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Journal articles on the topic 'Physical geology Frontier formation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Thompson, Karsten E., Clinton S. Willson, Christopher D. White, Stephanie Nyman, Janok P. Bhattacharya, and Allen H. Reed. "Application of a New Grain-Based Reconstruction Algorithm to Microtomography Images for Quantitative Characterization and Flow Modeling." SPE Journal 13, no. 02 (June 1, 2008): 164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/95887-pa.

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Summary X-ray computed microtomography (XMT) is used for high-resolution, nondestructive imaging and has been applied successfully to geologic media. Despite the potential of XMT to aid in formation evaluation, currently it is used mostly as a research tool. One factor preventing more widespread application of XMT technology is limited accessibility to microtomography beamlines. Another factor is that computational tools for quantitative image analysis have not kept pace with the imaging technology itself. In this paper, we present a new grain-based algorithm used for network generation. The algorithm differs from other approaches because it uses the granular structure of the material as a template for creating the pore network rather than operating on the voxel set directly. With this algorithm, several advantages emerge: the algorithm is significantly faster computationally, less dependent on image resolution, and the network structure is tied to the fundamental granular structure of the material. In this paper, we present extensive validation of the algorithm using computer-generated packings. These analyses provide guidance on issues such as accuracy and voxel resolution. The algorithm is applied to two sandstone samples taken from different facies of the Frontier Formation in Wyoming, USA, and imaged using synchrotron XMT. Morphologic and flow-modeling results are presented. Introduction Subsurface transport processes such as oil and gas production are multiscale processes. The pore scale governs many physical and chemical interactions and is the appropriate characteristic scale for the fundamental governing equations. The continuum scale is used for most core or laboratory scale measurements (e.g., Darcy velocity, phase saturation, and bulk capillary pressure). The field scale is the relevant scale for production and reservoir simulation. Multiscale modeling strategies aim to address these complexities by integrating the various length scales. While pore-scale modeling is an essential component of multiscale modeling, quantitative methods are not as well-developed as their continuum-scale counterparts. Hence, pore-scale modeling represents a weak link in current multiscale techniques. The most fundamental approach for pore-scale modeling is direct solution of the equations of motion (along with other relevant conservation equations), which can be performed using a number of numerical techniques. The finite-element method is the most general approach in terms of the range of fluid and solid mechanics problems that can be addressed. Finite-difference and finite-volume methods are more widely used in the computational fluid dynamics community. The boundary element method is very well suited for low-Reynolds number flow of Newtonian fluids (including multiphase flows). Finally, the lattice-Boltzmann method has been favored in the porous-media community because it easily adapts to the complex geometries found in natural materials. A less rigorous approach is network modeling, which gives an approximate solution to the governing equations. It requires discretization of the pore space into pores and pore throats, and transport is modeled by imposing conservation equations at the pore scale. Network modeling involves two levels of approximation. The first is the representation of the complex, continuous void space as discrete pores and throats. The second is the approximation to the fluid mechanics when solving the governing equations within the networks. The positive tradeoff for these significant simplifications is the ability to model transport over orders-of-magnitude larger characteristic scales than is possible with direct solutions of the equations of motion. Consequently, the two approaches (rigorous modeling of the conservation equations vs. network modeling) have complementary roles in the overall context of multiscale modeling. Direct methods will remain essential for studying first-principles behavior and subpore-scale processes such as diffusion boundary layers during surface reactions, while network modeling will provide the best avenue for capturing larger characteristic scales (which is necessary for modeling the pore-to-continuum-scale transition). This research addresses one of the significant hurdles for quantitative network modeling: the use of high-resolution imaging of real materials for quantitative flow modeling. We focus in particular on XMT to obtain 3D pore-scale images, and present a new technique for direct mapping of the XMT data onto networks for quantitative modeling. This direct mapping (in contrast to the generation of statistically equivalent networks) ensures that subtle spatial correlations present in the original material are retained in the network structure.
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Willis, Bhattacharya, Gabel, and White. "Architecture of a tide-influenced river delta in the Frontier Formation of central Wyoming, USA." Sedimentology 46, no. 4 (August 1999): 667–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.1999.00239.x.

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Zhang, D. D., Y. Zhang, A. Zhu, and X. Cheng. "Physical Mechanisms of River Waterfall Tufa (Travertine) Formation." Journal of Sedimentary Research 71, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/061600710205.

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Li, Yaoguo, Aline Melo, Cericia Martinez, and Jiajia Sun. "Geology differentiation: A new frontier in quantitative geophysical interpretation in mineral exploration." Leading Edge 38, no. 1 (January 2019): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle38010060.1.

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Geophysics aims to image subsurface geologic structure and identify different geologic units. While the former has dominated the interpretation of applied geophysical data, the latter has received much less attention. This appears to have persisted despite applications such as those in mineral exploration that inherently rely on the inference of geologic units from geophysical and geologic observations. In practice, such activities are routinely carried out in a qualitative manner. Thus, it is meaningful to examine this aspect and to develop a system of quantitative approaches to identify different geologic units. The development of geophysical inversions in the last three decades makes such interpretation tools possible. We refer to this newly emerging direction as geology differentiation and the resultant representation of geology model as a quasi-geology model. In this article, we will provide an overview of the historical background of geology differentiation and the current developments based on physical property inversions of geophysical data sets. We argue that integrating multiple physical property models to differentiate and characterize geologic units and work with the derived quasi-geology model may lead to a step change in maximizing the value of geophysical inversions.
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Mason, Nigel J., Binukumar Nair, Sohan Jheeta, and Ewelina Szymańska. "Electron induced chemistry: a new frontier in astrochemistry." Faraday Discuss. 168 (2014): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00004h.

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The commissioning of the ALMA array and the next generation of space telescopes heralds the dawn of a new age of Astronomy, in which the role of chemistry in the interstellar medium and in star and planet formation may be quantified. A vital part of these studies will be to determine the molecular complexity in these seemingly hostile regions and explore how molecules are synthesised and survive. The current hypothesis is that many of these species are formed within the ice mantles on interstellar dust grains with irradiation by UV light or cosmic rays stimulating chemical reactions. However, such irradiation releases many secondary electrons which may themselves induce chemistry. In this article we discuss the potential role of such electron induced chemistry and demonstrate, through some simple experiments, the rich molecular synthesis that this may lead to.
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La Fontaine, Nathan M., Tuan Le, Todd Hoffman, and Michael H. Hofmann. "Integrated outcrop and subsurface geomodeling of the Turonian Wall Creek Member of the Frontier Formation, Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA." Marine and Petroleum Geology 125 (March 2021): 104795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104795.

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Li, J. Z., S. E. Laubach, J. F. W. Gale, and R. A. Marrett. "Quantifying opening-mode fracture spatial organization in horizontal wellbore image logs, core and outcrop: Application to Upper Cretaceous Frontier Formation tight gas sandstones, USA." Journal of Structural Geology 108 (March 2018): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.07.005.

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DITCHFIELD, P. W., E. WHITFIELD, T. VINCENT, T. PLUMMER, D. BRAUN, A. DEINO, F. HERTEL, J. S. OLIVER, J. LOUYS, and L. C. BISHOP. "Geochronology and physical context of Oldowan site formation at Kanjera South, Kenya." Geological Magazine 156, no. 07 (September 12, 2018): 1190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756818000602.

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AbstractOldowan sites in primary geological context are rare in the archaeological record. Here we describe the depositional environment of Oldowan occurrences at Kanjera South, Kenya, based on field descriptions and granulometric analysis. Excavations have recovered a large Oldowan artefact sample as well as the oldest substantial sample of archaeological fauna. The deposits at Kanjera South consist of 30 m of fluvial, colluvial and lacustrine sediments. Magneto- and biostratigraphy indicate the Kanjera South Member of the Kanjera Formation was deposited during 2.3–1.92 Ma, with 2.0 Ma being a likely age for the archaeological occurrences. Oldowan artefacts and associated fauna were deposited in the colluvial and alluvial silts and sands of beds KS1–3, in the margins of a lake basin. Field descriptions and granulometric analysis of the sediment fine fraction indicate that sediments from within the main archaeological horizon were emplaced as a combination of tractional and hyperconcentrated flows with limited evidence of debris-flow deposition. This style of deposition is unlikely to significantly erode or disturb the underlying surface, and therefore promotes preservation of surface archaeological accumulations. Hominins were repeatedly attracted to the site locale, and rapid sedimentation, minimal bone weathering and an absence of bone or artefact rounding further indicate that fossils and artefacts were quickly buried.
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Hutsky, Andrew J., and Christopher R. Fielding. "The Offshore Bar Revisited: A New Depositional Model For Isolated Shallow Marine Sandstones In the Cretaceous Frontier Formation of the Northern Uinta Basin, Utah, U.S.A." Journal of Sedimentary Research 86, no. 1 (January 2016): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2015.101.

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Anyiam, Uzonna Okenna, and Emmanuel Uzuegbu. "3D seismic attribute-assisted stratigraphic framework and depositional setting characterization of frontier Miocene to Pliocene aged Agbada Formation reservoirs, deep offshore Niger Delta Basin." Marine and Petroleum Geology 122 (December 2020): 104636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104636.

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11

ZHU, MAOYAN, and XIAN-HUA LI. "Introduction: from snowball Earth to the Cambrian explosion–evidence from China." Geological Magazine 154, no. 6 (October 27, 2017): 1187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756817000644.

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The Neoproterozoic–Palaeozoic transition (NPT) around 600 Ma ago was a critical time interval when the Earth experienced fundamental change, manifested as climatic extremes – ‘snowball Earth’ – followed by the emergence and rapid diversification of animals – ‘Cambrian explosion’. How animals and environments co-evolved, and what caused these fundamental changes to the Earth system during the NPT, is a great scientific puzzle, which has been a rapidly developing frontier of interdisciplinary research between bio- and geosciences. South China preserves a complete stratigraphic succession of the NPT developed in various facies ranging from shallow to deep marine realms with extraordinarily well-preserved, successive fossil biotas in various taphonomic settings (Zhu, 2010; Fig. 1), making it a key area and global focus of studies in the field over recent decades. Indeed, the current narrative of early animal evolution has largely been based on the fossil biotas from South China. These include: (1) the world's oldest microscopic animal fossils with cellular details from the early Ediacaran Weng'an biota (Doushantuo Formation); (2) putative macroscopic animal fossils preserved as carbonaceous imprints from the early Ediacaran Lantian, Wenghui and Miaohe biotas (also Doushantuo Formation); (3) typical late Ediacaran faunas, preserved in dark limestone (Shibantan biota) and as large and poorly mineralized tubular animal fossils (Gaojiashan biota), both from the Dengying Formation; (4) phosphatized small shelly and soft-bodied animal fossils from the early Cambrian Meishucun and Kuanchuanpu faunas; and (5) Cambrian fossil Lagerstätten (Chengjiang, Guanshan and Kaili faunas) with typical Burgess Shale-type soft-bodied preservation.
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Jones, Tucker. "Spatially resolved spectroscopy of lensed galaxies in the Frontier Fields." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29B (August 2015): 772–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316006773.

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AbstractThe Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS) has obtained slitless near-infrared spectroscopy of 10 galaxy clusters selected for their strong lensing properties, including all six Hubble Frontier Fields. Slitless grism spectra are ideal for mapping emission lines such as [O ii], [O iii], and Hα at z=1–3. The combination of strong gravitational lensing and Hubble's diffraction limit provides excellent sensitivity with spatial resolution as fine as 100 pc for highly magnified sources, and ~500 pc for less magnified sources near the edge of the field of view. The GLASS survey represents the largest spectroscopic sample with such high resolution at z > 1. GLASS and Hubble Frontier Field data provide the distribution of stellar mass, star formation, gas-phase metallicity, and other aspects of the physical structure of high redshift galaxies, reaching stellar masses as low as ~107 M⊙ at z=2. I discuss precise measurements of these physical properties and implications for galaxy evolution.
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13

Lorenz, J. C., R. L. Billingsley, and L. W. Evans. "Permeability Reduction by Pyrobitumen, Mineralization, and Stress Along Large Natural Fractures in Sandstones at 18,300-ft Depth: Destruction of a Reservoir." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 1, no. 01 (February 1, 1998): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/36655-pa.

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Summary Gas production from the Frontier formation at 18,300-ft depth in the Frewen Deep #4 well, eastern Green River basin (Wyoming), was uneconomic despite the presence of three sets of numerous, partially open, vertical natural fractures. Production dropped from 360 Mcf/D to 140 Mcf/D during a 10-day production test, and the well was abandoned. Examination of the fractures in the core suggests several possible reasons for this poor production. One factor is the presence of mineralization in the fractures. Another more important factor is that the remnant porosity left in the fractures by partial mineralization is commonly plugged with an overmature hydrocarbon residue (pyrobitumen). Reorientation of the in-situ horizontal compressive stress to a trend normal to the main fractures, which now acts to close fracture apertures during reservoir drawdown, is also an important factor. Introduction The Frewen Deep #4 well is located in Sweetwater county, southwestern Wyoming (Section 13 of Township 19 North, Range 95 West). The target of the well was natural gas from sandstones of the Frontier formation (Fig. 1) at a depth of approximately 18,300 ft. The Frontier formation consists of Cretaceous-age sandstones and shales. The main reservoir sandstone is about 40-ft thick at this location, with thick over- and underlying shales. Amoco Production Co. formed the Frewen Deep Unit in 1988. Its purpose was to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential of the Cretaceous sedimentary section in a 16 sq miles area on the south flank of the Wamsutter Arch. This arch trends WNW-ESE and divides the eastern Green River basin into two subbasins, the Great Divide basin to the north and the Washakie basin to the south (Fig. 2A). The Cretaceous sedimentary section is commonly productive in stratigraphic traps along the crestal portion of the Wamsutter Arch, as in the Echo Springs-Standard Draw and Wamsutter fields. The Frewen Deep Unit was formed to explore for deeper production in the Lakota formation. The initial unit well, the Frewen Deep #1, was drilled to a total depth of 19,299 ft on a southward-plunging, fault-related anticline. It was completed in the Lakota formation, but extended production tests from this zone indicated noncommercial rates. Shows had been observed while drilling through the Frontier formation to the deeper horizon, and this zone was targeted for testing. Unfortunately, the wellbore became mechanically unusable during the course of moving uphole to test the Frontier. Mechanical problems associated with the great depth, problems with the completion fluids, as well as problems with the casing integrity in this well were grounds for the decision to evaluate the formation in a completely new well. The Frewen Deep #4 well was drilled as a replacement, offset 600 ft from the #1 well (Fig. 2B). Much of the Frontier formation in the #4 well was cored with good recovery (86 ft), even though the core contains numerous partially mineralized vertical natural fractures. The fractures have obvious open porosity at depth (Fig. 3), with bridgings of mineralization holding open apertures locally up to 5 mm wide. Four fracture sets, based on character and strike, were differentiated in the core. These included three sets of irregular but numerous natural fractures, designated F1, F2, and F3 in order of their formation (based on observed cross-cutting relationships). The 86 ft of core had been slabbed and extensively sampled before our study, and the fractures themselves are commonly multistranded. Both of these factors make exact fracture counts difficult to obtain. Pervasive fracturing of the core suggests that the reservoir must be highly fractured, although the actual data set consists of approximately 10 F1 fractures, eight F2 fractures, and two F3 fractures. Fracture heights along the vertical axis of the core range from a maximum of about 4 ft for the F1 fractures down to several inches for F3 fractures. A fourth set of fractures consists of 30 regularly spaced, coring-induced1 petal fractures striking parallel to each other and to the F3 fractures. Gas in the drilling mud and the presence of open fractures seemed to promise significant gas production, but the initial production rate was not high and declined precipitously to an uneconomic level. We analyzed the natural and coring-induced fractures in the Frewen core during this study to assess the possible reasons for the low and declining production despite the presence of significant natural fracturing in the reservoir. This paper documents the conclusions from the core study and also offers an interpretation for the origin of these unusual fractures. Well History and Reservoir Properties. The Frewen Deep #4 well was spudded on 18 October 1990 and reached a total depth of 18,600 ft on 3 March 1991. Three separate conventional cores (totaling 86 ft recovered) were taken through the Frontier formation. Horizontal Dean Stark air permeabilities were measured at each foot in the sandstone core; 61 measurements yielded an average permeability of 0.007 md (range 0 to 1.23 md), an average porosity of 3.7% (range 0.8 to 7.1%), and a flow capacity of 1.7 md-ft. Geophysical logs were collected over the objective interval, including induction and neutron/density suites. Mud weight at total depth was in excess of 15 ppg, indicating a pressure of approximately 14,489 psi (minimum) at the reservoir level. Shows of gas requiring the use of a gas buster to de-gas the mud began at 18,225 ft and continued during coring operations. Shows periodically supported 10- to 20-ft (estimated) flares. Below 18,380 ft, the mud did not require de-gassing to remain manageable and control the well. Multiple sets of casing were set in anticipation of high pressures: we set 13 3/8-in. surface casing at 2,358 ft, 9 5/8-in. intermediate casing at 10,835 ft, and 51/2-in. casing at 18,114 ft before initiating coring operations. A 5-in. liner set from 18,114 to 18,593 ft completed the casing of the well. Each of the casing and liner strings was cemented in place and an acceptable bond was achieved. Completion operations began on 23 April 1991 when the well was perforated from 18,316 to 18,344 ft with 6 shots per foot, 6,000 psi underbalanced. The well did not flow. Swabbing was required to achieve a 15 to 20 Mcf/D flow rate for 7 days. Subsequently, we performed a CO2 breakdown, with 110 tons CO2 pumped at 8.5 bbl/min into 14,400 psi tubing pressure. The well flowed back CO2 and gas at a rate of 500 Mcf/D (>25% CO2) and was shut in preparatory to flow testing and bottomhole pressure buildup.
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Hutsky, Andrew J., Christopher R. Fielding, and Tracy D. Frank. "Evidence for a petroleum subsystem in the Frontier Formation of the Uinta–Piceance Basin petroleum province." AAPG Bulletin 100, no. 06 (June 2016): 1033–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/02101615013.

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Wang, Yu Jing, and Jiao Wang. "Discovery of Bioclastic Dolostone in the Second Member of Shahejie Formation in Bozhong Depression." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.117.

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Reservoir quality is the key for the petroleum exploration for middle-deep formation in the Bozhong Depression because the middle-deep reservoir is with the characteristics of big burial depth and poor physical property which is difficult to predict, but the physical property of dolostone reservoir (includes bioclastic dolostone and terrigenous clastic dolostone) is significant better than that of the clastic reservoir in the same depth in the second member of Shahejie Formation of QHD36-3 oil field, which could be one of the frontier for high production reservoir exploration. The paper concludes that the development of dolostone is mainly controlled by paleogeomorphology and paleo water depth as well as the distance from the source area. Building up the related sedimentary pattern is good for the exploration aiming at bioclasti dolostone and terrigenous clastic dolostone reservoir.
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Noguchi, Yasuo, Hiroshi Tabuchi, and Hitoshi Hasegawa. "Physical Factors Controlling the Formation of Patterned Ground on Haleakala, Maui." Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography 69, no. 2 (1987): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/521193.

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Noguchi, Yasuo, Hiroshi Tabuchi, and Hitoshi Hasegawa. "Physical Factors Controlling the Formation of Patterned Ground on Haleakala, Maui." Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 69, no. 2 (August 1987): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04353676.1987.11880219.

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FAN, Yiren, Junchen WU, Fei WU, Cancan ZHOU, and Chaoliu LI. "A new physical simulation system of drilling mud invasion in formation module." Petroleum Exploration and Development 44, no. 1 (February 2017): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1876-3804(17)30016-2.

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Dayal, Pratika. "Early galaxy formation and its large-scale effects." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 15, S352 (June 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921320001106.

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AbstractGalaxy formation in the first billion years mark a time of great upheaval in the history of the Universe: the first galaxies started both the ‘metal age’ as well as the era of cosmic reionization. I will start by reviewing the dust production mechanisms and dust masses for high-redshift galaxies which will be revolutionized in the ALMA era. I will then show how the JWST will be an invaluable experiment to shed light on the impact of reionization feedback on early galaxy formation. As we look forward towards the era of 21cm cosmology, I will highlight the crucial and urgent synergies required between 21cm facilities (such as the SKA) and galaxy experiments (JWST, E-ELT and Subaru to name a few) to understand the physics of the epoch of reionization that remains a crucial frontier in the field of astrophysics and physical cosmology. Time permitting, I will try to give a flavour of how the assembly of early galaxies, accessible with the forthcoming JWST, can provide a powerful testbed for Dark Matter models beyond ‘Cold Dark Matter’.
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20

Fabricius, Ida L. "Chalk: composition, diagenesis and physical properties." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 55 (December 3, 2007): 97–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2007-55-08.

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Chalk is a sedimentary rock of unusually high homogeneity on the scale where physical propertiesare measured, but the properties fall in wide ranges. Chalk may thus be seen as the ideal starting point for a physical understanding of rocks in general. Properties as porosity, permeability, capillary entry pressure, and elastic moduli are consequences of primary sediment composition and ofsubsequent diagenetic history as caused by microbial action, burial stress, temperature, and porepressure. Porosity is a main determining factor for other properties. For a given porosity, the specific surface of the sediment controls permeability and capillary entry pressure. As diagenesis progresses, the specific surface is less and less due to the calcite component and more and more due to the fine-grained silicates, as a reflection of the coarsening and cementation of the calcite crystals. The elastic moduli, which define sonic velocity, are for a given porosity mainly controlled be the degree of pore-stiffening cementation, which may be quantified by effective medium modeling. Diagenetic processes include mechanical compaction, pore-stiffening cementation, dissolution,and pore-filling cementation. Processes involving clay, silica, and calcite are interlinked, but progress differently in different localities. This partly depends on primary sediment composition, including organic content, which may induce the formation of concretions by microbial action. The diagenetic processes also depend on water depth, rate of burial, and over-pressuring. These factors cause the stress, temperature and pore-pressure to increase at different rates during burial in different localities.
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Snachev, V. I., A. V. Snachev, and M. V. Rykus. "GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONDITIONS OF CHASHKOVSKY MASSIF GRASITOIDS FORMATION AND THEIR METALLOGENIC SPECIALIZATION." Petroleum Engineering 17, no. 2 (May 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ngdelo-2019-2-33-41.

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Sobolev, V. V., O. S. Kovrov, M. M. Nalisko, N. V. Bilan, and O. A. Tereshkova. "Compound physical and mechanical effects stimulating metastable diamond formation." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 4 (2021): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-4/047.

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Purpose. To synthesize diamond polycrystals in a thermodynamically stable region, and to grow up a single crystal shell under conditions of thermodynamic metastability. To investigate some physical properties and features of the internal structure for synthesized single crystals for the development of new models and hypotheses regarding the issue of diamond genesis. Methodology. Experimental studies using shock-wave effects on a metal alloy containing non-diamond carbon. Methods of infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy, X-ray phase analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance, isotope analysis, differential thermal analysis, electron microscopy, and others are used. The synthesis of nanocrystalline diamond particles as nuclei for growing single crystals is carried out by the shock-wave method using profiled shock waves. Findings. A complex of physicochemical methods for studying the grown diamond monocrystals has been carried out. The reasons for the discrete growth of diamond and the retention of the central inclusion (a polycrystalline diamond of shock-wave origin) in the process of growth have been established and analyzed. It is shown that the discreteness of diamond formation is characteristic only for thermodynamically metastable conditions. The results of the experiments give grounds to make an assumption about the metastable growth, including of diamonds from primary deposits. Originality. The hypothesis has been developed concerning the origin of diamond nanoparticles in interstellar carbon clouds which refer exclusively to central polycrystalline inclusions in a monocrystal diamond shell. The hypothesis eliminates the scientific contradiction that arises in all cases when attempts are made to interpret the natural discreteness of diamond formation based on the regularities of the graphite-diamond state diagram. Possible causes of discrete diamond formation in nature and the scenario of the formation of diamond nanocrystals in an interstellar cloud of atomic carbon have been considered. Practical value. The value of the experimental research results refers to the development of a non-energy-intensive technology for the growing large diamond monocrystals at temperatures of 5001400 K, and pressures of 105107 Pa.
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Snachev, Vladimir I., Aleksandr V. Snachev, and Boris A. Puzhakov. "Geology, physical-chemical and geodynamic conditions for the formation of Sokolovsk and Krasnokamensk granitoid massifs (South Ural)." Georesursy 23, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2021.1.9.

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The article describes the geological structure of the Sokolovsk and Krasnokamensk massifs located in the central part of the Western subzone of the Chelyabinsk-Adamovka zone of the Southern Urals. They are of Lower Carboniferous age and break through the volcanogenic-sedimentary deposits of the Krasnokamensk (D3kr) and Bulatovo (S1-D1bl) strata. It was found that these intrusions belong to the gabbro-syenite complex and are composed of gabbroids (phase I) and syenites, quartz monzonites, less often monzodiorites (phase II). The rocks of the second phase predominate (90–95%). Gabbros belong to the normal alkaline series of the sodium series and are close to tholeiitic mafic rocks, the formation of which is associated with riftogenic structures; syenites correspond to moderately alkaline series with K-Na type of alkalinity. It has been proved that in terms of their petrographic, petrochemical, geochemical, and metallogenic features (content of TiO2, K2O, Na2O, Rb, Sr, distribution of REE, the presence of skarn-magnetic mineralization), the rocks of the massifs under consideration undoubtedly belong to the gabbro-granite formation. Crystallization of the Sokolovsk and Krasnokamensk intrusions occurred at a temperature of 880–930 °С in the mesoabyssal zone at a depth of about 7–8 km (P = 2.2–2.4 kbar). At the postmagmatic stage, the transformation parameters of the initially igneous rocks were, respectively, T = 730–770 °C, P = 4.0–4.2 kbar. The fact that these massifs belong to the gabbro-granite formation makes it possible to include them, together with Bolshakovsk, Klyuchevsky, Kurtmaksky and Kambulatovo, into the Chelyabinsk-Adamovka segment of the South Ural Early Carboniferous rift system.
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Lee, Keumsuk, Xiaoxian Zeng, George A. McMechan, Charles D. Howell, Janok P. Bhattacharya, Fanny Marcy, and Cornel Olariu. "A ground-penetrating radar survey of a delta-front reservoir analog in the Wall Creek Member, Frontier Formation, Wyoming." AAPG Bulletin 89, no. 9 (September 2005): 1139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/042705040106.

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Yan, Xin, Hongyue Sun, Zhongxuan Chen, Feixiang Shuai, Zhenlei Wei, and Yiqing Xu. "Physical experimental study on the formation mechanism of pockmark by aeration." Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 38, no. 3 (April 23, 2019): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1064119x.2019.1571539.

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TESTA, VIVIANE, and DANIEL W. J. BOSENCE. "Physical and biological controls on the formation of carbonate and siliciclastic bedforms on the north‐east Brazilian shelf." Sedimentology 46, no. 2 (April 1999): 279–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.1999.00213.x.

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LEÃO, M. F., E. V. BARROSO, H. POLIVANOV, E. A. G. MARQUES, E. A. VARGAS JR, and V. D. FIGUEIREDO. "Mineralogical, Chemical and Physical Aspects of Phyllite Weathering Front of Batatal Formation, Quadrilátero Ferrífero." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências - UFRJ 40, no. 3 (December 10, 2017): 398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2017_3_398_406.

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Roberson, Sam, Bryn Hubbard, Hayley R. Coulson, and Ian Boomer. "Physical properties and formation of flutes at a polythermal valley glacier: midre lovénbreen, svalbard." Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 93, no. 2 (June 2011): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2011.00420.x.

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Dionizio, Emily, and Marcos Costa. "Influence of Land Use and Land Cover on Hydraulic and Physical Soil Properties at the Cerrado Agricultural Frontier." Agriculture 9, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9010024.

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Western Bahia is one of the most active agricultural frontiers in the world, which raises concern about its natural resources conservation, especially regarding water availability. This study evaluated the influence of five different land uses and land covers on physical and hydraulic soil properties, and developed pedotransfer functions to derive regional hydraulic properties. Significant changes between physical and hydraulic soil properties under agricultural areas and under natural vegetation cover were found, reinforcing that agricultural activity may influence the soil water balance. Cerrado and Forest formation areas have higher infiltration rates ( K s a t ) compared to managed areas, with average values of 16.29 cm h−1, and 14.47 cm h−1, while irrigated croplands, rainfed croplands and pasture areas have much smaller infiltration rates, with K s a t equal to 3.01 cm h−1, 6.22 cm h−1 and 5.01 cm h−1, respectively. Our results suggest that the agriculture practices do not directly affect the vertical nature of hydrological flowpath, except in the case of intensive irrigated agriculture areas, where K s a t reduction can lead to erosive processes favoring organic matter losses, and decreases in productivity and soil quality. Impacts of land use change on hydraulic and physical soil properties are a reality in the Cerrado agriculture frontier and there is an urgent need to monitor how these changes occur over time to develop effective mitigation strategies of soil and water conservation.
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Nesbit, Jeffrey S. "The American spaceport and the power of cultural imaginaries." European Journal of American Culture 39, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ejac_00033_1.

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Cape Canaveral, the site of the American space programme launch complex located on the coast of Central Florida, has both a deep history in technological innovation and has been the place for architecturally imagining the new frontier of civilization. The range and trajectory of this new extraterrestrial frontier today resides within this once remote wilderness at the ends of architecture – both at the ends of a disciplinary formation and the physical site that enables the departure from Earth. Cultural imaginaries, collective forms created by culture, such as images relating to the assumed efficiencies of space exploration, construct a political desire for departing the Earth, yet rely heavily on architectural and infrastructural devices that are soon left abandoned on our terrestrial surface. This article moves from the geographic space of the late nineteenth century to the celebrated technological objects of NASA’s Apollo 11 programme for reaching the moon. By tracking the range, escape and return of the Apollo programmes’ constructed environment, the American spaceport reveals an invisible wilderness as an architectural aesthetic formed out of the cultural imagination in the early twenty-first century.
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Jiang, Fuwei. "Criteria of sinkhole formation in soils from physical models." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 79, no. 7 (March 18, 2020): 3833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-01768-0.

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Damdinova, Ludmila, and Bulat Damdinov. "Tungsten Ores of the Dzhida W-Mo Ore Field (Southwestern Transbaikalia, Russia): Mineral Composition and Physical-Chemical Conditions of Formation." Minerals 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070725.

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This article discusses the peculiarities of mineral composition and a fluid inclusions (FIs further in the text) study of the Kholtoson W and Inkur W deposits located within the Dzhida W-Mo ore field (Southwestern Transbaikalia, Russia). The Mo mineralization spatially coincides with the apical part of the Pervomaisky stock (Pervomaisky deposit), and the W mineralization forms numerous quartz veins in the western part of the ore field (Kholtoson vein deposit) and the stockwork in the central part (Inkur stockwork deposit). The ore mineral composition is similar at both deposits. Quartz is the main gangue mineral; there are also present muscovite, K-feldspar, and carbonates. The main ore mineral of both deposits is hubnerite. In addition to hubnerite, at both deposits, more than 20 mineral species were identified; they include sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, bornite, etc.), sulfosalts (tetrahedrite, aikinite, stannite, etc.), oxides (scheelite, cassiterite), and tellurides (hessite). The results of mineralogical and fluid inclusions studies allowed us to conclude that the Inkur W and the Kholtoson W deposits were formed by the same hydrothermal fluids, related to the same ore-forming system. For both deposits, the fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures varied within the range ~195–344 °C. The presence of cogenetic liquid- and vapor-dominated inclusions in the quartz from the ores of the Kholtoson deposit allowed us to estimate the true temperature range of mineral formation as 413–350 °C. Ore deposition occurred under similar physical-chemical conditions, differing only in pressures of mineral formation. The main factors of hubnerite deposition from hydrothermal fluids were decreases in temperature.
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Kryukova, O. N., A. G. Knyazeva, and A. L. Maslov. "Physical mechanisms of stress field formation near the "coating-substrate" boundary during electron beam processing." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Fizika 63, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/00213411/63/6/63.

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Dubrovskaya, Yu A., L. V. Pikhkonen, and B. A. Dubrovskaya. "Professional competence formation in experience-oriented physical training and sports activities of mining engineers." Mining informational and analytical bulletin, no. 2 (2021): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2021-2-0-127-138.

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Gasanov, E. E., V. V. Mammadova, A. J. Mammadov, V. H. Salimova, and K. B. Salaeva. "FORMATION OF ROCK SLOPES DURING WORK TO REDUCE THE EROSION ACTIVITY." Series of Geology and Technical Sciences 2, no. 446 (April 15, 2021): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-170x.33.

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The formation of anti-erosion procedures is based primarily on achieving an equilibrium state that affects the state of the soil or constituent rocks of the slope. In this regard, the formation of a model that can demonstrate the processes of slope destruction, which can be represented not only by soil, but also by rocks or other formations, becomes relevant. In particular, it should be relevant for urban soils and technologically transformed landscapes. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that all possible materials that form both slopes of natural origin and technological origin are considered as objects of potential erosion activity. The authors of the article are considering the possibility of applying reclamation measures that will reduce the maximum erosion activity within not only natural, but also urban landscapes. The article developed a model for analyzing the potential of erosion activity in combination with the physical parameters of the slopes and their mechanical composition. The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that the proposed measures and the developed model for countering erosion activity can reduce technological costs for reclamation activities and thus increase the economic and technological efficiency of the project.
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Chang, Ching, and Lijun Liu. "Investigating the formation of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway using landscape evolution simulations." GSA Bulletin 133, no. 1-2 (June 18, 2020): 347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35653.1.

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Abstract Transient intraplate sedimentation like the widespread Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, traditionally considered a flexural foreland basin of the Sevier orogeny, is now generally accepted to be a result of dynamic topography due to the viscous force from mantle downwelling. However, the relative contributions of flexural versus dynamic subsidence are poorly understood. Furthermore, both the detailed subsidence history and the underlying physical mechanisms remain largely unconstrained. Here, we considered both Sevier orogenic loading and three different dynamic topography models that correspond to different geodynamic configurations. We used forward landscape evolution simulations to investigate the surface manifestations of these tectonic scenarios on the regional sedimentation history. We found that surface processes alone are unable to explain Western Interior Seaway sedimentation in a purely orogenic loading system, and that sedimentation increases readily inland with the additional presence of dynamic subsidence. The findings suggest that dynamic subsidence was crucial to Western Interior Seaway formation and that the dominant control on sediment distribution in the Western Interior Seaway transitioned from flexural to dynamic subsidence during 90–84 Ma, coinciding with the proposed emplacement of the conjugate Shatsky oceanic plateau. Importantly, the sedimentation records require the underlying dynamic subsidence to have been landward migratory, which implies that the underlying mechanism was the regional-scale mantle downwelling induced by the sinking Farallon flat slab underneath the westward-moving North American plate. The simulated landscape evolution also implies that prominent regional-scale Laramide uplift in the western United States should have occurred no earlier than the latest Cretaceous.
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Lefevre, M., P. Souloumiac, N. Cubas, and Y. Klinger. "Experimental evidence for crustal control over seismic fault segmentation." Geology 48, no. 8 (May 18, 2020): 844–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47115.1.

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Abstract Strike-slip faults are generally described as continuous structures, while they are actually formed of successive segments separated by geometrical complexities. Although this along-strike segmentation is known to affect the overall dynamics of earthquakes, the physical processes governing the scale of this segmentation remain unclear. Here, we use analogue models to investigate the structural development of strike-slip faults and the physical parameters controlling segmentation. We show that the length of fault segments is regular along strike and scales linearly with the thickness of the brittle material. Variations of the rheological properties only have minor effects on the scaling relationship. Ratios between the segment length and the brittle material thickness are similar for coseismic ruptures and sandbox experiments. This supports a model where crustal seismogenic thickness controls fault geometry. Finally, we show that the geometrical complexity acquired during strike-slip fault formation withstands cumulative displacement. Thus, the inherited complexity impedes the formation of an ever-straighter fault, and might control the length of earthquake ruptures.
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38

La Fontaine, Nathan, and Michael Hofmann. "Quantifying the stratigraphic and spatial facies distribution in an ancient mixed-influence delta." Mountain Geologist 56, no. 1 (February 2019): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.56.1.19.

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Analysis of the sedimentology and stratigraphic architecture of tightly spaced three dimensional outcrops reveals that the Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) Wall Creek Member of the Frontier Formation in the western Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA, is not composed of one continuous coarsening upward succession but of a complex stacked delta system containing three distinct sequences (S1-S3), each with a unique facies distribution and architectural heterogeneity. The basal sequence S1 consists of a fluvial dominated delta with two distinct lobes. These lobes are spatially constrained to the northeastern study area and show a rapid facies transition from trough crossbedded mouthbar deposits to lower delta front turbidites. Low angle clinoforms suggest a low accommodation setting with main sediment transport to the south. The middle S2 sequence is common throughout the study area and contains an abundance of storm-derived deposits, including hummocky cross stratification, suggesting the transition to a wave and storm-dominated delta setting. Sediment transport is largely to the south controlled by wind induced shear stresses. Lastly, heterolithic trough crossbedded sandstones with flaser bedding and abundant thin mudstones and rip-up clasts are characteristic for sequence S3. These deposits are interpreted as tidal bars in a tidal influenced delta. Quantitative evaluation of facies in the Wall Creek Member sequences shows that the dimensions and connectivity (baffle or barrier competence) of fine-grained thin beds varies systematically within the three delta types. The S1 fluvial delta is largely composed of laterally continuous delta front turbidites with continuous fine-grained thin beds (mean length 21.1 m or 69.2 ft, max length 83.9 m or 275.2 ft) separating individual sandstone beds. Conversely, abundant bioturbation and intense scouring by storms results in high amalgamation of sandy beds in sequence S2 and a limited length of fine-grained thin beds (mean 8.5 m or 27.9 ft) in the wave-dominated delta sequence. Tidally influenced deposits of sequence S3 are largely composed of heterolithic trough crossbedded sandstones and mudstones with low bioturbation, resulting in an intermediate fine-grained thin bed deposit (mean 12.1 m or 39.7 ft).
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Hammer, Ø. "Pattern formation by local amplification and lateral inhibition: Examples from biology and geology." European Physical Journal Special Topics 178, no. 1 (November 2009): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2010-01178-2.

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40

Hartley, Adrian, Bartosz Kurjanski, Jessica Pugsley, and Joseph Armstrong. "Ice-rafting in lakes in the early Neoproterozoic: dropstones in the Diabaig Formation, Torridon Group, NW Scotland." Scottish Journal of Geology 56, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sjg2019-017.

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A dropstone horizon is described from lake deposits in a palaeo-valley from the c. 1000 Ma Diabaig Formation, Torridon Group, NW Scotland. Dropstones occur in wave-rippled, fine-grained sandstones and siltstones that contain desiccation and syneresis cracks indicative of fluctuating lake levels. Five locally derived dropstones occur at the same horizon over lateral distance of 250 m and display clear evidence of deflection and penetration of laminae at the base, with thinning, onlap and draping of laminae on to clast margins and tops. Mechanisms of dropstone formation are discussed, with ice-rafting considered the most likely explanation. It is suggested that rafting was promoted by cold winters at 35° S in the early Neoproterozoic, possibly in an upland setting. Interpretation of the dropstones as ice-rafted debris provides the first physical record of evidence for ice at the Earth's surface during the late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic.
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Tu, Qingyi, Yuanping Cheng, Qingquan Liu, Pinkun Guo, Liang Wang, Wei Li, and Jingyu Jiang. "Investigation of the formation mechanism of coal spallation through the cross-coupling relations of multiple physical processes." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 105 (May 2018): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.03.022.

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42

Kirschbaum, Mark A., and Tracey J. Mercier. "Controls on the deposition and preservation of the Cretaceous Mowry Shale and Frontier Formation and equivalents, Rocky Mountain region, Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming." AAPG Bulletin 97, no. 6 (June 2013): 899–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/10011212090.

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WANG, Bo, Bo JIANG, Lei LIU, Gui-qiang ZHENG, Yong QIN, Hong-yan WANG, Hong-lin LIU, and Gui-zhong LI. "Physical simulation of hydrodynamic conditions in high rank coalbed methane reservoir formation." Mining Science and Technology (China) 19, no. 4 (July 2009): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1674-5264(09)60081-8.

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44

Gaydukov, Leonid A. "Investigation of the structure of borehole zones at various stages of development of saline reservoirs with textural wettability." Georesursy 23, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2021.1.12.

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A laboratory and numerical study of the mechanisms that affect the structure and physical properties of the borehole zone of a production well at various stages of development of a saline formation with textural wettability was conducted. It is shown that for the object of study is characterized by the formation of complex borehole vicinity of the structure and dynamic change of properties which define the specific geotechnical effects: desalinization; pinched adscititious water in the pore space; the decompression and the strain on the washed areas; precipitation of solid salt sediment at the moment of breaking through the highly mineralized front of the injected water. The synergetic effect of these effects leads to the formation of complex, including non-monotonic, permeability distribution profiles in the near-well zone.
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45

Tooth, Stephen. "Arid geomorphology: emerging research themes and new frontiers." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 33, no. 2 (April 2009): 251–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133309338135.

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Research conducted at the interfaces between traditionally disparate academic disciplines can provide fresh perspectives that catalyse novel research approaches and themes. With particular reference to publications from the last few years, this report focuses on a selection of emerging research themes that highlight the growing links between arid geomorphology and other disciplines, including ecology and soil science, sedimentology and petroleum geology, and planetary science. Three themes are addressed: (1) the role of fire in arid geomorphological systems, characterized by investigations that tend to focus on surface processes and landforms at relatively small spatial scales (plot to short channel reach) and short timescales (hours to years); (2) arid fluvial sedimentary systems, characterized by investigations that commonly focus on processes, landforms and sedimentary products at larger spatial scales (channel reach to basin) and longer timescales (years to millions of years); and (3) arid geomorphology on Mars, commonly characterized by process-landform investigations at very large spatial scales (entire physiographic regions to full planetary contexts) and yet longer timescales (millions to billions of years). For each theme, research gaps are identified, which provides an indication of where the research frontier currently lies. In particular, geomorphological research on Mars and other planetary bodies represents a new physical and intellectual frontier that offers great potential for further interplay with Earth landscape studies in arid and other climatic regions. While there are concerns about the present health and direction of geomorphology and physical geography, this rich diversity of themes provides evidence for vigorous and focused research in arid geomorphology.
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DICKINSON, ROGER G., Texaco Explora. "Table Rock Field-Frontier Formation." AAPG Bulletin 76 (1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/f4c90006-1712-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Robert D. Winn, Jr. "Storm Deposition in Marine Sand Sheets: Wall Creek Member, Frontier Formation, Powder River Basin, Wyoming." SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research Vol. 61 (1991). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/d4267695-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d.

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48

Constance J. N. Dodge, Bruce Bartle. "Minturn Formation of Eagle Basin: An Exploration Frontier: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 70 (1986). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/94886727-1704-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Shirley P. Dutton. "Influence of Provenance and Burial History on Diagenesis of Lower Cretaceous Frontier Formation Sandstones, Green River Basin, Wyoming." SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research Vol. 63 (1993). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/d4267bae-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d.

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James C. Mullarkey. "Productive, Low-Contrast (Resistivity) Frontier Formation Sandstones, Southwestern Wyoming: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 78 (1994). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/8d2b0742-171e-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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