Journal articles: 'Physical fitness for children – Environmental aspects'

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Narring, Françoise, Michel Cauderay, Claude Cavadini, and Pierre-André Michaud. "Physical fitness and sport activity of children and adolescents: Methodological aspects of a regional survey." Sozial- und Präventivmedizin SPM 44, no. 2 (1999): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01667126.

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Aguilar-Farias, Nicolas, Sebastian Miranda-Marquez, Pia Martino-Fuentealba, et al. "2018 Chilean Physical Activity Report Card for Children and Adolescents: Full Report and International Comparisons." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 17, no. 8 (2020): 807–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0120.

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Background: The study summarizes the findings of the 2018 Chilean Report Card (RC) on Physical Activity (PA) for Children and Adolescents and compares the results with the first Chilean RC and with other countries from the Global Matrix 3.0. Methods: A Research Work Group using a standardized methodology from the Global Matrix 3.0 awarded grades for 13 PA-related indicators based on the percentage of compliance for defined benchmarks. Different public data sets, government reports, and papers informed the indicators. Results: The grades assigned were for (1) “behaviors that contribute to overall PA levels”: overall PA, D−; organized sport participation, D−; active play, INC; and active transportation, F; (2) “factors associated with cardiometabolic risk”: sedentary behavior, C−; overweight and obesity, F; fitness, D; sleep, INC; and (3) “factors that influence PA”: family and peers, F; school, D; inclusion, INC; community and built environment, B; government strategies and investments, B−. Conclusions: Chile’s grades remained low compared with the first RC. On the positive side, Chile is advancing in environmental and policy aspects. Our findings indicate that the implementation of new strategies should be developed through collaboration between different sectors to maximize effective investments for increasing PA and decreasing sedentary time among children and adolescents in Chile.

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Tabacchi, Garden, Guillermo F. Lopez Sanchez, Fatma Nese Sahin, et al. "Field-Based Tests for the Assessment of Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents Practicing Sport: A Systematic Review within the ESA Program." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (2019): 7187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247187.

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High levels of physical fitness (PF) can positively affect both health and cognitive function, thus monitoring its levels in youth can help increase health and quality of life in adult populations later on. This systematic review aims to identify PF field-based tests used in young European populations practicing sport to find tools that are adequate for the considered target involving a new battery within the Enriched Sport Activities (ESA) project. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was followed. In the 83 identified articles, the main tests used were: vertical/horizontal jumps (for muscular strength/power); push-ups, running at maximum effort, sit-ups (for muscular strength/endurance); multistage non-intermittent and intermittent tests (for aerobic endurance); sit and reach (for flexibility); sprinting and agility T-tests (for speed and agility, respectively); 10 × 5 m shuttle run (SR) (for both speed and agility). Few studies assessed coordination, reaction time, power, and balance. Although the selected tests are widely used and validated, they do not determine all PF aspects and do not reflect sport-specific features. A final decision was made for the inclusion of the following tests: standing broad jump, seated medicine ball throw, 20 m SR test, 30 m sprint, Illinois test, and a new test, i.e., the crunning test, to assess different skill-related components at once. The use of this combination of tests allows for the assessment of all PF components and can help planning effective training programs and cultivate sporting talent.

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Jenek, Bożena, and Agata Skorupińska. "Review of body balance research methods." Rehabilitacja Medyczna 22, no. 3 (2018): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7687.

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A man's physical fitness largely depends on the ability to maintain body balance. This ability is examined by using various methods and tests, still searching for the best way of its evaluation. Body balance is discussed from different aspects and in relation to various developmental periods. Usually, static and dynamic balance are distinguished. Commonly used computer techniques and different kinds of tests of balance evaluation are still not satisfactory and they constitute a topic for discussion over the value of these measurements. Balance system of the body require the interaction of many mechanisms, which undoubtedly, impedes the construction of the measuring device used for its accurate and reliable assessment, both in static and dynamic conditions. The conducted research on linking body balance with other manifestations of a man's motor skills, for example the impact of body composition and gender on the level of this feature, is very helpful in the accurate assessment of this feature among the youth and children. The differences, resulting from the interaction between environmental and genetic factors, in somatic potential that are manifested in different body size and body proportions, may be decisive of a children’s motor skills and predispositions. It has been proved that the influence of specific exercises can effectively influence the level of children's balance. The purpose of the report is to review different methods of body balance examination. The PubMed and Scopus databases have been searched. The following keywords were used in the search: balance, postural balance, coordination, coordination diagnostics. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. null

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Jeffrey, Martin J., Nate McCaughtry, Ann Murphy, Sara Flory, and Kimberlydawn Wisdom. "PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND FITNESS IN SPECIALPOPULATION, MINORITY MIDDLE SCHOOL CHILDREN." European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity 4, no. 1 (2011): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5507/euj.2011.004.

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Hopkins, W. G., H. Gaeta, A. C. Thomas, and P. N. Hill. "Physical fitness of blind and sighted children." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 56, no. 1 (1987): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00696379.

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Raudsepp, Lennart, and Toivo Jürimäe. "Physical activity, aerobic fitness and fatness in preadolescent children." Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation 8, no. 2 (1998): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15438629809512522.

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Setiawan, Budi, Ima Karimah, and Ali Khomsan. "Physical Fitness in Normal and Overweight Elementary School Children." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 13, no. 1 (2013): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2014.22.27.

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Tinazci, Cevdet, and Osman Emiroglu. "Physical Fitness of Rural Children Compared With Urban Children in North Cyprus: A Normative Study." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 6, no. 1 (2009): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.1.88.

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Background:The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of environmental factors on physical fitness of rural and urban children.Methods:To reveal the differences between physical fitness of children living in urban and rural districts of the Turkish Cypriot population, 3939 nine- to eleven-year-old male primary school children from 90 schools of North Cyprus were tested. Testing procedures were similar to the Eurofit tests.Results:The results showed that body mass index and skinfold thicknesses were higher in the urban children (P < .05). Differences in cardiopulmonary and motor fitness were also found between groups. In addition, flexibility and muscle endurance were significantly higher in the rural children.Conclusion:The significantly lower flexibility, muscle endurance, and strength of urban children might indicate a lower habitual physical activity level.

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Esmaeilzadeh, Samad. "Relationship between depressive symptoms with physical activity and physical fitness among children." Mental Health & Prevention 2, no. 1-2 (2014): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2014.05.002.

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Armstrong, Neil. "Aerobic Fitness and Training in Children and Adolescents." Pediatric Exercise Science 28, no. 1 (2016): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2016-0004.

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For ‘The Year that Was—2015’, I have selected 2 papers which review aspects of aerobic training. Studies of pediatric aerobic training generally focus on the effects of constant intensity exercise training (CIET) programs on peak oxygen uptake (VO2). The first paper has been chosen because it provides, for the first time, both a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the efficacy of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in improving health-related fitness in adolescents. The second paper has been selected because it not only reviews both generic and sport-specific aerobic training studies of young team sport athletes, but also applies the analysis to the design of an evidence-based model of young athlete development. However, the primary reasons for highlighting these reviews is that they expose gaps in our knowledge of youth aerobic trainability, particularly between ‘pure’ and ‘applied’ pediatric sport science. They also identify areas where further research and appropriate data interpretation in relation to chronological age and biological maturation are required.

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Murphy, J. K., B. S. Alpert, J. V. Christman, and E. S. Willey. "Physical fitness in children: a survey method based on parental report." American Journal of Public Health 78, no. 6 (1988): 708–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.78.6.708.

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Matejek, Črtomir, Jurij Planinšec, Samo Fošnarič, and Rado Pišot. "Relations of weight status and physical fitness of children in Slovenia." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 53, no. 1 (2014): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2014-0002.

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Izvleček Izhodišče: Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti, ali obstajajo razlike v gibalni učinkovitosti med otroki z normalno telesno težo, s prekomerno telesno težo in z debelostjo. Metode: Raziskava je bila opravljena na vzorcu 572 otrok iz severovzhodne Slovenije (povprečna starost 7,3 leta, SO = 1,29). Na osnovi indeksa telesne mase (ITM) so bili otroci razdeljeni v skupine z normalno telesno težo, s prekomerno telesno težo in z debelostjo. Za ugotavljanje gibalne učinkovitosti je bilo uporabljenih šest testov različnih gibalnih sposobnosti (moč, vzdržljivost, hitrost, ravnotežje in koordinacija gibanja). Razlike v gibalni učinkovitosti med otroki z normalno telesno težo, s prekomerno telesno težo in z debelostjo so bile izračunane z analizo variance, statistično značilnost razlik pa smo ugotavljali na ravni tveganja p < 0,05 in so bile natančneje opredeljene s pomočjo preizkusa Scheffe post-hoc. Rezultati: Rezultati kažejo, da ima primerno telesno težo 73,8 % otrok, prekomerno telesno težo 16,6 % otrok in debelost 9,6 % otrok. Med otroki z normalno telesno težo, s prekomerno telesno težo in z debelostjo obstajajo statistično značilne razlike (p < 0,05) v vseh obravnavanih gibalnih sposobnostih. Najbolj gibalno zmogljivi so otroci z normalno telesno težo, nekoliko nižja je gibalna učinkovitost otrok s prekomerno telesno težo, medtem ko je gibalna učinkovitost najnižja pri skupini otrok z debelostjo. Zaključek: Rezultati dokazujejo, da obstaja tesna povezanost med gibalno učinkovitostjo in statusom telesne teže otrok.

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Gruber, W., D. Thra, T. Tas, et al. "WS09.1 Balance, flexibility and agility – additional aspects of physical fitness in children with cystic fibrosis (CF)." Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 15 (June 2016): S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-1993(16)30108-4.

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Trzcińska, Dorota, Dorota Świderska, Piotr Tabor, and Elżbieta Olszewska. "Environmental diversity in somatic development and physical fitness of six-year-old children." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 20, no. 4 (2013): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2013-0025.

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Abstract Introduction. In the auxologic literature numerous publications confirming the importance of environmental factors for the biological processes of growth and development of motor skills of children and adolescents can be found. The aim of the study was a comparative assessment of the level of somatic development and physical fitness of six-year-old children in urban and rural areas. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 2011-2013. A total of 1,057 children, including the 371 boys and girls from the Warsaw agglomeration and 147 boys and 168 girls from the rural environment in the Lublin region were subjects of the study. The average age was 5.87 (±0.30) years. In order to determine the status of somatic development the following features were measured: height and weight, 3 circumferences (shoulder, chest and waist), and 5 skinfolds (above the biceps and triceps, subscapular, on the stomach and on the calf). To assess the motor level the fitness test was used, consisting of the 5 following tests: seated forward bend, shuttle run 10x5 m, standing long jump, sitting-up for 30 s, and 1 kg medicine ball throw with both hands above the head forward. In the mathematical analysis of numerical data the selected techniques of descriptive statistics and Student's t-test and chisquare test were used. Results. Average values of height and weight, and body circumferences were higher in the rural areas (in these measurements of boys' body weight and broad parameters differed significantly). In environments differing in the degree of urbanization of place of residence a similar level of fatness was reported. In the most tests of physical fitness better results were achieved by rural children. This dominance was found especially in the 10x5 m shuttle run and the medicine ball throw. In these tests, there were significant differences in both sex groups. In addition, rural boys achieved significantly better results in the standing long jump and girls - in forward bend. Conclusions. The presence of signaled in the literature urbanization gradients in the rates of somatic development in favor of the urban population was not confirmed. In terms of selected anthropometric parameters (body circumferences) even a significant advantage of six-year-old children in rural areas against the peers in the city was noted. Dominance of the respondents from the rural environment has also been found in the image of their physical fitness. Higher levels of somatic-motor school readiness of six-year-old children from rural areas as compared with urban peers were shown.

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Castelli, Darla M., Charles H. Hillman, Sarah M. Buck, and Heather E. Erwin. "Physical Fitness and Academic Achievement in Third- and Fifth-Grade Students." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 29, no. 2 (2007): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.2.239.

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The relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement has received much attention owing to the increasing prevalence of children who are overweight and unfit, as well as the inescapable pressure on schools to produce students who meet academic standards. This study examined 259 public school students in third and fifth grades and found that field tests of physical fitness were positively related to academic achievement. Specifically, aerobic capacity was positively associated with achievement, whereas BMI was inversely related. Associations were demonstrated in total academic achievement, mathematics achievement, and reading achievement, thus suggesting that aspects of physical fitness may be globally related to academic performance in preadolescents. The findings are discussed with regards to maximizing school performance and the implications for educational policies.

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Shriver, Lenka H., Amanda W. Harrist, Laura Hubbs-Tait, Glade Topham, Melanie Page, and Aimee Barrett. "Weight Status, Physical Activity, and Fitness Among Third-Grade Rural Children." Journal of School Health 81, no. 9 (2011): 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00624.x.

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Haga, M. "The relationship between physical fitness and motor competence in children." Child: Care, Health and Development 34, no. 3 (2008): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00814.x.

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Pereira, Sofia A., André T. Seabra, Rui G. Silva, Weimo Zhu, Gaston P. Beunen, and José A. Maia. "Correlates of health-related physical fitness levels of Portuguese children." International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 6, no. 1 (2011): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17477161003792549.

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Saucedo-Araujo, RG, FJ Huertas-Delgado, E. Villa-González, M. Ávila-García, P. Gálvez-Fernández, and P. Tercedor. "Is children’s health-related quality of life associated with physical fitness and mode of commuting? PREVIENE Project." Perspectives in Public Health 141, no. 2 (2021): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757913921992405.

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Aim: The aims of this study were (1) to examine the associations between self-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL), health-related physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and speed-agility), and mode of commuting to and from school in Spanish children, and separately by gender and (2) to analyse the difference in cardiorespiratory fitness by mode of commuting to and from school by gender. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis that included 415 children aged 8.47 ± 0.36 years from 14 schools in Granada, Spain. The HRQoL outcome was assessed using the valid and reliable KINDL-R questionnaire, which covers six life dimensions, children’s physical fitness was assessed using the ALPHA fitness test battery, and while commuting to and from school was assessed using the valid, reliable, and feasible ‘Mode and Frequency of Commuting To and From School Questionnaire’. Results: Cardiorespiratory fitness was positively correlated with all dimensions of HRQoL in boys, whereas higher muscular strength (standing long jump) was positively correlated with the emotional wellbeing dimension in girls. In addition, boys who actively commute to school (walking) presented better cardiorespiratory fitness. Moreover, children who actively commuted to school (walking) presented better scores for the emotional wellbeing, family, and school dimensions, as well as total scores (both, p < .05) of HRQoL. Conclusion: In our study, HRQoL was positively correlated with cardiorespiratory fitness in boys (all dimensions), whereas muscular strength (standing long jump) was positively correlated with the emotional wellbeing dimension only in girls. Active commuting to and from school was associated with higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, school dimension, and KINDL-R total score. Improving cardiorespiratory fitness might be especially useful to improve HRQoL in children, and vice versa.

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Lang, Justin J. "Exploring the utility of cardiorespiratory fitness as a population health surveillance indicator for children and youth: An international analysis of results from the 20-m shuttle run test." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 43, no. 2 (2018): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0728.

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Emerging evidence has demonstrated the strong link between cardiorespiratory fitness and multiple aspects of health (i.e., physiological, physical, psychosocial, cognitive), independent of physical activity, among school-aged children and youth. Cardiorespiratory fitness is a trait that does not vary substantially from day-to-day, and provides an indication of recent physical activity levels, making it an important possible indicator of population health. Thus, the objective of this dissertation was to investigate the utility of cardiorespiratory fitness, measured using the 20-m shuttle run test, as a broad, holistic health indicator for population health surveillance among children and youth. To achieve this objective we completed 7 manuscripts, all prepared for submission to peer-reviewed, scientific journals: (1) Systematic review of the relationship between 20-m shuttle run performance and health indicators among children and youth. (2) Review of criterion-referenced standards for cardiorespiratory fitness: what percentage of 1 142 026 international children and youth are apparently healthy? (3) Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with physical literacy in a large sample of Canadian children aged 8 to 12 years. (4) International variability in 20-m shuttle run performance in children and youth: Who are the fittest from a 50-country comparison? A systematic review with pooling of aggregate results. (5) Making a case for cardiorespiratory fitness surveillance among children and youth. (6) International normative 20-m shuttle run values from 1 142 026 children and youth representing 50 countries. (7) Temporal trends in the cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents representing 19 high-income and upper middle-income countries between 1981 and 2014. Combined, this dissertation provides support for the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness for health surveillance among school-aged children and youth. Results from the international analysis highlighted the variability across countries, with countries in north-central Europe and Africa having the highest cardiorespiratory fitness, and countries in South America having the lowest cardiorespiratory fitness. The results indicated that declines in cardiorespiratory fitness may have stabilized in recent years in some high- and middle-income countries. This dissertation also identified 2 methods (criterion- and normative-referenced standards) to interpret cardiorespiratory fitness levels among children and youth, methods that could be used to inform future consensus, surveillance, and cardiorespiratory fitness guidelines.

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Tsimeas, P. D. "Does living in urban or rural settings affect aspects of physical fitness in children? An allometric approach." British Journal of Sports Medicine 39, no. 9 (2005): 671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.017384.

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van der Niet, Anneke G., Joanne Smith, Jaap Oosterlaan, Erik J. A. Scherder, Esther Hartman, and Chris Visscher. "Effects of a Cognitively Demanding Aerobic Intervention During Recess on Children’s Physical Fitness and Executive Functioning." Pediatric Exercise Science 28, no. 1 (2016): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0084.

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The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of a physical activity program including both aerobic exercise and cognitively engaging physical activities on children’s physical fitness and executive functions. Children from 3 primary schools (aged 8–12 years) were recruited. A quasi-experimental design was used. Children in the intervention group (n = 53; 19 boys, 34 girls) participated in a 22-week physical activity program for 30 min during lunch recess, twice a week. Children in the control group (n = 52; 32 boys, 20 girls) followed their normal lunch routine. Aerobic fitness, speed and agility, and muscle strength were assessed using the Eurofit test battery. Executive functions were assessed using tasks measuring inhibition (Stroop test), working memory (Visual Memory Span test, Digit Span test), cognitive flexibility (Trailmaking test), and planning (Tower of London). Children in the intervention group showed significantly greater improvement than children in the control group on the Stroop test and Digit Span test, reflecting enhanced inhibition and verbal working memory skills, respectively. No differences were found on any of the physical fitness variables. A physical activity program including aerobic exercise and cognitively engaging physical activities can enhance aspects of executive functioning in primary school children.

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Kabiri, Laura S., Allison Butcher, Wayne Brewer, and Alexis Ortiz. "Youth physical health and years in American homeschools: are they related?" Health Promotion International 35, no. 3 (2019): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daz047.

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Abstract Homeschooling is a growing trend in the USA and abroad with both reported consequences and benefits to youth physical health. The purpose of this study was to examine whether changes in youth physical health could be related to the number of years a student spends in homeschool. Body composition (body mass index and body fat), muscular fitness (lower extremity, abdominal and upper extremity) and cardiorespiratory fitness (Progressive Aerobic Capacity Endurance Run) were assessed in 211 youth ages 5–17. Data analysis showed weak or non-significant relationships between years in homeschool and all aspects of youth physical health. Time spent in homeschool is weakly or not at all related to multiple aspects of youth physical health. Parents and policy makers should not be concerned with detrimental physical health effects of homeschooling on youth.

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Hsu, Po-Jen, Hung-Shih Chou, Yi-Hsiang Pan, Yan-Ying Ju, Chia-Liang Tsai, and Chien-Yu Pan. "Sedentary Time, Physical Activity Levels and Physical Fitness in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (2021): 5033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18095033.

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Purpose: This cross-sectional study assessed the associations of gender, age, level of intellectual disabilities (IDs) and of daily sedentary and physical activity (PA) time with physical fitness in adults with ID. Materials and methods: Sixty adults (mean age = 39.19 ± 11.70 years) with ID participated in this cross-sectional study. PA was monitored for 7 days using an ActiGraph GT3X monitor. Physical fitness was measured with a 6-min walking test, isometric push-up test, modified curl-up test, handgrip strength test, and back-saver sit-and-reach test. Results: (a) An age of ≥39 years and female gender were associated with lower performance in multiple aspects of physical fitness. (b) More moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was associated with greater muscular strength and endurance (modified curl-ups: β = 0.36, p < 0.01; handgrip strength: right, β = 0.52, p < 0.01; left, β = 0.52, p < 0.01). (c) More light-intensity PA (LPA) was associated with greater upper-body muscular endurance (β = 0.42, p < 0.01) and greater flexibility (right leg: β = 0.36, p < 0.01; left leg: β = 0.38, p < 0.01). Conclusion: LPA may be as beneficial as MVPA to the physical fitness of adults with ID. Future studies should focus on developing effective PA interventions for adults with ID, especially for women and individuals aged ≥39 years, by incorporating both LPA and MVPA.

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Armstrong, Colin A., James F. Sallis, John E. Alcaraz, Bohdan Kolody, Thomas L. McKenzie, and Melbourne F. Hovell. "Children's Television Viewing, Body Fat, and Physical Fitness." American Journal of Health Promotion 12, no. 6 (1998): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-12.6.363.

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Purpose. The study examines the relationship between children's television (TV) viewing and physical fitness. Design. Cross-sectional data from questionnaires and objective measures were analyzed. Setting. Data were collected during the fall of 1990 from public elementary school students in a suburban California city. Subjects. Approximately 98% of eligible students participated. Of these, 10% were dropped due to missing data, yielding a final sample of 284 girls and 304 boys. Measures. Children reported their amount of TV viewing on a typical summer day; parents reported their child's TV viewing on a typical weekday during the school year. Cardiovascular fitness was the 1-mile run/walk. Body fat was both the child's body mass index (BMI) and skinfolds. Additional measures included muscular strength/endurance and flexibility. Results. Mile run/walk times were associated with both parental (η2 = . 051 and . 031 for boys and girls, respectively) and child reports (η2 = . 020 and . 028) of the child's amount of TV viewing. Parental reports, but not child reports, of the child's TV viewing were related to BMI (η2 = .041 and .058) and skinfolds (η2 = .050 and .029). Neither measure of children's TV viewing was related to muscular strength/endurance or flexibility. Conclusions. Children's TV viewing seems to be weakly and inconsistently related to various components of physical fitness. However, given the tracking of cardiovascular disease risk factors from childhood into adulthood and the high proportion of children who watch television, these relationships are worthy of further study.

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Verstraete, Stefanie JM, Greet M. Cardon, Dirk LR De Clercq, and Ilse MM De Bourdeaudhuij. "A comprehensive physical activity promotion programme at elementary school: the effects on physical activity, physical fitness and psychosocial correlates of physical activity." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 5 (2007): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007223900.

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AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of a comprehensive physical activity (PA) promotion programme in elementary schools on children's total PA levels, leisure-time PA, physical fitness and psychosocial correlates of PA.DesignA pre-test–post-test design over two school years.Setting and subjectsSixteen elementary schools (764 children, mean age: 11.2 ± 0.7 years) were randomly assigned to the intervention condition (n = 8) and the control condition (n = 8). The intervention included a health-related physical education programme, an extracurricular PA promotion programme and classroom-based PA education lessons. In the total sample, leisure-time PA, psychosocial correlates of PA and physical fitness were measured using a PA questionnaire and the Eurofit test battery. In a sub-sample, total PA levels were measured using an accelerometer.ResultsAccording to accelerometer data, children's moderate PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) levels decreased less in the intervention schools than in the control schools (P < 0.01). The average time spent on MVPA decreased by 9 min per day in the intervention schools compared with 33 min per day in the control schools. Children in the intervention schools reported significantly more moderate PA in leisure time than the controls (P < 0.05). No overall improvement of physical fitness and no effects on the psychosocial correlates of PA were found.ConclusionsThe comprehensive PA promotion programme was successful in preventing a decline in children's total activity levels. Furthermore, the intervention increased children's PA engagement in leisure time. Therefore, implementation needs to be encouraged.

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Gruber, W., T. Tas, D. Thra, et al. "WS04.4 Balance, flexibility and agility – additional aspects of physical fitness and trainability in children and adolescents with CF." Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 16 (June 2017): S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-1993(17)30178-9.

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Gruber, W., T. Tas, C. Blosch, et al. "WS08.5 Balance, flexibility and agility - additional aspects of physical fitness and trainability in children and adolescents with CF." Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 17 (June 2018): S15—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-1993(18)30165-6.

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Bulqini, Arif, Puspodari Puspodari, Poppy Elisano Arfanda, Suroto Suroto, and Toho Cholik Mutohir. "Physical Literacy in Physical Education Curriculum." ACTIVE: Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation 10, no. 2 (2021): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/active.v10i2.47008.

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This study discusses how Pyisical Education Teachers Educator (PETE) adopt Physical Literacy (PL). Knowledge is the foundation of PL to know what to do and when is the right time to do it. The research has a goal, so that PETE understands the definition of PL. This research study contains 3 stages, the first is determining the objectives of the PL, the second is curriculum planning and the third is the learning approach. The method used is a literature review of several opinions about PL in Physical Education (PE). The national PE curriculum is structured and developed to achieve national education goals that are adapted to current conditions and future needs in order to live regularly and actively, through Physical Activity (PA). For this reason, efforts should be made to create a healthy lifestyle and maintain physical fitness (PF). PL is a potential that can be optimally developed for children from an early age. The role of PE is very important in the formation of PL in children, where cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects are in the goal of PE which can provide motivation, confidence and enthusiasm to continue doing PA.

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Drenowatz, Clemens, Gerson Ferrari, and Klaus Greier. "Changes in Physical Fitness during Summer Months and the School Year in Austrian Elementary School Children—A 4-Year Longitudinal Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (2021): 6920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136920.

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Even though physical fitness is an important component in children’s health and well-being, there has been a decline in physical fitness over the last several decades. The present study examined potential differences in the development of physical fitness during the academic year and summer vacation in Austrian elementary-school children. A total of 214 children (52.3% boys) completed the German motor test in the fall (after summer vacation) and spring (prior to summer vacation) of every grade throughout their elementary school years. This resulted in eight assessments of cardio-respiratory endurance, muscular fitness, flexibility, speed, agility, and balance over a 4-year period. As expected, physical fitness increased with age but the improvement in cardio-respiratory endurance and muscular fitness was more pronounced during summer vacation (p < 0.01), while the improvement in speed was more pronounced during the academic year (p < 0.01). These results indicate an influence of weather conditions on health-enhancing physical activity in addition to structural and social support. Particularly in geographical regions with cold winters and shorter days, health-enhancing physical activity may be limited. Accordingly, schools need to provide additional opportunities to ensure an adequate amount of physical activity that stimulates the development of physical fitness.

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Suarez-Villadat, Borja, Ariel Villagra, Oscar Veiga, Veronica Cabanas-Sanchez, and Rocio Izquierdo-Gomez. "Prospective Associations of Physical Activity and Health-Related Physical Fitness in Adolescents with Down Syndrome: The UP&DOWN Longitudinal Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (2021): 5521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115521.

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(1) Background: Numerous studies have focused on examining the association between PA levels and health-related physical fitness components in children or adolescents without disabilities. However, research on the association between PA and health-related physical fitness in adolescents with DS (Down syndrome) is limited, and most of the previous studies have been developed with a cross-sectional perspective. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the prospective association of accelerometer-based PA at baseline with health-related physical fitness at a 2-year follow-up in a relatively large sample of adolescents with DS from the UP&DOWN study. (2) Methods: A total of 92 adolescents with DS (58 males) between 11 and 20 years old with full data were eligible from an initial sample of 110 participants. Fitness was assessed by the ALPHA health-related fitness test battery for youth, and physical activity was assessed by Actigraph accelerometers. (3) Results: The high tertile of total PA was related to decreased motor (Beta [95% CI] = −1.46 [−2.88; −0.05]) and cardiorespiratory fitness (Beta [95% CI] = −2.22 [−4.42; 0.02]) in adolescents with DS. (4) Conclusions: In adolescents with DS, (i) PA level was not prospectively associated with muscular fitness and (ii) high levels of total PA at the baseline were inversely associated with motor and cardiorespiratory fitness at the 2-year follow-up. For comparative purposes, these relationships were also examined in a subsample of adolescents without DS.

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Ringdal, Kristen, Gerd Inger Ringdal, Helene Kristin Olsen, Asgeir Mamen, and Per Morten Fredriksen. "Quality of life in primary school children: The Health Oriented Pedagogical Project (HOPP)." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46, no. 21_suppl (2018): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494818767821.

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Aims: The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between parents’ level of education, measurements of physical attributes, and quality of life in a general sample of primary school children. Methods: The children’s and the parents’ versions of the Inventory of Life Quality in Children and Adolescents (ILC) were used to measure health-related quality of life (QOL) in 2140 school children (response rate 93%) and 1639 parents (response rate 71%) recruited from nine primary schools in Norway. A set of physical characteristics were also measured in the children: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, average daily minutes of physical activity, aerobic fitness, and handgrip strength. Results: The regression analysis showed stronger relationships between the covariates and QOL for the parents’ assessments than for the children’s. Parents’ level of education was significantly related to children’s QOL, with the strongest association for parental QOL assessment. Among the physical variables, aerobic fitness ( B = 0.01, p > .001 in both samples), and handgrip strength in the parents’ sample ( B = 0.21, p < .05) were significantly related to the children’s QOL. Conclusions: The present study replicated the well-known finding that parents’ sociodemographic status is important for children’s QOL. Our new contribution is to show that the physiological variables aerobic fitness and muscular strength also contributed significantly to explain variance in QOL. This opens up interesting perspectives on how to improve QOL among children through more emphasis on physical activity and physical fitness in schools.

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Dollman, Jim, Kevin Norton, and Graeme Tucker. "Anthropometry, Fitness and Physical Activity of Urban and Rural South Australian Children." Pediatric Exercise Science 14, no. 3 (2002): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.14.3.297.

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The aim of this study was to compare urban and rural South Australian primary schoolchildren on measures of anthropometry, fitness, and environmental mediators of physical activity. The sample was comprised of 445 urban and 205 rural boys and 423 urban and 158 rural girls, all age 10–11 yrs at the time of testing. After controlling for socioeconomic status and ethnicity, rural girls and boys were faster over 1.6 k than their urban counterparts while rural girls were also faster over 50 m. Rural residence independently predicted participation in organized activity, increasing involvement in club sport, and decreasing involvement in school sport. Rural children reported a greater likelihood of participating in two or more physical education classes per week. It is evident that urban and rural South Australia differ in ways which impact on fitness and physical activity patterns of upper primary age children.

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Parnell, Melissa, Ivan Gee, Lawrence Foweather, Greg Whyte, and Zoe Knowles. "Children of Smoking and Non-Smoking Households’ Perceptions of Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Exercise." Children 8, no. 7 (2021): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8070552.

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Previous research has shown secondhand tobacco smoke to be detrimental to children’s health. This qualitative study aimed to explore children from low socioeconomic status (SES) families and their reasons for being physically active, attitudes towards physical activity (PA), fitness and exercise, perceived barriers and facilitators to PA, self-perceptions of fitness and physical ability, and how these differ for children from smoking and non-smoking households. A total of 38 children (9–11 years; 50% female; 42% smoking households) from the deprived areas of North West England participated in focus groups (n = 8), which were analysed by utilizing thematic analysis. The findings support hypothesised mediators of PA in children including self-efficacy, enjoyment, perceived benefit, and social support. Fewer than a quarter of all children were aware of the PA guidelines with varying explanations, while the majority of children perceived their own fitness to be high. Variances also emerged between important barriers (e.g., sedentary behaviour and environmental factors) and facilitators (e.g., psychological factors and PA opportunity) for children from smoking and non-smoking households. This unique study provided a voice to children from low SES and smoking households and these child perspectives could be used to create relevant and effective strategies for interventions to improve PA, fitness, and health.

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Latorre Román, P. Á., R. Moreno del Castillo, M. Lucena Zurita, J. Salas Sánchez, F. García-Pinillos, and D. Mora López. "Physical fitness in preschool children: association with sex, age and weight status." Child: Care, Health and Development 43, no. 2 (2016): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cch.12404.

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Lorenz, Kent A., Michalis Stylianou, Shannon Moore, and Pamela Hodges Kulinna. "Does fitness make the grade? The relationship between elementary students’ physical fitness and academic grades." Health Education Journal 76, no. 3 (2016): 302–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0017896916672898.

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Background and Objective: Increased emphasis on academic outcomes has reduced the amount of time spent in physical education and other school physical activity opportunities in many schools in the USA. However, physical fitness is a positive predictor of academic performance on standardised tests, and students who perform better on fitness measures may earn higher grades. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between physical fitness and teacher-assigned grades in fourth-grade students and examine whether the relationship is moderated by body composition, gender or ethnic background. Design: Cross-sectional design. Students’ fitness levels were assessed mid-way through the spring semester, and their third-quarter grades were obtained from the schools. Participants and setting: Fourth-grade students ( N = 80; 38 female students; 65 non-Hispanic or Latino) from two elementary schools in the south-western USA. Method: Students completed physical fitness measures using standard procedures from the FITNESSGRAM protocol, and standardised teacher-assigned grades in reading, writing, mathematics, social studies and science were compiled. Linear regression and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were performed to examine the relationship between physical fitness measures and average grades, and examine whether differences in fitness and grades existed between gender, ethnic background and body mass index (BMI) percentile rank. Results: Aerobic fitness, as measured by the number of 20-m Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) laps completed, had a significant influence on reading, writing, mathematics and science grades. There were no significant interactions between aerobic fitness and ethnic background, gender or BMI percentile rank, meaning that aerobic fitness was the largest specific influence on average teacher-assigned grades. Conclusion: Positive associations exist between physical fitness and academic performance, suggesting activities that help children improve their physical fitness ought to be a central component of physical education and broader school physical activity programmes.

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Comeras-Chueca, Cristina, Jorge Marin-Puyalto, Angel Matute-Llorente, German Vicente-Rodriguez, Jose A. Casajus, and Alex Gonzalez-Aguero. "The Effects of Active Video Games on Health-Related Physical Fitness and Motor Competence in Children and Adolescents with Healthy Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (2021): 6965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136965.

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(1) Background: Poor levels of physical fitness and motor skills are problems for today’s children. Active video games (AVG) could be an attractive strategy to help address them. The aim was to investigate the effects of AVG on health-related physical fitness and motor competence in children and adolescents with healthy weight. (2) Methods: Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of AVG programs on health-related physical fitness and motor competence were included. Two different quality assessment tools were used to measure the risk of bias. Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria and the variables of interest were body mass index (BMI), body fat, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscular fitness and motor competence. (3) Results: AVG interventions seem to have benefits in BMI when lasting longer than 18 weeks (SMD, −0.590; 95% IC, −1.071, −0.108) and in CRF (SMD, 0.438; 95% IC, 0.022, 0.855). AVG seems to be a promising tool to improve muscular fitness and motor competence but the effects are still unclear due to the lack of evidence. (4) Conclusions: AVG seem to be an effective tool for improving some components of health-related physical fitness and motor competence in healthy-weight children and adolescents, but the effect on some fitness components needs further research. Therefore, AVG may be included as a strategy to improve health.

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Argumedo, Gabriela, Juan Ricardo López Taylor, Alejandro Gaytán-González, et al. "Mexico’s 2018 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth: Full report." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 44 (April 16, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2020.26.

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Objectives. Mexico’s 2018 Report Card evaluates the opportunities available for Mexican children and youth to reach healthy levels of physical activity, sleep, and sedentary behavior. Methods. The Report Card is a surveillance system that gathers data from national surveys, censuses, government documents, websites, grey literature, and published studies to evaluate 16 indicators in four categories: Daily Behaviors; Physical Fitness; Settings and Sources of Influence; and Strategies and Investments. Data were compared to established benchmarks. Each indicator was assigned a grade from 1 – 10 (< 6 is a failing grade) or “incomplete” if data was insufficient/unavailable. Results. Daily Behavior grades were: Overall Physical Activity, 4; Organized Sport Participation, 5; Active Play, 3; Active Transportation, 5; Sleep, 7; and Sedentary Behavior, 3. Physical Fitness, received a 7. Settings and Sources of Influence grades were: Family and Peers, incomplete; School, 3; and Community and Environment, 4. Strategies and Investments were: Government Strategies, 6; and Non-Government Organizations, 2. Conclusion. Low grades in 11 of the 16 indicators indicate that schools, families, communities, and government need to work together to improve physical activity opportunities for children and youth in Mexico.

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Stojek, Monika M. K., Amanda K. Montoya, Christopher F. Drescher, et al. "Fitness, Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Symptoms of Depression, and Cognition in Inactive Overweight Children: Mediation Models." Public Health Reports 132, no. 2_suppl (2017): 65S—73S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354917731308.

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Objectives: We used mediation models to examine the mechanisms underlying the relationships among physical fitness, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), symptoms of depression, and cognitive functioning. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional secondary analysis of the cohorts involved in the 2003-2006 project PLAY (a trial of the effects of aerobic exercise on health and cognition) and the 2008-2011 SMART study (a trial of the effects of exercise on cognition). A total of 397 inactive overweight children aged 7-11 received a fitness test, standardized cognitive test (Cognitive Assessment System, yielding Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, Successive, and Full Scale scores), and depression questionnaire. Parents completed a Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire. We used bootstrapped mediation analyses to test whether SDB mediated the relationship between fitness and depression and whether SDB and depression mediated the relationship between fitness and cognition. Results: Fitness was negatively associated with depression ( B = –0.041; 95% CI, –0.06 to –0.02) and SDB ( B = –0.005; 95% CI, –0.01 to –0.001). SDB was positively associated with depression ( B = 0.99; 95% CI, 0.32 to 1.67) after controlling for fitness. The relationship between fitness and depression was mediated by SDB (indirect effect = –0.005; 95% CI, –0.01 to –0.0004). The relationship between fitness and the attention component of cognition was independently mediated by SDB (indirect effect = 0.058; 95% CI, 0.004 to 0.13) and depression (indirect effect = –0.071; 95% CI, –0.01 to –0.17). Conclusions: SDB mediates the relationship between fitness and depression, and SDB and depression separately mediate the relationship between fitness and the attention component of cognition.

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Fridinger, Fred, and Beverly Dehart. "A Model for the Inclusion of a Physical Fitness and Health Promotion Component in a Chemical Abuse Treatment Program." Journal of Drug Education 23, no. 3 (1993): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/xtkp-a4y7-ppb5-wm36.

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Alcohol and other substance abuse treatment programs are focusing more on the wellbeing of the total patient rather than just targeting functional sobriety. Various explanations are offered in this article for the inclusion of a fitness and health promotion component in a chemical abuse treatment program. The treatment program at Charter Hospital of Fort Worth, Texas, is discussed in detail, including a comprehensive medical examination, fitness and nutritional screenings, and appropriate exercise activities. Educational sessions are offered on health fitness, risk reduction, stress management, smoking cessation, proper nutrition and the positive psychological aspects of exercise. The implications of a health/fitness component in the recovery process are emphasized.

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Pradas, Francisco, Ignacio Ara, Víctor Toro, and Javier Courel-Ibáñez. "Benefits of Regular Table Tennis Practice in Body Composition and Physical Fitness Compared to Physically Active Children Aged 10–11 Years." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (2021): 2854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062854.

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The aim of this study was to identify the differences in body composition and physical fitness between children who played table tennis regularly during a two-year period compared to physically active children who were not engaged in a regular activity. Three hundred seventy-four children aged 10 to 11 years were divided into two groups: table tennis players (n = 109 boys and 73 girls) and physically active group (n = 88 boys and 104 girls). Anthropometric analysis included body mass index, skinfolds, perimeters and bone diameters. Somatotype and body composition were determined according to age-specific equations. Physical fitness assessment included hand grip dynamometry (strength), sit-and-reach test (range of movement) and maximal multistage 20 m shuttle run test (cardiovascular fitness). The result show that children who regularly played table tennis had greater bone development and superior physical fitness compared to those who were physically active but not engaged in a regular physical activity. This is the largest study to date presenting data about the potential of table tennis to benefit health in children. These results constitute an important first step in clarifying the effectiveness of table tennis as a health-promotion strategy to encourage children to undertake regular physical activity and limit sedentary behavior.

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Stodden, Dave, Ryan Sacko, and Danielle Nesbitt. "A Review of the Promotion of Fitness Measures and Health Outcomes in Youth." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 11, no. 3 (2015): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827615619577.

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The relationship between physical fitness and health in adults is well established, yet until recently, empirical support for the impact of physical fitness levels on health markers in children has not been thoroughly documented. The aim of this review was to provide a summary of current literature that has examined the linkage between measures of health-related physical fitness (ie, cardiorespiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitness, flexibility, and body composition) and health markers in youth. Specifically, this review focused on the findings from the recent 2012 Institutes of Medicine report on Fitness Measures in Youth as well as other subsequent review articles related to the topic. In addition, recommendations for health-related fitness assessments in youth populations are presented.

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Kalytka, Svitlana, Ninel Matskevych, Valeriy Kuznyetsov, Anastasiya Povyetkina, and Vasyl Shevchuk. "Physical Fitness of Children From 10 to 15 Years Who are Engaged in Kyokushin Karate." Physical education, sports and health culture in modern society, no. 2(38) (June 30, 2017): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2220-7481-2017-02-97-101.

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The relevance of the study is caused by the lack of data in content and organization of training process in Kyokushin Karate and impact on the physical fitness of children 10–15 years old. Purpose: to determine the effect of Kyokushin Karate on the physical fitness of children aged 10–15 years. Methods: analysis and synthesis of scientific and technical literature; summarizing advanced practices of training children karate; pedagogic observation of a training activities and pedagogical experiment; examination tests; methods of mathematical statistics. We have found that practicing Kyokushin Karate has a significant impact on the development of all the physical qualities of children 10–15 years. Training karate youngsters in macrocycle includes the development and improvement of all aspects of general and special training and meets the principles of sports training. The obtained data show that children who are involved in Kyokushin Karate have high–speed movements for applying powerful strikes by their arms and legs. This is achieved by special training, which includes a large variety of exercises using different kinds of equipment: med balls, rubber loops, dumbbells, skipping ropes, boxing paws, pads and others. Conclusions: it was determined that the level of physical fitness of children 10–15 years who are engaged in Kyokushin Karate for the year is reliably increasing, especially in the performance strength (p <0,01), endurance (p <0,01), dexterity (p <0,01 ) and velocity (p <0,01), which is caused by a corresponding amount of the training sessions with the complex challenges; set probable kick speed increase by the right hand in the 11–13 years old children (p<0,05), by the left hand in the 14–15 yearsn old children (p<0,05), by the right foot in all age groups (p <0,01) and left foot in 11–13 (p<0,01) and 14–15 (p<0,05) years old children, which indicates a high level of special preparedness of children 10–15 years old who are engaged in Kyokushin karate.

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Verbecque, Evi, Dané Coetzee, Gillian Ferguson, and Bouwien Smits-Engelsman. "High BMI and Low Muscular Fitness Predict Low Motor Competence in School-Aged Children Living in Low-Resourced Areas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (2021): 7878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157878.

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Childhood obesity is a relatively new problem for Sub-Saharan developing countries. Especially in children with a low socioeconomic background, the link between motor competence, muscular fitness, and body mass index (BMI) remains poorly investigated. Due to the interrelatedness of BMI and physical fitness, the aim of this study is to determine the predictive value of these factors in relation to low motor competence in school-aged children living in low-resourced areas. Motor competence and physical fitness were assessed in 1037 school-aged Ghanaian and South African children using the Performance and Fitness test battery (PERF-FIT). “Low motor competence” was predicted using odds ratios calculated from backward logistic regression analyses. Low motor competence was less prevalent in Ghanaian children (3.7–11.1%) compared to the South African children (21.9–24.2%). Increased BMI and decreased muscular fitness predicted low motor competence in both Ghanaian and South African children. For example, the chance for a Ghanaian child to have low static balance increased by 22.8% (OR = 1.228, p < 0.001) with a 1-point increase in BMI, whereas this decreased by 30.0% (OR = 0.970, p < 0.001) with a 10-cm increase on the standing long jump. In the case of the South African children, if their BMI increased by 1 point, the chance for those children of having low static balance increased by 7.9%, and if their SLJ performance decreased by 10 cm, their chance of low performance increased by 13%. Clearly, motor competence is associated with both BMI and muscular fitness. Policy makers can use this information to counteract the establishment of childhood obesity by promoting weight control through physical activity and stimulating motor competence at school.

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Krivolapchuk, I., M. Chernova, and A. Gerasimova. "EFFECT OF REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS INTENSITY ON THE FUNCTIONAL STATUS OF 5–6 AND 6–7-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN." Human Sport Medicine 20, no. 2 (2020): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/hsm200209.

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Aim. The article aims to identify the effect of regular physical activity of medium and high intensity on the functional status of 5–6 and 6–7-year-old children. Materials and methods. The study involved children assigned for health reasons to the main medical group. A set of indicators characterizing the physiological, psychological, and behavioral aspects of the functional status was used. The experimental programs differed in the intensity of physical exercises. Results. Training programs based on high-intensity physical exercises contributed to a significant improvement in the functional status of the body, autonomic supply, physical performance and physical fitness compared to medium-intensity training programs. Comparison of functional indicators in children revealed that in 5–6-year-old children the level of general activation both in a state of calm wakefulness and under information loads at all stages of the study was higher than in 6–7-year-old children, while physical performance and motor fitness, on the contrary, were lower. Conclusion. The obtained results provide the evidence that 5–6 and 6–7-year-old children making physical exercises of high intensity performed better than those who had exercises of medium intensity as resulted from the degree of positive changes in functional indicators.

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Lisowski, Paweł, Adam Kantanista, and Michał Bronikowski. "Are There Any Differences between First Grade Boys and Girls in Physical Fitness, Physical Activity, BMI, and Sedentary Behavior? Results of HCSC Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (2020): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031109.

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The transition from kindergarten to school is associated with a variety of negative changes. After entry to elementary school physical activity level decreases. Moreover, physical fitness level of children over the past decades have rapidly declined. Children are spending an increasing amount of time in the environments that require constant sitting. We evaluated the differences between boys and girls in physical fitness, frequency of undertaking of different forms of physical activity, prevalence of underweight and overweight, and time spent on sedentary behavior. A total of 212 first grade pupils (mean age 6.95 ± 0.43) from two standard urban schools in Poznań participated in the study. Compared to girls, boys obtained better results in 20-meter run (4.9 s and 5.0 s, p < 0.01), sit-ups (16.8 and 15.3, p < 0.05), six-minute run (829.7 m and 766.4 m, p < 0.001), and standing broad jump (106.8 cm and 99.7 cm, p < 0.01). In the sit-and-reach test girls achieved higher results than boys (17.0 cm and 14.4 cm, p < 0.001). There were no gender differences in prevalence of underweight and overweight. In conclusions, difference between genders should be taken into consideration during designing physical activity programs in the aspects of intensity and forms of physical activities.

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Lemos, Carla Fabiane dos Santos, Danilo Reis dos Santos, and Nara Michelle Moura Soares. "Aptidão física relacionada ao desempenho esportivo na ginástica artística." Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance 19, no. 6 (2017): 743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2017v19n6p743.

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The practice of artistic gymnastics for children and adolescents develop both motor vocabulary, cognitive aspects and affective partners. The aim of the study was to analyze physical fitness characteristics related to sports performance of adolescents practicing artistic gymnastics. This study is a systematic review and used the following databases: Scielo, PubMed and SportDiscus, with no starting date and using as final cutoff the month of February 2017. The search strategy was based on the identification of the Population of adolescents practicing artistic gymnastics and outcome related to physical fitness characteristics related to sports performance, and allowed verifying how studies were evaluated. There was a predominance of studies related to anthropometric variables, such as BMI and body fat percentage (%F) of gymnasts. Based on this type of study, the information available in this study will contribute to help physical education professionals and other researchers in the field with current publications related to these aspects, according to the results of this study, particularly in the pedagogical information for coaches.

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Ranucci, Claudia, Roberto Pippi, Livia Buratta, et al. "Effects of an Intensive Lifestyle Intervention to Treat Overweight/Obese Children and Adolescents." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8573725.

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Objective.The purpose of the present study is to examine the effects of a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention to treat overweight/obese children and adolescents. The main outcome was cardiometabolic risk based on the waist-to-height ratio (WHTR) measurement. Secondary outcomes were (1) changes in body composition; (2) adherence to a Mediterranean diet; and (3) physical performance.Method.The study involved 74 overweight/obese children or adolescents. The intervention was multidisciplinary including nutrition, exercise, and psychological aspects based on a family-based approach; it was delivered for six months for children and three months for adolescents. Before and after the intervention, several anthropometric measures (height, body weight, body mass index or BMI, waist circumference, and body composition), cardiometabolic risk index (waist-to-height ratio or WHTR), and nutrition habits of the participants and their families were evaluated. In addition, a set of functional motor fitness tests was performed to evaluate physical performance measures.Results.After the intervention both children and adolescents showed a significant reduction in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, and WHTR index and an improvement of fat-free mass, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and physical fitness performance.Conclusion.A family-based multidisciplinary approach is effective in the short term in ameliorating the health status, the nutrition habits, and physical performance in children and adolescents.

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Orenstein, David M., Patricia A. Nixon, Richard A. Washburn, and Sheryl F. Kelsey. "Measuring Physical Activity in Children with Cystic Fibrosis: Comparison of Four Methods." Pediatric Exercise Science 5, no. 2 (1993): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.5.2.125.

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Since physical fitness and activity may affect prognosis in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), it is important to be able to measure physical activity in these individuals. Fifty-two such patients younger than 20 years were studied with two electronic activity monitors (LSI and Caltrac monitors) and two activity recall questionnaires (Paffenbarger’s Harvard Alumni Survey and Kriska’s Physical Activity Survey). Spearman rank correlation was used to examine relationships among activity levels as assessed by these tools. There was significant correlation between 3-day activity levels as assessed by the two electronic monitors at each of three measurement periods, and between the activity questionnaires: Kriska’s questionnaire correlated with Paffenbarger’s survey. The monitors correlated less closely with the questionnaires. In this study, two standard physical activity questionnaires correlate with each other and two electronic monitors also correlate with each other in their estimates of physical activity in patients with CF. Since the monitor-questionnaire correlation was substantially less than the monitor-monitor correlation or the questionnaire-questionnaire correlation, it appears that these types of instruments may capture different aspects of activity in children with CF.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Physical fitness for children – Environmental aspects'

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