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Journal articles on the topic 'Physical distribution of goods'
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Maric, Radenko Milos, Dragan Đuranović, and Daniela Nuševa. "Key Indicators of Physical Distribution of Goods: A Case Study of the Western Balkans." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 30, no. 3 (June 28, 2018): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v30i3.2483.
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The aim of this paper is to improve the process of physical distribution of consumer goods in the Western Balkans region through defining and analyzing key indicators of physical distribution. Theoretical research identified the most important indicators that affect physical distribution, such as: transport costs, quality of delivery, condition of vehicles, customer relations, and institutional/regulatory factors. The empirical study was conducted on a sample of 166 respondents in the distribution centers and transport companies and 146 end customers. Multiple regression analysis defined the individual contribution of each of these indicators to the process of physical distribution of goods. A comparison of results between the Western Balkan countries that are EU member states and those that are non-EU countries showed statistically significant differences in the impact of these indicators. Based on the obtained results, a model of physical distribution of consumer goods was presented. The results show to managements of distribution centers and transport companies which indicators should be developed to ensure timely and complete delivery of goods according to the 7P concept and thereby create a base of satisfied and loyal end users of transport services. Recommendations for future research are provided in the paper.
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Крапива, Татьяна, Tatyana Krapiva, Анна Уржумова, Anna Urzhumova, Оксана Алисова, Oksana Alisova, Ирина Килина, and Irina Kilina. "Oat Protein Concentrate As Part of Curd Product for Sport Nutrition." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 49, no. 3 (September 23, 2019): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2019-3-406-412.
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In the modern society, terminology is considered as a significant factor that affects the communication process of scientists and specialists in the production and circulation of goods and services. The meanings of terms express scientific concepts that require an accurate definition in accordance with the level of development of a particular branch of knowledge. In the conditions of rapid industrial development, there is an interpenetration of terms and definitions. The development of catering industry resulted in its closer relationship with economy, market, and other food producing industries. The article provides definitions for the term ‘physical distribution of goods’ coined by various authors used to describe processes in the economy and trade. The existing terms mostly express the economic relations arising from the participants in the process when goods move from the producer to the consumer. These definitions consider only the economic component without taking into account the factors that affect the quality and safety of products and services, which is important for the food industry. The authors introduce a definition for the term ‘physical distribution of goods at a atering enterprise’. It takes into account the specifics and features of this process at catering establishments. The paper contains a simplified scheme of product distribution in the enterprise. The process includes five stages of the successive passage of raw materials and goods: delivery of raw materials and goods from the supplier to the enterprise – storage – relocation – production – sales. The authors identified and described features of physical distribution of goods in the conditions of food industry enterprises at all stages and recommended local regulatory documents that can help ensure the quality and safety of catering products.
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Hedberg, G. E. "Physical strain in Swedish lorry drivers engaged in the distribution of goods." Applied Ergonomics 18, no. 3 (September 1987): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(87)90024-x.
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Taofiki, Akinwale Adio. "Hierarchical Database Model for Querying Economic Network Independence Distribution." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 3, no. 3 (July 2011): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdsst.2011070104.
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The development of the internet has been triggering numerous mutations in the visualization of actors in economic network independence distribution (ENID) of goods. ENID overcomes the physical barriers of shop-floor space so unprecedented variety of products could be offered to the customers. Avoidance of expensive trade space allows suppliers to reduce price compared to those in the physical world. User friendly and easy contact with the supplier of the goods make shopping very convenient. Despite these advantages of ENID, there is a need to develop better theories about how this system should behave in order to protect participants’ interests. This work employed hierarchical database model using B-tree and pre-order algorithm to insert and traverse participant records for easy processing. N-level models were adopted to calculate each level and sub-level cluster commission. The implementation was carried out using C# and sql. The application of the model permits the participants to query any information about ENID for on line real time decision makings.
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Priambudi, Bagus Nuari, Nofa Martina Ariani, and Muhammad Indra Hadi Wijaya. "Finding Optimal Location Development UPPKB In South Sumatera Province Using Multi-Criteria Analysis." Jurnal Transportasi Multimoda 21, no. 2 (February 12, 2024): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/mtm.v21i2.2138.
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The distribution of commodity transportation is a crucial factor for the sustainability and continuity of economic activities in specific regions. Shipments occur daily, especially on main roads, with the majority of goods transported exceeding tonnage limits when passing through roads. If this continues without control and security measures, it will lead to a deterioration of the physical quality of the road, disrupting the distribution of goods transportation. The Vehicle Weighing Station (UPPKB) is a form of control and security implemented by the government to regulate the transportation of goods distribution above tonnage limits. Every day, the transportation of goods distribution in South Sumatera Province is significant due to its numerous power plants and tourist destinations. This research aimed to identify the location for the development of UPPKB using a quantitative method to obtain indicators for multi-criteria analysis. The conclusion drawn from the identified potential points indicates positive results, making it feasible to construct a new UPPKB at those locations. The potential locations for the development of a new UPPKB in South Sumatera are Betung 1 Street and Yusuf Singadekane 1 Street
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TAMURA, Daisuke, Shoji MATSUMOTO, and Kazushi SANO. "Physical Distribution of Relief Goods and its Issues for the Chuetsu Earthquake, Niigata." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 23 (2006): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.23.265.
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Urciuoli, Luca. "The physical distribution security system: Who is affecting the vulnerability of goods transprtation?" Journal of Transportation Management 23, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jotm/1333238700.
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The purpose of this study is to explore the vulnerability of physical distribution networks to antago- nistic threats. Previous research identifies globalization and Just in Time (JIT) as the main causes of vulnerability. However, cargo crime has always existed, even before the identification of these trends. In this explorative study new factors are brought to light. In particular, it appears that stake- holders’ dynamics are influencing the level of security.
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Li, Jianxun, Haoxin Fu, Kin Keung Lai, and Bhagwat Ram. "A City Logistics Distribution Model: A Physical Internet Approach." Processes 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2023): 3198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11113198.
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The Physical Internet (PI) provides a solution for coping with the continuous rise in urban logistical demands by exploring same-level and cross-level paths. This research suggests a PI-based urban logistical distribution model based on PI distribution that minimizes transportation costs. It also intends to maintain the integrity of the logistical transportation process. This proposed model enhances the flexibility of goods operation and reduces the global cost of logistics’ distribution using an interconnected and open PI logistics distribution mode. This model also explores the functional aspects of the operational problems of city logistical systems and relates to optimization problems. These functionalities are realized by the hierarchical functional structure and are characterized by different cost specifications. The proposed framework provides better integration and cooperation between city logistics warehouses and higher utilization level of logistical infrastructure. The experimental results show that the distribution cost of the PI logistics model is significantly better than that of a traditional logistics model. The elastic and cost advantages grow relatively as the infrastructure for distribution scales up and interruptions from emergencies occur.
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Kostiuchenko, Lesia, Oleh Harmash, Nadiia Perederii, and Natalia Sokolova. "PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION AND LOCALIZATION OF NARROW PLACES IN THE PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM." Bulletin of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" (economic sciences), no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2519-4461.2021.2.111.
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The key elements of logistics management of the distribution system of goods, in particular international trade networks, are studied. The parameters of evaluating the efficiency of individual distribution channels of goods in the distribution system are considered. The concept of "bottleneck" in the distribution network in general and individual distribution channels in particular has been clarified. The causes of bottlenecks in the distribution system channels, the points of localization of possible current restrictions - bottlenecks in the distribution system of goods are analyzed and the ways of their elimination are investigated. The results of research, methods and recommendations can be used to form the optimal distribution strategy of modern companies in conditions of unstable demand and under the influence of other negative factors. In view of the above, the task is to study in more detail the key elements of logistics procurement management for the defense sector in space and time and to develop practical recommendations for logistics management of the organization of defense procurement. Therefore, the aim of the study is to analyze the structure of the distribution network in conditions of unstable demand and under the influence of other negative factors in order to identify bottlenecks in the distribution system and find ways to eliminate them optimally.To achieve this goal, the following were investigated: priorities and guidelines for logistics management of the distribution system of goods from the manufacturer to the network of end users; structure and configuration of distribution channels in the distribution system as a subject of optimization; causes of bottlenecks in the distribution system channels and ways to eliminate them. Thus, logistics solutions localized in the field of distribution are a "trade-off" relationship with the sphere of production. That is, the field of distribution focuses on two important issues: first, the rationale and formation of distribution channels; secondly, the design and implementation of physical distribution of goods. In addition, the logistics management of the distribution system should be understood as the management of the process of moving goods from producer to end consumer, or their network, integrated with relevant financial, information and service flows to ensure a mix of logistics tasks.
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Mašková, Kamila, Iryna Petrovska, Oleksandr Ryshkovskyy, and Svyatoslav Yatsyshyn. "RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION IN CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS." Measuring Equipment and Metrology 82, no. 2 (2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcmtm2021.02.022.
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Automated systems that are part of cyber-physical systems provide distribution of goods or prefabricated components, as well as their documenting and automatic tracking in real-time. Workpieces are marked with RFID transponders. RFID antennas allow contactless reading and/or recording of information, RFID electronics process and transmit it to the programmable logic controller via PROFIBUS DP, PROFINET, Ethernet IP, Ethernet TCP/IP, or EtherCAT interface. The peculiarities of the universal interface for the needs of cyber-physical systems equipped with RFID means and the main metrological characteristics of the latter are studied in the work.
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Dmitriev, A. V. "ECONOMIC SECURITY OF DIGITAL ECOSYSTEM SOLUTIONS IN LOGISTICS." Strategic decisions and risk management 15, no. 1 (July 4, 2024): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2618-947x-2024-1-23-29.
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The article discusses issues of ensuring economic security as one of the most important qualitative characteristics of logistics systems, which determines the ability to ensure the established parameters of material flows in the process of goods distribution when implementing digital systems and technologies. Contemporary risks and threats characteristic of the development of digital transport and logistics ecosystems are analysed. The key factors for ensuring economic security and their importance in logistics are examined from the point of view of ensuring operational control over compliance with established key indicators of product distribution. An interpretation of the concept of ‘economic security’ is given from the point of view of protecting a business entity from external and internal threats in order to increase the level of competitiveness and sustainability of business in the market. The issues of ensuring the parameters of goods distribution within the established thresholds are addressed in order to achieve the optimal functioning of the goods distribution system and to ensure the economic activity of the enterprise with all the necessary resources. Logistics systems are studied for the effective organisation and management of material flows, aimed at ensuring the reliability of operations and the implementation of the strategy of economic entities. The need to use modern digital technologies to increase the level of economic security in logistics systems and to ensure the transparency, controllability and traceability of material flows in the field of goods distribution has been demonstrated. At the same time, the very fact of digitising cargo delivery processes is considered from the perspective of the ecosystem paradigm and the platform concept. The patterns of transformation of traditional logistics operators into providers of digital logistics services are substantiated. A model of a cyber-physical ecosystem in logistics has been developed, enabling end-to-end management of business processes and data exchange in the distribution of goods.
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Hamadaqa, Emad, Ayoub Mars, and Wael Adi. "Physical Security for Fleet Management Systems." Cryptography 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryptography4010001.
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Fleet Management (FM) deals with the management of transport, distribution, and logistics of national and international goods exchange, in which many operators worldwide are involved. Fleet management involves many security-relevant participating entities, such as vehicles, FM mobile clients, smart trackers with goods, drivers, etc. Existing automated fleet management systems are basically vulnerable to physical replacement attacks when managed by mass-produced electronic identities. Analog Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) failed to serve as unclonable electronic identities due to being costly, unstable and inefficient for such mass-usage. We propose in this paper to deploy the Secret Unknown Ciphers (SUCs) techniques introduced a decade ago as digital low-cost clone-resistant identities to be embedded in selected participating electronic Fleet Management System (FMS) units. SUCs, as stable self-created digital modules to be embedded in future smart non-volatile (NV)-FPGA devices, are expected to cover all emerging FMS physical security requirements. Such information-retaining units (when switched-off) are emerging to become widely used as ultra-low-power mass-products in automotive environment. We propose a new FMS security architecture based on embedding SUC modules in each security-relevant entity in the FMS such as vehicles, mobile clients, smart trackers and goods. This paper investigates the expected technical impacts when using SUCs technology as physical security anchors in a standard FMS configuration. Several SUC-related generic security protocols adapted to the FM environment show how to securely-link tracing of goods, tracks routing, and personnel in such FM system. It is also shown how to combine other biometric fingerprints to simplify personal liability and enhance the security management in such globally-operating automated procedures. The presented security analysis of the resulting FMS shows that the major security concerns in existing FMSs can be resolved. One major advantage of SUC technique, is that device-manufacturers can be largely-excluded as security players. The FPGA technology required for the SUC solution is currently not available and is thought for future use. The concept is ultimately applicable if the future electronic mass products would deploy self-reconfiguring non-volatile (flash-based) System on Chip smart units. Such units are expected to dominate future Internet of Things (IoT) ultra-low-energy applications, as power-off does not lose any information. The proposed SUC strategy is highly flexible, scalable, and applicable to cover a large class of globally operating protection mechanisms similar to those of the addressed FMS scenarios.
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Zhang, Wei-Bin. "Business Cycles in a Three-sector Growth Model with Portfolio Equilibrium between Land, Gold and Capital." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 12, no. 2 (April 12, 2018): 171–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973801017753284.
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This study generalises a growth model proposed by Zhang (2016) through allowing all the time-dependent variables to be time-dependent. Zhang’s model deals with dynamic interdependence between capital accumulation and environmental change, with portfolio equilibrium among land, gold and physical wealth in a multi-sector general equilibrium framework. The model explains the dynamics of prices, rents and distribution of land, gold, physical wealth and environmental change on the basis of micro-economic foundation. This article generalises the model to explain business cycles due to different exogenous shocks. We simulate the motion of the economy and conduct comparative dynamic analysis to demonstrate business cycles due to periodic oscillations in the propensity to use gold, the propensity to consume housing, the propensity to consume industrial goods, the propensity to consume agricultural goods, the propensity to save, and the tax rate on the consumption of industrial goods. JEL Classification: O41, D41, E32
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Antun, Juan, Marina Mallorquin, Ivette Toledo, and Sonia Briceno. "Logistics operators for physical distribution of goods In Mexico City: a strategy for mitigating emissions." International Journal of Vehicle Design 20, no. 1/2/3/4 (1998): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.1998.001811.
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Malairajan, R. A., K. Ganesh, M. Punnniyamoorthy, and S. P. Anbuudayasankar. "Decision Support System for Real Time Vehicle Routing in Indian Dairy Industry: A Case Study." International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management 6, no. 4 (October 2013): 77–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisscm.2013100105.
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In today’s highly competitive and demanding environment, the pressure on both public and private organizations is to achieve a better way to deliver values to end customers. There has been a growing recognition that the two goals, cost reduction and customer service are achieved through Logistics and Supply Chain Management (SCM). Transportation of goods continues an important part of in-bound as well as outbound logistics of Supply Chain Management (SCM). Efficient distribution of goods and services is of great importance in today’s competitive market, because transportation constitutes a considerable portion of the purchase price of most products or services. Vehicle routing is considered as an important resource in a distribution logistics management system. Effective plan and control of vehicle operation can significantly reduce the cost of physical distribution system. To overcome the challenges of changing environment, the scheme of vehicle control of a physical distribution system should be dynamic. Thus India has become the top milk producing country in the world. This study addresses the vehicle routing aspect of distribution logistics in Sangam dairy supply chain of Guntur district in Andhra Pradesh. The problem is viewed as Vehicle Routing Problem with Backhauls (VRPB) and a mathematical model is developed with the consideration of various practical constraints. Moreover, a decision support system is developed for dynamic VRPB, which would help the manager in making operational and tactical decisions.
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Velarde Cantú, José Manuel, Alfredo Bueno Solano, Ernesto Alonso Lagarda Leyva, and Mauricio Lopez Acosta. "Optimization of territories and transport routes for hazardous products in a distribution network." Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 10, no. 4 (October 26, 2017): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2107.
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In a system of distribution of products are involved in different factors that determine their efficiency, profitability or optimal state, among these factors is the type of goods to be collected or delivered, it must also be considered the physical-chemical composition, hazard index to transport etc., in this sense, exist different standards for collection, delivery and transportation of such material causing with it an increase in operating costs associated with territory design and planning of distribution routes, the current paper present a general model based in mixed integer programming which integrates both problems, seeking to minimize the total distance traveled by the vehicle in each territory. It should be noted that one of the main features of this model is that it only considers the collection of goods in the distribution network which gives us the opportunity to offer low-cost solutions in terms of time and quality, addressing the specific and general characteristics of the emerging markets in Mexico
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Gould, Jane. "Driven to Shop?: Role of Transportation in Future Home Shopping." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1617, no. 1 (January 1998): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1617-21.
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This study explores some of the transportation implications emerging from electronic home shopping and on-line commerce. It suggests that travel activities and travel patterns are likely to change as electronic commerce develops and as existing stores and commercial activities adjust to future competition from on-line commerce. The study illustrates some of the complex and unanticipated interactions that are likely to take place between the growth of new communication systems and transportation. In today’s retail markets, most goods are shipped to stores and people physically travel to stores to purchase goods. This tradition is likely to change with the growth of electronic home shopping, since many goods will be purchased on-line and consumers will not need to travel to shop. However, many items will require delivery to the home, and this may spur the expansion of home-delivery services. Other goods purchased on-line will require no physical distribution, and a new class of products, such as music CDs and software, is already being “shipped” electronically over broadband networks. Another impact of future electronic home shopping is the likely growth of entirely new types of retail venues, since it becomes easier to establish markets that bring together buyers and sellers who do not travel to meet, and without the movement of physical goods either. The shipping of goods takes place only after the transaction. All of these new market forms, which bring together electronically buyers, sellers, and goods, raise new issues for the study of transportation and communication interactions.
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Awogbemi, Clement Adeyeye, Samson Adekola Alagbe, and Caleb Kehinde Osamo. "COMPARISON OF METHODS OF SOLVING TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS (TP) AND RESOLVING THE ASSOCIATED VARIATIONS." International Journal of Modern Statistics 2, no. 1 (July 28, 2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijms.949.
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Purpose: Transportation Problem is a Linear Programming application to physical distribution of goods and services from various origins to several destinations at a minimum cost.
Methodology: In this study, five different methods were employed to solve transportation problems arising from unequal demand and supply of goods and variations. The methods considered were in terms of North West Corner Rule, Least Cost Method, Vogel’s Approximation Method, Row Minima Method and Column Minima Method were compared. Unbalanced transportation problems were resolved using Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) and Modified Distribution (MODI) methods.
Findings: The methods compared produced different results with VAM generating the least transportation cost and better solution. With the MODI method, economic values were generated for the dual variables, uis and vjs associated with the source and demand points respectively.
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Flynn, Dennis O. "Big History, Geological Accumulations, Physical Economics, and Wealth." Asian Review of World Histories 7, no. 1-2 (January 23, 2019): 80–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22879811-12340047.
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Abstract The unconventional model presented herein—Laws of Supplies and Demands— furnishes a view of the discipline of economics as both a social science and a physical science. This essay begins with Big History origins of Earthly mineral foundations upon which the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, and today’s Computer Age were based, according to prominent geologist Walter Alvarez. Alvarez argues persuasively that geographical concentrations of specific productive inputs across Earth have been essential prerequisites for existence of all economic ages. This essay complements Alvarez’s focus upon economic inputs by extending consideration to geographical concentrations of economic outputs (goods). Mechanisms that explain concentrations of final goods in specific geographical locations across Earth comprise the core of the Laws of Supplies and Demands model. The flows-only orientation of conventional microeconomics (Laws of Supply and Demand) and conventional macroeconomics—both of which limit attention to time-dimensioned variables such as incomes and expenditures—is broadened to incorporate accumulations: wealth components (point-in-time-snapshots). By definition, services cannot be stocked, whereas goods accumulate as wealth components. The Laws of Supplies and Demands provide theoretical underpinnings for widespread interest today in empirical social science investigations of wealth accumulations and wealth distributions.
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Apostolov, Igor. "Warehouse in physical distribution system. Warehouse and its location choosing. International systems of warehouse rating." Current Economic Trends 2, no. 1 (September 25, 2022): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.55030/2713-0266-2022-2-1-8-19.
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The subject of the study is the functional and classification features of warehouse management in modern supply chains (logistics chains). The purpose of the work: based on classical approaches to the classification and methods of choosing the optimal warehouse system, to develop the author’s concept of physical distribution of goods system. This concept hinges on a synergistic effect with a combination of functional, technical and specialized features. The methodological base rests on the fundamental works by Jeroen Peter van den Berg, Paul R. Murphy, and Edward Frazelli, further developed by Richards Gwynn and O.B. Malikov; the parameters, elaborated by Knight Frank, are employed. The scientific novelty and relevance of the study are confirmed by the fact that combining traditional and new approaches to the methodology of building a warehousing system, the structure of a logistics system that is maximally adaptive for modern ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) is disclosed.
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Kirillova, L. K. "Conceptual foundations of multi-channel distribution of goods." Problemy sovershenstvovaniya organizatsii proizvodstva i upravleniya promyshlennymi predpriyatiyami: Mezhvuzovskii sbornik nauchnykh trudov, no. 1 (2022): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/op-mie-2022.1-pp.152.
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Liana, Vega, and Zuhrinal M.Nawawi. "Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Keputusan Pembelian Produk Fashion di Shopee." ManBiz: Journal of Management and Business 2, no. 2 (August 28, 2022): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/manbiz.v2i2.1880.
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Advances in technology have resulted in various developments in the corporate sector. Many companies now offer their goods through web applications. Shopee is one of the most popular online retail business applications today. The aims of this study were to: 1) determine the effect of product, price, promotion, distribution, people, process, and the physical environment on purchasing decisions for fashion products at Shopee, and 2) determine the effect of product, price, promotion, distribution, people, process. , and the physical environment for purchasing decisions for fashion products at Shopee for UINSU Medan students. The approach is quantitative. The participants in this study were UINSU Medan students who had used the Shopee application to shop for fashion items. The findings of this study indicate that product, price, promotion, distribution, people, process, and physical environment variables all influence the purchasing decision of fashion products at Shopee, and that product, price, promotion, distribution, people, process, and physical environment variables are all influence the purchasing decisions of fashion products at Shopee. greatly influenced the decision of UINSU Medan students to shop for fashion at Shopee.
Keywords:Online Purchase Factor, Online Purchase Decision, Purchase Decision
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Irish, Maureen. "Objectivity and Statutory Interpretation: End Use in the Canadian Customs Tariff." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 46 (2009): 3–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006900580000953x.
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SummaryThe Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonized System) has been adopted by the major trading nations of the world, including Canada. Decisions of the European Court of Justice are influential for interpretation of the Harmonized System. According to these decisions, goods should be classified under the Harmonized System on the basis of their physical characteristics, while factors that relate to use after importation should be considered only if they are reflected in the physical characteristics. The author rejects this narrow approach and argues that interpretation will be successful only if it is done in light of the full commercial context, including use after importation, advertising, distribution, and market indicators such as price. The article reviews Canadian case law since implementation of the Harmonized System in 1988 as well as some decisions interpreting the pre-1988 Canadian nomenclature, which contained many tariff items that depended on the end use of goods after importation.
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Baena-Rojas, Jose Jaime, and Jose Alejandro Cano. "TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATION OF COSTS AND PRICES IN CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS BASED ON INCOTERMS®." Acta logistica 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22306/al.v9i2.291.
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The settlement of costs and prices in international business is an essential aspect of the competitiveness of internationalized companies. In this way, the "International Commercial Terms" (Incoterms)® as rules for the involved parties to a contract of international sale of goods become strategic, not only to define the conditions of delivery of the goods but also to define the value of an export according to the point of delivery within the international physical distribution chain. This study presents a detailed example of the costs derived from an international sale and purchase process, considering different databases published on the Internet, and provides a technique to simulate the value of each Incoterm 2020 rule. The results indicate the estimated prices for an export case from Colombia to the United States for containerized cargo. It is concluded that this technique facilitates the planning of the international sale and purchase, allowing to know the export values for each Incoterm, besides presenting an innovative model adaptable for other goods.
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Ildarovna Zakirova, Milyausha, Elena Alexandrovna Rybkina, and Denis Sergeevich Balzamov. "Competition as a Tool for Resource Allocation." Nexo Revista Científica 33, no. 02 (December 31, 2020): 597–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v33i02.10795.
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The article explores the definition of «competition» through an analysis of existing interpretations in the scientific literature. The authors reviewed and creatively revised more than 15 existing author's interpretations of this concept. The current approaches to the classification of competitions are systematized and creatively revised. On the example of a comparative table of classification approaches, the main classification features of competitions are revealed. The appropriateness of applying the concept of «competition» in children's, school and student competitions, as well as the concept of «open competition» used in the procurement of goods, works, services to meet state and municipal needs, is considered. As a result, the revealed signs of the competition allow us to conclude the appropriateness of using this concept as a tool for the distribution of material goods. In this case, they differ only in the scale of this distribution. The article also explores the list of olympiads and other intellectual and (or) creative contests, events aimed at developing intellectual and creative abilities, abilities to engage in physical education and sports, interest in scientific (research), engineering, inventive, creative, physical culture and sports activities, as well as the promotion of scientific knowledge, creative and sports achievements, recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. As a result, the target audience of participants for whom contests are initiated has been identified.
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Tannar, Oryza. "Analysis Risk Management of Procurement System Goods/Services (Study Case in PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PERSERO." Journal of Economics, Business, and Government Challenges 2, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/ebgc.v2i1.62.
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Procurement is expected to be carried out effectively and efficiently with the principles of fair competition, transparent ,opened and fair treatment for all parties, in accordance with Peraturan Presiden Nomor 54 Tahun 2010 on Government Procurement is an activity to obtain goods and services by the Ministry/Institutions/Regional Working Units/other Institutions starting from the planning process needs to be disclosed all activities to obtain goods and services. As the development of an increasingly modern era, the government infrastructure was varied to keep track of and adapted to the needs of the government. The procurement of goods and services financed by the budget of revenues and expenditures country / region. This study focuses on government procurement of goods and services made in the area of PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PERSERO) Distribusi Jawa Timur Area Pelayanan dan Jaringan Surabaya Selatan (PT. PLN Disjatim) by using the historical approach, sociological approach, institutional approaches, legal and political approach to development based on risk management. The data in this study were obtained by physical or direct data approach with several parties and employees concerned with the procurement of goods and services within the state electricity distribution company of the Eastern Java. The results of this study include the procurement of goods and services in the state electricity company disjatim generally been in accordance with the systems and mechanisms that have been defined in the Peraturan Presiden 54 Tahun 2010 on Government Procurement. However, once studied and reviewed more deeply there are some constraints and the presence of fraudulent behavior committed by the procurement committee and procurement participants and parties involved in the procurement of goods and services.
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Pererva, Petro, Tetiana Kobielieva, Andriy Kosenko, Oleksandra Kosenko, and Nadezhda Tkacheva. "LOGISTICS SERVICES MARKETING STRATEGY IN ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY: PRICING AND DISTRIBUTION POLICY." Bulletin of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" (economic sciences), no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2519-4461.2021.1.91.
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The article proves that marketing logistics is the planning, operational management and control of physical flows of materials and finished products,starting from the places of origin of flows of raw materials, components, etc. and ending with the delivery of final products to consumers, in order tomost effectively meet their demands. Marketing logistics is based on combining the ideas of marketing and logistics, which addresses issues ofmarketing pricing and marketing policy distribution. Also here the tasks of assortment loading of production on the basis of the portfolio of ordersformed by marketing services are solved, strategies of pricing and distribution of the goods are formed, technology of optimum movement ofresources and products is defined, standard requirements to packing, quality of products are developed. resources, equipment and premises. Moderninformation technologies play a significant role in marketing logistics: computers, cash terminals; identical coding of goods; satellite tracking systemsfor transportation; electronic data exchange and money transfer. The cost of marketing logistics is up to 30-40% of the cost of finished products.A classification of logistics costs has been developed, which will serve as a basis for the development of methods to identify, evaluate, analyze, planand reduce logistics costs in domestic enterprises. In addition, there is an opportunity to take a more reasonable approach to setting prices for logisticsservices and improve the marketing policy of distribution of enterprise products. The relationship between marketing and logistics, the use of which inpractice allows to optimize the policy of marketing distribution of products and improve the strategic position of marketing pricing. The mostsignificant differences between marketing and logistics are identified and classified.
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Okeudo Geraldine, Okeudo Geraldine. "Optimization of Physical Distribution of Consumer Goods in Nigeria: A Case Study of Unilever. Nigeria Plc (South-East Region)." IOSR Journal of Business and Management 10, no. 5 (2013): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487x-1054553.
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Anankina, J. A., and A. E. Erina. "Analysis of Logistic Flows of Mashine Manufacturing." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law 13, no. 2 (2013): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2013-13-2-210-214.
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Introduction. The globalization character of the Russian economy requires the design of an effective transport and logistic infrastructure. If a transport complex is provided with a rolling stock with the application of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, it determines the rendered logistic service level. The high level of the logistic service quality promotes the effective physical distribution of production. Purpose: to analyze the logistic flows of R&D results at mechanical engineering enterprises for management rationalization of the procurement activity of an enterprise. Methods. The authors used an information array of the condition of a transport complex. Its statistical processing on the basis of a logical method comprised the evidence base and allowed considering the situation on the vehicle market for the organization of transportations and development of the turnover of goods. Results. The procurement activity of the Russian transport complex was considered using such criteria as the owners of vehicles and market operators. The goods turnover structure is given. Factors used for forecasting of the railway vehicle flows for goods transportation are shown. Conclusion. Our analysis of R&D results in the sphere of transport mechanical engineering will form a basis for decision making on improvement of the purchases process with regard to the quantitative and qualitative requirements and the commercial interests of the vehicle owners. It will also allow designing optimal routes and a technology of goods transportation.
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Kościółek, Szczepan. "Determinants of Demand for Physical Activity among Students in Krakow." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 74, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2017-0009.
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AbstractThe low level of physical activity amongst Poles is not only a social problem, but also a big challenge for commercial organizations. The aim of the thesis was to determine indicating factors influencing the maximum price that students are prone to pay for physical activity. The research was based on the opinions of 398 respondents (students from Krakow’s academies). A Chi-square test of independence was used to compare the distribution of the observed variables with their theoretical distribution.The test results show that the maximum price that students are prone to pay for a single admission ticket and for a monthly pass for participating in physical activity is correlated with the price of complementary goods, participation in free and paid kinesthetic forms of recreation, and their main subject of study. In the case of the decision to purchase monthly passes (as opposed to a ticket for single admission), the student’s income and motivation to exercise are also important. On the other hand, declarative price is not influenced by the gender and former sports activity of interviewees.
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김종운. "Distribution Channel Selection of the Creator of an Information Good: Physical or Digital Distribution?" E-Business Studies 12, no. 2 (June 2011): 319–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15719/geba.12.2.201106.319.
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Ala‐Risku, Timo, Mikko Kärkkäinen, and Jan Holmström. "Evaluating the Applicability of Merge‐in‐transit." International Journal of Logistics Management 14, no. 2 (July 1, 2003): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09574090310806602.
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The physical distribution of goods is one of the key success factors in fast moving markets. Many companies are involved in the search for efficient distribution alternatives, as the lead times for customer order fulfillment need to be shortened while the costs and risks of warehousing need to be minimized. Merge‐in‐transit is a distribution model where several shipments originating at different dispatching locations are consolidated into one customer delivery, without inventories at the consolidation points. This removes the need for distribution warehouses in the supply chain, and allows the customers to receive complete deliveries for their orders. However, no guidelines are available for logistics managers on how to evaluate the applicability of merge‐in‐transit operations for their particular business situation. This paper presents a systematic procedure for the evaluation of merge‐in‐transit distribution in a specific supply chain of a company. The procedure is based on recent research on activity‐based costing models in distribution operations. Additionally, the paper clearly defines merge‐in‐transit and makes a distinction between it and cross‐docking with which it is often confused.
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Komarudin, Moh, Afrohatul Laili, and M. Syaifudin Anwar. "EFEKTIVITAS PENDISTRIBUSIAN ZAKAT FITRAH TERHADAP KEMASLAHATAN UMAT DI DESA PANDANARUM KECAMATAN SUTOJAYAN KABUPATEN BLITAR." EJOIN : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 2, no. 5 (May 10, 2024): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.55681/ejoin.v2i5.2716.
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Distribution is an activity of distributing or distributing goods or services to several people or groups to facilitate the flow of marketing channels, both physical and non-physical. Zakat has a very strategic role in efforts to eradicate poverty and zakat plays a role in the economic development of Muslims. In contrast to other financial sources for development, zakat does not have any return impact except the pleasure and hope of Allah alone. If combined with zakat, the distribution of zakat is the distribution of zakat to people who are entitled to receive it (mustahik) either consumptive or productive with the aim of increasing the welfare of the mustahik. Based on several definitions that have been explained previously, what is meant by Effectiveness of Distribution of Zakat, Infaq and Alms Funds is the process of thinking and analyzing with the aim of measuring the accuracy of the implementation of the distribution of zakat, infaq and alms funds during the Covid-19 pandemic. So the purpose of the title: Effectiveness of distribution of zakat, infaq and alms funds during the Covid-19 pandemic is a way to understand the process and examine the activities of distributing zakat, infaq and alms funds which is useful for knowing the extent to which these funds can be realized. Implementation of appropriate and targeted distribution of zakat, infaq and alms funds can be felt to be beneficial and effective for the community, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic in Pandanarum Village
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Ramdan, Irvanjaya, Syahrizal Suwardana Malik, and Dera Toni Purnama. "IMPLEMENTASI PENYALURAN DANA ALOKASI KHUSUS FISIK BIDANG KESEHATAN DALAM MENDUKUNG PEMULIHAN KESEHATAN." Ensiklopedia of Journal 4, no. 4 (July 13, 2022): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33559/eoj.v4i4.1215.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation, obstacles and efforts made by the Subang District Health Office in the distribution of the physical Special Allocation Fund (DAK) in the healthsector in supporting post-covid-19 health recovery. The theory used by the author is Edward III's theory by analyzing the dimensions of Information Delivery, Resources, Disposition, and Bureaucratic Structure. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research with an inductive approach. The data collection technique used in this research is the technique of Observation, Interview, and Documentation. The results showed that the implementation of Fund Distribution The Special Allocation for Physical Health (DAK) for Physical Health has been running in accordance with the applicable technical guidelines, but in its realization there are still problems such as problems in the development of Labkesda. Obstacles faced such as the lack of trust of the Subang Regency government towards the Subang Regency Health Office which caused the planning program to be delayed, all meetings using the virtual method due to the unfinished Covid-19 condition causing uncertainty, there were still errors in the preparation of letters related to the implementation of the Physical DAK. Health, and the condition of goods that have run out while being procured.
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Awwal, Muhammad Al Faridho, and Dewi Wahyu Setyo Rini. "Remain Results of Network Retail Transactions: Potential Charity in Indonesia." IQTISHODUNA: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/iqtishoduna.v9i1.467.
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In the modern market or what is usually known as retail chains, most goods are sold with non-rounded price which creates price differences that cannot be translated into any physical value of printed money. The accumulated price differences are usually donated into charities which are managed by certain companies. However, it makes people worried about any indications of management overlap between charity donations and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) due to the intransparency of datas in terms of their financial managements.Not to mention, the unfair distribution of the donation money only resulted into donation receipients that are very centralized in some areas. Therefore, using conceptual research method with qualitative datas and strong references we try to observe this problem so that this uneasiness of the society about any overlap of CSR distribution and the charity money from consumers can be put into rest.
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Mashum, AM Hafidz, Marlina Marlina, Marlina Marlina, Marlina Marlina, and Marlina Marlina. "Nusantara Syariah Economy (Construction of Economic Cooperation between the Indonesian Muslim Community)." IQTISHODUNA: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam 9, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/iqtishoduna.v9i2.490.
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In the modern market or what is usually known as retail chains, most goods are sold with non-rounded price which creates price differences that cannot be translated into any physical value of printed money. The accumulated price differences are usually donated into charities which are managed by certain companies. However, it makes people worried about any indications of management overlap between charity donations and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) due to the intransparency of datas in terms of their financial managements.Not to mention, the unfair distribution of the donation money only resulted into donation receipients that are very centralized in some areas. Therefore, using conceptual research method with qualitative datas and strong references we try to observe this problem so that this uneasiness of the society about any overlap of CSR distribution and the charity money from consumers can be put into rest.
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Ruiz-Meza, José, Karen Meza-Peralta, Jairo R. Montoya-Torres, and Jesus Gonzalez-Feliu. "Location of Urban Logistics Spaces (ULS) for Two-Echelon Distribution Systems." Axioms 10, no. 3 (September 7, 2021): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms10030214.
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The main concern in city logistics is the need to optimize the movement of goods in urban contexts, and to minimize the multiple costs inherent in logistics operations. Inspired by an application in a medium-sized city in Latin America, this paper develops a bi-objective mixed linear integer programming (MILP) model to locate different types of urban logistics spaces (ULS) for the configuration of a two-echelon urban distribution system. The objective functions seek to minimize the costs associated with distance traveled and relocation, in addition to the costs of violation of time windows. This model considers heterogeneous transport, speed assignment, and time windows. For experimental evaluation, two operational scenarios are considered, and Pareto frontiers are obtained to identify the efficient non-dominated solutions to select the most feasible ones from such a set. A case study of a distribution company of goods for supermarkets in the city of Barranquilla, Colombia, is also used to validate the proposed model. These solutions allow decision-makers to define the configuration of ULS networks for urban product delivery.
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Paavola, Jouni. "From market failure paradigm to an institutional theory of environmental governance." ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, no. 1 (September 2009): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2009-001006.
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- This manuscript examines how an institutional theory of environmental governance might be based on a re-interpretation and re-working of the arguments of the market failure paradigm and its main criticisms. The manuscript first examines in detail the arguments of the market failure paradigm regarding externalities and public goods, as well as their criticisms. The paper then suggests an institutional re-interpretation and revision of the key arguments of the market failure paradigm. The institutional theory of environmental governance acknowledges the interdependence of economic actors and the resulting fundamental role of conflicts as the rationale for environmental governance and its institutions. As environmental conflicts are primarily a matter of distribution rather than of efficiency, it becomes important to understand the likely consequences of institutional alternatives in the specific socio-economic and physical setting of the environmental conflicts, and the degree to which these consequences match with the pertinent social or economic goals.Keywords: environmental governance, market failure, externalities, public goods, welfare economics, institutional economicsJEL classifications: Q50; H41; D62; B52
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Gasing, Umar, Prasadja Ricardianto, Yosi Pahala, Yana Tatiana, and Sri Handayani. "Customer Relationship Management pada Perusahaan Pelayaran Nasional di Indonesia." Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi & Logistik (JMTRANSLOG) 10, no. 3 (November 28, 2023): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.54324/j.mtl.v10i3.1101.
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One of the companies in freight forwarding services in Indonesia is PT Pelayaran Lintas Harmoni. It provides custom clearance services, cargo shipments and goods delivery from abroad and domestic. Due to the pandemic, the company had lessen the goods distribution activities. In order to survive, the company should pay much more attention to the customer needs. This research aims to find out the direct and indirect effect of logistics service quality and customer relationship management through customers’ satisfaction to customers’ loyalty. The research used Path Analysis and Smart PLS as the analysis tool with a total sample of 105 respondents. The sample was taken from the customers directly related to the importer’s department. The results show that the study has a direct, indirect and significant influence on customers’ loyalty of the logistics service quality and customer relationship management by making the customers satisfied. It shows that the quality of logistics services not only measure the physical attributes but also focus more on how to approach the customers and find out about their needs.
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Damayanti, Riska, Andi Sitti Chairunnisa, Esther Sanda Manapa, Eliyah A. M. Sampetoding, Toong Khuan Chan, and Misliah Idrus. "Performance Analysis of Terminal II of The New Makassar Container Port in Supporting Logistics Distribution in South Sulawesi." Kapal: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Kelautan 20, no. 2 (May 29, 2023): 238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kapal.v20i2.53548.
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The New Makassar Container Port serves as logistics hub that impacts local economic growth and facilitates the distribution of goods between regions. To optimise port operations, it is crucial to establish connections with the hinterland area. Terminal II is designed to handle the flow of containers. According to the current stage of development, the existing capacity and facilities should be able to handle a larger volume of containers. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the logistics system through time and service performance indicators. The research method involves both qualitative and quantitative approaches, with freight forwarders and shipping companies as the sample population. The analysis involves a descriptive analysis of the logistics system and an Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) to assess performance and satisfaction of service users. The Potential Gain in Customer Value (PGCV) method was used to determine priority areas for improvement. The results show that Terminal II of the New Makassar Container Port performs well and meets the standards set by the Director General of Sea Transportation. However, international shipping services have not been fully utilized, contributing to low container flow and underutilization of the installed capacity. Additionally, export activities remain heavily reliant on commodities instead of industrial goods. The IPA and PGCV analyses revealed that the priority areas of improvement include sustainable and customer-oriented operating processes, with a conformity rate of 79% and the highest PGCV value of 6.22. Regular evaluations of both the physical and human aspects of port operations are necessary.
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Risqiyanti, Via, Hasbi Yasin, and Rukun Santoso. "Pencarian Jalur Terpendek Menggunakan Metode Algoritma “Ant Colony Optimization” Pada GUI Matlab (Studi Kasus: PT Distriversa Buana Mas cabang Purwokerto)." Jurnal Gaussian 8, no. 2 (May 30, 2019): 272–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/j.gauss.v8i2.26671.
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For company, shortest distribution route is an important thing to be developed in order to obtain effectiveness in the distribution of products to consumers. One way of development is to find the shortest route with Ant Colony Optimization algorithm. This algorithm is inspired by the behavior of ant colonies that can find the shortest path from the nest to the food source. One example of a distribution company is PT Distriversa Buana Mas, also known as DBM. DBM is a physical distribution company covering the entire Indonesian archipelago specialized in the distribution of pharmaceuticals and consumer goods such as personal care, cosmetic and food products. DBM uses land transportation in 18 brances spread across Indonesia. One branch of DBM is in the Purwokerto region that distributes products to 29 stores in the Purbalingga region. This research is done with the help of GUI as a computation tool. Based on test results, the GUI system that has been built able to simplify and speed up the selection process of finding the shortest route for distribute product of DBM in the Purbalingga region. Keywords: Travelling Salesman Problem, Distriversa Buana Mas, Algorithm, Ant Colony Optimization, GUI
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Končar, Jelena, Aleksandar Grubor, Radenko Marić, Sonja Vučenović, and Goran Vukmirović. "Setbacks to IoT Implementation in the Function of FMCG Supply Chain Sustainability during COVID-19 Pandemic." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 7391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187391.
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One of the basic measures of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic is a lockdown policy with reduced contacts and physical distance. This presents a challenge, especially for fast-moving-consumer-goods (FMCG) supply chains, which are characterized by a large number of physical contacts between employees in production, physical distribution, wholesale, and retail. One of the ways to comply with the prescribed measures with the smooth functioning of the supply chain is the complete digitalization and automation of all business activities and operations based on the application of the Internet of Things (IoT). In this regard, this paper aims to analyze the setbacks to the digitalization of business processes and the sustainability of the FMCG supply chain based on the implementation of IoT. The research has been conducted among the participants in the standardization chain in the sectors of production, physical distribution, wholesale, and retail of FMCG in the Western Balkans region during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results showed significant differences between business sectors in terms of the intensity of setbacks to successful IoT implementation. Based on the obtained results, a set of measures and incentives was proposed that the competent institutions and the management of the FMCG supply chain should apply to encourage the digitalization process. Suggestions for future research are given in the paper.
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Småros, Johanna, Jan Holmström, and Vesa Kämäräinen. "New Service Opportunities in the E‐grocery Business." International Journal of Logistics Management 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09574090010806065.
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Currently, efforts in the e‐grocery business focus on improving the purchase transaction and physical distribution of goods. However, simply improving ordering and fulfillment does not make e‐grocery shopping a viable competitor to the current supermarket business model. To become a profitable growth business, the e‐grocers have to offer their customers more value. It is not enough to offer customers a range of physical products. A range of new meaningful services is also needed. This article investigates how such new, breakthrough services can be developed. A framework for systematically examining customer demand and identifying corresponding services is presented. The importance of the e‐grocer being able to offer the right mix of services to meet the customers' individual and changing needs is demonstrated. Concrete examples of both new services and a service mix are described.
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Maligo, Carlos. "A TOOL TO VISUALLY EXPLAIN THE ZONES OF INFLUENCE OF SEVERAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS IN A NETWORK." Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management 13, no. 3 (September 29, 2016): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.14488/bjopm.2016.v13.n3.a5.
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The concept of zone of influence is bound to arise in a great variety of situations involving explanations about supply chain, logistics or physical distribution of goods or services. Although the concept itself is not particularly difficult to explain or understand, the classroom experience strongly recommends the use of drawing or any visual aid to obtain effective and fast results. This work is the result of the search for a tool which could not only provide a visual support that lecturers could easily use for their explanations but could also be capable of showing – visually – the effects on form and size of the zones of influence due to changes in the related variables. This work shows how the use of the conditional format resource in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet makes it possible to construct such a tool, bringing to any public, through a visual and simulation-like experience, a deeper understanding on the subject.
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Pagano, Alessandro, Irene Pluchinotta, Raffaele Giordano, and Umberto Fratino. "Integrating “Hard” and “Soft” Infrastructural Resilience Assessment for Water Distribution Systems." Complexity 2018 (June 14, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3074791.
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Cities are highly dynamic systems, whose resilience is affected by the interconnectedness between “hard” and “soft” infrastructures. “Hard infrastructures” are the functional networks with physical elements providing goods or services. “Soft infrastructures” (culture, governance, and social patterns) encompass the social networks, make the hard infrastructures work, and are vital for understanding the consequences of disasters and the effectiveness of emergency management. Although the dynamic interactions between such infrastructures are highly complex in the case of the occurrence of hazardous events, it is fundamental to analyze them. The reliability of hard infrastructures during emergency management contributes to keep alive the social capital, while the community, its networks, and its own resilience influence the service provided by infrastructural systems. Resilience-thinking frameworks overcome the limits of the traditional engineering-oriented approaches, accounting for complexity of socio-technical-organizational networks, bridging the static and dynamic components of disasters across pre- and postevent contexts. The present work develops an integrated approach to operatively assess resilience for the hard and soft infrastructural systems, aiming at modeling the complexity of their interaction by adopting a graph theory-based approach and social network analysis. The developed approach has been experimentally implemented for assessing the integrated resilience of the hard/soft infrastructures during the L’Aquila 2009 earthquake.
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Zhang, Bochao. "The Optimization of Distribution Path of Fresh Cold Chain Logistics Based on Genetic Algorithm." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (August 1, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4667010.
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The products of the enterprise are the logistics objects of the enterprise. Therefore, the company’s products are the primary factor affecting logistics costs. The products of different enterprises may be different in terms of the type, nature, volume, quality, and physical and chemical properties of the products, which will have different impacts on the cost of logistics activities such as warehousing, transportation, and material handling of enterprises. More and more enterprises have taken the cost of logistics distribution as one of the important indicators affecting the development of enterprises; especially, cold chain logistics has been rapidly developed and valued in recent years, because the requirements of such products for delivery time, distribution efficiency, and distribution environment are very strict, whether the goods can be distributed in a standard and reasonable environment and whether the delivery vehicle can deliver the goods within the time specified by the customer have greatly affected the safety of frozen and refrigerated food. Therefore, this paper reduces the cost of the distributor through the optimization of the distribution path of cold chain logistics and makes the goods distributed can be delivered to the customer faster and more reasonably by establishing an integrated optimization platform, which is of great significance for how to reduce the cost of enterprises. Therefore, this paper starts from the function with the lowest distribution cost as the goal, comprehensively considers the specific characteristics of cold chain logistics, given the relevant constraints, uses the improved genetic algorithm to iterate on the given scheme, sends the improved new scheme to the simulation software for simulation operation, then sends the results obtained by the operation to the genetic algorithm for the next iteration, and repeats it in turn until the prespecified conditions can be terminated. Therefore, this paper summarizes some problems and development status in cold chain logistics and distribution routes by consulting relevant literature, optimizes the scheme by using VRP model combined with constraints, establishes a distribution system model, and finally verifies and analyzes to obtain a more reasonable and satisfactory solution. The innovation of this paper is that the research on the VRP problem is optimized through an improved genetic algorithm, certain improvements have been made in the coding method and the operation of selection, crossover, variation, etc., and the improved genetic algorithm can greatly reduce the number of program iterations. Then, we use the integrated optimization platform to import the solution into FlexSim for simulation, each simulation of the new solution will be transmitted to MATLAB through the Excel table for the next optimization iteration, and we repeat the above steps until the preset conditions are met after the termination. This would lead to a more realistic and satisfactory solution.
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Andrejić, Milan, Vukašin Pajić, and Milorad Kilibarda. "Distribution Channel Selection Using FUCOM-ADAM: A Novel Approach." Sustainability 15, no. 19 (October 6, 2023): 14527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151914527.
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The selection of the appropriate distribution channel is crucial for the success of any business dealing with physical goods. When dealing with this selection, it is crucial to have an effective decision support system (DSS) that can assist with such decisions. While various DSS approaches exist in the literature, not all are suitable for real-world applications. This research aims to address this gap by developing practical DSS tools that can aid decision-makers in making optimal decisions even in situations of uncertainty. The paper explores six different distribution channels (retailer’s warehouse, wholesaler’s warehouse, manufacturer’s warehouse, cross-dock, 3PL services, and direct delivery) in order to select the optimal one based on nine established criteria (inventory costs, distribution costs, delivery speed, service level, market coverage, product availability, order consolidation capability, reverse logistics, and order tracking) by using the FUCOM (Full Consistency Method) and ADAM (Axial-Distance-Based Aggregated Measurement) methods. After applying the FUCOM method, C1 (inventory costs) had the highest value when observing criteria weights, whereas C9 (order tracking) had the lowest. The results of the ADAM method showed that A5 (3PL services) was the best-ranked alternative, whereas A4 (cross-dock) was ranked as the worst. Based on the results, a model validation, and sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine whether the final ranking of the alternatives will change. This research provides decision makers with the necessary tools for better decision making, leading to improved distribution operations and increased profitability for the business.
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LIN, PEI-CHUN, and CHIA-HUI LEE. "How Online Vendors Select Parcel Delivery Carriers." Transportation Journal 48, no. 3 (2009): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25702530.
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Abstract This study investigated what criteria online vendors use to select parcel delivery carriers and examines what bearing they have on the development and maintenance of mutually beneficial partnerships. The selection attributes are identified via the logistical transport literature and then grouped according to their influence on online vendors. Seven distinct factors pertaining to the selection of carriers were identified, the two most important of which are “on-time, tracking and quick response” and “fare rate and freight loss.” Considerable interpenetration is discernible between these factors and the e-commerce business model, average monetary transaction and shipment frequency. Online transactions reply on a distribution service that ensures physical goods reach intended customers. Since service requirements fluctuate over time, selection attributes identified in previous studies are likely to be of limited utility. An expanding online market affords more distribution service opportunities, which makes it imperative that key factors affecting the selection of carriers by online vendors are amenable to empirical verification.
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LIN, PEI-CHUN, and CHIA-HUI LEE. "How Online Vendors Select Parcel Delivery Carriers." Transportation Journal 48, no. 3 (2009): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/transportationj.48.3.0020.
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Abstract This study investigated what criteria online vendors use to select parcel delivery carriers and examines what bearing they have on the development and maintenance of mutually beneficial partnerships. The selection attributes are identified via the logistical transport literature and then grouped according to their influence on online vendors. Seven distinct factors pertaining to the selection of carriers were identified, the two most important of which are “on-time, tracking and quick response” and “fare rate and freight loss.” Considerable interpenetration is discernible between these factors and the e-commerce business model, average monetary transaction and shipment frequency. Online transactions reply on a distribution service that ensures physical goods reach intended customers. Since service requirements fluctuate over time, selection attributes identified in previous studies are likely to be of limited utility. An expanding online market affords more distribution service opportunities, which makes it imperative that key factors affecting the selection of carriers by online vendors are amenable to empirical verification.
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Moshood, Taofeeq D., and Shahryar Sorooshian. "The Physical Internet: A means towards achieving global logistics sustainability." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 815–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0080.
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Abstract The supply chains that make up the distribution networks are becoming more diverse as companies respond to global markets’ rigorous demands. Today, the immediate need for sustainable growth is to design, manufacture, and deliver the right product to experience drastic improvements in the right place, at the right price, and at the right time. As a massively distributed, integrated logistics infrastructure, a new “Physical Internet” (PI) model has been implemented to make the existing logistics structures more scalable and sustainable. This article discusses resource control in the PI’s modern supply chain and logistics systems while addressing the potential disruptions between the hubs during the transfer of goods. This article attempts to establish how companies will benefit from introducing the PI to optimise their strategic supply chain. This article used ATLAS.ti 9 automated tool to save, classify, and evaluate the data for this analysis to review the literature systematically. For PI, an increasing number of plans, blueprints, and requirements have been established. Still, minimal models are currently developed, explaining how the transformation from the strengthened logistics business models to the PI could occur. There is a lack of awareness of the necessary market structures that can include crucial players and allow the PI model to be embraced. Therefore, this research brings a new viewpoint on logistic operations through the PI idea, guarantees the present situation’s view, and presents a solution to the society–business–technology framework.