquer ações deterioradoras, sejam elas consequências de fenômenos físico-químicos, como a ação do intemperismo, ou de fenômenos biológicos, como os organismos xilófagos. No Brasil, os preservativos mais utilizados nas usinas de preservação são o Arseniato de Cobre Cromatado (CCA) e o Borato de Cobre Cromatado (CCB). Ambos são aplicados na madeira através do processo de vácuo-pressão, método que em tese poderia aumentar a quantidade de defeitos superficiais e diminuir os valores das propriedades físico-mecânicas das madeiras. Atualmente, em decorrência da disponibilização no mercado (devida à implantação de áreas certificadas no Brasil) de espécies de madeira de média a baixa densidade, a questão da necessidade da preservação contra a demanda biológica se constitui em aspecto de fundamental importância para que se garantam as alternativas de oferta desse material para a construção de estruturas, cuja durabilidade seja equivalente à da madeira de espécies de uso consagrado, como Jatobá, Sucupira, Garapa e Itaúba, por exemplo. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a influência dos tratamentos com os preservativos CCA e CCB nas propriedades físico-mecânicas das seguintes espécies de madeiras tropicais brasileiras: Simarouba amara (C20), Cedrelinga catenaeformis (C30) e Erisma uncinatum Warm (C40), escolhidas na tentativa de abranger as três classes de resistência mais baixas, de acordo com o que prescreve a ABNT NBR 7190:1997. Foi realizada a caracterização completa de cada espécie nos três tipos de tratamento (Sem tratamento – Ref; CCA; CCB) para posterior aplicação do teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey, avaliado ao nível de 5% de significância. Para avaliar o comportamento dos preservativos a nível celular, foram geradas fotomicrografias por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e seus respectivos espectros de EDS. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que ambos os tratamentos químicos não afetaram significativamente os valores das propriedades físico-mecânicas das espécies estudadas.
The chemical preservation aims to protect the wood against any deteriorating actions, be they consequences of physical-chemical phenomena, such as weathering, or biological phenomena, such as xylophagous organisms. In Brazil, the most used preservatives in the preservation plants are Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) and Chromated Copper Borate (CCB). Both are applied to the wood through the vacuum-pressure process, which in theory could increase the amount of surface defects and decrease the values of the physical-mechanical properties of the wood. Currently, due to the availability in the market (due to the implantation of certified areas in Brazil) of medium to low density wood species, the question of the need for preservation against biological demand is an aspect of fundamental importance to ensure the alternatives of supply of this material for the construction of structures, whose durability is equivalent to the wood of species of consecrated use, such as Jatobá, Sucupira, Garapa and Itaúba, for example In this context, the present work had as objective to investigate the influence of the treatments with the preservatives CCA and CCB on physical-mechanical properties of the following species of Brazilian tropical woods: Simarouba amara (C20), Cedrelinga catenaeformis (C30) e Erisma uncinatum Warm (C40), chosen in an attempt to cover the three lower resistance classes, according to what ABNT NBR 7190:1997 prescribes. The complete characterization of each species in the three types of treatments (No treatment - Ref: CCA; CCB) was performed for the subsequent application of the Tukey\'s multiple comparison test, evaluated at the 5% level of significance. To evaluate the behavior of the preservatives at the cellular level, photomicrographs were generated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and their respective EDS spectra. The results obtained showed that both chemical treatments did not affect significantly the values of the physical-mechanical properties of the studied species.

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Daňková, Kateřina. "Metodika hodnocení stavu dřeva pomocí měření mechanického odporu při zatlačování trnu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225642.

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The main aim of the thesis is to gain an overview of diagnostic methods used in surveys of wooden structures, comparing the results of experimental evaluation of state timber using diagnostic methods that are based on measurements of the mechanical resistance of the wood. Detailed constructional - technical survey of the truss of the historic building in Šardice is also the part of this thesis.

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Lima, Mirian Dayse Furtado. "Utilização de resíduos da espécie Dipteryx polyphylla (Cumarurana), Dipteryx odorata (Cumaru) e Brosimum parinarioides (Amapá) na produção de painéis de madeira aglomerada com resina poliuretana à base de óleo da mamona." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2012. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/4609.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The wood processing industries use generates a timber of about 40% of the total volume of the processed timber, and the remainder in other words 60% are used in boilers and brickworks for a power generation, especially in some areas of North. However, the burning of waste wood there generating other residue, ash, whose destination is a landfill. This paper presents a study on the potential use of three types of tropical wood waste, Cumarurana (Dipteryx polyphylla), Cumaru (Dipteryx odorata) and Amapá (Brosimum parinariensis), the production of particleboard, using polyurethane resin based on castor oil as a binder. There was a chemical and physical characterization of the waste based on TAPPI standard. In the first stage waste Cumarurana panels (1000 and 1300 g) were produced by keeping the resin content 15%. The mechanical results of these panels were below the requirements of the NBR ABNT 14810-2 (2006). In the second stage panels Cumaru and Amapá were produced according to a factorial design, in different conditions of amount of residue (1000 to 1500g) and content of resin (10-15%) and these were characterized by tests based on the physical and mechanical standard NBR ABNT 14810-3 (2006). For panels Cumaru, the factorial design showed that the waste is a significant factor (95% confidence) at its maximum level (1500g) to increase the compaction ratio. Mechanical analysis (MOR, MOE and Face Screw) showed that both the residue and the resin are significant factors in the levels studied indicating that higher values are obtained at higher levels (1500 g, 15%). For all these tests the values obtained in 1500 g of panels are in accordance with normative standards. For the panels with waste Amapá by the experimental design, it was observed that the residue and the resin are significant factors, when the response variable and MOE and MOR, indicating that the best results are obtained using mechanical greater amount of waste. However, only the results of MOR for panels 1300 and 1500 g a 15% were above of the normative requirements. The internal adhesion tests were within the normative standards for both panels Cumaru and Amapá.
O processamento da madeira em indústrias madeireiras gera um aproveitamento de cerca de 40% do volume total das toras processadas, sendo que o restante, ou seja, 60% são utilizados em caldeiras e olarias para a geração de energia elétrica, principalmente em alguns locais da região Norte. No entanto, com a queima desses resíduos de madeira há a geração de outro resíduo, as cinzas, cuja destinação é o aterro. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o potencial uso de três tipos de resíduos de madeiras tropicais, Cumarurana (dipteryx polyphylla), Cumaru (Dipteryx odorata) e Amapá (Brosimum parinariensis), na produção de painéis aglomerados, utilizando resina poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona, como aglomerante. Fez-se a caracterização química e física dos resíduos baseadas na norma TAPPI. Na primeira etapa, painéis com resíduos de Cumarurana (1000 e 1300 g) foram produzidos mantendo o teor de resina em 15 %. Os resultados mecânicos desses painéis foram abaixo dos requisitos exigidos pela Norma NBR ABNT 14810-2 (2006). Na segunda etapa os painéis de Cumaru e Amapá foram produzidos seguindo planejamento fatorial, em diferentes condições de quantidade de resíduo (1000 a 1500g) e teor de resina (10 a 15%) e estes foram caracterizados através de ensaios físicos e mecânicos baseados na norma NBR ABNT 14810- 3 (2006). Para os painéis de Cumaru, o planejamento fatorial mostrou que o resíduo é um fator significante (95% confiança) no seu nível máximo (1500g) para aumentar a razão de compactação. Análises mecânicas (MOR, MOE e Arrancamento de Parafuso na Face) mostraram que tanto o resíduo quanto a resina são fatores significativos nos níveis estudados, indicando que maiores valores são obtidos em níveis mais altos (1500 g e 15%). Para todos esses ensaios os valores obtidos em painéis de 1500 g estão de acordo com os padrões normativos. Para os painéis com resíduo de Amapá, através do planejamento experimental, observou-se que o resíduo e resina são fatores significativos, quando a variável resposta é MOR e MOE, indicando que melhores resultados mecânicos são obtidos utilizando maior quantidade de resíduo. Porém, apenas os resultados de MOR, para painéis a 1300 g e 1500 g a 15% apresentaram-se acima dos requisitos normativos. Os testes de adesão interna apresentaram-se dentro dos padrões normativos, tanto para painéis de Cumaru quanto para Amapá.

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Guidigo, Jonathan. "Caractérisation physico-mécanique d’un composite bois polymère." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0229/document.

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La présente étude fait suite à d’autres qui proposent une solution de récupération des déchets plastiques et de bois pour en faire un matériau de construction en composite bois-polymère. La particularité de ce travail de recherche est que la matrice thermoplastique utilisée est un ensemble de différents polymères pris dans des proportions bien définies. Les pourcentages considérés pour la matrice obtenue représentent les parts de déchets de polymères que l’on retrouve dans la ville de Cotonou (Bénin). Cette étude a consisté à fabriqué des échantillons de composite bois polymère CBP par extrusion, à les étudier à travers des tests physico-mécaniques et à les mettre en relation avec les échantillons fabriqués avec une méthode artisanale déjà existante. D’une part, nous avons étudié séparément la sciure de bois et la matrice thermoplastique en déterminant les constituants chimiques de la sciure de bois, et en effectuant une analyse physico-mécanique (analyse thermogravimétrique, test en flexion compression et traction, analyse du faciès de rupture au MEB) sur le renfort et la matrice. D’autre part nous avons évalué l’influence de l’ajout de 20%, 25%, 28% et 30% de sciure de bois sur les propriétés mécaniques (compression, flexion et traction). Les résultats obtenus révèlent que la sciure de bois se comporte comme un renfort lorsque l’échantillon est sollicité en compression et en flexion. La sciure de bois joue le rôle de charge lorsque les échantillons de CBP sont sollicités en traction. Par ailleurs, la sciure de bois améliore la rigidité des CBP en traction. Les résultats mécaniques obtenus par extrusion sont nettement meilleurs que ceux issus des méthodes de fabrication artisanale. Les analyses thermogravimétriques effectuées sur les échantillons de CBP issus de la méthode artisanale révèlent que lors de leur fabrication, ces échantillons sont soumis à des températures (supérieure à 300°C) qui entament la dégradation des polymères et de la sciure de bois dans les CBP
This study follow others that propose a solution for the recovery of plastic waste and wood to make it a construction material made of wood-polymer composite. The particularity of this research is that the thermoplastic matrix used is a set of different polymers taken in well-defined proportions. The percentages considered for the matrix obtained represent the proportion of polymer waste that can be found in the city of Cotonou (Benin Republic). This study consisted in making WPC polymer wood composite samples by extrusion, studying them through physico-mechanical tests and relating them to samples made with an already existing artisanal method. On the one hand, we studied separately the sawdust and the thermoplastic matrix by determining the chemical constituents of the sawdust, and by performing a physico-mechanical analysis (thermogravimetric analysis, compression and tensile bending test, facies analysis). SEM fracture) on the reinforcement and the matrix. On the other hand we evaluated the influence of the addition of 20%, 25%, 28% and 30% of sawdust on the mechanical properties (compression, bending and traction). The results show that sawdust behaves like a reinforcement when the sample is stressed in compression and bending. Sawdust acts as a load when WPC samples are stressed in tension. Sawdust also improves the rigidity of WPC in tension. The mechanical results obtained by extrusion are much better than those resulting from the artisanal methods. Thermogravimetric analyzes performed on WPC samples from the artisanal method reveal that during their manufacture, these samples are subjected to temperatures (above 300 ° C) that begin the degradation of polymers and sawdust in WPC

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Silva, Jair Rosas da 1943. "Compactação do solo causada pelo tráfego de máquinas na colheita de madeira de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden /." Botucatu, [s.n.], 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101742.

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Orientador: Paulo Torres Fenner
Banca: Cláudio Angeli Sansígolo
Banca: Sérgio Hugo Benez
Banca: Jorge Roberto Malinovski
Banca: Fernando Seixas
Resumo: Foram avaliados os efeitos causados ao solo pelo tráfego de máquinas florestais de corte e baldeio de madeira, com ênfase à compactação, em floresta de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden, de 91 meses de idade, através do comportamento de parâmetros físicos e mecânicos de um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, com 480 g.kg-1 de areia total e 430 g.kg-1 de argila. Os tratamentos avaliados foram o trânsito anterior ao experimento, a fase de corte e processamento de madeira, efetuada por colhedora (harvester) sobre esteiras e a fase de extração, por trator transportador autocarregável (forwarder) com rodado de pneus, considerando-se as condições de presença ou ausência de cobertura de galhada. Os parâmetros físicos empregados na avaliação foram: densidade do solo, porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade, água disponível no solo, taxa de infiltração de água, temperatura do solo e estabilidade de agregados a seco. Os parâmetros mecânicos avaliados foram resistência do solo à penetração e ao cisalhamento, densidade máxima do solo, teor de água crítico para compactação e grau de compactação. Também foram avaliadas a área de contato rodado-solo e a pressão de rodados sobre o solo. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo os resultados obtidos submetidos à análise de variância pelo Statistical Analysis System (SAS), com aplicação do teste Tukey a 5% e 10% de significância. Comparativamente, a densidade do solo, a resistência mecânica ao cisalhamento e a pressão de rodados sobre o solo foram maiores após o tráfego do trator transportador em relação ao conferido pela colhedora de madeira. Os parâmetros porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade, água disponível e estabilidade de agregados a seco foram maiores na fase de corte de madeira do que na fase de baldeio... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: A study of soil compaction was carried out on a Red-Yellow Latosol with 43% of clay and 48% of sand, according to some soil physical and mechanical parameters in a harvester of a 91-month-old Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex-Maiden forest. The aim was to evaluate the influence caused by the traffic of a 100 kWa-tracked harvester followed by a 190 kWa-wheeled-forwarder, over and without slash, in comparison to the soil conditions before the harvesting operations. The physical parameters used were soil dry bulk density, total porosity, air-filled porosity, micro porosity, soil water availability and infiltration rate, temperature and soil mean aggregate sizes. The mechanical parameters were soil penetrometer resistance, shear strength, Proctor test and machine ground pressure. A randomized-block trial with 15 replicates was used, applying Statistical Analysis System (SAS) and Tukey test at 5% and 10% significance levels. Results showed that wheeled-forwarder increased soil dry bulk density, soil shear strength and soil machine pressure in relation to the tracked-harvester. Thus, the parameters total porosity, air-filled porosity, micro porosity, soil water availability and soil mean aggregate sizes were higher on harvesting than on wood hauling. The wheeled-forwarder operating without slash produced a higher soil dry bulk density, temperature and soil compaction degree. Also, this work condition decreased total porosity and air-filled porosity in relation to the same operation accomplished over slash. Micro porosity, water availability, soil infiltration rate, soil penetrometer resistance and the maximum soil dry bulk density were not affected by both machines working on both slash conditions. All the soil mechanized operations evaluated were rated higher than 2 MPa on soil penetrometer resistance parameter, looked like a soil limit to allow the root growing... (Complete abstract, click eletronic address below)
Doutor

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Guma, Rosana Lamana. "PROPRIEDADES TECNOLÓGICAS DA MADEIRA DE Tetrorchidium rubrivenium Poeppig & Endlicher." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8717.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work aims to describe the wood anatomy, study the physical characteristics and verify its variation along the tree height, and determine the mechanical properties of Tetrorchidium rubrivenium (Euphorbiaceae) wood, to identify possible uses of this material. Tetrorchidium rubrivenium, of popular name canemaçu, is an arboreal species of Euphorbiaceae botanical family, Crotonoideae subfamily, which is a native species poorly studied. Five trees of this specie were cut in Vale do Sol, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Environmental license for obtainment of this material was issued according current legislation. Samples of this material were prepared for confection of histologic and quantitative fiber slides, used to describe wood anatomy. Predetermined sized samples were also prepared for the following tests: green and basic specific density, green moisture content, radial and tangential shrinkage, shear, parallel and perpendicular compression, hardness, static and impact bending. The canemaçu wood is composed mostly by fibers and rays, and in lower portion by axial parenchyma and vessels. These anatomic characters agree with expected features for canemaçu family and subfamily. Basic specific density of wood was 0.4062 g/cm3, and presented significant relationship with the position in relation to commercial height of the tree. Similar relationship was found with green specific density, green water content and radial and tangential wood shrinkages. The wood of canemaçu presented low mechanical resistance for parallel compression, hardness and static bending, and median shear resistance. The mechanical properties of canemaçu wood were also related with specific density at 12% moisture and significant relationship was observed with perpendicular compression, radial and tangential hardness, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, work to maximum load in bending and resilience coefficient. Predictive models in function of specific density at 12% moisture were adjusted for these mechanical properties. In according with results of this study, the wood of canemaçu is appropriate to be used on furniture, particleboard, crates and general packaging, and on the manufacture of decorative items, internal finishing and toys.
O presente trabalho tem objetivo de descrever a anatomia da madeira de Tetrorchidium rubrivenium (Euphorbiaceae), estudar as características físicas verificando sua variação ao longo da árvore e determinar suas propriedades mecânicas, a fim de identificar possíveis usos do material. Tetrorchidium rubrivenium, popularmente chamado de canemaçu, é uma espécie arbórea pertencente à família botânica Euphorbiaceae, subfamília Crotonoideae e que ainda é uma espécie nativa pouco estudada. Foram utilizadas cinco árvores coletadas no interior de Vale do Sol, RS. Foi expedida licença ambiental para a obtenção do material, conforme legislação vigente. Amostras do material foram trabalhadas para confeccionar lâminas histológicas e para quantificação de fibras, utilizadas para a descrição anatômica da madeira. Confeccionaram-se também corpos de prova de dimensões pré-estabelecidas para realização dos seguintes testes: massa específica verde e básica, teor de umidade verde, contrações radial e tangencial, cisalhamento, compressão paralela e perpendicular, dureza, flexão estática e resistência ao choque. Constatou-se que o lenho do canemaçu é composto em sua maior parte por fibras e raios e em menor percentual parênquima axial e vasos. As características anatômicas são condizentes com o esperado para a família e subfamília que o canemaçu pertence. A madeira possui massa específica (ME) básica média de 0,4062 g/cm³, esta apresenta relação significativa com a altura comercial da árvore. Relações significativas também foram encontradas entre a ME verde, o teor de umidade verde e as contrações radial e tangencial com a posição em relação à altura comercial da árvore. A madeira apresentou baixa resistência mecânica para compressão paralela, dureza e flexão estática, e resistência mediana para cisalhamento. As propriedades mecânicas foram relacionadas com a ME a 12% de umidade, verificando-se significância com a compressão perpendicular, dureza radial e tangencial, módulo de elasticidade, módulo de ruptura, trabalho absorvido e coeficiente de resiliência. Para estas propriedades, foram ajustados modelos para predição dos respectivos valores a partir da ME. A madeira de canemaçu mostra-se apta para a utilização em móveis, chapas aglomeradas, caixotaria e embalagens em geral, e na confecção de objetos de decoração, acabamento interno e brinquedos.

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Conte, Bruno. "PROPRIEDADES TECNOLÓGICAS DE MADEIRAS DO GÊNERO Eucalyptus SUBMETIDA A TERMORRETIFICAÇÃO EM ÓLEO VEGETAL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8764.

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This study aims to evaluate the effect of thermal treatment in vegetable oil in physical, mechanical, chemical and surface property of the wooden whose two species of the genus Eucalyptus. Initially, we selected six trees, three of which belong for Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell species and the others to the Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden, which gave surce to the samples of physical and mechanical tests. Perform were 20 treatments distributed between the two species, three times (2, 4 and 6 hours) and three temperatures (160, 190 and 220°C), more the control treatments. To the termorretificação was used oil bath laboratory and for drying of the samples, we used a forced circulating air kiln. The analyzes physical evaluated were weight change, equilibrium moisture content, density and hygroscopicity of wood. In mechanical tests was evaluated static and dynamic bending and Janka hardness. Quantity were colorimetric changes, both on the surface and in the center of the parts and the chemical analysis was qualitative lye valuated by infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). The results showed that the process of thermal treatment changed signifivantly the physical properties and is the most severe treatment (220°C) the greatest changes; such changes have incriased dimensional stability and decreased hygroscopicity of wood. The modulus of rupture and Janka hardness decreased after thermal treatment application, alredy the modulus of elasticity hadn´t change. The colorimetric provided the color homogenization, in addition to providing a tropical tone treated wood, benefiting its application in aesthetic purposes. Through the technique of ATR - IR was possible to identify the main chemical elements changed by process of thermal treatment as hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin and extractives, which were the basis for the explanation of the changes occurring in the wood. In general, the process thermal treatment vegetable oil applied to the Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus cloeziana caused significant modifications, which could provide the use of wood treated in environments unsuitable prior to its use.
O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da termorretificação em óleo vegetal nas propriedades físicas, mecânicas, químicas e superficiais da madeira de duas espécies do gênero Eucalyptus. Inicialmente foram selecionadas seis árvores, das quais três são referentes a espécie Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell e as demais de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden, as quais deram origem aos corpos de prova para ensaios físicos e mecânicos. Foram realizados 20 tratamentos, distribuídos entre as duas espécies, três tempos (2, 4 e 6 horas) e três temperaturas (160, 190 e 220ºC), mais os tratamentos controle. Para a realização da termorretificação foi utilizado um banho de óleo laboratorial e, para a cura dos corpos de prova, utilizou-se uma estufa de circulação de ar forçada. As análises físicas avaliadas foram: a variação de massa, o teor de umidade de equilíbrio, a massa específica e higroscopicidade a da madeira. Nos ensaios mecânicos avaliou-se a flexão estática, flexão dinâmica e dureza Janka. Quantificou-se as mudanças colorimétricas, tanto na superfície, quanto no centro das peças e a análise química foi avaliada qualitativamente por espectroscopia no infravermelho (ATR-IR). Os resultados mostraram que o processo de termorretificação alterou significativamente as propriedades físicas, sendo nos tratamentos mais severos (220ºC) as maiores modificações; tais alterações aumentaram a estabilidade dimensional e diminuíram a higroscopicidade da madeira. O módulo de ruptura e a dureza Janka diminuíram após a aplicação dos tratamentos de termorretificação, já no módulo de elasticidade não houve alteração. As alterações colorimétricas proporcionaram a homogeneização da cor, além de conceder um tom marrom a madeira tratada, beneficiando sua aplicação em fins estéticos. Através da técnica de ATR IR foi possível identificar os principais elementos químicos alterados pelo processo de termorretificação, como hemiceluloses, celulose, lignina e extrativos, dos quais serviram de base para a explicação das modificações ocorridas na madeira. De modo geral, o processo de termorretificação em óleo vegetal aplicado à madeira de Eucalyptus cloeziana e Eucalyptus grandis ocasionou modificações relevantes, as quais, podem proporcionar o emprego da madeira tratada em ambientes antes impróprias ao seu uso.

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Silva, Carlos Eduardo Gomes da. "Influência da região de extração em propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Cupiúba (Goupia Glabra Aubl)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8685.

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This research aimed to investigate, with the aid of the Brazilian standard NBR 7190 (1990) Wood Structures Project, of the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the regrouping bootstrap technique, the influence of extraction regions Caracaraí, Bonfim and Claudia, in physical and mechanical properties of Cupiúba wood (Goupia Glabra Aubl), and assess the possibility of estimate (linear, exponential, geometric and logarithmic mathematical models) the physical and mechanical properties investigated as a function of density. The results of ANOVA indicated equivalence in 94% of the properties of the regions of Caracaraí and Claudia, and no equivalence in 50% of the properties in the region of Bonfim, even after extrapolated by the bootstrap technique, the non-equivalence was still 44%, whereas the results obtained from the regression model implied a possibility of an estimate of the physical and mechanical properties of Cupiúba wood due to its apparent density.
Esta pesquisa objetivou investigar, com o auxílio da norma brasileira NBR 7190 (1990) Projeto de Estruturas de Madeira, da Análise de Variância de Kruskal-Wallis (ANOVA) e da técnica bootstrap de reagrupamento, a influência das regiões de extração Caracaraí, Bonfim e Claudia, em propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Cupiúba (Goupia Glabra Aubl), assim como avaliar a possibilidade da estimativa (modelos linear, exponencial, geométrico, logarítmico) das propriedades físicas e mecânicas investigadas em função da densidade aparente. Os resultados da ANOVA indicaram equivalência em 94% das propriedades das regiões de Caracaraí e Cláudia, e não equivalência em 50% das propriedades da região de Bonfim, e mesmo depois de extrapolados pela técnica bootstrap, apresentou não equivalência em 44% das propriedades. Os resultados obtidos dos modelos de regressão implicaram na possibilidade da estimativa das propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Cupiúba em função da densidade aparente.

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Gril, Joseph. "Une modelisation du comportement hygro-rheologique du bois a partir de sa microstructure." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066271.

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L'etude concerne la prise en compte des variations d'humidite dans la representation du comportement mecanique du bois dans la direction des fibres. On rapelle des notions de base sur le bois, puis on analyse des resultats experimentaux sur le couplage hygromecanique. On propose ensuite des modeles uniaxiaux de la mecanosorption, basee sur l'ultrastructure de la matiere lignocellulosique. L'action de l'eau est modelisee de deux manieres. On prend enfin explicitement en compte la structure tridimensionnelle et l'orientation du reseau microfibrillaire. On propose une interpretation des contraintes internes generees a l'echelle moleculaire par la lignification et le sechage

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39

Silva, Marcio Rogério da. "Efeito do tratamento térmico nas propriedades químicas, físicas e mecânicas em elementos estruturais de Eucalipto citriodora e Pinus taeda." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-18012013-093404/.

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O tratamento térmico da madeira (ou termorretificação) é realizado com o aquecimento da madeira em faixas de temperaturas inferiores à carbonização, até 280ºC. O objetivo desta tecnologia é melhorar as propriedades da madeira e, desta forma, proporcionar a obtenção de produtos com maior valor agregado. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o comportamento em peças estruturais das espécies Eucalipto citriodora (Corymbia citriodora) e Pinus taeda, tratadas termicamente nas temperaturas de 160, 180, 200, 220 e 240ºC e, para o pínus, até a temperatura de 260ºC. Os ensaios experimentais realizados para a madeira tratada termicamente foram de classificação visual, obtenção de suas propriedades químicas, físicas, mecânicas (resistência e rigidez), entomológicas e com fungos. Quanto à análise química, foi identificado redução nos teores de extrativos e hemiceluloses, após termorretificação das amostras, e aumento no teor de celulose e lignina. A densidade aparente e a propriedade de inchamento das madeiras reduziram com o aumento da temperatura, e a permeabilidade a gás aumentou para o eucalipto. As mudanças nas propriedades colorimétricas das madeiras levaram ao escurecimento, devido à degradação dos seus principais componentes químicos, principalmente as hemiceluloses. De uma maneira geral, as propriedades de resistência (à compressão, à flexão, à tração e ao cisalhamento paralelo às fibras) das madeiras diminuiram e as propriedades de rigidez (módulo de elasticidade na compressão Eco e o MOE) aumentaram ao longo do tratamento com calor. A determinação dos valores característicos de resistência para cálculos estruturais foram adequados quando comparados à norma brasileira ABNT NBR 7190/97. O tratamento térmico proporcionou a proteção da madeira de Eucalipto citriodora quando ela foi exposta ao ataque de cupins subterrâneos Nasutitermes sp., de acordo com os ensaios de alimentação forçada, e das madeiras de E. citriodora e Pinus taeda, quando expostas ao fungo de podridão mole (Paecilomyces variotti).
Heat treatment of wood (or thermal rectification) is performed by heating wood below carbonization temperature, up to 280ºC. The aim of this technology is to improve the wood properties and thus to obtain products with higher added value. In this study, we evaluate the behavior of structural pieces of two species: Eucalyptus citriodora (Corymbia citriodora) and Pinus taeda, thermally treated at temperatures of 160, 180, 200, 220 e 240ºC, and pine up to the temperature of 260ºC. The experimental analyses to thermally treated wood were visual grading, chemical, physical, mechanical (strength and stiffness) and durability. Regarding chemical analysis, there was a reduction in the extractive and hemicellulose contents, while and the cellulose and lignin content increased; density and swelling properties decreased with increasing temperature, and the air permeability increased to eucalyptus. Changes in the colorimetric properties of wood caused the species in the study to become darker due to degradation of chemical components, mainly hemicellulose. In general, the strength properties (compression, bending, tension and shear parallel to the grain) of wood reduced and the stiffness properties (elasticity modulus by compression (Eco) and MOE) improved along thermal treatment. The determination of characteristic values of strength to structural calculations was adequate when compared to the Brazilian norm ABNT NBR 7190/97. It was observed that thermal treatment provided protection of wood of Eucalyptus citriodora from subterranean termites attack Nasutitermes sp., in the force-feeding test and Eucalyptus citriodora and Pinus taeda on soft rot fungi Paecilomyces variotti.

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Benešová, Anna. "Optimalizace složení dřevoplastových kompozitů s ohledem na jejich využití ve stavebnictví." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-390253.

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Wood-polymer composite is a relatively new type of material that combines shattered wood mass and a thermoplastic polymer. This material is utilized especially as an alternative to hard wood in the area of non-bearing exterior elements, as it reaches better properties in terms of the basic durability and low maintenance. Raw material composition and processing of the composite enable to provide a significant modification with further matters leading to an improvement of the end-product properties. Research and development in this field focuses predominantly on the utilization of such modifying additives that either enhance the resistance to weathering or are of the recycled nature, as a significant part of the raw material mixture comprises the constituent obtained from non-renewable resources. The aim of the thesis is the evaluation of the influence of the wood-polymer composite modification separately at two levels. First of them is the modification to matrix by using a recycled polymer, the second one comprises the modification of the wood flour with a secondary spherical filler. Both types of modified composites have been assessed in terms pf the prime characteristics and the resistance to adverse ambient.

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Barnard, Graham. "Engineering with small roundwood : its mechanical and physical characteristics." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2001. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/955/.

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Varanda, Luciano Donizeti. "Painéis de alta densidade para aplicação em pisos: produção e avaliação de desempenho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18158/tde-16112016-174123/.

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Temas relacionados ao desenvolvimento de novos materiais têm sido cada vez mais abordados e discutidos, num contexto em que questões como meio ambiente, sociedade, economia de energia e aproveitamento de resíduos, vêm se tornando relevantes. Neste cenário, faz-se necessário estudar aplicações de insumos alternativos na produção de pisos de madeira, tanto para reduzir o consumo de essências tropicais quanto para suprir o aumento da demanda de madeira nas indústrias deste segmento. O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir painéis de partículas homogêneos de alta densidade, com resíduos de madeira de Pinus elliottii e casca de aveia (Avena sativa), aderidos sob pressão com dois tipos de adesivo, poliuretano à base de óleo de mamona e melamina formaldeído, nos percentuais de 11 e 13%, e avaliar o desempenho físico-mecânico de tais painéis para aplicação em pisos. O desempenho físico-mecânico dos painéis (Planejamento I - 20 tratamentos) foi avaliado com base nas normas ABNT NBR 14810 (2006 e 2013). Realizou-se análise de variância (ANOVA) para testar a influência dos fatores individuais (percentual de casca de aveia, percentual de adesivo e tipo de adesivo), além das interações entre tais fatores (dois a dois e três a três) nas propriedades físico-mecânicas dos painéis. Também foi avaliado o desempenho para pisos, tanto dos painéis (Planejamento II - 12 tratamentos) quanto de três espécies de madeira tropical (Angelim Vermelho, Dinizia excelsa; Cumaru, Dipteryx odorata e Jatobá, Hymenaea sp.), segundo diversas normas relacionadas a pisos de madeira. Os resultados apontaram propriedades físico-mecânicas dos painéis, em alguns tratamentos superiores aos requisitos estipulados por normas nacionais e internacionais. Quanto ao desempenho para pisos, os painéis apresentaram desempenho semelhante as três espécies de madeira, na maioria das propriedades avaliadas. A análise de porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio confirmou a similaridade entre os painéis (do Planejamento II) e as três espécies de madeira avaliadas, evidenciando a potencialidade dos painéis produzidos para aplicação na indústria de pisos engenheirados.
Matters related to the development of new materials have been increasingly addressed and discussed in a context where issues such as the environment, society, energy and waste recovery economy, is becoming relevant. In this scenario, it is necessary to study alternative inputs for applications in the production of wood floors, both to reduce the consumption of tropical essences as to meet the increasing demand for wood in industries in this segment. The aim this study was to produce high density homogeneous particleboard with waste wood of Pinus elliottii and oat hulls (Avena sativa), adhered under pressure with two types of adhesive, castor oil-based polyurethane and melamine formaldehyde, the percentage of 11 and 13%, and evaluate the physical and mechanical performance of such panels for use in floors. The physical-mechanical performance of the panels (Planning I - 20 treatments) was evaluated based on the NBR 14810 (2006 and 2013) standards. We conducted an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the influence of individual factors (oat hulls percentage, adhesive percentage and type of adhesive), and the interactions between these factors (two by two and three by three) on the physical properties-mechanical panels. It was also evaluated the performance for floors, both panels (Planning II - 12 treatments) as three species of tropical wood (Angelim Vermelho, Dinizia excelsa; Cumaru, Dipteryx odorata e Jatobá, Hymenaea sp.), according to various standards related to wood floors. The results indicated physical and mechanical properties of the panels, in some treatments superior to the requirements stipulated by national and international standards. As for performance flooring, panels statistically equivalent to the three species of wood, most of the evaluated properties. Porosimetry analysis by mercury intrusion confirmed the similarity between the panels (from Planning II) and the three wood species evaluated, demonstrating the potential of the panels produced for use in the flooring industry engineered.

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Bikoro, Bi Athomo Arsène. "Analyse et valorisation des coproduits de la transformation industrielle de l’Acajou du Gabon (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev)." Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU3001.

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Au Gabon, la forêt recouvre plus de 85% du territoire soit environ 22 millions d’hectares de forêt ce qui représente un potentiel de plus de 400 millions de m3 de bois exploitables. Pour plus de 400 essences répertoriées exploitables, environ 80 sont exploitées, mais seules 13 font l’objet d’une exploitation à l’échelle industrielle. Le bois massif issu de l’exploitation forestière sous forme de grumes était, jusqu’à 2009, principalement destiné à l’exportation. Cependant depuis cette date, l’Etat Gabonais a décidé de développer son industrie, en imposant aux exploitants forestiers d’effectuer au minimum une première transformation dans le pays.Cette, réforme a conduit à l'augmentation de la transformation locale des grumes, et par conséquent à une hausse de la production de co-produits. Ces derniers représentent environ 50% de la masse initiale des grumes en ce qui concerne le sciage et environ 5% pour le déroulage. Les acteurs de la filière doivent actuellement faire face à une nouvelle problématique : un excès de produits connexes générés par la transformation locale du bois.Cette thèse a ainsi pour objectif général de proposer une démarche permettant de trouver des solutions de valorisation de ces co-produits, dont 85% sont actuellement brulés à ciel ouvert. Les co-produits de la transformation industrielle de l’acajou (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev) du Gabon ont été ainsi étudiés en trois phases. Un premier travail a été réalisé sur la caractérisation physico-chimique des extraits d’écorce, d’aubier et de bois de cœur d’acajou. Nous avons particulièrement travaillé sur les extraits phénoliques, dont les tanins. Ensuite, une voie de valorisation de ces composés a été étudiée : l’élaboration d’un adhésif à base de tanins d’acajou. Enfin, une autre piste de valorisation a été explorée : la mise au point d’un composite bois/plastique avec les co-produits de bois et les déchets issus de bouteilles plastiques.Les résultats des différents travaux effectués ont montré que les tanins d’acajou étaient riches en monomères de fisitinidine et de gallocatéchine. L’absence d’acide gallique sous forme libre a aussi été constatée. Par ailleurs, les colles à base de tanins d’acajou ont montré de bonnes caractéristiques thermiques. Enfin, le composite fabriqué a présenté des propriétés physico-mécaniques intéressantes qui permettent d’envisager une valorisation à plus grande échelle
The Gabon forest covers more than 85% of country, so about 22 million hectares of forest, which represents a potential of more than 400 million m3 of exploitable wood. For more than 400 species listed as exploitable, about 80 are exploitable, but only 13 are exploited on an industrial scale. Solid wood from logging in the form of logs was, until 2009, mainly intended for export. However, since that date, the Gabonese State has decided to develop its industry by requiring loggers to carry out at least a first transformation in the country.This reform has led to an increase in local transformation of logs, and therefore an increase in the production of co-products. The latter represent approximately 50% of initial log mass for sawing and around 5% for peeling. The actors of the sectors thus found themselves with the problem of an excess of products derived from the local processing of wood.General objective of this thesis is to propose an approach that makes it possible to find recovery solutions for these by-products, 85% of which are burnt in the open air.Co-products of the industrial transformation of mahogany (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev) from Gabon were thus studied in three phases. Initial work on the physicochemical characterization of bark, sapwood and heartwood of mahogany extracts has been carried out in general. We have particularly work on phenolic extracts, including tannins. Then, a way of valuing these compounds was studied: development of a tannin-based adhesive with mahogany tannins. Finally, another recovery avenue was explored: development of wood/ plastic composite with wood by-products and waste from plastic bottles.Results of various studies have shown that the mahogany tannins are rich in fisitinidin and gallocatechin monomers. The absence of free form of gallic acid was also noted. In addition, tannin-based adhesives of mahogany have shown good thermal characteristics. Furthermore, the composite has interesting physico-mechanical properties that would allow a possible valorization on a large scale

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44

Broman, Olof. "Means to measure the aesthetic properties of wood." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Träteknologi, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-16967.

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Wood is a biological material with inherent aesthetic properties which can give the final product a competitive advantage over other materials. In this thesis, people’s feelings and preferences for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood surfaces have been examined. The main objectives of this thesis are to develop methods for measuring people’s preferences toward different looks of wood and to connect the subjective preference data with objective measurements of wood features. It comprises both qualitative and quantitative methods for collecting preference data. Two projection methods, PCA and PLS, were used to analyze the quantitative studies. Interviews made clear that people prefer different blends of wood features. There are two qualitative differences that are of importance for people's impressions and valuations of wood: The overall blend of wood features and divergent features that mismatch in a surface. It was found that divergent features are more important than the overall mixture of features. But if there are no defects that mismatch, the overall mixture will then be the key to a person's appreciation of a wood surface. Wood surfaces should stimulate people's interest and be fresh looking. A clear surface is naturally rather harmonious, elegant and easy to look at. On the other hand, a clear surface should be stimulating to look at, should be exciting and it should not look like an imitation. Knotty surfaces usually are less harmonious. Therefore, questions about harmony, easiness to look at and balance are of importance. Just as for clear surfaces, a knotty surface should also stimulate people's interest, have a fresh look, be exciting and stimulating to look at. The quantitative studies show that it is possible to measure people’s preferences toward wood by a questionnaire technique. The results also show that there are differences in people’s judgments for surfaces with knots and for those without knots. There are stronger connections between questions regarding the overall impression and the final assessment than there are for detailed questions regarding certain wood features. Thirteen questions were pointed out as relevant to use with interviews. Two interview methods were compared. The first method used wood surfaces and the second used computer images with the same wood surfaces applied to an example product, a kitchen cabinet. The results show that the two methods are comparable and useful. It was shown that it is possible to some extent to connect subjective preference data with objective wood feature measurements. Results show that a lot of wood feature measurements are needed and that it is a multivariate problem. Concerning the measurements, it seems easier to find features that negatively affect people’s liking than to find the opposite. Among the most important variables were those that detect different kinds of feature distribution over a wood surface, and especially those variables that detect a deviation in center of gravity. Increased knowledge about people’s preferences for the aesthetic properties of wood will lead to a better understanding of which wood features should be measured and controlled in the future.
Godkänd; 2000; 20061116 (haneit)

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Oksman, Kristiina. "Improved properties of thermoplastic wood flour composites." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Materialvetenskap, 1997. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26513.

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In this study the properties of composites made of wood flour and thermoplastics have been investigated. In order to improve the interfacial adhesion between hydrophobic and nonpolar thermoplastics and hydrophilic and polar wood flour different additives have been used as compatibilizers in composites systems. The interaction between a wood filler and thermoplastic matrix, with and without compatibilizers, has been studied using conventional mechanical testing, impact testing, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), electron microscopes and infrared spectroscopy. Tests of mechanical properties, such as maximum tensile strength, tensile modulus and impact strength have shown that maleic anhydride grafted styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene triblock copolymer (SEBS-MA) acts as a compatibilizer in the composite system. The SEBS-MA improves the stress transfer from the matrix to the wood particles and forming an flexible interphase around the wood particle and therefore improves the impact properties. The DMTA measurements indicated that there is an interaction between the wood surfaces and the maleic anhydride part of the SEBS-MA copolymer, and also between PS and wood. Morphological studies with SEM and TEM showed that the addition of SEBS-MA improved the adhesion between the wood particles and polymer matrix and that the compatibilizer is located at the interphase region between them. An infrared spectroscopy study indicated that the MA in the SEBS may react with the wood by forming hydrogen- and esterbonds and also possibly interaction between PS and wood.
Godkänd; 1997; 20061128 (haneit)

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46

Zhang, Shu. "Mechanical and physical properties of electrospun nanofibers." NCSU, 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07102009-165411/.

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The process of electrospinning was utilized to fabricate randomly aigned nylon6 nanofibers and aligned nylon6 nanofibers. Polymer concentration affecting electrospinning was investigated. This parameter was evaluated using degree of crystallinity by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as well as visual images produced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DSC data demonstrated that more crystals were formed with lower polymer concentrations; SEM images revealed that slimmer fibers were produced by lower concentrations. The mechanical properties of unoriented fibers and aligned fibers were tested on Instron 5544. The result of tensile tests indicated higher Youngâs modulus and tensile strength of aligned nanofibers than that of unaligned fibers. The SEM images at broken edges of fibers illustrated different broken mechanisms of these two forms of nanofibers. The broken mechanism of aligned nanofibers was further confirmed by crystallinity parameters obtained from DSC and fiber diameter shown from SEM images.

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Alcock, Joseph Patrick. "Mechanical and physical properties of orthodontic archwires." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492645.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the nanomechanical properties of as received, autoclaved and clinically exposed orthodontic archwires. This study was prospective. The clinical component took place in the Orthodontic department of a district general hospital in Bath. Laboratory tests were performed at Bristol Dental School.

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Bergander, Anna. "Local variability in chemical and physical properties of spruce wood fibers /." Stockholm, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3105.

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Huang, Sheng. "Experiment study of the mechanical properties of timber materials under various humidity condition." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3950672.

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Kock, Jeffrey Wayne. "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Chicken Feather Materials." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10555.

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Materials derived from chicken feathers could be used advantageously in composite building material applications. Such applications could potentially consume the five billion pounds of feathers produced annually as a by-product of the U.S. poultry industry. To aid the development of successful applications for chicken feather materials (CFM), the physical and mechanical properties of processed CFM have been characterized in this research. Results describing the moisture content, aspect ratio, apparent specific gravity, chemical durability, Youngs modulus, and tensile strength for processed CFM and specifically their fiber and quill components are presented herein. Processed chicken feather fiber and quill samples were found to have similar moisture contents in the range of 16 - 20%. The aspect ratio (i.e., length/diameter) of samples were found to be in the range of 30 - 50, and the fiber material was found to have a larger aspect ratio than the quill material. A comparison with values in the literature suggests that different processing regimes produce CFM with higher aspect ratios. Samples were found to have apparent specific gravities in the range of 0.7 - 1.2, with the fiber material having a higher apparent specific gravity than the quill material. A comparison with values in the literature suggests that apparent specific gravity results vary with fiber length and approach the value for keratin as fiber length decreases and internal voids become increasingly accessible. Chemical durability results showed that CFM rapidly degrade in highly alkaline (pH=12.4) environments and are, thus, likely incompatible with cement-based materials without special treatment. The Youngs modulus of processed chicken feather materials was found to be in the range of 3 - greater than 50 GPa and, thus, comparable to the Youngs moduli of other natural fibers. The tensile strength of oven-dried samples was found to be in the range of 10 - greater than 70 MPa. In agreement with results in the literature, the fiber material was found to have a greater tensile strength than the quill material. Finally, a simplified approach for comparing the effective Youngs moduli and effective tensile strengths of various processed CFM samples was introduced.

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