Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Physical assault'

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Apr. 25, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Epidemiology." Discipline: Epidemiology; Department/School: Public Health.

Building on a growing body of research linking an opportunity framework to drops in acquisitive crime and most recently, acquisitive violence, the present thesis extends this framework to the downward trajectory of nighttime economy violence in England and Wales, during the phenomenon of the crime drop. Using secondary data analysis of the Crime Survey for England and Wales, the rate of stranger and acquaintance violence within the night-time economy is found to have halved between 1995 and 2011/12; mirroring the dramatic declines experienced by other crime types within England and Wales, and more widely across other westernised countries. Disaggregating this overarching trend by offence and victim characteristics reveals a reduction in alcohol-fuelled, common assaults between young males, occurring in and around the drinking venues of the night-time economy, and during weekends, to be the main driver of the drop. Boden, Fergusson and Horwood (2013) argue that to date there is limited knowledge surrounding the nature of alcohol-related violence. The present research explores the nexus between alcohol and violence through a situational lens. The opportunistic nature of night-time economy violence is identified through offenders' choice of tools (weapons) and selection of targets, as well as the clustering of violence along certain spatial, temporal, and individual, dimensions. The opportunity structure of night-time economy violence is established using multivariate modelling techniques designed to isolate the role of opportunity in assault-victimisation, and resultant severity, from the personal characteristics of the actors involved. Measures of a 'risky lifestyle', characterised by an increase in routine activities that take respondents away from the safety of the home, are found to be the strongest predictors of assault victimisation-risk across every available sweep of the survey. A significant shift in population lifestyle - namely a significant net decline in routine engagement with the drinking venues of the night-time economy, as well as a shift in the gender and age composition of drinking venue patronage - co-varies with the decline in night-time economy violence. However, residual effects of respondents' socio-demographic characteristics on victimisation-risk, after mediating for differences in lifestyle, presents violent victimisation in the night-time economy as a result of a process by which personal traits interact with criminogenic environments. Personal characteristics, however, are weaker in their prediction of offence severity in the night-time economy. Rather, the present research supports a collection of research identifying the context of violence to be the strongest predictor of violent dispute escalation (Brennan, Moore & Shepherd, 2010; Marcus and Reio, 2002).

Condom trace evidence must not be overlooked in sexual assault cases; understanding the chemical and physical characteristics of condoms is imperative if condoms are to be useful evidence. Previous research shows that condom identification is possible, but it is equally important to evaluate durability of condom residues versus time. Using FT-IR, this study examined vaginal swabs from subjects who self-sampled at intervals for up to 72 hours after having intercourse with a condom. This study investigated whether age and the stage of the menstrual cycle affected the durability of residues in the vagina over time. This study revealed that condoms containing nonoxynol-9, silicone-based lubricants, and particulates provide valuable information for identification, and that nonoxynol-9 specifically withstands the vaginal environment for up to 72 hours. Additionally, age and menstrual cycle both appeared to have an effect on the durability of residues although larger sample size is desirable.

Master of Science
Department of Family Studies and Human Services
Jared Anderson
Using data from young adults (N = 224) living in Beijing and Guangzhou, China this study examined the direct association between frequency of pornography use and relationship confidence and indirect associations through depression symptoms and physical assault. Results using structural equation modeling demonstrated that higher frequency of pornography use was indirectly linked with lower relationship confidence via depression symptoms and physical assault. These findings are informed by Social Constructionist Theory (Gergen, 1985), which considers how individuals take what they understand from their culture, exposure to material such as pornography, and other social experiences to develop and make meaning of who they are within their relational context.

Thesis (M Med (Family Medicine))-- University of Limpopo, 2010.
ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of the study was to establish the profile of patients due to alleged physical assault seen at the casualty department of Schweizer-Reneke District hospital. Objectives: To determine the characteristics of patients with injuries due to alleged physical assaults. To document the pattern of injuries due to alleged physical assaults presented at the casualty department of Schweizer-Reneke District Hospital. To determine the circumstances that influenced the alleged physical assaults on these patients. Design: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study of victims of alleged physical assault. Setting: Schweizer Reneke District Hospital, located in the Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati Health District, in the North West Province of South Africa. Participants: Sixty-four (64) consenting patients, who presented at the casualty of Schweizer-Reneke District Hospital with injuries due to alleged physical assault, from the 1 st of March 2010 to the 31 st of August 2010, formed the sample. Results: The main findings were: The majority of the victims were males (78%), with a mean age of 31 years. Fifty per cent of the injuries were inflicted on the head, in both male and female victims.

Nusikaltimai žmogaus seksualinio apsisprendimo laisvei ir neliečiamumui 1961 m. galiojusiame baudžiamajame kodekse išdėstyti kiek kitaip. Baudžiamoji atsakomybė už lytinės aistros tenkinimą natūraliu, oraliniu bei analiniu būdu buvo reglamentuota viename kodekso straipsnyje – „Išžaginimas“ ir saugojo tik moters seksualinio apsisprendimo laisvę ir nepilnametės seksualinį neliečiamumą. Įsigaliojus naujajam LR BK, išžaginimo norma išskirta į du nusikaltimus – išžaginimas ir seksualinis prievartavimas tokiu būdu iš išžaginimo normos „atimant“ oralinį ir analinį nusikaltimo padarymo būdus bei papildant nauju požymiu – kitoks fizinis sąlytis. Reikalingumą kriminalizuoti lytinės aistros tenkinimą kitokio fizinio sąlyčio būdu sąlygojo kintantys visuomenės santykiai ir atsirandančios vis naujos lytinės aistros tenkinimo kitokio fizinio sąlyčio būdu formos. Tačiau dėl plačiai suformuluotos minėto požymio koncepcijos teismai susiduria su šio požymio kvalifikavimo problemomis. Taip pat iškilo ir lytinės aistros tenkinimo su mažamečiu atribojimo nuo mažamečio asmens tvirkinimo bei seksualinio prievartavimo ir išžaginimo tęstinumo ir šių nusikaltimų kvalifikavimo iš sutapties problemos. Atsižvelgiant į šių nusikaltimų kvalifikavimo problemas, išžaginimo nebelaikant pačia pavojingiausia lytinės aistros tenkinimo forma, lyginant šiuos nusikaltimus pavojingumo, pasekmių atžvilgiu bei atsižvelgiant į tai, kad šių nusikaltimų objektas yra toks pat, kyla abejonės dėl išžaginimo normos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Crimes against person‘s self-determination and inviolability in 1961 Criminal Code were regulated differently. Criminal liability for sexual satisfaction in a natural, oral or anal way was regulated by a single article of the code – „rape“ and protected only woman‘s self-determination and minor sexual inviolability. Due to effect of the new Criminal Code the rate of rape divided into two crimes – rape and sexual assault taking away the oral and anal way from rape and adding a new feature – other physical contact. The need to criminalize sexual desire satisfaction in other physical contact method resulted in changing public reactions and emerging a new sexual passion for satisfying other forms of physical contact way. However, due to widely formulated concept of this character, courts faced with this character qualification problems. they also had a problem with finding the borderline between young person‘s sexual abuse and satisfaction of sexual passion with young person. also there are sexual assault and rape of continuity and qualificaion of these crimes in coincidence problems. In view of the problems of qualification of these crimes, rape not being considered the most dangerous form of sexual desire satisfaction, comparing these crimes hazard, result and taking into account the fact that the object of these crimes is the same, there are doubts of rape extraction into two offences of necesity. Aim of this work is the analysis of criminal law doctrine and case law to... [to full text]

Background - Prostitution has been documented in most societies, although the context in which it occurs may vary greatly. In Queensland, Australia, sex workers can operate from legal brothels or privately but all other sectors of the sex industry are prohibited. It is assumed that regulation of the sex industry through legalization leads to better health and social outcomes for sex workers and their clients. However, this assumption has rarely been subjected to empirical scrutiny. Aims - This research examined the occupational health and safety of female sex workers in Queensland and explored the relationship between legislative change, workplace violence, mental health and job satisfaction. Sex workers interviewed in 2003 (after legalisation) were compared to a prior study of this population conducted in 1991 (before official regulation of the sex industry). Further, in-depth analysis of the 2003 cohort compared sex workers employed in legal and illegal sectors, to assess violence, health status and job satisfaction. Methods - Cross-sectional, convenience sampling was used to collect data from female sex workers in 2003. This data was compared with data collected earlier (in 1991) and explored differences in the two samples using bivariate analysis. Similar recruitment strategies on both occasions were used to recruit women from all known sectors of the Queensland sex industry. The 1991 comparison sample (Boyle et al. 1997) included 200 women (aged between 16 and 46 years), and in 2003, 247 women (aged 18 to 57) participated. The 2003 sample included workers from legal brothels (n=102), private sole-operators (n=103) and illegal street-based sex workers (n=42). Using data collected in 2003, this study assessed the relationship between physical and mental health and job satisfaction and two main independent variables, i.e., current work sector and recent workplace violence. Bivariate analysis of physical health and independent variables showed no significant relationships and therefore further analysis was not undertaken. However, analysis of mental health and job satisfaction showed complex interactions between multiple variables and therefore linear modeling was performed to adjust for confounding. Results - Analysis of the 1991 and 2003 samples showed little apparent change over time in self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs). There were substantial changes over time in the types of sexual services being provided to clients, with the 2003 sample more likely to provide 'exotic' services. Violence experienced ever in their lifetime differed; in 1991, 29% reported having ever been raped compared with 42% in 2003 (p= <0.01). In 2003, 50% of illegal sex workers reported having ever been raped by a client compared with 12% of private sex workers and 3% of brothel-based sex workers (p=<0.01). Overall, the sex workers reported roughly equivalent job satisfaction to Australian women. A desire to leave the sex industry was most strongly correlated with reduced job satisfaction (p=<0.01). Satisfaction was also relatively low among those whose family was not aware of their sex work (p=<0.01). Similarly, the mental and physical health of this sample was comparable to age-matched women from the general population. Wanting to leave the sex industry was most strongly associated with poor mental health (p=<0.01), as was recent sexual or physical assault by a client (p=0.06) and the woman's main work sector (p=0.05). Illegal sex workers reported substantially lower mental health scores than their counterparts in legal sex work. Conclusions - Self-reported STI diagnosis was high in these samples but the prevalence appears not to have changed over time. Comparing 2003 to 1991, there were trends towards safer and more diverse sexual practices. It is likely the sex industry has 'professionalized' and now includes more sex workers providing specialist, 'exotic' services. This sample of female sex workers reported high rates of violence, with those working illegally at greatest risk. Analysis suggests a complex interaction between variables contributing to mental health and job satisfaction. In general, it appears that the majority of sex workers enjoyed at least as much job satisfaction as women working in other occupations. It also appears that this sample had equivalent mental health to women from the general population, although the sub-group of illegal workers generally had poorer health. Job satisfaction and the extent of workplace hazards (especially risk of violence) were also strongly associated with different sectors of the sex industry. It is probable that legalisation has benefited some (perhaps most) but there are health and safety concerns for those outside the legal framework. Legislative reform should focus on violence prevention, promoting reporting of violent events to police, and further exploration of the impact of legislation on the health of workers in the sex industry.

Background: Prostitution has been documented in most societies, although the context in which it occurs may vary greatly. In Queensland, Australia, sex workers can operate from legal brothels or privately but all other sectors of the sex industry are prohibited. It is assumed that regulation of the sex industry through legalization leads to better health and social outcomes for sex workers and their clients. However, this assumption has rarely been subjected to empirical scrutiny. Aims: This research examined the occupational health and safety of female sex workers in Queensland and explored the relationship between legislative change, workplace violence, mental health and job satisfaction. Sex workers interviewed in 2003 (after legalisation) were compared to a prior study of this population conducted in 1991 (before official regulation of the sex industry). Further, in-depth analysis of the 2003 cohort compared sex workers employed in legal and illegal sectors, to assess violence, health status and job satisfaction. Methods: Cross-sectional, convenience sampling was used to collect data from female sex workers in 2003. This data was compared with data collected earlier (in 1991) and explored differences in the two samples using bivariate analysis. Similar recruitment strategies on both occasions were used to recruit women from all known sectors of the Queensland sex industry. The 1991 comparison sample (Boyle et al. 1997) included 200 women (aged between 16 and 46 years), and in 2003, 247 women (aged 18 to 57) participated. The 2003 sample included workers from legal brothels (n=102), private sole-operators (n=103) and illegal street-based sex workers (n=42). Using data collected in 2003, this study assessed the relationship between physical and mental health and job satisfaction and two main independent variables, i.e., current work sector and recent workplace violence. Bivariate analysis of physical health and independent variables showed no significant relationships and therefore further analysis was not undertaken. However, analysis of mental health and job satisfaction showed complex interactions between multiple variables and therefore linear modeling was performed to adjust for confounding. Results: Analysis of the 1991 and 2003 samples showed little apparent change over time in self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs). There were substantial changes over time in the types of sexual services being provided to clients, with the 2003 sample more likely to provide 'exotic' services. Violence experienced ever in their lifetime differed; in 1991, 29% reported having ever been raped compared with 42% in 2003 (p= <0.01). In 2003, 50% of illegal sex workers reported having ever been raped by a client compared with 12% of private sex workers and 3% of brothel-based sex workers (p=<0.01). Overall, the sex workers reported roughly equivalent job satisfaction to Australian women. A desire to leave the sex industry was most strongly correlated with reduced job satisfaction (p=<0.01). Satisfaction was also relatively low among those whose family was not aware of their sex work (p=<0.01). Similarly, the mental and physical health of this sample was comparable to age-matched women from the general population. Wanting to leave the sex industry was most strongly associated with poor mental health (p=<0.01), as was recent sexual or physical assault by a client (p=0.06) and the woman's main work sector (p=0.05). Illegal sex workers reported substantially lower mental health scores than their counterparts in legal sex work. Conclusions: Self-reported STI diagnosis was high in these samples but the prevalence appears not to have changed over time. Comparing 2003 to 1991, there were trends towards safer and more diverse sexual practices. It is likely the sex industry has 'professionalized' and now includes more sex workers providing specialist, 'exotic' services. This sample of female sex workers reported high rates of violence, with those working illegally at greatest risk. Analysis suggests a complex interaction between variables contributing to mental health and job satisfaction. In general, it appears that the majority of sex workers enjoyed at least as much job satisfaction as women working in other occupations. It also appears that this sample had equivalent mental health to women from the general population, although the sub-group of illegal workers generally had poorer health. Job satisfaction and the extent of workplace hazards (especially risk of violence) were also strongly associated with different sectors of the sex industry. It is probable that legalisation has benefited some (perhaps most) but there are health and safety concerns for those outside the legal framework. Legislative reform should focus on violence prevention, promoting reporting of violent events to police, and further exploration of the impact of legislation on the health of workers in the sex industry.

New Criminal code came into power in 2003. It changed the concept of indecent assault. The new modern concept of indecent assault is more related to the changes in society, but sometimes is difficult to apply, because of its novelty and indetermination. Therefore it is necessary to determine the legal concept of indecent assault in order to avoid controversial evaluation of sexual offences and their elements of proof. So the aim of this study is to analyse indecent assault from historical point of view, to describe forms of indecent assault and aggravating circumstances. The proposed review of indecent assault contains legal evaluation of all attributions according to their legal evaluation in Lithuanian and foreign criminal law. Theoretical evaluation of indecent assault is linked to the examples of court’s practise by underlining controversial aspects of concept of indecent assault and proposing possible ways to define them.

Les violences en entreprise sont un problème de société en constante augmentation. Ce travail de thèse a étudié les stratégies d’adaptation et les traitements cognitifs chez les personnes exposées à un risque professionnel d’agressions physiques (violences externes). Six études expérimentales ont été réalisées. Ces travaux ont permis de montrer que la formation professionnelle à la gestion des conflits et la recherche de soutien social sont des facteurs de protection à un risque de violences externes en situation d'exercice professionnel (études 1 et 2). Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés aux interactions sociales et à la communication intra-individuelle par l’étude des expressions faciales présentes lors d'un épisode d'agression. Nos résultats indiquent que le niveau d'exposition à un risque de violences externes et le genre des participants n'exercent pas d'influence sur les capacités de reconnaissance des expressions faciales émotionnelles ou prémices d'une agression physique (étude 3). Il n'exerce pas non plus d'effet sur les capacités des personnes à reconnaître les expressions faciales émotionnelles (étude 4). Néanmoins, nous avons observé une diminution des niveaux de reconnaissance de ces expressions avec l'augmentation de l'âge. En ce qui concerne les processus attentionnels, il n'a pas été observé de différences entre les expressions émotionnelles et celles prémices d'une agression physique sur l'inhibition des interférences cognitives, en fonction du niveau d'exposition au risque de violences externes (étude 5) ou de l’allocation de l'attention visuelle (étude 6). L'utilité sociale de ces résultats est discutée
Violence in the workplace is a growing social problem. This thesis work studied adaptation strategies and cognitive treatments in people exposed to a professional risk of physical aggression (external violence). Six experimental studies were carried out. This work has shown that professional training in conflict management and the search for social support are protective factors against a risk of external violence in a professional situation (studies 1 and 2). Facial expressions present during an episode of aggression were studdied in social interactions and intra-individual communication. The results indicate that the level of exposure to a risk of external violence and the gender of the participants do not exert an influence on the capacities of recognition of emotional facial expressions or the first signs of a physical aggression (study 3). It also has no effect on people's ability to recognize emotional facial expressions (study 4). Nevertheless, a decrease in the recognition levels of these expressions was observed with increasing age. With regard to attentional processes, no differences were observed between emotional expressions and those first signs of a physical aggression on the inhibition of cognitive interference, depending on the level of exposure to the risk of external violence ( study 5) or the allocation of visual attention (study 6). The social utility of these results is discussed

This study investigated links between sexual assault experiences, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and adverse physical health outcomes among adult women. Existing models in which posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) mediate the relationship between trauma exposure and physical health outcomes have been established within a variety of trauma populations, but had yet to be specifically tested with the trauma of sexual assault. Through the use of structural equation modelling (SENT), support was found for a model in which posttraumatic stress symptom (PTSS) severity partially mediates the association between sexual assault exposure and physical health problems. While PTSS severity served as a partial mediator, it was revealed that depression symptoms did not A multivariate multiple regression was conducted to test whether the three PTSD symptom clusters (i.e., reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms) were differentially related to physical health outcomes, but it was found that no single symptom cluster explained the association between PTSD and adverse physical health outcomes. It was revealed, however. that reexperiencing symptoms and avoidance symptoms had unique associations with health care utilization and health perceptions, respectively. Finally. A unique relationship between sexual assault exposure and reproductive and sexual health problems was revealed, suggesting that this is a particularly important area of health concern among sexual assault survivors.

丈夫向妻子使用暴力是最常見的性別暴力形式，相比於其他人際間暴力行為更為常見。過往文獻對家庭暴力風險的分佈模式已形成不同的理論解釋，但鮮有研究者試圖在華人社會中探討並檢驗這些從西方社會脈絡中發展出來的理論。本論文將運用資源理論、性別觀點、社會控制等理論視角以解釋香港社會中的家庭暴力行為。
本論文使用量化研究方法驗證數個關於家庭暴力社會文化因素的假設。所使用的是2007年在香港一個西北區域收集到的住戶調查數據。該調查在使用概率抽樣下，成功訪問了871對伴侶 (共1, 742人) 。樣本中，10.7%的丈夫在過去一年曾向妻子使用過暴力。本論文主要由三篇獨立成章的實證研究論文組成，每篇論文各自針對一個理論視角指出其不足之處並檢驗過往研究中鮮被驗證過的論點。
第一篇論文指出，夫妻間收入差距和丈夫的全職工作降低了丈夫在夫妻關係中的權力慾望，並因此降低了丈夫暴力對待妻子的風險。中介分析驗証了夫婦間收入差距和丈夫的全職工作對丈夫向妻子使用暴力行為存在間接效應。第二篇論文指出，夫妻雙方的性別態度交互地影響了家庭暴力的風險分佈。當妻子持有非傳統的性別態度時，丈夫的傳統性別態度和使用暴力呈正相關。而當丈夫持有傳統的性別態度時，妻子的傳統性別態度則和丈夫使用暴力的風險呈負相關。研究發現，控制了其他變項後，家庭暴力風險最高的伴侶组合為傳統丈夫和非傳統妻子。第三篇論文分析指出，婚姻衝突和丈夫向妻子動武的相關程度受朋輩對伴侶間使用暴力的看法所影響。當朋輩贊同對配偶使用暴力時，婚姻衝突更有可能轉化為家庭暴力。但只有對存在婚姻衝突的伴侶來說，朋輩贊同對配偶使用暴力的看法才會增加家庭暴力的發生風險。
本論文意在表明家庭暴力成因的複雜性。影響丈夫向妻子使用暴力的各個因素不單相互連結，而且各個因素交互地影響了家庭暴力的風險分佈。此項研究結果反映了社會需要一套綜合的預防及干預策略，通過不同層面的角色合作以减少家庭暴力。
Husband-to-wife violence is the most common form of gender-based violence and is much more prevalent than many other forms of interpersonal violence. In the literature, some theories are developed to explain the prevalence pattern of husband-to-wife violence. The focus of this thesis is on the applications and discussions of resource theories, gender ideology and a social control perspective. These theories are primarily developed in the Western context. However, empirical tests of these theories in Chinese societies are still rare.
A quantitative approach is adopted in this thesis to empirically test the hypotheses about the relationship between socio-cultural factors and husband-to-wife violence in Hong Kong. A household survey, with a probability sample, was conducted in a northwestern district of Hong Kong in 2007. In total, 871 couples (1,742 respondents) had completed the survey. The prevalence rate of husband-to-wife physical assault over the past year was 10.7%. The main body of this thesis contains three empirical papers analyzing the prevalence pattern of husband-to-wife violence in Hong Kong. Each of the papers addresses the limitations of a theoretical perspective and contributes by testing some of the ideas from the above perspectives that have not been empirically examined in past studies.
In the first paper, the analysis shows that a couple’s income difference and the husband’s full-time employment are negatively associated with the husband’s desire to have more decision-making power in the relationship, while the husband’s desire to have more power in the relationship is positively associated with husband-to-wife physical assault. Mediation tests confirm that a couple’s income difference and the husband’s full-time employment status have exerted indirect effects on husband-to-wife violence through the husband’s power motive. In the second paper, the analysis shows that the interaction of couples’ gender role attitudes plays important role in shaping the risk of husband-to-wife physical assault. Husbands’ gender role traditionalism is positively associated with husband-to-wife physical assault only when they are coupled with wives who have non-traditional attitudes. Wives’ gender role traditionalism is negatively associated with husband-to-wife physical assault only when they are coupled with traditional husbands. Non-traditional wives with traditional husbands face the highest risk of husband-to-wife violence, controlling for other factors. The third empirical paper shows that the strength of association between marital conflict and husband-to-wife violence in Hong Kong was conditioned by peer approval of spousal violence. The association between marital conflict and violence is stronger for couples who had at least some friends who approve spousal violence. Likewise, peer approval of spousal violence is positively associated with husband-to-wife violence only for couples that experienced marital conflict. In contrast, there is no significant association between peer approval of spousal violence and husband-to-wife violence for couples that experienced low-levels of marital conflict.
In sum, this thesis reveals the complexity of the causes of husband-to-wife violence that the correlates of husband-to-wife physical assault are interrelated and their associations with husband-to-wife violence are not independent of each other. This work calls for a comprehensive intervention and prevention package that requires efforts from multiple agencies operating at different levels.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Cheung, Ka Lok.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-97).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese; appendix includes Chinese.
Acknowledgements --- p.iv
List of Tables --- p.vi
List of Figures --- p.ix
Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1. --- Background of the Study --- p.1
Chapter 1.2. --- Research Objectives --- p.3
Chapter 1.3. --- Methodological Approach --- p.7
Chapter 1.3.1. --- Data Source --- p.7
Chapter 1.3.2. --- Measures of the Dependent Variable (The Revised Conflict Tactics Scale) --- p.9
Chapter 1.4. --- Organizational Structure of the Thesis --- p.10
Chapter Chapter 2. --- Husband’s Resources, Power Motive and Husband-To-Wife Physical Assault: A Mediational Analysis of Resources Theories in a Chinese Society --- p.14
Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction --- p.14
Chapter 2.2. --- Past Literature and the Current Study --- p.14
Chapter 2.2.1. --- Resource Theories and Domestic Violence: The Role of Power Motive --- p.15
Chapter 2.2.2. --- Resources and Domestic Violence: Other Possible Explanations --- p.18
Chapter 2.2.3. --- Hong Kong as a Chinese Society --- p.20
Chapter 2.3. --- Methods --- p.21
Chapter 2.3.1. --- Measures of Independent Variables --- p.21
Chapter 2.3.2. --- Analytic Strategy --- p.23
Chapter 2.4. --- Results --- p.25
Chapter 2.4.1. --- Descriptive Statistics and Bivariate Associations --- p.25
Chapter 2.4.2. --- Results from Logistic and OLS Regression Models --- p.28
Chapter 2.4.3. --- Products of Coefficients and Significant Level for Indirect Effects --- p.29
Chapter 2.5. --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.31
Chapter Chapter 3. --- Traditional Husband With Non-Traditional Wife: Couple’s Gender Role Attitudes and Husband-to-Wife Physical Assault --- p.35
Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.35
Chapter 3.2. --- Past Literature and the Current Study --- p.36
Chapter 3.2.1. --- Couple’s Gender Role Attitudes and Husband-to-Wife Physical Assault --- p.36
Chapter 3.2.2. --- Hypotheses of the Current Study --- p.41
Chapter 3.2.3. --- Context for the Current Study: Hong Kong --- p.42
Chapter 3.3. --- Methods --- p.43
Chapter 3.3.1. --- Measures of the Independent Variables --- p.43
Chapter 3.3.2. --- Analytic Strategy --- p.44
Chapter 3.4. --- Results --- p.45
Chapter 3.4.1. --- Descriptive Statistics and Bivariate Associations --- p.45
Chapter 3.4.2. --- Results from Logistic Regression Models --- p.46
Chapter 3.4.3. --- Interpreting the Interaction Effect --- p.49
Chapter 3.5. --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.51
Chapter Chapter 4. --- Marital Conflict, Peer Approval of Spousal Violence and Husband-to-Wife Physical Assault: Testing an Interaction Effect Hypothesis --- p.55
Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction --- p.55
Chapter 4.2. --- Past Literature and the Current Study --- p.57
Chapter 4.2.1. --- Marital Conflict and Husband-to-Wife Physical Assault --- p.57
Chapter 4.2.2. --- Peer Approval of Spousal Violence and Husband-to-Wife Physical Assault --- p.58
Chapter 4.2.3. --- Towards an Interactive Effect Hypothesis --- p.61
Chapter 4.3. --- Methods --- p.61
Chapter 4.3.1. --- Measures of the Independent Variables --- p.61
Chapter 4.3.2. --- Analytic Strategy --- p.63
Chapter 4.4. --- Results --- p.63
Chapter 4.4.1. --- Descriptive Statistics and Bivariate Associations --- p.63
Chapter 4.4.2. --- Results from Logistic Regression Model --- p.65
Chapter 4.4.3. --- Interpreting the Interaction Effect --- p.66
Chapter 4.5. --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.68
Chapter Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.72
Chapter 5.1. --- Summary of Findings --- p.72
Chapter 5.2. --- Limitations of the Current Study and Suggestions for Future Research --- p.74
Chapter Appendix A --- Results of Additional Analysis for Husband-to-Wife Psychological Aggression and Sexual Coercion --- p.78
Chapter Appendix B --- Original questions for the multiple-item scales (in Chinese) --- p.84
Bibliography --- p.86

abstract: The purpose of this constructivist grounded theory study was to explore the perceptions of adult female sexual assault victims/survivors about their wellbeing: their definitions and descriptions of wellbeing; the impact of the assault on wellbeing; and barriers and facilitators to achieving wellbeing following assault. Feminist theory provided the sensitizing concepts for this research. Data were collected via semistructured interviews with 22 adult women who had experienced at least one episode of sexual assault at or above the age of 18. Data analysis included first, second, and third level coding techniques, memo writing, and data displays. Participants experienced negative effects to their overall wellbeing as well as to the wellbeing domains of physical, mental, career/economic/financial, relational, and spiritual. The findings of this study support wellbeing as a core category encompassing the five domains listed above, also described in the literature. The participants also confirmed and expounded in depth on the dynamic, interactive, and overlapping nature of each of the domains of wellbeing and their ability to enhance, maintain, or worsen health status and overall wellbeing. In addition, a new construct emerged that cut across all domains, that of safety, and the overarching significance of culture was recognized. Additional research should continue to explore wellbeing in diverse populations of sexual assault victims/survivors. Additional research should also explore the significance and function of safety in sexual assault victims/survivors. Formal and informal supporters of sexual assault victims/survivors should be aware of the complex ways that sexual assault affects women. In addition, they should be aware of helpful resources for sexual assault victims/survivors.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Nursing and Healthcare Innovation 2015

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
終身學習與人力資源發展碩士學位學程碩士在職專班
103
The purpose of this study aimed to investigate the Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Prevention workers’ stress, and effects on their mental as well as physical health when using different strategies to deal with the 24 hour on call shift assignment. The study chose related statistical analysis to find out the effects on variables when the Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Prevention Center are founded in different ways. The correlation of working stress, the feeling and health index to 24 hour on call shift assignment, the clients’ fatigue and the workers’ intentions to resign is the main focus of this study. Besides, the study tried to figure out if the workers used different coping strategies, such as approach-oriented and avoidance-oriented strategies, could create a better intervention to the main focus above. The study was a quantitative research. The subjects were the workers of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Prevention Center in 22 countries/cities all over Taiwan. There were 884 questionnaires handed out, and 677 of them were sent back. returned rate was 77% of the questionnaires were collected. Among them, 665 questionnaires were proved valid. Besides, 573 subjects were working for six independently established Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Prevention Center. The number was 57% of all subjects. The data was analyzed with SPSS 22.0 statistical software, including descriptive statistics, paired sample T-test, Pearson correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression. The research findings were stated as follows. 1.The fatigue of workers from independently established Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Prevention Center was heavier than those from the centers subsidiary to other organizations. However, the working stress and intentions to resign of workers from independently established Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Prevention Center was less than those from the centers subsidiary to other organizations. 2.When workers of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Prevention Center had more working stress, their health index was relatively low. 3.When workers of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Prevention Center had more working stress, their client-related became more fatigued. 4.When workers of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Prevention Center had more working stress, their turnover intentions were stronger. 5.When workers of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Prevention Center of 24 hours on call shift assignment feelings, their health index was relatively low. 6.When workers of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Prevention Center of 24 hours on call shift assignment feelings, the higher of client-related fatigue status. 7.When workers of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Prevention Center of 24 hours on call shift assignment feelings, their turnover intentions were stronger. 8.Approach-oriented coping had mediating effect on work stress and turnover Intention of workers. In the end, the study gives some suggestions as follows according to the results: the government should take the role of supporting and policy advocating, Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Prevention Center should provide their workers with multiple supports, the coping strategies work-related stress and 24 hour on call shift assignment , health maintaining strategies, and the feedbacks to the workers.

Indecent assault consists in an unlawful and intentional indecent assault which is and is intended to be indecent. There is some controversy in the case law whether the indecency is committed only by acts which are, objectively speaking indecent, against the view that even though the act is not indecent itself, may nevertheless found a conviction of indecent assault if it was the intention of the accused to act indecent and such intention was conveyed to the victim. It is submitted that the last mentioned approach is to be preferred but that the following test should be used: 1. If the act, is objectively speaking indecent and there is no doubt about the unlawfulness as well as the indecent intention of the accused, the crime of indecent assault was committed. 2. If the act is objectively speaking indecent but the indecent intention of the accused can not be proven, there is a rebuttable presumption that the accused acted with an indecent intention. Such as presumption must be rebutted b the accused himself. 3. If the act is not objectively speaking, indecent but the indecent intention of the accused can for example be proven by the accused confession to such an intention, the act became indecent.
Text in Afrikaans
Law
LL.M.

This dissertation focuses on the expulsion of learners from secondary schools in the Western Cape. Learners with behavioural and emotional problems are disruptive in class. They antagonise teachers and challenge the code of conduct of the school. Expelling learners has far reaching consequences for education and society. Although official expulsions have remained constant the number of "unofficial expulsions" appear to be increasing. Expulsion rates vary amongst schools, but those situated in middle-class areas request more expulsions than those situated in lower socio-economic areas. Substance abuse is by far the most dominant reason for expulsion followed by physical confrontation, verbal confrontation, theft, sexual assault and other behavioural problems. Whilst certain factors such as the socio-economic background, intake, catchment area and ethos of the school does influence expulsions, factors within the school i.e. the attitude of the principal towards certain policies and practices may unintentionally contribute to its increase. Finally, the dissertation provides guidelines and recommendations towards minimising expulsions.
Educational Studies
M.Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)