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Journal articles on the topic 'Physical geography and topography'
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1
Gao, Jay, and Zong-guo Xia. "Fractals in physical geography." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 20, no. 2 (June 1996): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339602000204.
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Since the fractal concept was introduced to measuring coastline length over three decades ago, fractal analysis has been prolifically applied to many topographic studies. A number of mathematical algorithms are now available to determine the fractal dimension for both linear and areal features. These determination methods require one or more straight-line segments to fit the Richardson's plot. A close examination of the literature shows that not all topographic features are fractal at all scales studied. While the multifractal nature of some geographical phenomena has been explored in great depth, it is not completely understood why some terrains are better modelled with fractal geometry than others. Fractal analysis has been successfully used to measure and characterize irregular linear features such as coastlines and shorelines, to describe and characterize landforms, and to delineate landform regions statistically. Fractal analysis can also be used to produce terrain simulations with a known dimension against which hypotheses can be tested. These studies fail to link fractal dimensions to the underlying geomorphic processes. The failure stems from the fact that there is no one-to-one relationship between geomorphic processes and the landforms they shape.
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Qin, Zilong, and Jinxin Wang. "Multifractal Correlation between Terrain and River Network Structure in the Yellow River Basin, China." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 10 (October 16, 2022): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11100519.
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As the most basic physical geographic elements, basin terrain and river networks have high spatial complexity and are closely related. However, there is little research on the correlation between terrain and river networks. In this paper, the Yellow River Basin was selected as the study area. Topographic factors of multiple dimensions were calculated. The influence of different topographic factors on the river network structure at different scales and their correlation from a multifractal perspective based on geographical detectors and a geographically weighted regression model were determined. The explanatory power of topography on the river network structure at different scales was: multifractal spectrum width > multifractal spectrum difference > slope > average elevation > elevation maximum > elevation minimum, which generally indicated that the topographic factor that has the greatest influence on the river network structure is the complexity and singularity of the terrain. The second-order clustering of regression coefficients from the results of the geographically weighted regression model revealed that the Yellow River basin was divided into three types of high-aggregation areas, which are dominated by the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Loess Plateau, and the Huang-Huaihai Plain, respectively. The clustering results also revealed that the river network structure was affected by different key topographic factors in the different types of areas. This research studies and quantifies the relationship between basin topography and river network structure from a new perspective and provides a theoretical basis for unraveling the development of topography and river networks.
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Savage, Roger W. H. "Space of Experience, Horizon of Expectation. Spatiotemporal Metaphors, Philosophical Anthropology, and the Flesh." Études Ricoeuriennes / Ricoeur Studies 12, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/errs.2021.557.
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Paul Ricœur’s recourse to the metahistorical categories, space of experience and horizon of expectation, invites an inquiry into geography’s role as the guarantor of history. The ontology of the flesh provides the first indication of how one’s body is implicated in the sense of one’s place in the world. In turn, narrative inscriptions of events on the landscape transform the physical topography of a place into an array of sites where memories of ancestral wisdom and historical traumas endure. By anchoring historians’ representations of the past in the places and locales in which events took place, geography constructs a third space analogous to the third time of history. The aporias engendered by the phenomenology of time, however, have no equivalent in the phenomenology of space. The dissymmetry between the dialectic that informs the discourse of space and the one that informs the discourse of time thus keeps in place the reciprocal relation between geography and historiography.
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Puertas, Jerónimo, Luis Hernández-Ibáñez, Luis Cea, Manuel Regueiro-Picallo, Viviana Barneche-Naya, and Francisco-Alberto Varela-García. "An Augmented Reality Facility to Run Hybrid Physical-Numerical Flood Models." Water 12, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 3290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113290.
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This article presents a novel installation for the development of hybrid physical-numerical flood models in an augmented reality environment. This installation extends the concept introduced by the well-known Augmented Reality-SandBox (AR-Sandbox) module, which presents a more educational, and less research-based and professional application. It consists of a physical scale topography built in a sandbox into which other elements (such as buildings, roads or dikes) can be incorporated. A scanner generates, in real time, a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from the sandbox topography, which serves as a basis for the simulation of overland flow using professional hydraulic software (Iber+). The hydraulic and hydrological parameters (surface roughness, inlet discharges, boundary conditions) are entered with a simple Graphical User Interface (GUI) developed specifically for this project, as indeed was the entire system that allows the visualization of the simulation results. This allows us to obtain quantitative results of flood extension and magnitude, which are represented directly over the physical topography, yielding a realistic visual effect. This installation is conceived for both educational and professional uses. An example of its use is presented, through which its accuracy can be appreciated, and which also illustrates its potential.
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Smith, M. W., J. L. Carrivick, and D. J. Quincey. "Structure from motion photogrammetry in physical geography." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 40, no. 2 (November 26, 2015): 247–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133315615805.
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Accurate, precise and rapid acquisition of topographic data is fundamental to many sub-disciplines of physical geography. Technological developments over the past few decades have made fully distributed data sets of centimetric resolution and accuracy commonplace, yet the emergence of Structure from Motion (SfM) with Multi-View Stereo (MVS) in recent years has revolutionised three-dimensional topographic surveys in physical geography by democratising data collection and processing. SfM-MVS originates from the fields of computer vision and photogrammetry, requires minimal expensive equipment or specialist expertise and, under certain conditions, can produce point clouds of comparable quality to existing survey methods (e.g. Terrestrial Laser Scanning). Consequently, applications of SfM-MVS in physical geography have multiplied rapidly. There are many practical options available to physical geographers when planning a SfM-MVS survey (e.g. platforms, cameras, software), yet, many SfM-MVS end-users are uncertain as to the errors associated with each choice and, perhaps most fundamentally, the processes actually taking place as part of the SfM-MVS workflow. This paper details the typical workflow applied by SfM-MVS software packages, reviews practical details of implementing SfM-MVS, combines existing validation studies to assess practically achievable data quality and reviews the range of applications of SfM-MVS in physical geography. The flexibility of the SfM-MVS approach complicates attempts to validate SfM-MVS robustly as each individual validation study will use a different approach (e.g. platform, camera, georeferencing method, etc.). We highlight the need for greater transparency in SfM-MVS processing and enhanced ability to adjust parameters that determine survey quality. Looking forwards, future prospects of SfM-MVS in physical geography are identified through discussion of more recent developments in the fields of image analysis and computer vision.
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Asnoune, Salah. "Remote sensing and GIS applications in historical research. Case of The establishment of the Tiaret city (Algeria) during the colonial era." Technium Social Sciences Journal 39 (January 8, 2023): 602–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v39i1.7938.
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The present research paper is a descriptive study of the most essential natural geographic factors that distinguish the location of the city of Tiaret and the surrounding lands, shedding light on the extent of their importance and impact on the emergence of the colonial city, and the relationship of the physical characteristics of the location to the pattern and shape of the urban growth of the city during the colonial era and to the rest of human activities in it, especially agriculture. Moreover, the study also aims to highlight the effectiveness of employing remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems (GIS) as a support and investigation tool for this historical research, which was used as a geographical method through which the researcher is assisted in scrutinizing some of the data and information contained in some previous research related to the geography of the city of Tiaret from the topography, the surface, climate, and hydrography.
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Florinsky, Igor V. "An illustrated introduction to general geomorphometry." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 41, no. 6 (October 4, 2017): 723–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133317733667.
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Geomorphometry is widely used to solve various multiscale geoscientific problems. For the successful application of geomorphometric methods, a researcher should know the basic mathematical concepts of geomorphometry and be aware of the system of morphometric variables, as well as understand their physical, mathematical and geographical meanings. This paper reviews the basic mathematical concepts of general geomorphometry. First, we discuss the notion of the topographic surface and its limitations. Second, we present definitions, formulae and meanings for four main groups of morphometric variables, such as local, non-local, two-field specific and combined topographic attributes, and we review the following 29 fundamental morphometric variables: slope, aspect, northwardness, eastwardness, plan curvature, horizontal curvature, vertical curvature, difference curvature, horizontal excess curvature, vertical excess curvature, accumulation curvature, ring curvature, minimal curvature, maximal curvature, mean curvature, Gaussian curvature, unsphericity curvature, rotor, Laplacian, shape index, curvedness, horizontal curvature deflection, vertical curvature deflection, catchment area, dispersive area, reflectance, insolation, topographic index and stream power index. For illustrations, we use a digital elevation model (DEM) of Mount Ararat, extracted from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 1-arc-second DEM. The DEM was treated by a spectral analytical method. Finally, we briefly discuss the main paradox of general geomorphometry associated with the smoothness of the topographic surface and the non-smoothness of the real topography; application of morphometric variables; statistical aspects of geomorphometric modelling, including relationships between morphometric variables and roughness indices; and some pending problems of general geomorphometry (i.e. analysis of inner surfaces of caves, analytical description of non-local attributes and structural lines, as well as modelling on a triaxial ellipsoid). The paper can be used as a reference guide on general geomorphometry.
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Kobal, Milan, and David Hladnik. "Tree Height Growth Modelling Using LiDAR-Derived Topography Information." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 6 (June 19, 2021): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060419.
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The concepts of ecotopes and forest sites are used to describe the correlative complexes defined by landform, vegetation structure, forest stand characteristics and the relationship between soil and physiography. Physically heterogeneous landscapes such as karst, which is characterized by abundant sinkholes and outcrops, exhibit diverse microtopography. Understanding the variation in the growth of trees in a heterogeneous topography is important for sustainable forest management. An R script for detailed stem analysis was used to reconstruct the height growth histories of individual trees (steam analysis). The results of this study reveal that the topographic factors influencing the height growth of silver fir trees can be detected within forest stands. Using topography modelling, we classified silver fir trees into groups with significant differences in height growth. This study provides a sound basis for the comparison of forest site differences and may be useful in the calibration of models for various tree species.
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Rutkauskaite, Renata, Thordis Gisladottir, Maret Pihu, Lise Kjonniksen, Irinja Lounassalo, Terhi Huovinen, Rita Gruodyte-Raciene, et al. "Schoolyard Affordances for Physical Activity: A Pilot Study in 6 Nordic–Baltic Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 11640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111640.
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Environmental settings influence children’s and adolescents’ physical activity (PA) in neighborhoods and schoolyards. This study aimed to explore the main characteristics of schoolyards in six Nordic–Baltic countries, to document how those facilities provide affordances for PA in 7–18 year–old schoolchildren, and how the schoolyard meets children’s preferences. One schoolyard was studied in each included country: Iceland, Norway, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The affordances, facilities, and equipment for PA in schoolyards were identified through orthophoto maps and standard registration forms. Children’s preferences were collected through group interviews at each participating school. A common design of schoolyards across countries indicated mostly flat topography with sparse vegetation and green areas dominated by large traditional sport arenas such as a football field, areas suitable for ball games, and track and field activities. Green spaces and varied topography were more prominent in Nordic countries. Across nationalities, the responses from pupils regarding the schoolyard were similar: they liked it though they wished for more variety of activities to do during recess. National regulations/recommendations for schoolyard design differed across the countries, being more restricted to sport fields and sport-related activities in Latvia and Lithuania, while in Nordic countries, the recommendations focused more on versatile schoolyard design.
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Wang, Yongzheng, Yiwen Ji, Haoran Yu, and Xiaoying Lai. "Measuring the Relationship between Physical Geographic Features and the Constraints on Ecosystem Services from Urbanization Development." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (July 4, 2022): 8149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14138149.
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Exploring the constraint relationship between physical geographic features and urbanization on ecosystem services is important for managing and optimizing regional ecosystem services. Taking Anhui Province as an example, we assessed the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of five types of ecosystem services (habitat support, water production services, soil conservation, NPP, and carbon fixation) and five types of urbanization levels (population, economic, social, ecological, and spatial) in 2000, 2010, and 2020, and integrated the constraint line method, bivariate spatial autocorrelation model, and spatial regression model to measure the relationship between ecosystem services. The spatial constraints between ecosystem services and urbanization level and natural topography in Anhui Province were measured using the constraint line method, bivariate spatial autocorrelation model and the spatial regression model. The results show that: (1) the spatial distribution of the five types of ecosystem services in Anhui Province is characterized as “low in the north and high in the south”. At the provincial level, the five ecosystem services in southern and central Anhui Province are synergistic, while the five ecosystem services in northern Anhui Province show a trade-off; (2) topography has different effects on the five ecosystem services with “exponential” effects on water production services and NPP, “positive convex” effects on habitat support, and “positive convex” effects on habitat support”; (3) the bivariate global autocorrelation Moran’s I index between ecosystem services and urbanization level in Anhui Province is significant, confirming that ecosystem services and urbanization are spatially related, where the development of population urbanization, spatial urbanization, economic urbanization, and social urbanization leads to the decrease in ecosystem services, and ecological urbanization promotes the increase in ecosystem services. In the spatial regression model, the Spatial Lag Model passed the significance test, indicating that there is a spatial spillover effect between ecosystem services and urbanization. That is, changes in ecosystem services are influenced not only by their own urbanization elements, but also by urbanization elements in neighboring units or more distant units. Exploring the constraints of ecosystem services and identifying their interaction with urbanization can provide a scientific basis for land-use optimization, adjusting management measures and achieving regional sustainability.
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Suyoga, I. Putu Gede. "RUANG IDEAL BALI DALAM TEKANAN GLOBALISASI." Dharmasmrti: Jurnal Ilmu Agama dan Kebudayaan 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32795/ds.v16i01.70.
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The development of space understanding in the Balinese architecture is deeply influenced by the theology, philosophy, and concepts of the Hinduism. Therefore, the real existence of the Balinese spatial layout is the grounding of the Hindu ideology. The Hindu teachings such as tat twam asi, bhuana agung - bhuana alit, panca maha bhuta, tri hita karana, tri bhuwana, purusha-pradhana, and others have been instilled in the practical principle of the Balinese architecture such as tri mandala, sanga mandala, tri angga, sukat ‘measurement’, natah, decoration, color, texture, and others. The Hindu spir- ituality in the Balinese and spatial architecture is manifested by: (1) Arrangement of the physical structure, building, landscape, anthropometry, topography, geography, and local climate, and aesthet- ics (form of yoga). (2) Various meanings and symbols on the spatial and physical layout of the building (form of yantra and tantra). (3) Procedures for building, accompanying rituals during pre-construc- tion, construction, and post-construction periods symbolize the ‘living building figures’ (mantra and mudra forms).
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Yance, Imelda. "A Study of the Toponyms of Natural Topography in Siak, Riau Province." Kapata Arkeologi 17, no. 1 (February 4, 2022): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v17i1.43-54.
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Toponimi bentangan alam wilayah Kabupaten Siak, Provinsi Riau sebagai bekas pusat kerajaan Melayu di Riau sangat menarik karena sangat konkret menggambarkan lanskap lingkungannya. Kekonkretan toponimi itu dapat dilihat dalam relasinya dengan manusia, sejarah, geografis, bahkan budaya. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada toponimi rupabumi alami, antara lain perbukitan, tasik, selat, tanjung, dan sungai di Kabupaten dengan tinjauan linguistik antropologis. Aspek yang diteliti mencakup bentuk dan aspek geografis toponimi, fungsinya, dan sistem kognisi orang Melayu Siak yang tecermin di dalamnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode deskriptif. Dari analisis data, toponimi alami di Kabupaten Siak dinamai dengan bahasa Melayu Riau. Bentuk leksikonnya berupa kata kompleks atau frasa yang selalu diawali dengan nama generik. Pada umumnya, toponimi dilatarbelakangi oleh aspek fisikal. Tidak banyak toponimi yang dilatarbelakangi oleh aspek sosial, kultural, atau oleh aspek fisik-sosial. Toponimi tersebut berfungsi untuk menandai, menjadi identitas formal, mendeskripsikan, dan sebagai pengingat latar belakang sejarah dan/atau sosial budaya suatu bentang alam. Makna leksikonnya mengungkapkan keeratan hubungan masyarakat Melayu Siak dengan lingkungannya. Toponimi alami di Kabupaten Siak mencerminkan kognisi orang Melayu Siak terkait dengan lingkungannya, baik fisik, sosial, maupun kultural dalam hal proses memanfaatkan, menghubungkan, konsep asimilasi, konsep akomodasi, konsep empirik, dan kreativitas.
The toponyms of the landscape in Siak Regency as a former center of the Malay Kingdom in Riau is very significant in illustrating the landscape of its environment. The significance of toponym can be seen in its relation to humans, history, geography, and even culture. This research focuses on the natural topographical toponyms, including hills, lakes, straits, capes, and rivers in Siak Regency, Riau Province with anthropological linguistic reviews. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and descriptive method. From the data analysis, the natural toponyms in Siak Regency are named after Riau Malay language. The lexicon is a compound word or phrase that always starts with a generic name. In general, physical aspects have underlain the toponyms. There are not many toponyms underlain by social, cultural, or physical-social aspects. The toponyms serve to mark, become an identity (formal), describe, and as a reminder of the historical or socio-cultural background of a landscape. The meaning of the lexicon reveals the closeness of the relationship between Siak Malay community and its environment. The natural toponyms in Siak Regency reflect the cognition of Siak Malays related to their environment, both physical, social, and cultural environments, in terms of utilizing and connecting processes, assimilation concept, accommodation concept, empirical concept, and creativity.
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Yau, Ian-Huei, Joan R. Davenport, and Michelle M. Moyer. "Developing a Wine Grape Site Evaluation Decision Support System for the Inland Pacific Northwestern United States." HortTechnology 24, no. 1 (February 2014): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.1.88.
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Site selection is critical in wine grape (Vitis vinifera) production. The wine grape industry is expanding in the inland Pacific northwestern United States (IPNW) using traditional means of site evaluation including on physical examination of topography, geomorphology, soil characteristics, and analysis of long-term observations from weather stations. Through the use of modeled spatial data, we present a geographic information system (GIS) representing environmental features important for evaluating vineyard site suitability for the production of wine grapes. Elevation, slope, insolation, heat accumulation, growing season length, extreme minimum temperature and the soil parameters of drainage, available water-holding capacity (AWC), depth to restrictive layer, and pH combine to represent composite topographic, edaphic, and overall production suitability. Comparing modeled site suitability predictions with existing vineyards, we found modeled data on site properties aligned with vineyard manager perceptions of production quality in established vineyards. Although remote spatial evaluation will never replace physical site examination for addressing specific site conditions, it allows an efficient, spatially extensive, initial assessment of sites that can direct attention to potentially problematic or distinguishing environmental characteristics.
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Liu, Yuanyuan, Yesen Liu, Hancheng Ren, Longgang Du, Shu Liu, Li Zhang, Caiyuan Wang, and Qiang Gao. "Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Rainstorms Based on Manifold Learning Algorithm." Water 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010037.
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Identifying the patterns of rainstorms is essential for improving the precision and accuracy of flood forecasts and constructing flood disaster prevention systems. In this study, we used a manifold learning algorithm method of machine learning to analyze rainstorm patterns. We analyzed the spatial–temporal characteristics of heavy rain in Beijing and Shenzhen. The results showed a strong correlation between the spatial–temporal pattern of rainstorms and underlying topography in Beijing. However, in Shenzhen, the spatial–temporal distribution characteristics of rainstorms were more closely related to the source of water vapor causing the rainfall, and the variation in characteristics was more complex and diverse. This method may be used to quantitatively describe the development and dynamic spatial–temporal patterns of rainfall. In this study, we found that spatial–temporal rainfall distribution characteristics, extracted by machine learning technology could be explained by physical mechanisms consistent with the climatic characteristics and topographic conditions of the region.
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Sevruk, B., and M. Nevenic. "The geography and topography effects on the areal pattern of precipitation in a small prealpine basin." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 11 (June 1, 1998): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0460.
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Analysis of altitudinal dependency of corrected summer season, June-September, precipitation data from 61 gauges shows that precipitation in the valley and on the leeward slopes of a small, rugged prealpine basin, 13 km2 in area, is greater than that on windward slopes. This indicates that (i) the redistribution of precipitation by wind can play a significant role in the spatial distribution of precipitation in mountainous areas, (ii) the use of exclusive valley positioning of gauges which is the common practice in the mountains can overestimate the precipitation on slopes and (iii) the results of studies of effects of geographic and topographic variables on the precipitation in the mountain are biased and rather network specific than physically based, and considerably depend on the general strategy of the network design including the gauge type and positioning of gauge sites. The corrections of wind-induced error were based on comparisons of precipitation from paired ground level gauges and elevated gauges. Such pairs have been situated under different exposure conditions. The corrections included also wetting and evaporation error, and amounted from 5 to 15% depending on the gauge type and site altitude, exposure and insulation.
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Czigány, Szabolcs, Tibor József Novák, Ervin Pirkhoffer, Gábor Nagy, Dénes Lóczy, József Dezső, Szabolcs Ákos Fábián, Marcin Świtoniak, and Przemyslaw Charzyński. "Application of a topographic pedosequence in the Villány Hills for terroir characterization." Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 69, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15201/hungeobull.69.3.2.
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Terroir refers to the geographical origin of wines. The landscape factors (topography, parent rock, soil, microbial life, climate, natural vegetation) are coupled with cultural factors (cultivation history and technology, cultivars and rootstock) and all together define a terroir. The physical factors can be well visualized by a slope profile developed into a pedosequence showing the regular configuration of the relevant physical factors for a wine district. In the present study the generalized topographic pedosequence (or catena) and GIS spatial model of the Villány Hills, a historical wine producing region, serves for the spatial representation and characterization of terroir types. A survey of properties of Cabernet Franc grape juice allowed the comparison of 10 vineyards in the Villány Wine District, Southwest Hungary. Five grape juice properties (FAN, NH3, YAN, density and glucose + fructose content) have been found to have a moderate linear relationship (0.5 < r2 < 0.7) with the Huglin Index (HI) and aspect. Aspect, when determined on the basis of angular distance from South (180°), showed a strong correlation (r2 > 0.7) with FAN, NH3, YAN, sugar and density and moderate correlation with primary amino nitrogen (PAN). HI showed a correlation with three nitrogen related parameters FAN, NH3, YAN, density and glucose + fructose content. Elevation and slope, however, did not correlate with any of the chemical properties.
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Harmon, Brendan A., Anna Petrasova, Vaclav Petras, Helena Mitasova, and Ross Meentemeyer. "Tangible topographic modeling for landscape architects." International Journal of Architectural Computing 16, no. 1 (January 23, 2018): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478077117749959.
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We present Tangible Landscape—a technology for rapidly and intuitively designing landscapes informed by geospatial modeling, analysis, and simulation. It is a tangible interface powered by a geographic information system that gives three-dimensional spatial data an interactive, physical form so that users can naturally sense and shape it. Tangible Landscape couples a physical and a digital model of a landscape through a real-time cycle of physical manipulation, three-dimensional scanning, spatial computation, and projected feedback. Natural three-dimensional sketching and real-time analytical feedback should aid landscape architects in the design of high performance landscapes that account for physical and ecological processes. We conducted a series of studies to assess the effectiveness of tangible modeling for landscape architects. Landscape architecture students, academics, and professionals were given a series of fundamental landscape design tasks—topographic modeling, cut-and-fill analysis, and water flow modeling. We assessed their performance using qualitative and quantitative methods including interviews, raster statistics, morphometric analyses, and geospatial simulation. With tangible modeling, participants built more accurate models that better represented morphological features than they did with either digital or analog hand modeling. When tangibly modeling, they worked in a rapid, iterative process informed by real-time geospatial analytics and simulations. With the aid of real-time simulations, they were able to quickly understand and then manipulate how complex topography controls the flow of water.
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Jaramillo, Elise T. "Fluid kinship: Race, power, and the hydrosocial order of water flow along New Mexico’s acequias." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 38, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 718–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775819879719.
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In New Mexico, the marketization of water rights, urbanization, and the legacies of colonialism divide neighbors and pit them against one another over water. New Mexico’s acequias (community irrigation ditches) are organized by water flow, and the physical and interpersonal connections that enable it and are enabled by it. I examine the way that the social and material reality of water flow troubles deeply embedded racial and socioeconomic divisions by creating what I call fluid kinship: a social space that flows like an acequia, according to a topography of human relationships. Based on participant observation and in-depth interviews with acequia users in New Mexico, I elucidate how fluid kinship can reshape the terms of water conflict into unexpected configurations. By drawing attention to fluid kinship, I seek to elucidate the potentiality of the acequia as a counter-geography of relatedness and possible reconciliation.
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Gnyawali, Bishal. "Review of vedic Literature from the Perspective of Physical and Human Geography." Geographic Base 6 (October 27, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v6i0.26162.
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Vedas are earliest collection of Hindu scripture. The word Veda was originated from Sanskrit verb ‘Vida’ inane meaning to “to know”. Vedas are collection of knowledge. Literatures, written on the basis of Vedas are called Vedic literature. Itihansas and puranas are also known as Vedic literature. Each and every dimension of geography is expressed in Vedic Literature very strongly. This paper simply tries to present the geographical issue expressed in different Vedic literature. Different research papers written about Vedic geography, books of Vedas and puranas are used as materials for the formation of this paper. Topographic explanation and their classification for regionalization is carefully presented in vedic literature such as Dwipas, Khandas and Barshas. River is praised as mother in Vedas and nature and behavior of river was known by Vedic people. Ricveda is full of praising river. Seasonality month and different weather is explained in different Vedas and vedic literatures. Six seasons and twelve months are explained in vedic literature. Fire, wind, water, earth are taken as different forms of god and praised as human environment interaction. People are discouraged for deforestation means not to destroy home of god. Quantitative and mathematical geography is another great feature of vedic literature. Measurement unit techniques of time and distance are very strong geographical representation of vedic literature. The measurement of time starts from ‘pramanu’ to ‘mahayuga’ and distance starts from ‘pramanu’ to ‘krosha’.
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Adžajlić-Dedović, Azra, Edita Hasković, and Tarik Humačkić. "THE RISKS OF VICTIMIZATION AND MEASURES OF PREVENTION." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 1767–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28061767a.
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According to the U.S. Department of Justice (2004), victimization occurs when “…a person suffers direct or threatened physical, emotional, and/or financial harm.” Victimization can include physical violence, sexual violence, psychological or emotional abuse, and neglect. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) acknowledges such victimization as a serious and preventable public health problem.Victimologists hypothesize that a number of individual victimologist factors determine a person’s- the perpetrators of the crime to commit an act. Motivation at a particular point in time is the result of interactions over a person’s life course between biological, socio-cultural, and developmental factors—as well as contemporaneous opportunity. Psychological factors are the result of interactions between biological and socio-cultural factors. Victimologists do not imagine that some simple consitutional factor is a satisfactory explanation for mativational factors.Multilevel (or contextual) analyses have been proposed as one solution to these limitations and a variety of studies have been conducted to study individuals’ risk for crime within and across different types of communities. Ecological factors involve interactions between people and their activities. This category includes things associated with the physical environment such as geography and topography, crowding, pollution, and recreational opportunities. These ecological factors can affect how people develop physically and emotionally over their lives as well as the level of hostility, fear, or well-being they feel from moment to moment as they experience (For example: a crowded subway, dark lonely parking lot, or serene park). Discussion focuses on theoretical, methodological, and policy implications.
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ASAHI, Katsuhiko. "An application of 3D anaglyph topographic imagery on Physical Geography Class in Teacher Education Course." Geographical Studies 2007, no. 82 (2007): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7886/hgs2007.2007.75.
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Feurer, Denis, Jean-Stéphane Bailly, Christian Puech, Yann Le Coarer, and Alain A. Viau. "Very-high-resolution mapping of river-immersed topography by remote sensing." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 32, no. 4 (August 2008): 403–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133308096030.
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Remote sensing has been used to map river bathymetry for several decades. Non-contact methods are necessary in several cases: inaccessible rivers, large-scale depth mapping, very shallow rivers. The remote sensing techniques used for river bathymetry are reviewed. Frequently, these techniques have been developed for marine environment and have then been transposed to riverine environments. These techniques can be divided into two types: active remote sensing, such as ground penetrating radar and bathymetric lidar; or passive remote sensing, such as through-water photogrammetry and radiometric models. This last technique — which consists of finding a logarithmic relationship between river depth and image values — appears to be the most used. Fewer references exist for the other techniques, but lidar is an emerging technique. For each depth measurement method, we detail the physical principles and then a review of the results obtained in the field. This review shows a lack of data for very shallow rivers, where a very high spatial resolution is needed. Moreover, the cost related to aerial image acquisition is often huge. Hence we propose an application of two techniques, radiometric models and through-water photogrammetry, with very- high-resolution passive optical imagery, light platforms, and off-the-shelf cameras. We show that, in the case of the radiometric models, measurement is possible with a spatial filtering of about 1 m and a homogeneous river bottom. In contrast, with through-water photogrammetry, fine ground resolution and bottom textures are necessary.
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Adams, Marc A., Sherry Ryan, Jacqueline Kerr, James F. Sallis, Kevin Patrick, Lawrence D. Frank, and Gregory J. Norman. "Validation of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) Items Using Geographic Information Systems." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 6, s1 (January 2009): S113—S123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.s1.s113.
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Background:Concurrent validity of Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) items was evaluated with objective measures of the built environment using geographic information systems (GIS).Methods:A sample of 878 parents of children 10 to 16 years old (mean age 43.5 years, SD = 6.8, 34.8% non-White, 63.8% overweight) completed NEWS and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. GIS was used to develop 1-mile street network buffers around participants’ residences. GIS measures of the built environment within participants’ buffers included percent of commercial and institutional land uses; number of schools and colleges, recreational facilities, parks, transit stops, and trees; land topography; and traffic congestion.Results:Except for trees and traffic, concordance between the NEWS and GIS measures were significant, with weak to moderate effect sizes (r = −0.09 to −0.36, all P ≤ 01). After participants were stratified by physical activity level, stronger concordance was observed among active participants for some measures. A sensitivity analysis of self-reported distance to 15 neighborhood destinations found a 20-minute (compared with 10- or 30-minute) walking threshold generally had the strongest correlations with GIS measures.Conclusions:These findings provide evidence of the concurrent validity of self-reported built environment items with objective measures. Physically active adults may be more knowledgeable about their neighborhood characteristics.
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CAMARA, INARA PAGNUSSAT, and JOSELAINE TESK. "ESTUDOS DE MORFOLOGIA COMO SUBSÍDIO PARA A QUALIFICAÇÃO DO ESPAÇO EDIFICADO: TIPOLOGIA DE QUARTEIRÕES." GOT - Journal of Geography and Spatial Planning, no. 23 (July 31, 2022): 120–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17127/got/2022.23.007.
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This paper presents a study of the urban morphology of Videira, Brazil, framing the evolution of the traces of the urban form as a process and of the manufacture of the city as an object. The object of study was chosen due to particularities such as: great formal-functional similarity with other Brazilian and European cities, a city produced from the 20th century, with a strong presence of the railway as a structuring road axis and topography as a matriarchal element of formation. We understand that there is a gap in understanding the formation of cities after the 20th century, fragmenting the elements of the urban form to understand the design of the city. The main objective is to understand the temporal evolution and generate models that can be used as parameters of block drawings focused on the geography of the sites, contributing to the urban planning of housing allotments more analogous in the distribution of lots. The method used is part of a compendium of theoretical and practical concepts, focusing on the classification of the urban form reviewed by several authors, with predominance of the School of English Urban Morphology: (1) relationship of the tracing with physical expression of the site, (2) main elements to support the composition and; (3) shape of blocks and lots. Preliminary results allow identifying blocks with predominantly irregular formats and very diverse lot patterns, circulation routes with a sinuous or poorly homogeneous profile and with several structural problems, reflecting the need for lots adapted to topography.
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Del Rio, Alicia A., Aldo I. Ramirez, and Mauricio A. Sanchez. "The Role of Topography on the Shape of Unit Hydrographs in Small and Medium Sized Watersheds through a Physical Model." Water 12, no. 8 (August 13, 2020): 2270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082270.
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This study intends to establish the main relations between topographic characteristics of the watershed and the main parameters of the unit hydrograph measured at the outlet. It looks to remove the subjectivity found in traditional synthetic methods and the trial and error setting of the main parameters of the hydrograph. The work was developed through physical experimentation of the rainfall-runoff process using the observed information of different watersheds of Chiapas, Mexico, as the reference. The experiments were carried out on a state-of-the-art semi-automatic runoff simulator, which was designed and built specifically for this study. Polynomial regression and fuzzy logic models were obtained to confirm the hypothesis of hydrological parameters being obtained from topographic data only by assuming uniform precipitation. Empirical relations were found for the peak flow, time to peak, base time and volume of the unit hydrograph and the watershed area, the main stream average slope, and the length of the stream of highest order. The main finding is that a unit hydrograph can be described based only on the watershed area when fuzzy logic models are applied.
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Machado, Julio Cesar Epifanio. "O ENSINO POR INVESTIGAÇÃO NAS AULAS DE GEOGRAFIA FÍSICA: superando obstáculos para construção de significados." Revista Brasileira de Educação em Geografia 7, no. 13 (August 14, 2017): 471–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46789/edugeo.v7i13.389.
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O presente artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa que foi realizada com alunos matriculados no nono ano de uma escola pública municipal localizada em São Paulo (SP). Com base na teoria do Realismo Nominal e dos Obstáculos Epistemológicos, investigamos como ocorreu a aprendizagem de um Processo Físico Elementar, no caso, o alagamento. Nossa pergunta foi: A identificação por, parte dos alunos, dos setores propensos à infiltração da água, ao seu escoamento superficial, ou da ocorrência de alagamentos em um perfil topográfico possibilitou a superação das suas opiniões realistas diante do Processo Físico Elementar em pauta? Nossa hipótese é a de que quando se organizam e se aplicam atividades investigativas pautadas na Análise Geográfica Integrada das variáveis ambientais, proporcionamos aos estudantes oportunidades de superação das suas representações realistas sobre as causas dos alagamentos e as possibilidades de ocorrência em determinada área. A principal contribuição deste estudo é fornecer subsídios teóricos e metodológicos para o planejamento das aulas de Geografia que visam trabalhar com temas comuns à Geografia Física no Ensino Fundamental II e na perspectiva da Alfabetização Científica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Realismo nominal. Obstáculo epistemológico. Processo físico elementar. Análise geográfica integrada. Atividade investigava. RESEARCH TEACHING IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY CLASSES: overcoming obstacles for the construction of meaning ABSTRACT The present article is the result of a research that was carried out with students enrolled in the ninth year of a municipal public school located in São Paulo (SP). Based on the theory of Nominal Realism and Epistemological Obstacles, we investigated how the learning of an Elementary Physical Process occurred, in this case, flooding. Our question was: Does the identification by students of areas prone to water infiltration, surface runoff, or flooding in a topographic profile make it possible to overcome their realistic opinions regarding the Elementary Physical Process in question? Our hypothesis is that when research activities based on the Integrated Geographic Analysis of environmental variables are organized and applied, we provide students with opportunities to overcome their realistic representations about the causes of flooding and the possibilities of it occurrence in a given area. The main contribution of this study is to provide theoretical and methodological support for the planning of Geography classes that aim to work with themes common to Physical Geography in Elementary Education and in the perspective of Scientific Literacy. KEYWORDS Nominal realism. Epistemological obstacle. Elementary physical process. Integrated geographic analysis. Research activities. ISSN: 2236-3904REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EDUCAÇÃO EM GEOGRAFIA - RBEGwww.revistaedugeo.com.br - revistaedugeo@revistaedugeo.com.br
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Wang, Tao. "Spatial-Temporal Landscape Analysis of Kallang-Seletar Transect, Singapore." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-393-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Industrialization and urbanization have been vastly reshaping the physical landscape of Singapore under guided urban planning in the last more than half a century, accompanying Singapore’s successful economic growth and social management. Reconstructing and evaluating the transformation process of physical landscape can help appreciate anthropogenic activities in this progress and explore dynamic urbanizing frontiers into natural and rural environment in different periods. A geographic transect running from Seletar to Kallang in central Singapore Island is delineated for detailed investigation of physical transformation. Typical geographic features at different times, including road networks, terrain, buildings and water bodies were extracted from a series of georeferenced historical topographic maps from 1940s to 2010s. Description, analysis and interpretations of geographic changes and temporal processes are made in this specific transect at different spatial scales. These geographic layers coupled with historical land use and economic policies are considered as key components of transformation analysis of physical landscape in this work. Singapore’ current situation benefits from its unique transformation journey, which is marked by top-down integral spatial planning, and integrating social/demographic and economic policies. Reflection on the transition of this central transect can help us appreciate the current physical status of Singapore Island and better project the path of other booming urbanization areas in surrounding regions. Although Singapore’s chosen path of developments led to remarkable results, careful and comprehensive considerations of social and historical factors must be taken when transferring its policies and strategies to other aspiring regions. One conclusion of this work demonstrates the power of maps for recording physical environment and support scholars in geography, history and urban research to build a temporal image of landscape changes.</p>
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Tobias, M. M. "CLASSIFYING AMERICAN VITICULTURAL AREAS BASED ON ENVIRONMENTAL DATA." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-4/W1-2022 (August 6, 2022): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w1-2022-479-2022.
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Abstract. American Viticultural Areas are wine appellation areas in the United States formally and legally defined by the US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) through a petition process and are used in marketing wine. The TTB’s petition process is intended to define areas containing unique environmental conditions. In this paper, I investigate how similar AVA boundaries are in their environmental characteristics though a hierarchical cluster analysis, using the environmental variables required to be described in the petition process. The AVAs fell into six groups, driven largely by their physical features such as topography, elevation, or location on a coastline, rather than into geographic clusters.
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Lillquist, Karl. "Teaching with Catastrophe: Topographic Map Interpretation and the Physical Geography of the 1949 Mann Gulch, Montana Wildfire." Journal of Geoscience Education 54, no. 5 (November 2006): 561–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-54.5.561.
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JOVANOVIC, Radmila, Fernando ALMEIDA GARCÍA, and Rafael CORTÉS-MACÍAS. "Evaluation of suitability areas for ecotourism using multi-criteria analysis. The case of central Serbian viticultural region." European Journal of Geography 13, no. 3 (April 13, 2022): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.48088/ejg.r.jov.13.3.019.041.
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Tourism in the wine region of Central Serbia has been gaining more and more affirmation in recent years. This wine destination offers to tourists a rich wine culture and recreation. Also, as a special supplement to wine tourism, ecotourism is especially promoted, in combination with quality wines with geographical origin. The basic analysis of this study is to identify potential locations for ecotourism activities in the wine region of Central Serbia based on physical-geographical elements (topography, altitude, slope, land use / coverage, diversity, distance from rivers) and socio-economic data (proximity to tourist attractions, distance from major roads and places). The integration of the Geographic Information System (GIS) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) greatly facilitates the decision-making process in the assessment of ecotourism activities. As a result of this paper, a map of benefits for the development of ecotourism potentials was highlighted. Very high potential is shown by forest areas that can play a key role in tourism but are not fully used. This analysis helps in two ways: the promotion of ecotourism and viticultural destinations. In particular, in the assessment and implementation for local communities to identify tourism as an opportunity for economic development.
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Yusliana, Yusliana, Lulu Mari Fitria, Emilius Paldi Antus, and Irsyad Adhi Waskita Hutama. "DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND SETTLEMENT DENSITY USING NEAREST NEIGHBOR ANALYSIS AND KERNEL DENSITY ANALYSIS IN DIY COASTAL AREAS." JURNAL GEOGRAFI 14, no. 2 (August 23, 2022): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jg.v14i2.32972.
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DIY's coastal area is one of DIY's development priorities by establishing the site as an economic corridor that impacts physical development, such as settlements in the coastal area of DIY. This study aims to analyze the distribution and density of settlements. The method used in research is a quantitative descriptive and Geography Information System approach. The analysis used in this study is Nearest Neighbour Analysis (NNA) and Kernel Density Analysis with an analysis tool in ArcGIS 10.5. The results of the NNA show that the three districts located on the coast of DIY have the same distribution pattern characteristics, namely, the clustered pattern, which means the NNA index value is <1 or the T value ranges from 0-0.80. The results of the kernel density analysis show that the most significant density is found in Kulon Progo Regency, precisely in Wates District, and Bantul Regency, precisely in Srandakan District. At the same time, for Gunung Kidul Regency, it is less significant, and the density is only centered on one density point. Several factors cause settlement density, including physical factors (topography, slope, soil type, and clean water sources), accessibility (proximity to transportation routes and proximity to the city center), availability of facilities and infrastructure (electricity network, educational facilities, and health), and environmental factors (natural and human resources).Keywords: Settlements, Coastal, NNA, Kernel Density
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Çetin, Sıdıka, and Ayse Betul Gokarslan. "Sustainable Architecture in Rural Yayla Settlements." Open House International 39, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2014-b0003.
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Traditional architectural forms and structures develop under the influence of such physical and non-physical determinants as climate, topography structure, socio-cultural values, economy and technology, and are based on centuries of accumulated knowledge. This study is an analysis of the rural Yayla settlements of four towns in the province of Antalya, located on Turkey’s Mediterranean coast. The southern inclines of the Taurus Mountain range facing the Mediterranean, are host to number of rural settlements at different altitudes that bear some region-specific architectural features. This study aims to understand settlement pattern and house design features that have developed under the specific climate, socio-cultural and socio-economic conditions of the traditional households in rural yaylas in the different bio-climatic zones of the region. The study has revealed that designs have developed over time to result in spaces that are comfortable and climate sensitive, and which attribute importance to the local resources, economy and culture; and that the housing designs have developed offer natural means of heat control and ventilation. The new understanding offered in this paper may contribute to the conservation of the local cultural features of the area, allowing their sustainable perpetuation into the future and serving as examples of good design practise for future settlements
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Garzón-Sánchez, Henry, Juan Carlos Loaiza-Usuga, and Jaime Ignacio Vélez-Upégui. "Soil Moisture Behavior in Relation to Topography and Land Use for Two Andean Colombian Catchments." Water 13, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111448.
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Understanding the soil moisture behavior in relation to land use in tropical Andean mountain catchments is essential for comprehending water fluxes, ecohydrological relations and hydrological dynamics in this understudied ecosystem. Soils are a key factor of these ecosystems, especially in reference to water level regulation and anthropogenic activities that can alter the interactions, and generate physical, chemical and biological imbalances. In this study, we investigated the relationship between precipitation, soil water content (SWC) and the flow at different pedon scales, and hillslope and microcatchment scales subjected to different land uses. The results showed the relation between the soils uses, topographical conditions and soil moisture at the microcatchment scale. At the pedon scale, soil moisture is higher and with a low variability in depth; high soil moisture content throughout the study period was registered in forest > pasture > coffee agroforestry systems. The topographic wetness index (TWI), despite its adjusted interpretation of the behavior of humidity at the microcatchment scale, is a poor predictor of the behavior of soil humidity at the pedon scale. Pedon water content has a close relation with the precipitation behavior, especially in prolonged dry and humid periods. The soils studied tend to present udic moisture regimes with a dry period of approximately 67 accumulative days per year. The mean flow behavior responds to precipitation and soil moisture behavior at a monthly scale. Understanding the consequences of the land cover changes in relation to soil water behavior, as well as how soil water interacts with the different components of the hydric balance at different scales, allows an understanding of the complex interactions in natural microcatchments under different land use systems.
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Harmon, B. A., A. Petrasova, V. Petras, H. Mitasova, and R. K. Meentemeyer. "TANGIBLE LANDSCAPE: COGNITIVELY GRASPING THE FLOW OF WATER." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (June 8, 2016): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b2-647-2016.
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Complex spatial forms like topography can be challenging to understand, much less intentionally shape, given the heavy cognitive load of visualizing and manipulating 3D form. Spatiotemporal processes like the flow of water over a landscape are even more challenging to understand and intentionally direct as they are dependent upon their context and require the simulation of forces like gravity and momentum. This cognitive work can be offloaded onto computers through 3D geospatial modeling, analysis, and simulation. Interacting with computers, however, can also be challenging, often requiring training and highly abstract thinking. Tangible computing – an emerging paradigm of human-computer interaction in which data is physically manifested so that users can feel it and directly manipulate it – aims to offload this added cognitive work onto the body. We have designed Tangible Landscape, a tangible interface powered by an open source geographic information system (GRASS GIS), so that users can naturally shape topography and interact with simulated processes with their hands in order to make observations, generate and test hypotheses, and make inferences about scientific phenomena in a rapid, iterative process. Conceptually Tangible Landscape couples a malleable physical model with a digital model of a landscape through a continuous cycle of 3D scanning, geospatial modeling, and projection. We ran a flow modeling experiment to test whether tangible interfaces like this can effectively enhance spatial performance by offloading cognitive processes onto computers and our bodies. We used hydrological simulations and statistics to quantitatively assess spatial performance. We found that Tangible Landscape enhanced 3D spatial performance and helped users understand water flow.
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Harmon, B. A., A. Petrasova, V. Petras, H. Mitasova, and R. K. Meentemeyer. "TANGIBLE LANDSCAPE: COGNITIVELY GRASPING THE FLOW OF WATER." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (June 8, 2016): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b2-647-2016.
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Complex spatial forms like topography can be challenging to understand, much less intentionally shape, given the heavy cognitive load of visualizing and manipulating 3D form. Spatiotemporal processes like the flow of water over a landscape are even more challenging to understand and intentionally direct as they are dependent upon their context and require the simulation of forces like gravity and momentum. This cognitive work can be offloaded onto computers through 3D geospatial modeling, analysis, and simulation. Interacting with computers, however, can also be challenging, often requiring training and highly abstract thinking. Tangible computing – an emerging paradigm of human-computer interaction in which data is physically manifested so that users can feel it and directly manipulate it – aims to offload this added cognitive work onto the body. We have designed Tangible Landscape, a tangible interface powered by an open source geographic information system (GRASS GIS), so that users can naturally shape topography and interact with simulated processes with their hands in order to make observations, generate and test hypotheses, and make inferences about scientific phenomena in a rapid, iterative process. Conceptually Tangible Landscape couples a malleable physical model with a digital model of a landscape through a continuous cycle of 3D scanning, geospatial modeling, and projection. We ran a flow modeling experiment to test whether tangible interfaces like this can effectively enhance spatial performance by offloading cognitive processes onto computers and our bodies. We used hydrological simulations and statistics to quantitatively assess spatial performance. We found that Tangible Landscape enhanced 3D spatial performance and helped users understand water flow.
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Kiage, Lawrence M. "Perspectives on the assumed causes of land degradation in the rangelands of Sub-Saharan Africa." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 37, no. 5 (June 25, 2013): 664–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133313492543.
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Soil erosion and land degradation are serious problems in tropical Africa, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, where they are widely recognized as more serious problems than in non-tropical areas. Sub-Saharan Africa experiences deleterious levels of soil erosion, largely due to the interaction between harsh climates of high erosivity, fragile soils of high erodibility, steep slopes, and poor natural resource management. The fundamental challenge is to separate purely background-level soil erosion due to biophysical, geomorphic, topographic, and climatic conditions from what is caused by humans. This review shows that the human-induced causes of soil erosion and land degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa are not fully understood and some of the commonly listed causes may not always stand the test of critical scrutiny. The popular views of human-induced soil erosion and land degradation not only fail to take into consideration the fact that land degradation is primarily a physical process, but also they do injustice to adaptive ecosystem management by the local inhabitants. The review specifically questions the stereotypes of overpopulation, overgrazing, deforestation, overstocking, and general rangeland degradation due to human resource use in Sub-Saharan Africa. Empirical evidence suggests that biophysical factors including soil properties, climatic characteristics, topography, and vegetation can sometimes interact among themselves to yield high soil erosion and degradation rates independent of anthropogenic impacts.
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Zirek, E., and F. Sunar. "Change Detection Of Seafloor Topography By Modeling Multitemporal Multibeam Echosounder Measurements." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7 (September 19, 2014): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-221-2014.
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The term "topography" implies the study of numerous landforms that exist on or below the Earth and a detailed knowledge of topography is required to understand the most Earth processes. In the oceans, sea floor topography refers the geographic features of the sea floor including the configuration of a surface and the position of its natural and man-made features; and detailed nautical charts are fundamental for many sciences such as physical oceanography, biology and marine geology. <br><br> The hydrographic offices, which use the Multi Beam Echo sounder (MBE) system for the establishment of nautical charts, have their own set of accuracy standards for hydrographic surveys, which generally comply with the standards defined by the International Hydrographic Organization. MBE systems include multiple measurement systems such as sonar head, positioning system, motion sensor that work in a synchronized manner. Before the measurements, the "Patch Test" is required to eliminate the systematic errors due to instrumental synchronization and installation. In this test, signal delay test (latency), <i>Y</i>-axis rotation (roll), <i>X</i>-axis rotation (pitch), <i>Z</i>-axis rotation (yaw) errors are calculated. Besides, the effects of the sound velocity measurement through water column and the sea level changes need to be taken into consideration especially in the multi-temporal data analysis and 3D modeling. <br><br> In this paper, the seafloor of the Anamur -TRNC Drinking Water Pipeline route in the "Northern Cyprus Water Project" is selected as a study area. This project, a unique in the world, is an international water diversion project designed to supply water for drinking and irrigation from southern Turkey to Northern Cyprus via pipeline under Mediterranean Sea. Multi temporal multi beam echo sounder measurements are used in the change analysis and surface modeling and the efficiency of this system is outlined together with its limitations.
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Jeszenszky, Péter, Philipp Stoeckle, Elvira Glaser, and Robert Weibel. "Exploring global and local patterns in the correlation of geographic distances and morphosyntactic variation in Swiss German." Journal of Linguistic Geography 5, no. 2 (October 2017): 86–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2017.5.
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Using data from a Swiss German dialect syntax survey, this study aims to explore, in a spatially differentiated manner, the correlation between dialectal variation and geographic distances. A linguistic distance was expressed by a measure aggregated from 60 survey questions. To operationalize the possibility of language contact, Euclidean distance, as well as travel times in 2000, 1950 and 1850 between survey sites were used. Going beyond previous work by others, we also explore the covariation of geographic and linguistic distances at the local level, focusing on spatial subsets and individual survey sites, thus being able to paint a more differentiated picture. With the diverse physical landscape of Switzerland making an impact on potential language contact, we find that travel times are a better predictor than Euclidean distance for the syntactic variation in Swiss German dialects. However, on the local scale the difference is not always significant, depending on prevalent topography.
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Priori, Simone, Roberto Barbetti, Luca Meini, Annalisa Morelli, Andrea Zampolli, and Lorenzo D’Avino. "Towards Economic Land Evaluation at the Farm Scale Based on Soil Physical-Hydrological Features and Ecosystem Services." Water 11, no. 8 (July 24, 2019): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081527.
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The economic evaluation of a land parcel is mainly based on the local economy, as well as on the topography, distance to the main streets, distance to the river, and presence of irrigation. Spatial variability of soil features and functionalities are often left behind during economic land evaluation, probably due to a scarce awareness of soil function’s economic value. The paper shows an approach for economic land evaluation of irrigated croplands in the Po River plain (Northern Italy), based on spatial variability of soil functions, namely biomass production and carbon sequestration, as well as taking into account the river flood risk. The soil spatial variability was mapped using proximal sensing technology and few calibration points (one every 5 hectares). Biomass production of the main crops of the area, namely maize, soybean, and sorghum, was monitored and mapped for three years (2016, 2017, and 2018) using precision agriculture technologies. The results showed that the available water capacity (AWC) reached the highest correlation with biomass production, additionally, soil texture and cation exchange capacity were significantly correlated. Economic evaluation of the land parcels was computed considering the mean land market value of the area, the site-specific deviations due to the spatial variability of the biomass production by capitalization rate, and carbon sequestration soil functions, applying a natural capital approach by the mean annual value of the carbon market. This site-specific methodology could be applied to many other arable lands.
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Ludwig, R., and W. Mauser. "Modelling catchment hydrology within a GIS based SVAT-model framework." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2000): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-4-239-2000.
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Abstract. The physically-based soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer model PROMET (PRocess-Oriented Model for Evapo Transpiration) developed at the Institute of Geography, University of Munich, is applied to the Ammer basin (approx. 600 km2 ) in the alpine foreland of Germany. The hourly actual evapotranspiration rate is calculated for a 14-year time series. A rainfall-runoff model, based on an enhanced distributed TOPMODEL structure, is linked to the SVAT-model in order to provide a hydrological model covering the water-cycle at the basin scale in a 30m-resolution. The model is driven with meteorological data taken from regular synoptic stations of the German Weather Service. Soil physical and plant physiological parameters for the SVAT model were either measured at the test site or taken from literature. The topographical parameters were derived from detailed digital terrain analysis. The study intends to combine, within a GIS-based model framework, the understanding and application of physical processes inherent in the basin such as the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of evapotranspiration and runoff patterns. The influence of an evapotranspiration coefficient ETcoeff, implemented in the formulation of the soil-topographic-index, to account for seasonal dynamics in distributed runoff formation due to the annual course of vegetation activity is investigated. The SVAT model shows convincing results in the long-term water balance description with a mean annual deviation of less then 6% over a fourteen year time period. Introducing the evapotranspiration-soil-topographic-index αET leads to a considerable improvement; the runoff model component simulating the daily runoff over the year reaches an efficiency of ε = 0.92. Keywords: Water cycle; Geographic Information System; SVAT; TOPMODEL
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Tran, Hoang, Elena Leonarduzzi, Luis De la Fuente, Robert Bruce Hull, Vineet Bansal, Calla Chennault, Pierre Gentine, Peter Melchior, Laura E. Condon, and Reed M. Maxwell. "Development of a Deep Learning Emulator for a Distributed Groundwater–Surface Water Model: ParFlow-ML." Water 13, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 3393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13233393.
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Integrated hydrologic models solve coupled mathematical equations that represent natural processes, including groundwater, unsaturated, and overland flow. However, these models are computationally expensive. It has been recently shown that machine leaning (ML) and deep learning (DL) in particular could be used to emulate complex physical processes in the earth system. In this study, we demonstrate how a DL model can emulate transient, three-dimensional integrated hydrologic model simulations at a fraction of the computational expense. This emulator is based on a DL model previously used for modeling video dynamics, PredRNN. The emulator is trained based on physical parameters used in the original model, inputs such as hydraulic conductivity and topography, and produces spatially distributed outputs (e.g., pressure head) from which quantities such as streamflow and water table depth can be calculated. Simulation results from the emulator and ParFlow agree well with average relative biases of 0.070, 0.092, and 0.032 for streamflow, water table depth, and total water storage, respectively. Moreover, the emulator is up to 42 times faster than ParFlow. Given this promising proof of concept, our results open the door to future applications of full hydrologic model emulation, particularly at larger scales.
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Ma, Y., X. M. Zeng, Y. Zhang, N. Wang, Y. Zheng, G. Wang, and C. Chen. "Impact of the Choice of Land Surface Scheme on a Simulated Heatwave Event: The Case of Sichuan-Chongqing Area, China." Advances in Meteorology 2017 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9545896.
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The Sichuan-Chongqing area in China has complex basin topography and is known for its extremely hot summer weather. In this paper, the mesoscale model WRF version 3.6.1 was used to simulate a period of 1–10 days in advance of the hot weather that occurred in Sichuan-Chongqing on August 10, 2006, to investigate the effect of six different land surface schemes (LSSs) (SLAB, RUC, PX, NOAH, NOAH_MP, and CLM4) on short- and medium-range simulations of high temperatures. The simulated surface air temperatures (SATs) are sensitive to the LSSs and simulation lengths. Specifically, all of the LSSs except PX generally reproduce the observed high temperatures, with CLM4 SATs at 06 UTC (SAT06) the most consistent with measurements whereas the short-range (medium-range) results from NOAH_MP (NOAH) are the worst. Detailed explanations were given in terms of surface fluxes and physical processes. RUC soil moisture initialization appears poor and the LSS reflects too strong gravity drainage. When the LSSs with increased numbers of soil layers are used, the simulated high temperatures are found more consistent with measurements. Additionally, regional sensible heat flux (SHF) does not show high consistency with SAT. The results that differ from the previous studies are partly due to the complex geography and the LSS deficiencies.
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Powers, Ryan P., Nicholas C. Coops, Jessica L. Morgan, Michael A. Wulder, Trisalyn A. Nelson, Charles R. Drever, and Steven G. Cumming. "A remote sensing approach to biodiversity assessment and regionalization of the Canadian boreal forest." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 37, no. 1 (August 24, 2012): 36–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133312457405.
Full textAbstract:
Successful conservation planning for the Canadian boreal forest requires biodiversity data that are both accessible and reliable. Spatially exhaustive data is required to inform on conditions, trends and context, with context enabling consideration of conservation opportunities and related trade-offs. However, conventional methods for measuring biodiversity, while useful, are spatially constrained, making it difficult to apply over wide geographic regions. Increasingly, remotely sensed imagery and methods are seen as a viable approach for acquiring explicit, repeatable and multi-scale biodiversity data over large areas. To identify relevant remotely derived environmental indicators specific to biodiversity within the Canadian boreal forest, we assessed indicators of the physical environment such as seasonal snow cover, topography and vegetation production. Specifically, we determined if the indicators provided distinct information and whether they were useful predictors of species richness (tree, mammal, bird and butterfly species). Using cluster analysis, we also assessed the applicability of these indicators for broad ecosystem classification of the Canadian boreal forest and the subsequent attribution of these stratified regions (i.e. clusters). Our results reveal that the indicators used in the cluster creation provided unique information and explained much of the variance in tree (92.6%), bird (84.07%), butterfly (61.4%) and mammal (22.6%) species richness. Spring snow cover explained the most variance in species richness. Results further show that the 15 clusters produced using cluster analysis were principally stratified along a latitudinal gradient and, while varied in size, captured a range of different environmental conditions across the Canadian boreal forest. The most important indicators for discriminating between the different cluster groups were seasonal greenness, a multipart measure of climate, topography and land use, and wetland cover, a measure of the percentage of wetland within a 1 km2 cell.
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Matthews, Roger, and Claudia Glatz. "The historical geography of north-central Anatolia in the Hittite period: texts and archaeology in concert." Anatolian Studies 59 (December 2009): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600000879.
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AbstractIn this paper we deploy both archaeological evidence, principally from survey, as well as topographic textual evidence in an integrated attempt to localise a broad range of place-names attested in the Hittite period of the Late Bronze Age. The geographical focus is on the north-central region of Anatolia, particularly relating to the survey area of Inner Paphlagonia. Investigated toponyms include rivers, mountains, regions and settlement names. By these means we aim to situate the recurrent Hittite-Kaska conflict of the Late Bronze Age more firmly within its physical environment.
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Parlindungan Tambunan, Mangapul. "Characteristic of rainfall in the flood period in DKI Jakarta in 1996, 2002, and 2007." MATEC Web of Conferences 229 (2018): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822902012.
Full textAbstract:
Spatial and temporal studies of rain characteristics were carried out in DKI Jakarta. This study aims to: assess the rain characteristic as the cause of flood in DKI Jakarta. Flood is studied from geography using a spatial approach. The data collection of the physical condition of the landform is obtained through interpretation of Topographic Map, Geological Map, and RBI Map. Data on flood areas (area, depth, and length) were obtained from survey and flood incident data obtained from Kimpraswil (PU) of DKI Jakarta, and West Java, rain data obtained from BMKG. The analysis of spreading and spatial distribution is done spatially and temporally using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, while rain analysis is done descriptively on a scale of 1: 50,000. The results of the research suggest that there are differences and similarities of rainy anomalies in the prone areas of flooding in DKI Jakarta.
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Foxhall, Katherine. "Interpreting the Tropical Atlantic Climate: Diaries from the Mid-Nineteenth-Century Australian Voyage." Weather, Climate, and Society 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010wcas1029.1.
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Abstract This article analyses representations of the tropical Atlantic and its climate in diaries written during sailing voyages from Britain to the Australian colonies in the middle third of the nineteenth century. It argues that writers employed a wide range of formal and informal knowledge about weather and climate to evaluate the physical experience of sailing through the maritime tropics. These interpretive frames include geographical conventions of latitude and longitude, colonial medical topography, natural observation, sailor’s expertise, maritime culture, and literary tropes. The article’s exploration of vernacular knowledge in an underexplored social and geographic context makes two contributions: first, to historical and geographical discussions about the distinction between expertise and belief and second, to recent attempts to emphasize the material importance of the ocean in an unprecedented era of industrial, scientific, and colonial expansion.
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SALVAT, MONTSERRAT, MARTA VIGO, HELEN MACBETH, and JAUME BERTRANPETIT. "SEASONALITY OF MARRIAGES IN SPANISH AND FRENCH PARISHES IN THE CERDANYA VALLEY, EASTERN PYRENEES." Journal of Biosocial Science 29, no. 1 (January 1997): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932097000515.
Full textAbstract:
The Cerdanya valley in the eastern Pyrenees has a physical unity into which a political frontier has been imposed to divide it. The social and cultural repercussions of this Franco-Spanish border have created obstacles to marriage which are not due to topography. Choice of month of marriage is under cultural control and the study of seasonality in marriages recorded in the registers of all the Cerdan parishes on both sides of the border demonstrated differences over time and between French and Spanish sectors. It is suggested that these changes demonstrate the process of distancing of the two populations. Cluster and correspondence analysis showed progressive differentiation of the seasonality patterns of the French and Spanish Cerdans despite the geographic unity of the valley. Sociocultural factors are presumed responsible.
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Al-Areeq, Ahmed M., Muhammad A. Al-Zahrani, and Hatim O. Sharif. "The Performance of Physically Based and Conceptual Hydrologic Models: A Case Study for Makkah Watershed, Saudi Arabia." Water 13, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081098.
Full textAbstract:
Population growth and land use modification in urban areas require the use of accurate tools for rainfall-runoff modeling, especially where the topography is complex. The recent improvement in the quality and resolution of remotely sensed precipitation satisfies a major need for such tools. A physically-based, fully distributed hydrologic model and a conceptual semi-distributed model, forced by satellite rainfall estimates, were used to simulate flooding events in a very arid, rapidly urbanizing watershed in Saudi Arabia. Observed peak discharge for two flood events was used to compare hydrographs simulated by the two models, one for calibration and one for validation. To further explore the effect of watershed heterogeneity, the hydrographs produced by three implementations of the conceptual were compared against each other and against the output of the physically-based model. The results showed the ability of the distributed models to capture the effect of the complex topography and variability of land use and soils of the watershed. In general, the GSSHA model required less calibration and performed better than HEC-HMS. This study confirms that the semi-distributed HEC-HMS model cannot be used without calibration, while the GSSHA model can be the best option in the case of a lack of data. Although the two models showed good agreement at the calibration point, there were significant differences in the runoff, discharge, and infiltration values at interior points of the watershed.
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Ristya, Yoanna, Hayati Sari Hasibuan, and Rissalwan Habdy Lubis. "Analysis of physical dimensions in tsunami disaster resilience in Tanjung Lesung Special Economic Zone, Indonesia." Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 10, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 3809. http://dx.doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2022.101.3809.
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The Tanjung Lesung Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a tourism area close to faults and active volcanoes. This location causes the Tanjung Lesung SEZ to have a high tsunami threat. In 2018, this area became an area affected by the Sunda Strait tsunami, which caused various losses, including casualties. This study aimed to examine the physical characteristics of the Tanjung Lesung coastal area, which has a tsunami threat. The physical characteristics in the research are elements that can affect the resilience of the tsunami disaster on the Tanjung Lesung coast. These include land use, topography, evacuation routes, and settlement conditions. This study used primary and secondary data obtained through government agencies and a field survey in 2021. The overlay analysis method on GIS was used to provide a spatial explanation of the physical characteristics of tsunami-prone areas. The study results showed that shrubs, a slope of 2-15%, and a height of 5-25 m above sea level dominate the area with the category of dangerous and very dangerous levels. The results also explained that there are settlements with wooden wall structures and cement floors located in very dangerous areas (with an area of 32.06 ha) and dangerous areas (with an area of 11.62 ha). Based on the analysis, there are three distinct categories in the research area. All three categories require coastal boundary planning that considers the tsunami threat to increase disaster resilience. The research results can be used to increase disaster resilience or spatial planning in coastal areas.
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Utama, Pramudya Bagas. "Mapping of Landslide Areas Using Geographic Information Systems In Kebonharjo Kulon Progo Regency." JOURNAL OF INFORMATICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 5, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jite.v5i2.6205.
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Indonesia is a country that is surrounded by a ring of volcanoes or commonly known as a ring of fire, the implication is there are many disaster caused by tectonic processes such as collisions between plates, earthquakes, and landslides. Landslides are disaster that often occur in Indonesia, especially the study area in Kebonharjo Village. Disaster events cause damage to both the physical and non-physical environment. The mapping of the area used the Geographic Information System method based on actual data provided by the Regional Disaster Management Agency of Kulon Progo Regency in the form of hamlet areas that are prone to landslides and areas that occur landslide disaster. Other data is data from the Geospatial Information Agency to facilitate direct observation and mapping in the research field. The method used is a survey method with a quantitative and qualitative analysis approach. Qualitative analysis was carried out using the method of analyzing the topography and geomorphology of the research area. Quantitative analysis was carried out based on landforms classified with aspects of slope, rock type, soil type, and rainfall intensity. The results of the analysis of these data will produce a landslide hazard map in the research area as a reference that can be used by the local government to determine appropriate environmental management strategies and policies in Kebonharjo Village.