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1
Renner, K. Edward, and Carol Wackett. "Sexual Assault: Social and Stranger Rape." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 6, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1987-0003.
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The Service for Sexual Assault Victims in Halifax reviewed 474 cases of sexual assault handled over a three-year period to determine the nature and relative frequency of social and stranger sexual assault. Women are most likely to be sexually assaulted by a man who is known to and often trusted by them. Women who are raped in a social context are less willing than those raped by a stranger to seek help at the time of the assault, to receive medical attention, or to report the rape to the police. They are also less likely to be threatened with physical harm or to receive physical injury. The cultural values which are responsible for the high frequency of sexual assaults by men who are known to their victims, and for the reluctance of the women to disclose the assault, are discussed.
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Rosen, Tony, Sunday Clark, Zach Gassoumis, Jeanine Yonashiro-Cho, Alyssa Elman, David Lachs, Elizabeth Bloemen, and Jeffrey Hall. "TRENDS IN GERIATRIC PHYSICAL ASSAULT INJURIES TREATED IN U.S. EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS, 2006-2015." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1784.
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Abstract Trends in Geriatric Physical Assault Injuries Treated in US Emergency Departments, 2006-2015 Older adults are common victims of assault, many of which may result in severe injuries. Our objective was to understand temporal and demographic trends in geriatric assault injuries treated at U.S. Emergency Departments (EDs) and to compare these trends to assault injuries in younger adults. We conducted an analysis of assault injuries in patients aged ≥60 compared to patients aged 18-59 treated in EDs during 2006-2015 using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program Special Study of Assaults, which collects data from a nationally representative stratified probability sample of U.S. hospitals. Total geriatric assaults seen in EDs increased from 35,135 in 2006 to 69,657 in 2015, a 98% increase. These injuries increased as a percentage of all geriatric injuries treated from 0.9% to 1.1%. Assaults in older men increased 119%, while assaults in older women increased 68%. Among age groups, the biggest percentage increases were among adults aged 60-64 (138%) and aged 65-74 (89%). ED visits for injuries associated with physical elder abuse increased from 13,241 in 2006 to 27,406 in 2015, a 107% increase. During this period, number of younger adults treated for assault did not significantly change. We concluded that geriatric assault injuries, particularly in older men in younger age groups, are dramatically increasing. Further research is needed to better understand these assaults to develop prevention strategies.
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Kumar Sah, Sanjay, Chandani Pandey, and Shyam Babu Prasad. "Pattern of Injuries in Physically Assaulted Victims in Mid Southern Region of Nepal." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 13, no. 8 (August 30, 2023): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20230830.
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Background: Among injuries by various ways physical assault contributes significantly. Further in underdeveloped countries like Nepal many such cases end to fatality. So this study aims to find the pattern of injuries present in physical assault cases presented to a tertiary care centre of mid southern region of Nepal. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 cases selected among physically assaulted victims coming to emergency department of National medical college and teaching hospital, Birgunj from February 2022 to February 2023 over a period of a year. Ethical approval was obtained from Institutional Review Committee (IRC) of the same institute (Ref: F-NMC/583/078-079). Informed consent was taken from victims or from their guardians. Data was collected through examination and using preformed proforma consisting of socio-demographic profile as well as medicolegal examination. Data was collected using preformed proforma and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 2023. Results: Out of 210 cases of physical assaults, most of the victims were assaulted by Blunt weapon (60.5%) i.e., bamboo sticks, wooden stick, rod, helmet followed by Kicks and fist (31.0%), sharp object (6.2%) and pointed (2.4%). In most of the cases weapons were heavy (52.9%). Most of the assaulted victims had simple injury (85.7%) followed by grievous injury (11.4%) and life threatening (2.9%). Abrasion (64.3%) was most common type of injury. Conclusion: Physical assault commonly caused by blunt weapons and head is usual target. Unemployment and alcohol intoxication are major factors contributing to interpersonal violence in mid southern region of Nepal. Key words: Physical assault, violence, grievous, examination.
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Chuang, Cynthia H., Jane M. Liebschutz, Debbie M. Cheng, Anita Raj, and Jeffrey H. Samet. "Substance Use During Sexual and Physical Assault in HIV-Infected Persons." Violence and Victims 22, no. 2 (April 2007): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/088667007780477311.
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Data from the HIV-Alcohol Longitudinal Cohort was used to determine the prevalence of substance use by victims and assailants during physical and sexual assault against HIV-infected persons and whether these findings differed by gender. Of the sexually assaulted participants, 31% of victims and 70% of assailant(s) had used drugs/alcohol during sexual assault. Compared with men, women had higher odds of substance use during sexual assault (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6 to 8.7) and of substance use by their assailant(s) during sexual assault (adjusted OR 5.9, 95% CI 1.7 to 20.6) in adjusted analysis. Of the physically assaulted participants, 66% of victims and 85% of assailants used drugs/alcohol during physical assault; these results did not differ by gender.
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Acosta, Catia, James Warner, Michael Kopelman, and Ramin Nilforooshan. "Assessing whether psychiatric trainees feel safe in the workplace." Psychiatrist 36, no. 3 (March 2012): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.110.032987.
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Aims and methodPrevious studies have shown that 17 to 60% of psychiatric trainees have been physically or verbally assaulted. To measure the frequency of assaults and the trainees' reactions, we conducted a retrospective self-reported survey of attendees at MRCPsych teaching courses in south London and at an annual meeting of psychiatric trainees.ResultsOverall, 64% of the questionnaires distributed were returned completed. Of the trainees who responded, 41% had been physically assaulted at least once and 89% had been verbally assaulted. As a result of the assault, 34% of trainees were subsequently more risk aware and 11% were now hesitant to assess patients with a history of violence. There was no association between the level of training or attendance at a breakaway training course and having been subject to physical assault.Clinical implicationsOur study showed unacceptable levels of physical and verbal assault on psychiatric trainees and an important effect of those incidents on clinical practice.
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Williams, Margie Ford. "Violence and Sexual Harassment." AAOHN Journal 44, no. 2 (February 1996): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507999604400204.
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This study sought to determine the prevalence and impact of violence and sexual harassment experienced by registered nurses (RNs) in their workplaces in Illinois. A random sample of 1,130 RNs were selected to participate in the mail survey. The instrument used was the Nurse Assault Survey originally developed by the Nurse Assault Project Team in Ontario, Canada, and modified by the author. Three hundred forty-five subjects completed the survey (response rate: 30%). Fifty-seven percent of those responding reported personal experience with some aspect of sexual harassment, and 26% reported being victimized by physical assault while on the job. About one third of those who indicated they had been sexually harassed also had been physically assaulted. Patients/clients were the most frequent perpetrators of sexual harassment and physical assault, while physicians committed over half of the sexual assaults. Bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between physical assault and levels of job satisfaction. A significant relationship also was found between sexual harassment and levels of job satisfaction. Results demonstrate that nurses need to take an active role in fostering a work environment free from violence and sexual harassment. They should be knowledgeable about institutional policies and, where none exist, they should work with administrators to develop them. Prevention and intervention programs should be developed for both student and registered nurses.
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Dubois, Stephanie L., and M. A. Persinger. "PERSONALITY PROFILES OF WOMEN WHO REPORT AND WHO DO NOT REPORT PHYSICAL ASSAULT OR SEXUAL HARASSMENT: COMPARISONS WITH TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 24, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1996.24.1.87.
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Standardized personality profiles of young, university women who reported they had been either: 1) never assaulted or harassed, 2) sexually harassed or assaulted, or 3) physically assaulted, were compared with each other and with a group of age- and educationally-matched women, who had sustained verified traumatic brain injuries; 49% of the university volunteers reported the experience of either physical or sexual assault. The groups who had reported a history of physical assault or who had sustained brain trauma, displayed significantly higher scores for scales that infer egocentricity and deviations from rule systems, relative to the group who reported no history of assault. The possibility that even mild brain trauma (from physical assault or from injury during a motor vehicle incident) can adversely affect the sense of self is discussed.
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Johnson, Richard R. "Predicting Officer Physical Assaults at Domestic Assault Calls." Journal of Family Violence 26, no. 3 (January 18, 2011): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10896-010-9346-0.
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Smith, Paige Hall, Gloria E. Thornton, Robert Devellis, Joanne Earp, and Ann L. Coker. "A Population-Based Study of the Prevalence and Distinctiveness of Battering, Physical Assault, and Sexual Assault in Intimate Relationships." Violence Against Women 8, no. 10 (October 2002): 1208–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107780120200801004.
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The types of violence subsumed under the term intimate partner violence include physical assault, sexual assault, psychological abuse, and battering. This study is the first to estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence by type (battering, physical assaults, and sexual assaults) in a population-based sample of women aged 18 to 45. The authors describe the prevalence of partner violence by type as well as the demographic, health behavior, and health status correlates of intimate partner violence by type. Findings support the empirical distinction of battering and assault. Battering as measured by the Women's Experiences With Battering (WEB) Scale provided the most comprehensive measure of intimate partner violence.
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Pava, W. S. "Visually Impaired Persons’ Vulnerability to Sexual and Physical Assault." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 88, no. 2 (March 1994): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x9408800205.
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This article reports on a national survey of 161 visually impaired women's and men's perceptions of their vulnerability to and experiences with actual or attempted sexual or physical assaults and their experience with and desire for training in self-defense. Although the women perceived themselves to be at significantly more risk for assault than did the men, 1 in 3 of all the respondents had been targets of either attempted or actual assault at some point in their lives.
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Zaykowski, Heather. "Reporting Physical Assault." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 11, no. 1 (June 21, 2012): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204012447961.
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Valle, Rubén, Antonio Bernabé-Ortiz, Juan Antonio Gálvez-Buccollini, César Gutiérrez, and Silvia S. Martins. "Intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assault and its association with alcohol consumption." Revista de Saúde Pública 52 (November 12, 2018): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2018052000539.
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OBJECTIVE: Analyze the prevalence of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assault in adolescents of Peru and its association with alcohol consumption. METHODS: We used a two-step and stratified probabilistic sampling to select male and female students in secondary education from all over Peru. The study included data from 54,756 students with information on demographics, alcohol and drug use, and sexual assault. The statistical analysis considered the complex sampling and we conducted two independent analyses by type of sexual assault (intrafamilial and extrafamilial), stratified by the sex of the victim. RESULTS: The prevalence of life of intrafamilial sexual assaults (5.4%, 95%CI 5.0–5.8) was similar to that of extrafamilial sexual assaults (6.1%, 95%CI 5.6–6.6). Alcohol consumption in the past year was associated with intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assaults that occurred in the same period after adjusting for confounders. Alcohol consumption in the past year was associated with non-physical and physical forms of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assaults in the disaggregated analysis by type of assault. Alcohol consumption in the past year was associated with extrafamilial rape only among females (ORa = 2.8; 95%CI 1.3–5.9). CONCLUSIONS: Sexual assault against adolescent males and females by family members is a frequent form of victimization that is associated with alcohol consumption in Peru. It is important to examine this form of victimization among adolescents, especially those who consume alcohol.
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Myers, Douglas, David Kriebel, Robert Karasek, Laura Punnett, and David Wegman. "Injuries and Assaults in a Long-Term Psychiatric Care Facility: An Epidemiologic Study." AAOHN Journal 53, no. 11 (November 2005): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507990505301105.
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The objectives of this study were to document the high rates of acute injuries and physical assaults among nurses and certified nursing assistants working in long-term psychiatric care facilities and to identify risk factors for assaults and injuries to inform prevention strategies. A mixed-design cohort study was conducted. Acute injury and physical assault data were obtained from administrative records. Using staff rosters and schedule records, incidence rates were calculated by job title, gender, shift, and floor. Rates were also reported by severity, body part, type, and nature. Targeted interviews with staff members provided measures of physical lifting and resident combativeness. Injury rates were calculated by degree of lifting and assault rates were calculated by degree of resident combativeness. Overall rates of injuries (55.6 per 100 person-years) and assaults (67.3 per 100 person-years) were substantially higher than expected. Predictably, injuries were associated with resident lifting and assaults were associated with contact with combative residents. A higher risk of assault was found among women and higher risks of injury and assault were observed among full-time employees compared to per diem or pool agency workers. In addition, weekend shifts were found to have a higher rate of injuries and a lower rate of assaults than weekday shifts. In similar longterm care facilities with psychiatric populations, efforts should be made to reduce lifting and avoid circumstances that agitate residents. Work organization factors should be taken into consideration when developing interventions.
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Archambault, Étienne, Simone N. Vigod, Hilary K. Brown, Hong Lu, Kinwah Fung, Michelle Shouldice, and Natasha Ruth Saunders. "Mental Illness Following Physical Assault Among Children." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 8 (August 16, 2023): e2329172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.29172.
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ImportancePhysical assault during childhood is common and can lead to lasting mental health problems. Yet, there are few studies on the patterns of mental illness (ie, timing of onset, type, and acuity) in survivors of physical assault.ObjectiveTo determine the risk of incident health record diagnoses of mental illness among children who experienced assault compared with children who did not.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis population-based matched cohort study used linked health administrative data sets in Ontario, Canada. Children aged 0 to 13 years who experienced an incident physical assault between 2006 and 2014 were age-matched (1:4) to children who had not experienced assault and followed up for a minimum of 5 years. Data were analyzed from January 2020 to March 2022.ExposurePhysical assault resulting in hospitalization or an emergency department (ED) visit between the ages of 0 and 13 years.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was incident health record diagnosis of mental illness measured as any physician or hospital mental health care use or completed suicide. Secondary outcome measures included the acuity of incident mental illness and mental illness diagnostic category. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis generated hazard ratios (HR) for incident mental illness.ResultsA total of 21 948 children unexposed to assault and 5487 exposed to assault were included in the study with a mean (SD) age of 7.0 (4.6) years. There were more boys in the group that experienced assault (3006 individuals [54.8%]) compared with the group who did not (9909 individuals [45.1%]). Compared with children unexposed to assault, those exposed were more likely to be in the highest deprivation index quintile (standardized difference, 0.21) and live in rural areas (standardized difference, 0.48). Their mothers more often had active mental illness (standardized difference, 0.35). More than one-third of the exposed children had a health record diagnosis of mental illness (2219 children [38.6%]; incidence rate (IR), 53.3 per 1000 person-years) compared with 23.4% (5130 children; IR, 32.2 per 1000 person-years) of unexposed children, with an overall adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.96 (95% CI, 1.85-2.08). The greatest risk was observed in the first year following the assault (aHR, 3.08; 95% CI, 2.68-3.54). In both groups, nonpsychotic disorders were the most common type of mental illness. Initial mental illness diagnoses occurred in an acute care setting for 14.0% of exposed children (769 children) vs 2.8% of unexposed children (609 children).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this population-based matched cohort study, children who experienced assault had, on average, a 2 times higher risk of receiving a mental illness diagnosis and were more likely than children who had not experienced assault to present to acute care for mental illness. Early intervention to support mental health of assaulted children is warranted, particularly in the first year following assault.
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Chaudhary, Archana, Srijana Kunwar, Samjhana Ghimire, and Harihar Wasti. "Patterns and Severity of Injuries in Patients Following Physical Assault– A Medicolegal Aspects." Eastern Green Neurosurgery 2, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/egn.v2i2.29238.
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Background and purpose: Physical assault (PA) is a common cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world and the prevalence is still very high in underdeveloped and developing countries. With the objective to see the spectrum of injury following PA from the medico legal point of view, this study was design in a tertiary care centre at far eastern part of Nepal.
Material and method: This is a prospective analytical study with non- probability consecutive sampling of physical assault cases presented in the emergency department over the duration of 4 months. All the patients who meet the inclusion criteria were collected in preformed proforma. Gender, types of weapons used for PA, location of external and internal injuries, various treatment strategies, and severity of injuries were presented in frequencies and percentage. Association of different age categories, gender and types of weapons used with severity of injuries were analysed using Chi square/ Fisher’s exact test wherever applicable.
Result: There were total 99 patients presented with physical assault during the study period with mean age of presentation 31.69 (SD 13.38) Years with male (70%) predominance. Among various types of weapons used for PA; punches/ kicks were used in 50% of assaults followed by blunt heavy objects (35%) and sharp heavy weapons (14%). Location of the external injuries were more common in head and neck area . Obvious internal injuries were seen in 14% of the assaulted patients. Among all the case of PA, 42% patients needed some sort of surgical intervention during hospital stay. There were 9% cases of grievous injury and 6% had life threatening injuries.
Conclusion: Physical assault is a common mode of injuries in eastern Nepal, where young males are more prone to such injuries. Violence are commonly carried out using fists, kicks and blunt objects. Severity of injuries is similar with all the types of weapons used.
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Chamseddine, A., N. Charfi, O. Bouattour, R. Feki, I. Gassara, N. Smaoui, S. Omri, et al. "Criminological characteristics of sexual assault perpetrators: a Tunisian study." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S879—S880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.1862.
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IntroductionIn Tunisia, Sexual assaults constitute a pervasive problem that concerns the health care system and the country’s judicial authorities alike.ObjectivesThe aims of our study were to estimate the incidence of sexual assault encountered in the context of forensic psychiatric assessment and to assess the criminological profile of sexual assault perpetrators.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of a series of sexual assault perpetrators examined in a forensic psychiatric assessment in the psychiatry C department at Hedi Chaker university Hospital in Sfax, from January 2010 to December 2021.ResultsOver the period of 11 years (2010 to 2021), we collected 374 forensic psychiatric assessment files. Among them, 49 were those of sexual assaults (13.10%). It was a rape assault in 54.4% of cases. Aggravating circumstances have been noted in 87% of cases. These were mainly assaults on minors (54.3%) and assaults associated with physical violence (38.4%).The victim gender was female in 63% of cases, with an average age of 21 years 9 months. and was among the relatives of the sexual assault perpetrator in 28.3% of cases.ConclusionsRape seems to represent a non-negligible proportion of the offenses motivating a forensic psychiatric assessment in Tunisia. Sexual assaults against minors are frequent, despite undeniable under-reporting.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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Budd, Kristen M., and David M. Bierie. "Injury Matters: On Female-Perpetrated Sex Crimes." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 19-20 (June 1, 2017): 3735–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517711178.
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Despite the importance of studying sexual assaults perpetrated by women, the field knows very little about female sexual offenders’ (FSOs) use of violence or physical injury resulting from these assaults. This study draws more than 20 years of National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data reported to police (1992-2014) to identify factors that distinguish between female perpetrated incidents of sexual assault that result in severe, minor, or no physical victim injuries above and beyond the sexual assault itself. Using a multinomial logistic regression model (MNLM), 15,928 incidents of FSO-perpetrated sexual assault were analyzed from the NIBRS. The results showed that the extent of victim injuries sustained during the sexual assault incidents was associated with a number of factors, including the presence of a female victim, the age of victim, a greater number of offenders, and the presence of weapons. In particular, incidents that resulted in major victim injuries were significantly associated with alcohol and drug use by the perpetrator. In general, incidents with young children were at increased risk of a sexual assault resulting in a major or minor victim injury. Although further investigation is needed to continue to better understand female sexual offending behaviors, these findings suggest that certain incident characteristics increase the likelihood of the assault to involve the use of violence by an FSO against her victims.
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Ewan, Elizabeth. "Disorderly Damsels? Women and Interpersonal Violence in Pre-Reformation Scotland." Scottish Historical Review 89, no. 2 (October 2010): 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2010.0203.
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This study uses the court records of eight pre-Reformation Scottish towns to examine women's involvement as perpetrators of violent physical assaults in their communities. It examines the nature of the assaults, including whether women were more likely to act alone or with others, the role of family and household, the types of victims, and the weapons used. These matters are compared to patterns found in studies of women's violence elsewhere in contemporary Europe. The article also examines how the community and women themselves perceived their use of physical assault. For example, some could justify violence as an acceptable method of discipline. Many attacks were aimed not only at causing physical harm but were also assaults on the victim's honour; a study of assault thus helps shed light on the nature of male and female honour among ordinary townsfolk in late medieval Scotland.
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Broderick, Charles, Allen Azizian, Rebecca Kornbluh, and Katherine Warburton. "Prevalence of physical violence in a forensic psychiatric hospital system during 2011–2013: Patient assaults, staff assaults, and repeatedly violent patients." CNS Spectrums 20, no. 3 (May 4, 2015): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852915000188.
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IntroductionWe examined physical violence in a large, multihospital state psychiatric system during 2011–2013, and associated demographic and clinical characteristics of violent patients to better understand issues of patient and staff safety.MethodActs of physical violence committed by patients against other patients (n=10,958) or against staff (n=8429) during 2011–2013 were collected and analyzed for all hospitalized patients during the same time period to derive prevalence rates and associated odds ratios.ResultsOverall, 31.4% of patients committed at least 1 violent assault during their hospitalization. Differential risk factor patterns were noted across patient and staff assault. Younger age was associated with a higher prevalence of both patient and staff assault, as was nonforensic legal status. Females had a higher prevalence of staff assault than patient assault. Ethnic groups varied on rates of patient assault, but had no significant differences for staff assault. Schizoaffective disorder was associated with higher prevalence and odds of patient (OR 1.244, 95% CI 1.131 to 1.370) and staff (OR 1.346, 95% CI 1.202 to 1.507) assault when compared to patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Most personality disorder diagnoses also had a higher prevalence and odds of physical violence. One percent of patients accounted for 28.7% of all assaults. Additionally, violent patients had a significantly longer length of hospitalization.DiscussionImplications of these findings to enhance patient safety and inform future violence reduction efforts, including the need for new treatments in conjunction with the use of violence risk assessments, are discussed.
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LaMar, Wanda J., Susan Goodwin Gerberich, William H. Lohman, and Brian Zaidman. "Work-Related Physical Assault." Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 40, no. 4 (April 1998): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199804000-00005.
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Chakraborty, Rivu Raj, Tanvir Kabir Chowdhury, Sabbir Ahmed, Shakera Ahmed, Tasmiah Tahera Aziz, and Tahmina Banu. "Comparison of Physical Assault and Other Mechanisms of Injury among Trauma Patients Attending the Emergency Department of a Tertiary Hospital in a Low-and Middle-Income Country." IAHS Medical Journal 5, no. 1 (July 11, 2022): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/iahsmj.v5i1.65797.
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Background : Injury management and trauma registry are undeveloped in many Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). The objectives of the study were to assess the injury pattern and compare physical assault with other mechanisms of injury in this region. Materials and methods : A cross sectional study was conducted among trauma patients attending in the Emergency Department (ED) of the largest tertiary referral centre in the South-Eastern Bangladesh from 1-15 September, 2019. Patients’ demography, time of arrival in the ED, time of injury, occupation, residence, mechanism, type, mode and site of injury, and outcome were analysed and compared between physical assault and other mechanisms of injury. Results : Among a total of 839 patients, males were 2.42 times more than females. Age ranged from 3 months to 100 years, median 27 years. Majority (52.7%) of the patients belonged to ages between 20 and 40 years. The most common mechanisms of injury were physical assault (230, 27.4%), Road-Traffic Accident (RTA) (196, 23.4%) and falls (146, 17.4%). Physical assault was the commonest mechanism (39.2%) in female and among all age groups except in more than 70 years of old. More physical assaults occurred at night than other mechanism (p<0.01). There was significant difference in site of injury between physical assault and other mechanisms (p<0.01). 62% injuries were blunt in nature. There were 7 (0.8%) mortalities. Conclusion : This study highlights physical assault as the most common mechanism of injury especially among young adults and females. Period of occurrence, sites and nature of injury were different from other mechanisms. IAHS Medical Journal Vol 5(1), June 2022; 32-37
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Vik, Bjarte Frode, Jim Aage Nöttestad, Berit Schei, Kirsten Rasmussen, and Cecilie Therese Hagemann. "Psychosocial Vulnerability Among Patients Contacting a Norwegian Sexual Assault Center." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 10 (July 22, 2016): 2138–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516659657.
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In this study, the objective was to assess the occurrence of specific vulnerability factors among adult and adolescent females attending a Norwegian sexual assault center (SAC). We also explored assault characteristics and investigated whether these characteristics differed between the group of patients with vulnerability factors compared with the group without such factors. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of 573 women ≥ 12 years of age attending the SAC at St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway, between July 1, 2003 and December 31, 2010. A patient was considered vulnerable if at least one of the following features was present: intellectual or physical disability; history of present/former mental health problems; history of present/former alcohol/substance abuse; or former sexual assault. At least one vulnerability factor was present in 59% of the cases. More than one vulnerability factor was present in 29%. Reporting at least one vulnerability factor was associated with a higher patient age, unemployment, a higher frequency of reported light/moderate physical violence, and the documentation of minor body injury. In contrast, those without vulnerability more often were students assaulted during night time, by a casual or stranger assailant and reporting a higher intake of alcohol prior to the assault. There are obvious patterns of differences in the nature of sexual assaults reported among victims with specific vulnerability factors compared with victims without these factors. Future research should address these differences and possible solutions for better protection of especially vulnerable individuals against sexual offenses, such as those with mental health and substance abuse difficulties.
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Levin, Pamela F., Michelle Quigley Martinez, Jacqueline Walcott-McQuigg, Shu Pi Chen, Mary Amman, and Caroline Guenette. "Injuries Associated with Teacher Assaults." AAOHN Journal 54, no. 5 (May 2006): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507990605400504.
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The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the magnitude, nature, and costs of assault injuries among teachers, a high-risk group. Review of assault cases ( N = 341) was based on internal and case management vendor records. The 3-year assault rate was 3.24 per 1,000 teachers. Assaults were predominately physical, occurring during classroom disputes and while restraining students. Assaults accounted for 2,480 lost workdays and more than $714,000 in lost wages and case management fees. The most costly injuries on a per-case basis were strain-sprain injuries resulting in lost workdays and fractures not resulting in lost workdays. Less than 20% of the assaults accounted for all of the lost workdays and most of the case costs. Study variables accounted for 13% of case costs. Occupational health nurses should collaborate with school personnel, administrators, and parents to develop prevention programs, which may include de-escalation techniques for teachers as well as case management strategies.
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Blaskovits, F., K. Muldoon, A. Drumm, T. Leach, M. Heimerl, and K. Sampsel. "LO46: Lost to follow-up post-sexual and domestic assault: An evaluation of prevalence and correlates of cases presenting to the emergency department." CJEM 21, S1 (May 2019): S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2019.89.
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Introduction: Domestic violence (DV) and sexual assault (SA), together called sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), are traumatic and life-changing events. Post-assault follow-up care is essential for survivor recovery through medical care, mental health functioning, and injury reassessment. The objective of this analysis was to determine the frequency of loss to follow-up (LTFU) in a SGBV population, and the characteristics most commonly associated with LTFU. Methods: The Sexual Assault and Partner Abuse Care Program (SAPACP) is the only Ottawa program for emergency/forensic care. Demographic and assault characteristics were abstracted from the SAPACP clinical case registry (1 Jan 2015 to 20 Dec 2017). Descriptive analyses and bivariable/multivariable logistic regression modelling assessed factors most strongly associated with LTFU using odds ratios (OR), adjusted OR (AOR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Among 894 initial SAPACP visits, 482 (53.9%) were LTFU. Of those LTFU, 445 (92.3%) were female, 185 (38.4%) arrived by ambulance, 284 presented acutely (58.9%), 70 (14.5%) had substance use issues, and 82 (17.0%) were re-victimized. There were 229 (47.5%) sexual assaults, 201 (41.7%) physical assaults, and 92 (19.1%) verbal assaults. LTFU patients were more likely to arrive by ambulance (AOR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.34-2.69), experience re-victimization (AOR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.25-3.03), and have a substance use disorder (AOR: 1.67, 95% CI:1.02-2.73). Those more likely to attend follow-up included sexual assault survivors (AOR: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.27-0.50) and acute presenters (AOR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.44-0.78). Conclusion: Over half of patients arriving for initial SAPACP visits did not follow-up. LTFU was more likely among cases that arrived by ambulance, and those involving revicitimization or substance use disorders. Follow-up is critical for maintaining mental and physical health post-trauma. While some characteristics increased follow-up likelihood, this study has identified groups that need attention to reduce LTFU.
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Breetzke, Gregory D. "The Importance of Space and Time in Aggravated Assault Victimization." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 13-14 (April 20, 2017): 2536–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517704961.
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Interpersonal crimes such as aggravated assault greatly impacts upon an individuals’ sense of personal safety and security as the crime results in a physical injury. Understanding where and when aggravated assaults are most likely to occur is therefore vital to minimize the victimization risk associated with this crime. The main aim of this study is to explore the relative importance of space and time in aggravated assault victimization. This was done using national level aggravated assault data (2008-2010) obtained from New Zealand Police and census data from Statistics New Zealand. Both the spatial and temporal distribution of aggravated assault are outlined to examine their association with aggravated assault victimization. Aggravated assault is found to cluster in space but not in time. The relationships between aggravated assault risk in space and time and a suite of social, economic, and lifestyle variables was then examined. A clear socioeconomic gradient was found between aggravated assault risk by space and all neighborhood characteristics with high-risk neighborhoods having greater residential mobility and ethnic/racial diversity, as well as being more deprived, having higher rates of unemployment, and lower median household incomes. No clear pattern emerged between aggravated assault by time and the selected neighborhood characteristics. The policy implications of these findings in terms of policing and diversity conclude.
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Collington, Deshawn, Markea Carter, Aliyah Tolliver, and Jocelyn Turner-Musa. "Sexual Assault Among College Students Attending a Historically Black College/University." American Journal of Undergraduate Research 15, no. 4 (March 24, 2019): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33697/ajur.2019.004.
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Sexual assault constitutes a significant public health problem on college campuses including historically Black colleges and universities (HBCU). Recent research suggests that sexual assault is increasing on college campuses. However, there are few studies examining the prevalence and risk factors for sexual assault at HBCUs. To address this gap, the current study examined the prevalence, correlates, and outcomes of sexual assault at an HBCU. Participants in the study were 264 undergraduate students from an HBCU in the mid-Atlantic region. The majority of participants were female (71%), African American (91%), and seniors (41%). After providing informed consent, participants completed a Climate Assessment survey administered by the university’s Office of Diversity. Findings revealed that since starting college about 20% of students experienced sexual contact without consent. Of those sexually assaulted, 20% reported they were incapacitated or under the influence of alcohol (15%) at the time of the assault. About 17% of those assaulted experienced a physical injury and/or poor mental health outcomes (e.g., anxiety, depression, flashbacks). Participants reported not disclosing information of their assault due to embarrassment, afraid of retaliation from the perpetrator, believing it was a private matter. Close friends were more likely to be told about sexual assault. The study supports the need to address sexual assault on HBCU campuses through strong prevention and intervention programs and to address barriers to reporting.
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Markey, James, Thomas Scott, Crystal Daye, and Kevin J. Strom. "Sexual assault investigations and the factors that contribute to a suspect's arrest." Policing: An International Journal 44, no. 4 (July 9, 2021): 591–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-03-2021-0051.
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PurposeSexual assault investigations present uniquely challenging circumstances to detectives, and a small proportion result in arrest. Improving sexual assault investigations requires expanding the evidence base to improve our understanding of how these investigations unfold and the factors associated with positive case outcomes, including the likelihood that an offender is arrested.Design/methodology/approachThe authors abstracted data on 491 adult sexual assaults investigated by five large and midsized law enforcement agencies to describe the characteristics of sexual assault investigations and to explain the relationships between these characteristics and the likelihood that a suspect is arrested.FindingsOverall, detectives move swiftly to investigate sexual assaults but tend to miss investigative opportunities that increase the likelihood of an arrest, like locating and processing the crime scene or pursuing interviews with key witnesses and leads. Sexual assaults typically lack physical evidence that can be used to identify and lead to an arrest of a suspected offender; when this evidence is present, the case is more likely to result in an arrest. Delayed reporting of the crime to law enforcement decreases the likelihood of a suspect being arrested, but the mechanisms are unclear.Originality/valueFew studies have used a detailed data abstraction process for a large sample of cases from multiple law enforcement agencies to understand sexual assault investigations and their case outcomes. The results can improve practitioners' and researchers' understanding of sexual assault investigations, including those factors that increase the likelihood of a suspect's arrest.
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McCormack, Denise, Sushi Subburamu, Glenda Guzman, Carmen Calderon, Ruchika Darapaneni, Robert Lis, Niloofar Sima, Jeremy Sperling, and Jill Corbo. "Traumatic Injuries in Sexual Assault Patients in the Emergency Department." Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 23, no. 5 (August 19, 2022): 672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2022.1.53994.
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Introduction: The emergency department (ED) is at the forefront for treatment of sexual assault patients. Many require treatment for injuries sustained during the assault, ranging from mild to severe. Our objective in this study was to characterize types of injuries associated with sexual assault and identify associated factors. Methods: We reviewed ED charts from an inner-city trauma center and nearby community hospital from 2019-2020 for patients age ≥13 years with a chief complaint of sexual assault. We used descriptive statistics, chi square, and logistic regression to characterize demographics and identify factors associated with trauma. Results: A total of 157 patients met inclusion criteria. The mean age was 27.9 years old (range 13-79 years) and 92.4% were female. Adult patients (age >18 years) comprised 77.5% of assaults vs adolescents (age 13-18 years) at 22.3%. Most patients presented to the trauma center compared to the community hospital (69.4% vs 30.6%). The assailants were reported as 61.2% acquaintance, 22.9% stranger, and 15.9% intimate partner. A forensic rape kit was performed in 92 (58.6%) cases. The patient was intoxicated with alcohol in 39 (24.8%) cases, and 22 (14%) patients reported drug-facilitated assault where an unknown substance was given to them. Alcohol (P = 0.95) and drug-facilitated assault (P = 0.64) did not change the occurrence of injuries. Fifty-seven (36.3%) patients exhibited physical trauma on presentation. Forty-five (28.6%) patients had minor injuries of abrasions, lacerations, or contusions. Major trauma was defined as fracture, brain injury, hemorrhage, strangulation, or injury requiring surgical consultation. There were 12 patients with major trauma consisting of fracture injury or nonfatal strangulation. None of the patients required admission. Sexual assault by an intimate partner (odds ratio [OR] 2.6; 95% CI: 1.1-6.5) and being an adult patient compared to adolescent (OR 3.0; 95% CI, 1.1-7.7) was significantly associated with physical trauma. Sexual assault by an intimate partner was also associated with nonfatal strangulation (OR 4.0; 95% CI, 1.1-15.4). Conclusion: Physical injuries that resulted from sexual assault were mostly minor and occurred in 36% of rape victims. Intimate partner violence was found to be associated with physical trauma as well as nonfatal strangulation. Overall, this study helps us to understand key factors associated with sexual violence.
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Nicksa, Sarah C. "Bystander’s Willingness to Report Theft, Physical Assault, and Sexual Assault." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 29, no. 2 (October 17, 2013): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260513505146.
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Hassan, Sarah, Laurissa Mallozzi, Niti Dhingra, and Sara Chiara Haden. "Victimization in Young Urban Adults and Depressed Mood: Understanding the Interplay of Coping and Gender." Violence and Victims 26, no. 3 (2011): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.26.3.329.
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Violence exposure has a significant impact on victims’ psychological well-being. This study examined the relationship between two types of violence exposures (threats and physical assaults), coping styles (emotion focused, avoidant, and problem focused), gender, and depression among 211 (147 females and 64 males) young urban adults (ages 18–24). Most participants (60%) endorsed being physically assaulted, whereas many (40%) endorsed being threatened. Hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted. As hypothesized, women reported using more emotion-focused coping and reported greater depression than men. Avoidant coping was a predictor for increased depression for both men and women. However, women who employed problem-focused coping after their first physical assault reported lower rates of depression. These findings have implications for designing early interventions.
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Islam, Syed S., Surender R. Edla, Priscah Mujuru, Edward J. Doyle, and Alan M. Ducatman. "Risk factors for physical assault." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 25, no. 1 (July 2003): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(03)00095-3.
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Kajs, Lawrence T., Gary Schumacher, and Cheryl A. Vital. "Physical Assault of School Personnel." Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas 87, no. 3 (April 4, 2014): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2014.891879.
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Alempijevic, Djordje, Slobodan Savic, Vesna Kesic, Ivanka Baralic, and Goran Ilic. "Physical examination of sexual assault victims in Belgrade area." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 134, no. 9-10 (2006): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0610408a.
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Introduction: Sexual crimes represent various forms of contact of perpetrator?s genitals, lips, tongue, and fingers with genitals, lips and/or anus of the victim, in order to achieve sexual satisfaction, without victim?s consent. Objective: The aim of this work was to analyze the type of medical institution in which victims of sexual assaults are being examined in Belgrade area, to assess the quality of these examinations and medical records, as well as to control whether standardized protocols are followed. Method: Data were obtained through analysis of 113 cases of sexual assaults prosecuted in the District Court of Belgrade. Results: All victims were females with mean age of 24.1 years. The majority of victims (85%) were examined in one medical institution, most often in the Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center of Serbia, and only by one medical doctor (81.4%). Gynecologists were most frequently included in examination, while specialists of forensic medicine were engaged in only 9 cases (7.9%). In 84% of victims, the examination was performed during the first three days after the assault, and in 52% of cases on the first day. Standard techniques of clinical and gynecological examinations were applied only, without following any protocols, so the reports were made exclusively on individual basis. In no case an informed consent by victim was obtained before examination. Anamnestic data were collected in only 15.9% of cases, and they were generally incomplete. Conclusion: The results of investigation show that the quality of examination of sexual assault victims in Belgrade area is not adequate. Therefore, such negative practice should be changed in future through introduction of standardized protocols for examination of victims, as well as development of clinical forensic medicine.
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WIRTZ, PHILIP W., and ADELE V. HARRELL. "Police and Victims of Physical Assault." Criminal Justice and Behavior 14, no. 1 (March 1987): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854887014001007.
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A total of 150 recent victims of physical assault were interviewed about their interactions with police officers and were assessed at approximately one month and six months postattack on three measures of psychological distress. Victims of all three crime types— rape, domestic assault, and nondomestic assault—were found to exhibit similar patterns of response to victimization, including significant declines in symptomatology on two of the three measures across the six-month period. While some police actions were approximately equally distributed across crime types, nondomestic assault victims were significantly less likely to receive information on available intervention resources than victims of the other two types of crime. Furthermore, a strong relationship was found between nature of services received and police mention of service availability, suggesting the importance of the police officer in the information dissemination process.
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Baxter, Eion, R. Julian Hafner, and Gwili Holme. "Assaults by Patients: The Experience and Attitudes of Psychiatric Hospital Nurses." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 26, no. 4 (December 1992): 567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679209072090.
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Four hundred and twenty-five nurses working in a 420 bed metropolitan psychiatric hospital were asked to complete a questionnaire about their experience of physical assault by patients and their attitude toward the problem. 61% returned the questionnaire. The overall mean annual rate of assault per nurse was 2.0, with student psychiatric nurses (mean 6.7) significantly more at risk than any other group. Nurses working in the psychogeriatric area reported more than double the rate of assaults reported by nurses working in rehabilitation services. 60% of respondents were female; there were very few sex differences in attitudes to assault. Overall, nurses reported a high tolerance for assault, although they recognised it as an experience that was often very traumatic psychologically. Views about managing assaultiveness differed widely, and this lack of consensus probably hinders the development of optimal strategies to deal with what is a major problem in many psychiatric units.
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Walker, Zuzana, and Ruth Seifert. "Violent Incidents in a Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit." British Journal of Psychiatry 164, no. 6 (June 1994): 826–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.164.6.826.
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A prospective study was undertaken of physical assaults over six months in a newly opened psychiatric intensive care unit. There were 58 admissions of 48 patients, and 37 assaults, three against other patients, and 34 against nursing and medical staff. Features which correlated with committing assault were a criminal record and previous drug abuse. Assaults occurred most frequently during the week, at times when staff were actively involved with the patients.
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Chermack, Stephen T., Brenda M. Booth, and Geoffrey M. Curran. "Gender Differences in Correlates of Recent Physical Assault Among Untreated Rural and Urban At-Risk Drinkers: Role of Depression." Violence and Victims 21, no. 1 (February 2006): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.21.1.67.
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This study examined gender-specific correlates of past 6-month physical assault victimization among 468 men and 229 women at-risk drinkers recruited from both urban and rural settings. Both alcohol dependence and depression were associated with physical assault, but there were differences for women and men in the pattern of significant correlates. Specifically, for women the presence of alcohol dependence, depression or their comorbidity all were associated with physical assault. For men, depression by itself was not associated with physical assault, but alcohol dependence and especially alcohol dependence comorbid with depression were significant predictors. Further, there were stronger relationships between demographics and physical assault for men. The results have implications regarding identification of risk factors for physical assault victimization among at-risk drinkers. Overall, the results of this study suggest that screening and prevention interventions for physical assault among at-risk drinkers should target both alcohol use disorders and depression.
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Carmody, Dianne C., and Kirk R. Williams. "Wife Assault and Perceptions of Sanctions." Violence and Victims 2, no. 1 (January 1987): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.2.1.25.
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Using survey data based on telephone interviews of 1,626 coupled males, this study explores the relationship between perceptions of four possible sanctions for wife assault and involvement in this form of physical aggression. The exploratory analysis addresses the following questions: To what extent do men perceive negative reactions to wife assault as certain and severe? Do nonassaultive men perceive the reactions of others as more certain and severe than men who engage in physically aggressive behavior? Among men who assault their partners, are the perceived certainty and severity of sanctions greater for one-time offenders than for repeat offenders? The relevance of the findings on the deterrent and experiential effects of sanctions are discussed, and suggestions are offered for future studies that apply deterrence theory to the phenomenon of assaults taking place between adult partners.
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Sahu, Sindhu S., and Manoj K. Jena. "Physical and Laboratory Findings Based Analysis of Sexual Assault Victims." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 12, no. 4 (2019): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijfmp.0974.3383.12419.2.
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Young, Ciara, John Brady, Nauman Iqbal, and Fred Browne. "Prosecution of physical assaults by psychiatric in-patients in Northern Ireland." Psychiatric Bulletin 33, no. 11 (November 2009): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.108.023713.
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Aims and MethodAssaults in healthcare settings have resulted in a range of national strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of violence. This study aimed to quantify the use of prosecution of assailants as a response, and to examine what other responses were used. the responses to violent incidents in three Northern Ireland psychiatric in-patient units in the year 2003 were ascertained retrospectively.ResultsOf 245 incidents meeting the legal definition of assault, police were contacted in 10, and 1 resulted in a prosecution. Seven in-patients accounted for 30.4% of assaults. of the assaults, 46.5% were dealt with by staff using de-escalation alone.Clinical ImplicationsThese results demonstrate the infrequent reporting of such assaults to the police. A more structured approach should be taken to this important decision. Factors relating to the prosecution of assaults in psychiatric in-patient units are discussed.
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Ngonga, Z. "Factors contributing to physical gender based violence reported at Ndola Central Hospital, Ndola, Zambia: a case control study." Medical Journal of Zambia 43, no. 3 (September 12, 2016): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55320/mjz.43.3.332.
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Objectives: To determine socio-demographic factors associated with gender-based violence (GBV).
Design: A case control study was conducted at Ndola Central Hospital Casualty Department. The study was conducted from December 2015 to July 2016. A sample size of 85 cases and 85 controls was calculatedafter a pilot study of 30 cases and 30 controls was conducted. Out of the pilot study 60% of people who drink alcohol reported that they experienced GBV- physical assault while 27.6% of people who drink alcohol reported that they did not experience GBV- physical assault. Based on these outcomes the sample size was calculated using Stat. Calc in Epi-Info version 7 with the power at 80%.
Main outcomes: From the adjusted odds ratio alcohol drinking increases the likelihood of GBV- physical assault by 2.25 times. Those living in high density areas are 2.23 times more at risk of GBV physical assault. Females are 2.27 times at risk of GBV physical assault unlike males.
Measures: The dependant (outcome) variable is GBVphysical assault. The independent (predictor) variables are; alcohol abuse, income level, area of residence and gender. These were chosen because these are some of the risk factors of GBV-physical according to literature.
Results: Out of the 179 patients who participated in the study, 93(52%) reported to have experienced GBVphysical assault regardless of age. Morefemales 67(68.4%) experienced GBV physical assault than males 26(32.1%). More than 2/3 of those who reported alcohol drinking 51(69.9%) experienced GBV-physical assault and only 40(40.0%) among those who did not report the outcome. Those from high density 82(56.9%) reported having experienced more GBV physical assault compared to 5(23.8%) of those from low density areas.
Conclusion: There is need for healthy life styles to be encouraged such as control of alcohol consumption in order to reduce GBV – physical assault due to alcohol intake. Sensitization campaigns and educational programmesought to be intensified in order to address factors that make females more prone to GBV-physical assault than males. Living in a high density area is a risk factor of GBV- physical assault as compared to living in a low density area. Therefore more sensitization programmes should be put in place at a societal level to reduce GBV – physical assault in such communities.
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QASIM, ALTAF PERVEZ, and MUHAMMAD ANWER SULEHRI. "VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 03 (September 10, 2011): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.03.2377.
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Background: Violence against women is an important public health problem. It has global significance regarding violation of human rights. Violence is an important risk factor related to ill health of women, having far reaching consequences affecting physical, social, mental and reproductive health of the victims. Objectives: To study the various types of interpersonal violence against women and find out the magnitude of physical violence and sexual assault among the victims. Study Design: A descriptive hospital record based study. Setting & Duration: The study was conducted from January to December 2005 in casualty out patient department of Allied Hospital, Punjab Medical College (PMC), Faisalabad. Methodology: Total 286 cases of violence, who reported for medico-legal examination during calendar year 2005, were included in the study. The cases of physical violence / sexual assault were examined in detail. Findings were tabulated and analyzed. Results: Among total 286 cases, 221 (77%) victims were married, and commonly involved age group was 21–30 years accounting for 82 (28.68%) victims. Blunt trauma was sustained by 193 (67.50%) victims, sharp edged weapon affected 17 (6.0%) cases, firearm bears the responsibility in 13 (4.54%) victims, a mix pattern of injuries by sharp / blunt objects was observed in 8(2.80%) females and (1.75%) women were said to be burnt. Forty-three (15%) cases were reported as victims of alleged sexual assault with peak incidence during 2nd decade of life in age group 11–20 years involving 23 (53.5%) cases. Among total 43 cases of sexual assault, 27 (63%) victims belonged to rural areas. Twenty Eight (65%) unmarried girls were subjected to sexual assault. In 43 sexual assault victims, semen was detected in 28 (65%) cases, 13 (30%) cases were negative; whereas reports of 2 (5%) cases were not available in the record. Conclusions: The cases of physical violence are common in Faisalabad and incidence of sexual assault is higher in rural areas more commonly affecting the unmarried young girls. There is need to attend this public health problem with concrete efforts to stop the violence against women & reduce the incidence of sexual assaults.
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Fisher, Nigel, and Robin Jacoby. "Psychiatric morbidity in bus crews following violent assault: a follow-up study." Psychological Medicine 22, no. 3 (August 1992): 685–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700038125.
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SynopsisIn a prospective study 22 bus crews who were victims of physical assault were assessed using standardized psychiatric instruments, followed up for 18 months and compared to a non-assaulted control group drawn from the same bus garage. At initial assessment the assaulted group, compared to the controls showed a significant increase in psychiatric impairment and distress (as measured by the GHQ-30 and IES respectively), with 23% of assault victims developing post-traumatic stress disorder as defined by DSM-III-R. At follow-up, while high levels of both psychiatric impairment and distress persisted there was evidence that they may be separate phenomena.
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Morse, Barbara J. "Beyond the Conflict Tactics Scale: Assessing Gender Differences in Partner Violence." Violence and Victims 10, no. 4 (January 1995): 251–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.10.4.251.
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Previous studies of partner assault, particularly those using the Conflict Tactics Scales, have produced the controversial finding that women are as likely to assault their partners as are men. Such findings are clearly at odds with medical, legal, and social service agencies which find that women are far more often the victims of partner assault. Self-reported data from a national sample of young adults were used to determine the extent to which this apparent discrepancy could be reconciled. Results confirm previous findings of extensive violence by women, with little evidence of systematic overor underreporting by either men or women. However, although both men and women engaged in frequent minor assaults, men were more likely than women to repeatedly beat their partner during the course of a year. In addition, women were far more likely than men to suffer physical injury and seek medical treatment as a consequence of incidents of male violence. Taken together, these findings somewhat reconcile the discrepancy regarding partner assault: women are more often than men the victims of severe partner assault and injury not necessarily because men strike more often, but because men strike harder.
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Drumm, A., K. Muldoon, F. Blaskovits, T. Leach, M. Heimerl, and K. Sampsel. "MP07: Rate of return: prevalence and correlates of revictimization among sexual and domestic assault cases presenting to the emergency department." CJEM 20, S1 (May 2018): S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.161.
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Introduction: Many survivors of sexual and domestic assault return to violent environments following post-assault care. The objective of this study was to estimate the annual prevalence of revictimization and examine factors associated with return emergency department (ED) visits following their initial encounter for sexual or domestic assault. Methods: The Sexual Assault and Partner Abuse Care Program (SAPACP) at The Ottawa Hospital is the only program in Ottawa offering emergency and forensic care for survivors of sexual assault and domestic violence. Information on demographics, assailant characteristics and clinical presentation were extracted from the SAPACP case registry (January 1 2015- January 31 2016). We conducted descriptive analyses to describe the study sample, and bivariable and multivariable logistic regression modelling to assess factors most strongly associated with revictimization using odds ratios (OR), adjusted OR (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Among 377 unique patients seen at the SAPACP, there were 409 encounters for sexual and domestic violence. There were 24 revictimization cases (6.4%) with the number of repeat visits ranging from 2-6. There were 343 (91.0%) female patients and 182 (48.3) under the age of 25. There were 243 (64.5%) sexual assaults, 125 (33.2%) physical assaults, and 42 (11.1%) verbal assaults. Compared to patients who presented once, revictimized patients were more likely to have experienced violence from a current or former intimate partner (AOR:3.02, 95% CI:1.24-7.34), have a substance use disorder (AOR:5.57, 95% CI:2.11-14.68), and were more likely to be taking anti-depressants (AOR:3.34, 95% CI:1.39-8.01). Conclusion: This study has identified a high prevalence of revictimization, with some clients being revictimized as many as 6 subsequent times. Key factors to help identify patients at risk of revictimization are assaults by intimate partners, having substance use problems, and being on antidepressants. Reducing revictimization and preventing further violence is a critical component of care to ensure survivors are safe following their ED encounter.
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Waldner, Lisa K., and Jillian Berg. "Explaining Antigay Violence Using Target Congruence: An Application of Revised Routine Activities Theory." Violence and Victims 23, no. 3 (June 2008): 267–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.23.3.267.
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This research examines predictors of antigay violence (physical assault, sexual assault, and property damage) using Finkelhor and Asdigian’s (1996) revised routine activities theory, which predicts that target congruence increases victimization risk. Results indicate about half of the sample experienced at least one type of victimization, while 25% experienced two or more types. Physical violence was the most common type of antigay victimization, with property damage and sexual assault occurring less often. Having a higher level of contact with gay/lesbian organizations and being out of the closet or open about sexual orientation increases the risk of both physical assault and property damage. More frequent drinking to intoxication also increases the risk of antigay-motivated physical assault. The sexual assault model was not significant. Implications for future research and prevention are discussed.
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Oulasmaa, Lauri, Pirkko Riipinen, Helinä Hakko, Kaisa Riala, and Liisa Kantojärvi. "Sex-Specific Predictors of Exposure to Hospital-Treated Assaults Among Former Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients." Violence and Victims 36, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 751–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-d-19-00165.
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This study examined the associations of psychiatric disorders, suicidal behavior and family-related characteristics during adolescence, to subsequent experiences of hospital-treated physical, or sexual assaults, among 508 young adults with a history of psychiatric inpatient care at adolescence (aged 13–17 years). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) based adolescent psychiatric disorders were assessed at index hospitalization using Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-Age children, Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL). Treatment episodes for assaults were obtained from the health care register, provided by the Finnish National Institute for Health Welfare. About 14.4% of the participants had experienced physical or sexual assault during their lifetime. Results of logistic regression analysis indicated that anxiety disorder (odds ratio [OR] = 9.6) and nonsuicidal self-injury (OR = 3.7) in adolescence for males, and personality disorder (OR = 3.4) for females, were associated with increased likelihood for subsequent assault exposure leading to hospitalization. These findings can be used in targeting vulnerable adolescents and designing primary prevention strategies.
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Rokaya, Dinesh, and Manoj Humagain. "Doctors under Threat and Physical Assault." European Dental Research and Biomaterials Journal 1, no. 01 (January 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710137.
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Stubbs, Brendon. "Physical assault by aggressive older adults." International Psychogeriatrics 21, no. 4 (August 2009): 796–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610209009144.
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Aggressive and violent behavior is a problem throughout healthcare services (Behar et al., 2008). The incidence of such acts is known to be over two and half times greater in mental health settings than in general hospital environments (National Audit Office, 2003). All types of aggression may have negative physical and psychological consequences for the victim, and therefore none ought not to be overlooked. However, one particularly serious feature is physical assault, which may result in a physical injury to the victim, although reported levels are relatively low (Stubbs et al., 2009). Physical assault may also affect the psychological, emotional and spiritual well-being of health staff and a minority may go on to develop post-traumatic stress type symptoms (Needham et al., 2005). Indeed, these symptoms may last longer than the original physical injury itself (Needham et al., 2005).
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Adshead, Gwen. "1. Psychological Trauma and its Influence on Genuine and False Complaints of Sexual Assault." Medicine, Science and the Law 36, no. 2 (April 1996): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249603600203.
Full textAbstract:
Events that cause fear leave effects, both physical and psychological. In the last 20 years, it has been recognized that criminal assaults are also fearful events which, like war atrocities and civilian disasters, can have profound effects upon the psychological health of victims. In this paper, some of the research describing the psychological effects of crime will be reviewed, with particular emphasis on allegations of sexual assault. The impact of trauma on crime victims in relation to the prosecution process will be discussed, including the relevance of trauma to the issue of false allegations of sexual assault. The paper will conclude with some recommendations for research.