Journal articles: 'Physical geodesy'

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Kearsley, A. H. W. "Mathematical and Numerical Techniques in Physical Geodesy." Earth-Science Reviews 25, no. 4 (1988): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(88)90082-7.

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Brzeziński, Aleksander, Marcin Barlik, Ewa Andrasik, et al. "Geodetic and Geodynamic Studies at Department of Geodesy and Geodetic Astronomy Wut." Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics 100, no. 1 (2016): 165–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rgg-2016-0013.

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Abstract The article presents current issues and research work conducted in the Department of Geodesy and Geodetic Astronomy at the Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography at Warsaw University of Technology. It contains the most important directions of research in the fields of physical geodesy, satellite measurement techniques, GNSS meteorology, geodynamic studies, electronic measurement techniques and terrain information systems.

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Schwarz, K. P., M. G. Sideris, and R. Forsberg. "The use of FFT techniques in physical geodesy." Geophysical Journal International 100, no. 3 (1990): 485–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1990.tb00701.x.

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Sjöberg, Lars E. "The secondary indirect topographic effect in physical geodesy." Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica 59, no. 2 (2014): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11200-014-1003-2.

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Ihde, Johannes, and Andreas Reinhold. "Friedrich Robert Helmert, founder of modern geodesy, on the occasion of the centenary of his death." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 8, no. 2 (2017): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-8-79-2017.

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Abstract. Friedrich Robert Helmert died in Potsdam in 1917 at the age of 74 after serving for over 30 years as director of the Royal Prussian Geodetic Institute and of the Central Bureau of the Internationale Erdmessung, the forerunner of today's International Association of Geodesy. He dedicated his life and his scientific career to the field of geodesy. His teachings on theoretical and physical geodesy were incorporated into university curricula around the world and hence into international endeavours to measure planet Earth. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the impact he has had on the development of modern geodesy and on the related sciences.

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Bjerhammar, Arne. "A robust approach to global problems in physical geodesy." Bulletin Géodésique 59, no. 4 (1985): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02521065.

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Sjöberg, L. E. "The topographic bias by analytical continuation in physical geodesy." Journal of Geodesy 81, no. 5 (2006): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-006-0112-2.

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Sj�berg, Lars E. "On the error of analytical continuation in physical geodesy." Journal of Geodesy 70, no. 11 (1996): 724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050061.

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Bian, S. "Some cubature formulas for singular integrals in physical geodesy." Journal of Geodesy 71, no. 8 (1997): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050112.

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Sjöberg, Lars E. "On the error of analytical continuation in physical geodesy." Journal of Geodesy 70, no. 11 (1996): 724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00867150.

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Maksymova, Yuliia, and Oleksii Boiko. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 93,2021, no. 93 (2021): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.93.059.

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Purpose. The aim of the research is to develop fuzzy impact models of the natural and anthropogenic influence, which allows to integrate different physical factors, which makes it possible to bring them to a single environmental assessment system and comparison of different assessed areas. Methodology. The basis of the proposed modeling is a traditional approach on the development of such models, which includes conceptual, logical and physical modeling levels. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is used for conceptual modeling level, which is recommended as the main modeling tool in the set of international standards in geographic information / geomatics and software that supports the interactive mode of UML diagrams creation Visio. The geospatial database and SQL-functions are implemented and the extension of the standard SQL-99 language with a new data type geometry and built-in functions which provides storage, processing and analysis of geospatial data in database management systems is used. The proposed models are realized in the environment of object-relational DBMS PostgreSQl / Postgis and geographic information system QGIS. Results. A review of the experience of using fuzzy logic to assess the state of the environment is done. Technological models for computation of indicators of administrative unit provision by social infrastructure objects, influence of greenery, industrial territories and transport on the environment are offered and realized. An example of approbation of the proposed approach based on OpenStreetMaps open data for the Popasnianskyi distinct of Luhansk region territory is given. Scientific novelty. Theoretical generalizations are made and practical results are received of resolving applied problem of the development of the fuzzy impact assessment model of various factors influence on the environment with use of GIS. Such assessment can be used at the stage of community spatial development strategies preparation to determine the most acceptable development version, as well as to unify the means of strategies implementation monitoring, organically linking local, national and global tasks. Practical significance. The application of the proposed approach of GRID modeling and fuzzy impact assessment use in assessing the quality of the environment allows to integrate different indicators, compare them, by bringing them into a single evaluation system.

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Drewes, H. "Evidence from physical geodesy for geodynamics in the Caribbean area." Tectonophysics 130, no. 1-4 (1986): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(86)90100-9.

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Shen, Wenbin, Jiancheng Li, Jin Li, Jinsheng Ning, and Dingbo Chao. "Applications of the fictitious compress recovery approach in physical geodesy." Geo-spatial Information Science 11, no. 3 (2008): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11806-008-0083-y.

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Ritter, Stefan. "On a class of Robin boundary value problems in physical geodesy." Journal of Mathematical Physics 39, no. 7 (1998): 3916–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.532475.

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Witsch, Karl J., and R. Leis. "On a free boundary value problem of physical geodesy, I (uniqueness)." Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 7, no. 1 (1985): 269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mma.1670070118.

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Witsch, K. J., and R. Leis. "On a free boundary value problem of physical geodesy, II (existence)." Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 8, no. 1 (1986): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mma.1670080102.

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Dorozhynskyy, O. L. ,., I. Z. Kolb, L. V. Babiy, and L. V. Dychko. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 92,2020, no. 92 (2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2020.92.015.

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Aim. Determination of the elements of external spatial orientation of the surveying systems at the moment of image acquisition is the fundamental task in photogrammetry. Principally, this problem is solving in two ways. The first way is direct positioning and measuring of directions of camera optical axis in the geodetic space with the help of GNSS/INS equipment. The second way is the analytical solution of the problem using a set of reference information (often such information is a set of ground control points whose geodetic positions are known with sufficient accuracy and which are reliably recognised on aerial images of the photogrammetric block). The authors consider the task of providing reference and control information using the second approach, which has a number of advantages in terms of reliability and accuracy of determining the unknown image exterior orientation parameters. It is proposed to obtain additional images of ground control points by the method of their auxiliary aerial photography using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) on a larger scale compared to the scale of the images of the photogrammetric block. The aim of the presented work is the implementation of the method of creating reference points and experimental confirmation of its effectiveness for photogrammetric processing. Methods and results. For the entire realization of the potential of the analytical way to determine the elements of external orientation of images, it is necessary to have a certain number of ground control points (GCP) and to keep the defined scheme of their location on the photogrammetric block. As the main source of input data authors use UAV aerial images of the terrain, which are obtained separately from the block of aerial survey, and have a better geometric resolution and which clearly depict the control reference points. Application of such auxiliary images gives the possibility of automated transferring of the position of ground control point into images of the main photogrammetric block. In our interpretation, these images of ground control points and their surroundings on the ground are called "control reference images". The basis of the work is to develop a method for obtaining the auxiliary control reference images and transferring of position of GCP depicted on them into aerial or space images of terrain by means of computer stereo matching. To achieve this goal, we have developed a processing method for the creation of control reference images of aerial image or a series of auxiliary multi-scale aerial images obtained by a drone from different heights above the reference point. The operator identifies and measures the GCP once on the auxiliary aerial image of the highest resolution. Then there is an automatic stereo matching of the control reference image in the whole series of auxiliary images in succession with a decrease in the resolution and, ultimately, directly with the aerial images of photogrammetric block. On this stage there are no recognition/cursor targeting by the human operator, and therefore there are no discrepancies, errors or mistakes related to it. In addition, if to apply fairly large size of control reference images, the proposed method can be used on a low-texture terrain, and therefore deal in many cases without the physical marking of points measured by GNSS method. And this is a way to simplify and reduce the cost of photogrammetric technology. The action of the developed method has been verified experimentally to provide the control reference information of the block of archival aerial images of the low-texture terrain. The results of the experimental approbation of the proposed method give grounds to assert that the method makes it possible to perform geodetic reference of photogrammetric projects more efficiently due to the refusal of the physical marking of the area before aerial survey. The proposed method can also be used to obtain the information for checking the quality of photogrammetric survey for provision of check points. The authors argue that the use of additional equipment - UAV of semi-professional class to obtain control reference images is economically feasible. Scientific novelty and practical relevance. The results of approbation of the "control reference image" method with obtaining stereo pairs of aerial images with vertical placement of the base are presented for the first time. There was implemented the study of the properties of such stereo pairs of aerial images to obtain images of reference points. The effectiveness of including reference images in the main block of the digital aerial triangulation network created on UAV’s images is shown.

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Hart, L., T. Oba, and A. Babalola. "Geometric and Dynamic Application of Satellite Geodesy in Environmental Mapping: A Conceptual Review." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 3, no. 2 (2019): 386–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2019.02.0153.

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The impacts of satellite geodesy are being felt in all aspects of human development and environmental management. Its principal advantages stem from the global nature of its scope, the diversity of its sensors and the realtime capabilities to capture both visual, numerical and other data types for as long as desired and in all weather conditions. The capacity to pinpoint locations to high precision in fractions of a second and provide detailed geometric and graphical definitions of large swaths are proving useful for meeting the needs of a people desirous for automation in all aspects of human endeavours and for confronting the increasing challenges of sustainable development and environmental degradation. The most innovative facility provided by satellite geodesy is the technology of remote sensing which enables measurements of objects without physical contact for interpretative and mensurative analysis and mapping in static or kinematic modes. The aim of this paper is to showcase the contributions of satellite geodesy to sustainable environmental management its basic concepts and a brief exploration of some of its applications. The overall objective is to underscore its critical role in socio-economic development. The paper posits therefore that today’s rapidly changing environmental problems requiring static and realtime locational and graphical solutions can be solved through the facilities of satellite geodesy.

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Otero, Jesús. "A uniqueness theorem for a Robin boundary value problem of physical geodesy." Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 56, no. 2 (1998): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/qam/1622562.

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Sjöberg, L. E. "Arne Bjerhammar- a personal summary of his academic deeds." Journal of Geodetic Science 11, no. 1 (2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jogs-2020-0117.

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Abstract Arne Bjerhammar is well known worldwide mainly for his research in physical geodesy but also for introducing a new matrix algebra with generalized inverses applied in geodetic adjustment. Less known are his developments in geodetic engineering and contributions to satellite and relativistic geodesy as well as studies on the relation between the Fennoscandia land uplift and the regional gravity low. Most likely part of his research has contributed to worldwide political relaxation during the cold war, which deed was honored by a certificate of achievement awarded by the Department of Research of the US army as well as the North Star Order by the King of Sweden. Arne Bjerhammar’s pioneer scientific production, in particular on a world geodetic system, towards what would become GPS, as well as relativistic geodesy, is still of great interest among the worldwide geodetic community, while the memories and spirit along his outstanding academic deeds have more or less fainted away from his home university (KTH) only a decade after he passed away.

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Julzarika, Atriyon, and Udhi Catur Nugroho. "PRELIMINARY DETECTION OF GEOTHERMAL MANIFESTATION POTENTIAL USING MICROWAVE SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING." International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES) 15, no. 2 (2019): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.ijreses.2018.v15.a2772.

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The satellite technology has developed significantly. The sensors of remote sensing satellites are in the form of optical, Microwave, and LIDAR. These sensors can be used for energy and mineral resources applications. The example of those applications are height model and the potential of geothermal manifestation detection. This study aims to detect the potential of geothermal manifestation using remote sensing. The study area is the Northern of the Inverse Arc of Sulawesi. The method used is remote sensing approach for its preliminary detection with 4 steps as follow (a) mining land identification, (b) geological parameter extraction, (c) preparation of standardized spatial data, and (d) geothermal manifestation. Mining lands identification is using Vegetation Index Differencing method. Geological parameters include structural geology, height model, and gravity model. The integration method is used for height model. The height model integration use ALOS PALSAR data, Icesat/GLAS, SRTM, and X SAR. Structural geology use dip and strike method. Gravity model use physical geodesy approach. Preparation of standardized spatial data with re-classed and analyzed using Geographic Information System between each geological parameter, whereas physical geodesy methods are used for geothermal manifestation detection. Geothermal manifestation using physical geodesy approach in Barthelmes method. Grace and GOCE data are used for gravity model. The geothermal manifestation detected from any parameter is analyzed by using geographic information system method. The result of this study is 10 area of geothermal manifestation potential. The accuracy test of this research is 87.5 % in 1.96 σ. This research can be done efficiently and cost-effectively in the process. The results can be used for various geological and mining applications.

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Barzaghi, Riccardo, Carlo Iapige De Gaetani, and Barbara Betti. "The worldwide physical height datum project." Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 31, S1 (2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-020-00948-0.

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Abstract The definition of a common global vertical coordinate system is nowadays one of the key points in Geodesy. With the advent of GNSS, a coherent global height has been made available to users. The ellipsoidal height can be obtained with respect to a given geocentric ellipsoid in a fast and precise way using GNSS techniques. On the other hand, the traditional orthometric height is not coherent at global scale. Spirit levelling allows the estimation of height increments so that orthometric heights of surveyed points can be obtained starting from a benchmark of known orthometric heights. As it is well known, this vertical coordinate refers to the geoid, which is assumed to be coincident to the mean sea level. By means of a tide gauge, the mean sea level is estimated and thus a point of known orthometric height is defined. This assumption, which was acceptable in the past, became obsolete given the level of precision which is now required. Based on the altimetry observation, one can precisely quantify the existing discrepancy between geoid and mean sea level that can amount to 1 ÷ 2 m at global scale. Therefore, different tide gauges provide biased estimates of the geoid, given the discrepancy between this equipotential surface and the mean sea level. Also, in the last years, another vertical coordinate was used, the normal height that was introduced in the context of the Molodensky theory. In this paper, a review of the existing different height systems is given and the relationships among them are revised. Furthermore, an approach for unifying normal height referring to different tide gauges is presented and applied to the Italian test case. Finally, a method for defining a physical height system that is globally coherent is discussed in the context of the definition of the International Height Reference System/Frame, a project supported by the Global Geodetic Observing System of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). This project was established in 2015 during the XXVI IAG General Assembly in Prague as described in IAG Resolution no. 1 that was presented and adopted there.

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Sünkel, H. "Fourth International Summer School in the Mountains on Mathematical and Numerical Techniques in Physical Geodesy." Bulletin Géodésique 60, no. 4 (1986): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02522344.

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Ismail-Zadeh, Alik, and Jo Ann Joselyn. "IUGG: beginning, establishment, and early development (1919–1939)." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 10, no. 1 (2019): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-25-2019.

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Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) was established in 1919 to promote activities of already-existing international scientific societies dealing with geodesy, terrestrial magnetism and electricity, meteorology, physical oceanography, seismology, and volcanology. At the first General Assembly a Section of scientific hydrology was added, making a total of seven Sections of the Union. This paper introduces IUGG by presenting its current mission, structure, partners, and programs; discussing various international geophysical efforts before its origin; and describing the Union's development from the end of World War I to the beginning of World War II. During this period (1919–1939), the number of member countries increased from the 9 founding Member countries to 35; seven General Assemblies were held, each in a different international venue; and the number of delegates attending the assemblies increased from a few dozen to more than 800 scientists. At the Fifth General Assembly in 1933, the term “section” was replaced by “international association”. Each General Assembly of the Union, since the First General Assembly in Rome, Italy, in 1922 to the VII General Assembly in Washington, DC, USA, in 1939, is summarized, and the distinguished scientists who contributed to the Union's formation and it early development are introduced.

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Hussmann, Hauke, and Alexander Stark. "Geodesy and geophysics of Mercury: Prospects in view of the BepiColombo mission." European Physical Journal Special Topics 229, no. 8 (2020): 1379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2020-900211-4.

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Sánchez, L. "Towards a vertical datum standardisation under the umbrella of Global Geodetic Observing System." Journal of Geodetic Science 2, no. 4 (2012): 325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10156-012-0002-x.

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AbstractMost of the existing height systems refer to local sea surface levels, are stationary (do not consider variations in time), and realise different physical height types (orthometric, normal, normal-orthometric, etc.). In general, their accuracy is about two orders of magnitude less than that of the realisation of geometric reference systems (sub millimetre level). The Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), taking care of providing a precise geodetic infrastructure for monitoring the system Earth, promotes the standardisation of height systems worldwide. The main objectives are: (1) to provide a reliable frame for consistent analysis and modelling of global phenomena and processes affecting the Earth’s gravity field and the Earth’s surface geometry; and (2) to support the precise combination of physical and geometric heights in order to exploit at a maximum the advantages of satellite geodesy (e.g. combination of satellite positioning and gravity field models for worldwide unified precise height determination). According to this, the GGOS Theme 1 ”Unified Height System” was established in February 2010 with the purpose to bring together existing initiatives and to address the activities to be faced. Starting point are the results delivered by the IAG Inter-Commission Project 1.2 ”Vertical Reference Frames” during the period 2003-2011. The present actions related to the vertical datum homogenisation are being coordinated by the working group ”Vertical Datum Standardisation”, which directly depends on the GGOS Theme 1 and is supported by the IAG Commissions 1 (Reference Frames) and 2 (Gravity Field), as well as by the International Gravity Field Service (IGFS). This paper discusses some aspects to take into consideration for the realisation of a standardised globally unified vertical reference system.

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Julzarika, Atriyon, and Kuncoro Teguh Setiawan. "UTILIZATION OF SAR AND EARTH GRAVITY DATA FOR SUB BITUMINOUS COAL DETECTION." International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES) 11, no. 2 (2017): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.ijreses.2014.v11.a2612.

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Remote sensing data can be used for geological and mining applications, such as coal detection. Coal consists of five classes of Anthracite, Bituminous, Sub-Bituminous, Lignite coal and Peat coal. In this study, the type of coal that is discussed is Sub bituminous, Lignite coal, and peat coal. This study aims to detect potential sub bituminous using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, and earth gravity. One type of remote sensing data to detect potential sub bituminous, lignite coal and peat coal are SAR data and satellite data Geodesy. SAR data used in this study is ALOS PALSAR. SAR data is used to predict the boundary between Lignite coal with Peat coal. The method used is backscattering. In addition to the SAR data is also used to make height model. The method used is interferometry. Geodetic satellite data is used to extract the value of the earth gravity and geodynamics. The method used is physical geodesy. Potential sub-bituminous coal can be known after the correlation between the predicted limits lignite coal-peat coal by the earth gravity, geodynamics, and height model. Volume predictions of potential sub bituminous can be known by calculating the volume using height model and transverse profile test. The results of this study useful for preliminary survey of geological in mining exploration activities.

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Wilson, Clark R. "Geodetic and Geophysical Applications of High Precision Astrometry." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 180 (March 2000): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100000270.

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AbstractHigh precision astrometry has a long history of making fundamental contributions to geodesy and geophysics extending centuries into the past, and has provided the foundation for many exciting developments in geophysics in the last several decades. In the 1970s, geodetic VLBI and laser ranging provided the first direct measurement of plate tectonic deformation of the crust. These techniques have also revolutionized the study of Earth rotation by providing sufficient precision to measure climate variability, internal structure, and physical properties. Astrometry will continue to be important in a variety of geophysical problems because of its unique ability to determine Earth orientation relative to a stable celestial frame.

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HEO, Myoung-Sun, Dai-Hyuk YU, and Won-Kyu LEE. "High-Accuracy Optical Frequency Atomic Clock." Physics and High Technology 30, no. 3 (2021): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/phit.30.005.

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Frequencies have been the most accurately measured physical quantity since the second was defined in 1967 based on the microwave atomic transition of a Cs atom. Recently, atomic clocks using optical frequency transitions have shown an order of magnitude better accuracy than microwave clocks. Thanks to their high accuracy and resolution, atomic clocks have become a new tool for investigations involving fundamental science and technology, such as the search for dark matter, gravitational wave detection, the temporal variation of fundamental constants, relativistic geodesy, quantum metrology, and the advanced Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). In addition, a redefinition of the second based on the optical frequency is expected. In this paper, we review the principles and applications of optical clocks.

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Vermeer, Martin. "Comment on Sjöberg (2006) “The topographic bias by analytical continuation in physical geodesy” J Geod 81(5):345–350." Journal of Geodesy 82, no. 7 (2007): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-007-0191-8.

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Li, Wei, and Ying Li. "Description and Improvement of Civil Engineering." Advanced Materials Research 677 (March 2013): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.677.544.

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Civil engineering deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings. As one course in professional engineering discipline, Civil Engineering is offered to undergraduate students. It aims to let students know environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, geophysics, geodesy, control engineering, structural engineering, biomechanics, nanotechnology, transportation engineering, earth science, atmospheric sciences, forensic engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering, surveying, and construction engineering. It requires to be constructed to keep it up-to-date with current development of civil engineering. Based on analysis of the current conditions of this course and aims for construction, it describes a construction plan, including revision of the teaching content, compiling of the textbook, improvement of teaching methods and class modes, preparation of test database and exercise database.

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Truong, Nguyen Ngoc, and Tran Van Nhac. "Determination of the constant W_o for local geoid of Vietnam and it’s systematic deviation from the global geoid." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 17, no. 4B (2017): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/17/4b/13001.

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Constant Wo, defining the geoid, has important applications in the area of physical geodesy. With the development of artificial Earth satellite, constant Wo for the global geoid approximating the oceans on Earth can be calculated from an expansion of spherical harmonics - Stokes constants determined by observation of perturbations in artificial satellite’s orbits. However, the Stokes constants are limited, therefore the geoid constant Wo could not be calculated for local geoid (state geoid) from the mentioned expansion of spherical harmonics. In this paper, we present a method to determine the constant Wo for local geoid of Vietnam, using generalized Bruns formula and Neyman boundary problem. The initial data used are Faye gravity anomalies surveyed on land and sea of Southern Vietnam. The constant Wo is then used to calculate the systematic deviation of the local geoid of Vietnam from the global geoid EGM - 96.

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Romeshkani, Mohsen, and Mehdi Eshagh. "DETERMINISTICALLY-MODIFIED INTEGRAL ESTIMATORS OF GRAVITATIONAL TENSOR." Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas 21, no. 1 (2015): 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1982-217020150001000012.

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The Earth's global gravity field modelling is an important subject in Physical Geodesy. For this purpose different satellite gravimetry missions have been designed and launched. Satellite gravity gradiometry (SGG) is a technique to measure the second-order derivatives of the gravity field. The gravity field and steady state ocean circulation explorer (GOCE) is the first satellite mission which uses this technique and is dedicated to recover Earth's gravity models (EGMs) up to medium wavelengths. The existing terrestrial gravimetric data and EGM scan be used for validation of the GOCE data prior to their use. In this research, the tensor of gravitation in the local north-oriented frame is generated using deterministically-modified integral estimators involving terrestrial data and EGMs. The paper presents that the SGG data is assessable with an accuracy of 1-2 mE in Fennoscandia using a modified integral estimatorby the Molodensky method. A degree of modification of 100 and an integration cap size of for integrating terrestrial data are proper parameters for the estimator.

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Kanapickaitė, Jolanta. "Individualization and Communality in the Context of Vocational Training." Pedagogika 110, no. 2 (2013): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2013.1819.

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This article discloses individualization / communality in the studies process of designers, photographers-technologists, engineers, marketing, communications and health care specialists. The research was done in 2009–2012 years of studies in Vilnius college, Kaunas college, International school of law and business, Vilnius Gediminas technical university, Vilnius Art academy, Vilnius college of technologies and design studies programs: marketing, advertisement, marketing and management, creative industries, visual communication, general practice nursing, biomedical diagnostics, hygienic and decorative cosmetics, physical therapy, graphic design, interior design, interactive design and photography technologies, building services, construction, geodesy and cadaster, heating energetic. The aim of this article is to disclose individualization / communality in the vocational studies process of designers-photographers technologists, engineers, marketing, and communication and health care specialists. Research data showed what communality the general direction of engineers’ and health care specialist vocational is training. And the statistical data analysis revealed the following: artist and manager named individualization as a general direction of vocational training.

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Schweitzer, Johannes, and Thorne Lay. "IASPEI: its origins and the promotion of global seismology." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 10, no. 1 (2019): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-173-2019.

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Abstract. International cooperation in seismology emerged rapidly at the beginning of the 20th century following the successful recording of earthquakes at great distances. The International Seismological Association (ISA) founded in 1904 was dissolved in 1922 and evolved into the Seismology Section of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), ultimately becoming the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) to recognize the important role of the structure and physical properties of the Earth. Through the last hundred years, the commissions and working groups of the association have played a major role in setting international standards in such areas as the naming of seismic phases, data exchanges, travel-time tables, magnitude scales, and reference Earth models. The activities of IASPEI continue to have a focus on the societal impacts of earthquakes and tsunamis, with four regional commissions playing a major role in promoting high standards of seismological education, outreach, and international scientific cooperation.

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Сычев, Михаил, Mikhail Sychev, Владимир Минаев, Vladimir Minaev, Александр Фаддеев, and Aleksandr Faddeev. "Seismic risk assessment in tourist-recreational areas: mathematical models." Servis Plus 9, no. 2 (2015): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11309.

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The article highlights the problem of evaluation of seismic risks in the tourism and recreational areas. To this end, the grounded and practically being tested mathematical model for evaluating the seismic stability of tourist-recreational area on the example of the Black Sea, the Caspian and the Mediterranean region. This model combines the influences of disturbances associated with the anomalous gravity field (vertical component), and takes into account modern crustal movements (horizontal component), calculated according to the space geodesy. The physical model of the geological environment in the form of a closed homogeneous isotropic elastic space in the form of &#34;plates&#34; with as averaging the values of the density, shear modulus and Young&#180;s modulus is suggested. The geological environment is considered in the framework of Newtonian rheology, that is without taking into account the seismic deformation of energy dissipation. Experimental calculations show good agreement with the results of modeling really occurred in the historically-sky aspect of the catastrophic earthquakes in the study area. Suggested an additional testing model by comparing the orientation of the vectors of the horizontal displacements at the surface, resultingfrom mathematical modeling, containing information on contemporary movements of the earth&#180;s crust according to the space geodesy. The analysis shows that the greatest seismic risk are generally a characteristic of those places of the study area, where the vectors of horizontal displacements in opposite directions, characterized by a helical orientation. The prospects of using the model are describe, if it is considered according to Maxwell rheology of the medium, which allows to take into account the effect of the relaxation of stresses and strains in the rate of accumulation in the subsurface. This approach may allow a quantitative estimation of the seismic deformation energy dissipation, which is very significant in terms of the forecast estimates ofseismicity in the time aspect.

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Bektas, Sebahattin. "Orthogonal distance from an ellipsoid." Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas 20, no. 4 (2014): 970–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1982-21702014000400053.

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Finding the orthogonal (shortest) distance to an ellipsoid corresponds to the ellipsoidal height in Geodesy. Despite that the commonly used Earth reference systems, like WGS-84, are based on rotational ellipsoids, there have also been over the course of the years permanent scientific investigations undertaken into different aspects of the triaxial ellipsoid. Geodetic research has traditionally been motivated by the need to approximate closer and closer the physical reality. Several investigations have shown that the earth is approximated better by a triaxial ellipsoid rather than a rotational one Burša and Šima (1980). The problem of finding the shortest distance is encountered frequently in the Cartesian- Geodetic coordinate transformation, optimization problem, fitting ellipsoid, image processing, face recognition, computer games, and so on. We have chosen a triaxial ellipsoid for the reason that it possesess a general surface. Thus, the minimum distance from rotational ellipsoid and sphere is found with the same algorithm. This study deals with the computation of the shortest distance from a point to a triaxial ellipsoid.

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MacCracken, Michael C., and Hans Volkert. "IAMAS: a century of international cooperation in atmospheric sciences." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 10, no. 1 (2019): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-119-2019.

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Abstract. The International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS) was founded in 1919 as the Section of Meteorology of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). Significant advances over human history, particularly during the 19th century, in the gathering, communication, assembly and analysis of observations of the changing weather and in theoretical understanding of the fundamental physical relationships and processes governing atmospheric circulation had been driven by the need for improved weather and climate forecasts to support the expansion of global trade, better public warnings of extreme weather, and safer and more effective military operations. Since its foundation, in parallel and cooperation with intergovernmental development under the auspices of what is now the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), IAMAS and its 10 international commissions have provided the international organizational framework for the convening of the general and scientific assemblies and other meetings that bring together expert scientists from around the world to further advance scientific understanding and prediction of the behaviour of the atmosphere and its connections to and effects on other components of the Earth's intercoupled geophysical system.

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Cai, Changsheng, Xiaomin Luo, Zhizhao Liu, and Qinqin Xiao. "Galileo Signal and Positioning Performance Analysis Based on Four IOV Satellites." Journal of Navigation 67, no. 5 (2014): 810–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037346331400023x.

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With the availability of Galileo signals from four in-orbit validation (IOV) satellites, positioning with Galileo-only observations has become possible, which allows us to assess its positioning performance. The performance of the Galileo system is evaluated in respect of carrier-to-noise density ratio (C/N0), pseudorange multipath (including noise), Galileo broadcast satellite orbit and satellite clock errors, and single point positioning (SPP) accuracy in Galileo-only mode as well as in GPS/Galileo combined mode. The precision of the broadcast ephemeris data is assessed using the precise satellite orbit and clock products from the Institute of Astronomical and Physical Geodesy of the Technische Universität München (IAPG/TUM) as references. The GPS-Galileo time offset (GGTO) is estimated using datasets from different types of GNSS receivers and the results indicate that a systematic bias exists between different receiver types. Positioning solutions indicate that Galileo-only SPP can achieve a three-dimensional position accuracy of about six metres. The integration of Galileo and GPS data can improve the positioning accuracies by about 10% in the vertical components compared with GPS-only solutions.

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Sjöberg, L. E., and M. S. S. Joud. "A numerical test of the topographic bias." Journal of Geodetic Science 8, no. 1 (2018): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jogs-2018-0002.

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Abstract In 1962 A. Bjerhammar introduced the method of analytical continuation in physical geodesy, implying that surface gravity anomalies are downward continued into the topographic masses down to an internal sphere (the Bjerhammar sphere). The method also includes analytical upward continuation of the potential to the surface of the Earth to obtain the quasigeoid. One can show that also the common remove-compute-restore technique for geoid determination includes an analytical continuation as long as the complete density distribution of the topography is not known. The analytical continuation implies that the downward continued gravity anomaly and/or potential are/is in error by the so-called topographic bias, which was postulated by a simple formula of L E Sjöberg in 2007. Here we will numerically test the postulated formula by comparing it with the bias obtained by analytical downward continuation of the external potential of a homogeneous ellipsoid to an inner sphere. The result shows that the postulated formula holds: At the equator of the ellipsoid, where the external potential is downward continued 21 km, the computed and postulated topographic biases agree to less than a millimetre (when the potential is scaled to the unit of metre).

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Sjöberg, Lars E. "Answers to the comments by M. Vermeer on L. E. Sjöberg (2007) “The topographic bias by analytical continuation in physical geodesy” J Geod 81:345–350." Journal of Geodesy 82, no. 7 (2007): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-007-0193-6.

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Kudelin, Igor, Srikanth Sugavanam, and Maria Chernysheva. "Rotation Active Sensors Based on Ultrafast Fibre Lasers." Sensors 21, no. 10 (2021): 3530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103530.

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Gyroscopes merit an undeniable role in inertial navigation systems, geodesy and seismology. By employing the optical Sagnac effect, ring laser gyroscopes provide exceptionally accurate measurements of even ultraslow angular velocity with a resolution up to 10−11 rad/s. With the recent advancement of ultrafast fibre lasers and, particularly, enabling effective bidirectional generation, their applications have been expanded to the areas of dual-comb spectroscopy and gyroscopy. Exceptional compactness, maintenance-free operation and rather low cost make ultrafast fibre lasers attractive for sensing applications. Remarkably, laser gyroscope operation in the ultrashort pulse generation regime presents a promising approach for eliminating sensing limitations caused by the synchronisation of counter-propagating channels, the most critical of which is frequency lock-in. In this work, we overview the fundamentals of gyroscopic sensing and ultrafast fibre lasers to bridge the gap between tools development and their real-world applications. This article provides a historical outline, highlights the most recent advancements and discusses perspectives for the expanding field of ultrafast fibre laser gyroscopes. We acknowledge the bottlenecks and deficiencies of the presented ultrafast laser gyroscope concepts due to intrinsic physical effects or currently available measurement methodology. Finally, the current work outlines solutions for further ultrafast laser technology development to translate to future commercial gyroscopes.

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Li, X. "Modeling the North American vertical datum of 1988 errors in the conterminous United States." Journal of Geodetic Science 8, no. 1 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jogs-2018-0001.

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Abstract A large systematic difference (ranging from −20 cm to +130 cm) was found between NAVD 88 (North AmericanVertical Datum of 1988) and the pure gravimetric geoid models. This difference not only makes it very difficult to augment the local geoid model by directly using the vast NAVD 88 network with state-of-the-art technologies recently developed in geodesy, but also limits the ability of researchers to effectively demonstrate the geoid model improvements on the NAVD 88 network. Here, both conventional regression analyses based on various predefined basis functions such as polynomials, B-splines, and Legendre functions and the Latent Variable Analysis (LVA) such as the Factor Analysis (FA) are used to analyze the systematic difference. Besides giving a mathematical model, the regression results do not reveal a great deal about the physical reasons that caused the large differences in NAVD 88, which may be of interest to various researchers. Furthermore, there is still a significant amount of no-Gaussian signals left in the residuals of the conventional regression models. On the other side, the FA method not only provides a better not of the data, but also offers possible explanations of the error sources. Without requiring extra hypothesis tests on the model coefficients, the results from FA are more efficient in terms of capturing the systematic difference. Furthermore, without using a covariance model, a novel interpolating method based on the relationship between the loading matrix and the factor scores is developed for predictive purposes. The prediction error analysis shows that about 3-7 cm precision is expected in NAVD 88 after removing the systematic difference.

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Poslončec-Petrić, V., V. Vuković, S. Frangeš, and Ž. Bačić. "VOLUNTARY NOISE MAPPING FOR SMART CITY." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W1 (September 5, 2016): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w1-131-2016.

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One of the main concept objectives of smart cities is to create a quality living environment that is long-term sustainable and economically justified. In that context, modern cities are aware of the exposure to various forms of physical and non-physical pollution that needs to be remediated, eliminated or reduced. To achieve that it is necessary to quality determine the sources and reasons of each pollution. The most prominent examples of physical pollution that affects the quality of life of citizens in cities are light and noise pollution. Noise pollution or noise, is mostly the consequence of road and rail traffic in cities and it directly affects the health of citizens. Traffic control, reduction of peak congestion, dispersion and traffic redirection or building protective barriers, are ways that cities use to reduce the amount of noise or its effects. To make these measures efficient it is necessary to obtain the information related to the level of noise in certain areas, streets, cities. To achieve this, smart cities use noise mapping. <br><br> The city of Zagreb since 2012, participates in the i-SCOPE project (interoperable Smart City services trough Open Platform for urban Ecosystems). i-SCOPE delivers an open platform on top of which it develops, three "smart city" services: optimization of energy consumption through a service for accurate assessment of solar energy potential and energy loss at building level, environmental monitoring through a real-time environmental noise mapping service leveraging citizen's involvement will who act as distributed sensors city-wide measuring noise levels through an application on their mobile phones and improved inclusion and personal mobility of aging and diversely able citizens through an accurate personal routing service. The students of Faculty of Geodesy University of Zagreb, who enrolled in the course Thematic Cartography, were actively involved in the voluntary data acquisition in order to monitor the noise in real time. In this paper are presented the voluntary acquisitioned data of noise level measurement in Zagreb through a mobile application named Noise Tube, which were used as the basis for creating the dynamic noise map. <br><br> The paper describes how citizens through voluntarily collected geoinformation can directly influence decision-making in their community, which certainly affects the quality of life.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Physical geodesy'

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