Academic literature on the topic 'Physical principles during collision'
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Journal articles on the topic "Physical principles during collision"
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Saayman, R. "Die fisika van motorbotsings en padverkeersveiligheid." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 10, no. 3 (July 8, 1991): 112–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v10i3.500.
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A survey is given of the interdependent physical variables and principles relevant to the motion of a road vehicle in a traffic situation and its application to analyse and prevent actual collisions. As introduction recent RSA collision statistics and research results on contributing factors and types of collisions which occur, are presented. Then speed as cause is investigated with a discussion of the relative velocity between vehicles; stopping ability and safe following distances; the decision to stop or not at a changing traffic light; as well as estimations of the speed before collisions from wheel skidding marks and projectile flips and vaults. Thirdly vehicle stability is discussed with applications of weight displacement during sudden accelerations; explanations for skidding out of and turning over on a road bend; as well as load displacement.
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Borkowski, Piotr, Zbigniew Pietrzykowski, and Janusz Magaj. "The Algorithm of Determining an Anti-Collision Manoeuvre Trajectory Based on the Interpolation of Ship’s State Vector." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 5332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165332.
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The determination of a ship’s safe trajectory in collision situations at sea is one of the basic functions in autonomous navigation of ships. While planning a collision avoiding manoeuvre in open waters, the navigator has to take into account the ships manoeuvrability and hydrometeorological conditions. To this end, the ship’s state vector is predicted—position coordinates, speed, heading, and other movement parameters—at fixed time intervals for different steering scenarios. One possible way to solve this problem is a method using the interpolation of the ship’s state vector based on the data from measurements conducted during the sea trials of the ship. This article presents the interpolating function within any convex quadrilateral with the nodes being its vertices. The proposed function interpolates the parameters of the ship’s state vector for the specified point of a plane, where the values in the interpolation nodes are data obtained from measurements performed during a series of turning circle tests, conducted for different starting conditions and various rudder settings. The proposed method of interpolation was used in the process of determining the anti-collision manoeuvre trajectory. The mechanism is based on the principles of a modified Dijkstra algorithm, in which the graph takes the form of a regular network of points. The transition between the graph vertices depends on the safe passing level of other objects and the degree of departure from the planned route. The determined shortest path between the starting vertex and the target vertex is the optimal solution for the discrete space of solutions. The algorithm for determining the trajectory of the anti-collision manoeuvre was implemented in autonomous sea-going vessel technology. This article presents the results of laboratory tests and tests conducted under quasi-real conditions using physical ship models. The experiments confirmed the effective operation of the developed algorithm of the determination of the anti-collision manoeuvre trajectory in the technological framework of autonomous ship navigation.
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Zhong, Xiang Qiang, Li Dong Liang, and Yan Hong Yang. "Research on Ship Part Nesting System Based on Energy Principle and Intelligent Optimization." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 2771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.2771.
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A nesting system based on minimum potential energy principle and intelligent optimization for ship part nesting problem was proposed. Discussing polygon judgment and separation, intersection test and collision problems of ship parts, a kind of polygon overlap detection method was put forward, and contacting process was analyzed by use of envelope rectangle intersection test algorithm; During analyzing ship part nesting process based on minimum potential energy principle and genetic algorithm fusion, basic physical meaning of nesting problem was explained from mechanics. Throng intelligent ship part nesting system verification, the algorithm is feasible, physical meaning is clear; it can realize ship part nesting.
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SMITH, RUSSELL. "Optical reflection and mechanical rebound: the shift from analogy to axiomatization in the seventeenth century. Part 1." British Journal for the History of Science 41, no. 1 (September 27, 2007): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087407000362.
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AbstractThis paper aims to show that the seventeenth-century conception of mechanics as the science of particles in motion founded on universal laws of motion owes much to the employment of a new conceptual resource – the physics of motion developed within optics. The optical analysis of reflection was dynamically interpreted through the mechanical analogy of rebound. The kinematical and dynamical principles so employed became directly applicable to natural phenomena after the eventual transformation of light's ontological status from that of an Aristotelian ‘quality’ to a corpuscular phenomenon, engendered by the rise of atomism during the first half of the seventeenth century. The mechanization of light led to a conceptual shift from the analogical employment of dynamical principles in the physical interpretation of reflection to the mechanical generalization of optical principles – the direct application of kinematical and dynamical principles of reflection to mechanical collisions. This first part of the paper traces out the first conceptual shift from Aristotle's original analogy of reflection as rebound to its full concretization. A second part will trace out the second conceptual shift, from the full concretization of this analogy to the axiomatization of already generalized kinematical and dynamical principles of reflection into laws of nature and of motion.
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Wang, Fei, Zhanqing Li, Qi Jiang, Gaili Wang, Shuo Jia, Jing Duan, and Yuquan Zhou. "Evaluation of hygroscopic cloud seeding in liquid-water clouds: a feasibility study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 23 (December 11, 2019): 14967–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14967-2019.
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Abstract. An airborne cloud seeding experiment was conducted over the eastern coast of Zhejiang, China, on 4 September 2016 during a major international event held in Hangzhou. In an attempt to reduce the likelihood of rainfall onset, a major airborne experiment for weather modification took place by seeding hygroscopic agents to warm clouds to reduce cloud droplet size. The effectiveness of seeding is examined, mainly for stratiform clouds with patchy small convective cells. A radar-domain-index (RDI) algorithm was proposed to analyze the seeding effect. The threshold strategy and the tracking radar echo by correlation (TREC) technique was applied in the domain selection. Factors analyzed include echo reflectivity parameters such as the mean and maximum echo intensity, the anomaly percentage of the grid number of effective echoes, the fractional contribution to the total reflectivities, and the vertically integrated liquid (VIL) water content during and after the seeding process. About 12 min after seeding ended, the composite reflectivity of seeded clouds decreased to a minimum (< 10 dBz) and the VIL of seeded clouds was ∼0.2 kg m−3. The echo top height dropped to ∼3.5 km, and the surface echoes were also weakened. By contrast, there was no significant variation in these echo parameters for the surrounding non-seeded clouds. The seeded cell appeared to have the shortest life cycle, as revealed by applying the cloud-cluster tracking method. The airborne Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) measured cloud number concentration, effective diameter, and liquid water content, which gradually increased after the start of cloud seeding. This is probably caused by the hygroscopic growth of agent particles and collision–coalescence of small cloud droplets. However, these parameters sampled at ∼40 min after seeding decreased significantly, which is probably due to the excessive seeding agents generating a competition for cloud water and thus suppressing cloud development and precipitation. Overall, the physical phenomenon was captured in this study, but a more quantitative in-depth analysis of the underlying principle is needed.
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Leng, Yu-Quan, Zheng-Cang Chen, Xu He, Yang Zhang, and Wei Zhang. "Collision Sensing Using Force/Torque Sensor." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6291216.
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Collision sensing including collision position, collision direction, and force size could make robots smoothly interact with environment, so that the robots can strongly adapt to the outside world. Skin sensor imitates principles of human skin using special material and physical structure to obtain collision information, but this method has some disadvantages, such as complex design, low sampling rate, and poor generality. In this paper, a new method using force/torque sensor to calculate collision position, collision direction, and force size is proposed. Detailed algorithm is elaborated based on physical principle and unified modeling method for basic geometric surface. Gravity compensation and dynamic compensation are also introduced for working manipulators/robots in gravity and dynamic environment. In addition, considering algorithm solvability and uniqueness, four constraints are proposed, which are force constraint, geometric constraint, normal vector constraint, and current mutation constraint. In order to solve conflict solution of algorithm in redundant constraints, compatibility solution analysis is proposed. Finally, a simulation experiment shows that the proposed method can achieve collision information efficiently and accurately.
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Peng, Gao Liang, Hong Liang, and Xin Li. "Meso-Scale Oriented Physical Simulation Model for Complex Product Maintenance in Virtual Environment." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 1954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.1954.
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Large component disassembly is complex tasks, the collision during the operation process often cause component damage and deform, even bring safe accident and result in significant loss. This paper proposes to use Meso-dimential oriented physical simulation strategy to research the collision effect simulation and damage surface visualization of large component during disassembly operation. Meso-collide behavior of multi-particles is adapted to simulate the macro-collision of large component. The method has important significance for expanding the mechanical simulation theory and solving the complex practical engineering problem.
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Popova, Anna M., Viacheslav V. Komarov, Hartmut Jungclas, Lothar Schmidt, and Alexander Zulauf. "Energy Exchange During Grazing Collision of Two Chain Molecules." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 65, no. 6-7 (July 1, 2010): 568–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2010-6-713.
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A theoretical model is presented, which describes the collision of two polyatomic organic molecules grazing each other at relative velocities below Bohr velocity. If the interacting molecules contain chains of diatomic dipoles, each of these chains can acquire and accumulate IR energy quanta by transition into collective excited vibrational states (excimols) during the contact period (~10−12 s). The excimol energy transport from one of the chains to close trap-bonds (energy acceptors) of the molecule as well as the energy exchange processes between the two molecules can lead to their fragmentation or electronic excitation. The probability functions of all mentioned processes were derived and presented in analytical form.
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Cummins, Cloe, and Rhonda Orr. "Analysis of Physical Collisions in Elite National Rugby League Match Play." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 6 (September 2015): 732–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0541.
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Objective: To investigate the impact forces of collision events during both attack and defense in elite rugby league match play and to compare the collision profiles between playing positions. Participants: 26 elite rugby league players. Methods: Player collisions were recorded using an integrated accelerometer in global positioning system units (SPI-Pro X, GPSports). Impact forces of collisions in attack (hit-ups) and defense (tackles) were analyzed from 359 files from outside backs (n = 78), adjustables (n = 97), wide-running forwards (n = 136), and hit-up forwards (n = 48) over 1 National Rugby League season. Results: Hit-up forwards were involved in 0.8 collisions/min, significantly more than all other positional groups (wide-running forwards P = .050, adjustables P = .042, and outside backs P = .000). Outside backs experienced 25% fewer collisions per minute than hit-up forwards. Hit-up forwards experienced a collision within the 2 highest classifications of force (≥10 g) every 2.5 min of match play compared with 1 every 5 and 9 min for adjustables and outside backs, respectively. Hit-up forwards performed 0.5 tackles per minute of match play, 5 times that of outside backs (ES = 1.90; 95% CI [0.26,3.16]), and 0.2 hit-ups per minute of match play, twice as many as adjustables. Conclusions: During a rugby league match, players are exposed to a significant number of collision events. Positional differences exist, with hit-up and wide-running forwards experiencing greater collision events than adjustables and outside backs. Although these results may be unique to the individual team’s defensive- and attacking-play strategies, they are indicative of the significant collision profiles in professional rugby league.
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Макаров, Aleksey Makarov, Владимиров, Aleksandr Vladimirov, Сергиев, Arkadiy Sergiev, Швачкин, and Evgeniy Shvachkin. "PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF VIBRATION CUTTING IN TURNING." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 2, no. 3 (April 4, 2017): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24626.
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The vibrating cutting is one of the effective methods of processing workpieces of hard materials for the manufacture of parts of mining and metallurgical equipment. With proper selection of the vibration modes of cutting improves durability of the cutting tool and to ensure reliable chip control. When machining materials using a cutting tool vibration in the cutting area there are processes other than the processes occurring in the normal turning. A brief literature review of studies describing the processes occurring in the cutting zone. Particular attention is paid to the process and built-up edge is a schematic diagram of its occurrence and the removal from the surface of the cutting tool. The mechanism of the cutting edge wear, impact durability during the built-up edge on the tool and the machined surface roughness. A hypothesis to explain the physical processes of cutting vibration during turning. A scheme of the process of cutting vibration and formulated conditions for the formation of build-up and its subsequent removal from the tool tip.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Physical principles during collision"
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Vašíček, Jiří. "Kompatibilita vozidel při čelním střetu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232731.
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Thesis deals with the compatibility of vehicles in a frontal collision. The first section discusses about compatibility from different views. There are the physical processes used in the mechanics of impact. The second part is focused on solving the compatibility of vehicles in a frontal collision by crash analysis using the finite element method. Firstly there are described collisions of vehicles from different vehicle classes (small cars, lower middle class, Pick up / SUV) into the fixed barrier by the US NCAP. Furthermore there are simulated head-on collisions of vehicles from different vehicle classes. In the end there is shown the possibility of using data from crash tests to determine the EES.
Books on the topic "Physical principles during collision"
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Carballo, David M. Collision of Worlds. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864354.001.0001.
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Mexico of five centuries ago was witness to one of the most momentous encounters between human societies, when a group of Spaniards led by Hernando Cortés joined forces with tens of thousands of Mesoamerican allies to topple the mighty Aztec Empire. It served as a template for the forging of much of Latin America and began the globalized world we inhabit today. This violent encounter and the new colonial order it created, a New Spain, was millennia in the making, with independent cultural developments on both sides of the Atlantic and their fateful entanglement during the pivotal Aztec-Spanish war of 1519–1521. Collision of Worlds examines the deep history of this encounter with an archaeological lens—one that considers depth in the richly layered cultures of Mexico and Spain, like the depths that archaeologists reveal through excavation to chart early layers of human history. It offers a unique perspective on the encounter through its temporal depth and focus on the physical world of places and things, their similarities and differences in trans-Atlantic perspective, and their interweaving in an encounter characterized by conquest and colonialism, but also active agency and resilience on the part of Native peoples.
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Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Principles of chemotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0005.
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Principles of radiation oncology outlines the physical and biological effects of ionising radiation, and its use in clinical oncology. Radiobiology, examining the response of tissue to ionising radiation, is described with regards to normal and malignant tissues. The effect of fractionation, the delivery of radiotherapy in a series of repeated exposures, is examined. The damaging effects on normal tissues are considered, particularly nonreversible late effects including carcinogenesis. Therapeutic exposure to ionising radiation is contrasted between radical and palliative radiotherapy. The physical properties of ionising radiation beams are described for superficial x-rays, megavoltage x-rays, and electrons. The process of treatment planning is summarised through beam dosimetry, target and critical organ outlining, dose planning, treatment verification, prescription and delivery. Computerised tomography is used for outlining and for verification, using cone beam CT. 0ther methods for image guided radiotherapy include fiducial markers. Increasingly intensity modulated radiotherapy is proving beneficial in reducing normal tissue damage during radical treatment. Stereotactic radiotherapy is used in the radical treatment of small unresectable malignancies. The clinical use of electron therapy, brachytherapy and intraoperative radiotherapy is described. Nuclear medicine uses unsealed radionuclides in imaging primary malignancies and their metastases, and in targeted radiotherapy. Examples include PET scanning, bone scanning, and radio iodine therapy. Whole body irradiation is used to improve outcomes after high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell or bone marrow transplantation.
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Livermore, Roy. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717867.003.0001.
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… it is doubtful whether there will ever again be such a profusion of unexpected discoveries concentrated into so short an interval of time as there has been during the last twenty years.ARTHUR HOLMES, PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL GEOLOGY (1965)Scientific revolutions rarely start with a bang. In 1953, a modest article, barely a page in length, appeared in the weekly science journal ...
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Müller, Anna. On the Threshold. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499860.003.0003.
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This chapter is devoted to the imbalanced power relations between the interrogator and interrogated. Reading interrogation transcripts in detail, this chapter stays as close as possible to the drama that unfolded in an interrogation room. The physical and verbal violence that arrested prisoners encountered during interrogations was devastating. But the power that was bent on crushing them also left room for creation, which the women ingeniously took advantage of. Despite being under duress and coercion, they entered into dialogue with interrogation officers during which they creatively deployed certain kinds of agency and used the situation to refashion themselves in a way that best suited their needs at that moment. Their efforts served them best in protecting what they held the most valuable at this point: their lives, the lives of people dear to them, or the principles for which they went to prison.
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Zaitsev, Fedor, and Vladimir Bychkov. Mathematical modeling of electromag-netic and gravitational phenomena by the methodology of continuous media mechanics. LCC MAKS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2011.978-5-317-06604-8.
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The book of well-known Russian scientists systematically presents a new theoretical approach to studying nature's fundamental phenomena using the hypothesis of the physical vacuum, or the ether, as some environment in which all the processes develop. In the proposed studies, the ether is represented as some one-component continuous media that satisfies generally accepted conservation laws: of matter and momentum. From the appropriate two equations, a number of consequences are obtained to which a physical interpretation is given. For the first time, 150 years after studies of Faraday and Maxwell, it is shown that these single premises mathematically give basic physical laws established experimentally: the Maxwell equations, the Lorentz force, the Gauss theorem; the laws: Coulomb, Biot - Savard, Ampere, electromagnetic induction, Ohm, Joule - Lenz, Wiedemann - Franz, universal gravitation, and etc. Details of mechanisms of many processes, that seemed previously paradoxical, have been disclosed. A method of the model substantiation adopted in the mathematical modeling methodology allows to conclude that the presented mathematical model of the ether adequately describes electromagnetic and gravitational processes. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of hundreds of known and new experimental facts allows in the methodology of physics, as science summarizing the experiments data, to confirm a conclusion about the existence of the ether (physical vacuum). The content of the book is based on the works of authors done during the last fourteen years. Many results are published for the first time. The book is intended for specialists in the field of electrodynamics, electrical engineering, gravity and kinetics, as well as for graduate students and students, interested in the fundamental principles of these scientific directions. This book is unique in terms of the comprehensive consideration of the problem and the depth of its analysis.
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Baker, Courtney R., ed. Slavery’s Suffering Brought to Light—New Orleans, 1834. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039485.003.0002.
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This chapter focuses on the abolitionist movement and the rise of physical sensation as a rhetorical theme. It interprets the term “image” in its post-nineteenth-century sense as identifying both the actual (“this really happened”) and the conventional (“this is what it looked like”). Although photography was not in place during all of the moments under investigation in this chapter, the clamor for visual proof is consistently evident. The chapter analyzes the Lalaurie affair of 1834—a scandal in which a white Creole woman named Delphine Lalaurie was found to have experimented on her slaves for her own wanton pleasure—to highlight a view of black humanity, as well as the power accorded to sight at this historical moment as a means to acquire knowledge. The encounters with the suffering bodies of enslaved blacks and the humane insight of these confrontations challenged core principles of slavery and, at moments, exposed the cracks in slavery's logic that would eventually lead to its abolition.
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Smits, Jasper A. J., Mark B. Powers, and Michael W. Otto. Personalized Exposure Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190602451.001.0001.
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This book comprehensively covers empirically supported exposure methods (e.g., in vivo exposure, imaginal exposure, and interoceptive exposure) to a broad array of mental health symptoms. This transdiagnostic approach emphasizes the importance of a person-centered application, putting case formulation at the center of intervention planning and implementation. Unlike a rigid manualized method, this book provides clinicians with a framework allowing for a more flexible delivery of exposure therapy. The book begins with an introduction to the aims and guiding principles of person-centered exposure therapy (Chapter s1 and 2), an overview of the general approach (Chapter 3), and an overview of assessment strategies (Chapters 4 and 9). Next, the authors discuss specific modifications for treating fears of (a) emotions and related physical sensations (Chapter 5), (b) people (Chapter 6), and (c) thoughts, images, and trauma memories (Chapter 7). This book also discusses combined medication and exposure therapy and ways to effectively manage common pitfalls (Chapter 8). Chapter 10 includes an exposure psychoeducation handout for clinicians to read and give to patients during early sessions. Finally, Chapter 11 is a bibliography of key references and further resources for clinicians.
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Baobaid, Mohammed, Lynda Ashbourne, Abdallah Badahdah, and Abir Al Jamal. Home / Publications / Pre and Post Migration Stressors and Marital Relations among Arab Refugee Families in Canada Pre and Post Migration Stressors and Marital Relations among Arab Refugee Families in Canada. 2nd ed. Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/difi_9789927137983.
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The study is funded by Doha International Family Institute (DIFI), a member of Qatar Foundation, and is a collaboration between the Muslim Resource Centre for Social Support and Integration of London, Ontario; University of Guelph, Ontario; and University of Calgary, Alberta, all located in Canada; and the Doha International Family Institute, Qatar. The study received research ethics approval from the University of Guelph and the University of Calgary. This study aims to assess the impact of pre- and post-migration on marital relationships and family dynamics for Arab refugee families resettled in Canada. The study also examines the role of professional service providers in supporting these Arab refugee families. The unique experiences of Arab families displaced from their countries due to war and political conflict, and the various hardships experienced during their stay in transit countries, impact their family relations and interactions within the nuclear family context and their interconnectedness with their extended families. Furthermore, these families encounter various challenges within their resettlement process that interrupt their integration. Understanding the impact of traumatic experiences within the pre-migration journey as well as the impact of post-migration stressors on recently settled Arab refugee families in Canada provides insight into the shift in spousal and family relationships. Refugee research studies that focus on the impact of pre-migration trauma and displacement, the migration journey, and post-migration settlement on family relationships are scarce. Since the majority of global refugees in recent years come from Arab regions, mainly Syria, as a result of armed conflicts, this study is focused on the unique experiences of Arab refugee families fleeing conflict zones. The Canadian role in recently resettling a large influx of Arab refugees and assisting them to successfully integrate has not been without challenges. Traumatic pre-migration experiences as a result of being subjected to and/or witnessing violence, separation from and loss of family members, and loss of property and social status coupled with experiences of hardships in transit countries have a profound impact on families and their integration. Refugees are subjected to individual and collective traumatic experiences associated with cultural or ethnic disconnection, mental health struggles, and discrimination and racism. These experiences have been shown to impact family interactions. Arab refugee families have different definitions of “family” and “home” from Eurocentric conceptualizations which are grounded in individualistic worldviews. The discrepancy between collectivism and individualism is mainly recognized by collectivist newcomers as challenges in the areas of gender norms, expectations regarding parenting and the physical discipline of children, and diverse aspects of the family’s daily life. For this study, we interviewed 30 adults, all Arab refugees (14 Syrian and 16 Iraqi – 17 males, 13 females) residing in London, Ontario, Canada for a period of time ranging from six months to seven years. The study participants were married couples with and without children. During the semi-structured interviews, the participants were asked to reflect on their family life during pre-migration – in the country of origin before and during the war and in the transit country – and post-migration in Canada. The inter - views were conducted in Arabic, audio-recorded, and transcribed. We also conducted one focus group with seven service providers from diverse sectors in London, Ontario who work with Arab refugee families. The study used the underlying principles of constructivist grounded theory methodology to guide interviewing and a thematic analysis was performed. MAXQDA software was used to facilitate coding and the identification of key themes within the transcribed interviews. We also conducted a thematic analysis of the focus group transcription. The thematic analysis of the individual interviews identified four key themes: • Gender role changes influence spousal relationships; • Traumatic experiences bring suffering and resilience to family well-being; • Levels of marital conflict are higher following post-migration settlement; • Post-migration experiences challenge family values. The outcome of the thematic analysis of the service provider focus group identified three key themes: • The complex needs of newly arrived Arab refugee families; • Gaps in the services available to Arab refugee families; • Key aspects of training for cultural competencies. The key themes from the individual interviews demonstrate: (i) the dramatic sociocul - tural changes associated with migration that particularly emphasize different gender norms; (ii) the impact of trauma and the refugee experience itself on family relation - ships and personal well-being; (iii) the unique and complex aspects of the family journey; and (iv) how valued aspects of cultural and religious values and traditions are linked in complex ways for these Arab refugee families. These outcomes are consist - ent with previous studies. The study finds that women were strongly involved in supporting their spouses in every aspect of family life and tried to maintain their spouses’ tolerance towards stressors. The struggles of husbands to fulfill their roles as the providers and protec - tors throughout the migratory journey were evident. Some parents experienced role shifts that they understood to be due to the unstable conditions in which they were living but these changes were considered to be temporary. Despite the diversity of refugee family experiences, they shared some commonalities in how they experi - enced changes that were frightening for families, as well as some that enhanced safety and stability. These latter changes related to safety were welcomed by these fami - lies. Some of these families reported that they sought professional help, while others dealt with changes by becoming more distant in their marital relationship. The risk of violence increased as the result of trauma, integration stressors, and escalation in marital issues. These outcomes illustrate the importance of taking into consideration the complexity of the integration process in light of post-trauma and post-migration changes and the timespan each family needs to adjust and integrate. Moreover, these families expressed hope for a better future for their children and stated that they were willing to accept change for the sake of their children as well. At the same time, these parents voiced the significance of preserving their cultural and religious values and beliefs. The service providers identified gaps in service provision to refugee families in some key areas. These included the unpreparedness of professionals and insufficiency of the resources available for newcomer families from all levels of government. This was particularly relevant in the context of meeting the needs of the large influx of Syrian refugees who were resettled in Canada within the period of November 2015 to January 2017. Furthermore, language skills and addressing trauma needs were found to require more than one year to address. The service providers identified that a longer time span of government assistance for these families was necessary. In terms of training, the service providers pinpointed the value of learning more about culturally appropriate interventions and receiving professional development to enhance their work with refugee families. In light of these findings, we recommend an increased use of culturally integrative interventions and programs to provide both formal and informal support for families within their communities. Furthermore, future research that examines the impact of culturally-based training, cultural brokers, and various culturally integrative practices will contribute to understanding best practices. These findings with regard to refugee family relationships and experiences are exploratory in their nature and support future research that extends understanding in the area of spousal relationships, inter - generational stressors during adolescence, and parenting/gender role changes.
Book chapters on the topic "Physical principles during collision"
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Bhave, Anil, Erin Baker, and Mary Campbell. "Physical Therapy During Limb Lengthening and Deformity Correction: Principles and Techniques." In Pediatric Lower Limb Deformities, 181–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17097-8_12.
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Yakovlev, A. A., V. S. Sorokin, and S. G. Postupaeva. "Modeling Physical Operating Principles During Search Design of Cooling and Refrigerating Systems." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 511–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22063-1_54.
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Belkić, Dževad. "The main physical features of collision problems." In Principles of Quantum Scattering Theory, 7–10. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429146497-3.
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Etlicher, Bernard. "French and Belgian Uplands." In The Physical Geography of Western Europe. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199277759.003.0022.
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The French Uplands were built by the Hercynian orogenesis. The French Massif Central occupies one-sixth of the area of France and shows various landscapes. It is the highest upland, 1,886 m at the Sancy, and the most complex. The Vosges massif is a small massif, quite similar to the Schwarzwald in Germany, from which it is separated by the Rhine Rift Valley. Near the border of France, Belgium, and Germany, the Ardennes upland has a very moderate elevation. The largest part of this massif lies in Belgium. Though Brittany is partly made up of igneous and metamorphic rocks, it cannot be truly considered as an upland; in the main parts of Brittany, altitudes are lower than in the Parisian basin. Similarities of the landscape in the French and Belgian Uplands derive from two major events: the Oligocene rifting event and the Alpine tectonic phase. The Vosges and the Massif Central are located on the collision zone of the Variscan orogen. In contrast, the Ardennes is in a marginal position where primary sediments cover the igneous basement. Four main periods are defined during the Hercynian orogenesis (Bard et al. 1980; Autran 1984; Ledru et al. 1989; Faure et al. 1997). The early Variscan period corresponds to a subduction of oceanic and continental crust and a highpressure metamorphism (450–400 Ma) The medio- Variscan period corresponds to a continent–continent collision of the chain (400–340 Ma). Metamorphism under middle pressure conditions took place and controlled the formation of many granite plutons: e.g. red granites (granites rouges), porphyroid granite, and granodiorite incorporated in a metamorphic complex basement of various rocks. The neo-Variscan period (340–320 Ma) is characterized by a strong folding event: transcurrent shear zones affected the units of the previous periods and the first sedimentary basins appeared. At the end of this period, late-Variscan (330–280 Ma), autochthonous granites crystallized under low-pressure conditions related to a post-collision thinning of the crust. Velay and Montagne Noire granites are the main massifs generated by this event. Sediment deposition in tectonic basins during Carboniferous and Permian times occurred in the Massif Central and the Vosges: facies are sandstone (Vosges), shale, coal, and sandstone in several Stephanian basins of the Massif Central, with red shale and clay ‘Rougier’ in the south-western part of the Massif Central.
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van de Wetering, Marianne, and Robert S. Phillips. "Supportive Care During Treatment." In Oxford Textbook of Cancer in Children, 71–77. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797210.003.0009.
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This chapter reviews the key physical aspects of supportive care for the child with cancer. Effective holistic supportive care is essential for the relief of cancer and treatment-related symptoms, leading to less morbidity and reduced mortality. The chapter covers the principles of the management of infection, preventing and treating nausea and vomiting, supporting nutrition, and dealing with mucositis. Aspects not covered include pain management, the use of complementary and alternative medicine (instead or alongside standard medical treatment), and the crucial areas of psychological support, social interventions, and clinican–family–patient communication. Major principles discussed include the use of effective risk-stratified prophylaxis, such as immunization and antiemetics, and patient-tailored responses to therapies.
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Mather, Anne. "Tectonic Setting and Landscape Development." In The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0011.
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The Mediterranean is the westernmost part of the global-scale Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt which stretches from Spain to New Zealand. The landscapes of the region have a long and complex history that includes both horizontal and vertical crustal movements and the creation and destruction of oceans. This began with the break up of the super-continent Pangea around 250 Ma, which generated the Tethys Ocean—the forerunner to the present-day Mediterranean Sea. Collision of the African and European tectonic plates over the last 30 Ma led to the destruction of the Tethys Ocean, although a few remnants of its geology are preserved within the eastern Mediterranean. It is the collision of Africa and Eurasia, and the associated tectonics that have been largely responsible for generating the Mediterranean Sea, its subsequent history, and the landscapes that surround it. This collisional history progressively reduced the connectivity of the Mediterranean Sea with surrounding marine bodies by closing and restricting marine gateways. During the Miocene, for example, the Mediterranean basin became completely isolated from surrounding marine bodies in what is known as the ‘Messinian Salinity Crisis’. This period saw major changes to the regional water balance leading to evaporation and draw-down of the Mediterranean Sea. This had profound impacts on all aspects of the physical geography of the region including the climatology, biogeography, and geomorphology and its legacy can be seen across the region today. The more recent Quaternary geodynamics of the Mediterranean have generated an area which includes a complex mixture of zones of plate subduction of various ages and stages (Figure 1.1b). The modern Mediterranean includes zones of active subduction associated with volcanic activity—such as the Calabrian arc—and older zones of now quiescent subduction such as the Betic-Rif arc. There is a wide range of seismic activity associated with these regions from deep (600 km) to shallow (<50 km) and ranging in magnitude up to 8.0Mw (earthquake moment magnitude; a quantitative and physically based scale for measuring earthquakes).
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White, Peter D., and Weng C. Chan. "Basic principles." In Fmoc Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199637256.003.0006.
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Construction of a peptide chain on an insoluble solid support has obvious benefits: separation of the intermediate peptides from soluble reagents and solvents can be effected simply by filtration and washing with consequent savings in time and labour over the corresponding operations in solution synthesis; many of the operations are amenable to automation; excess reagents can be employed to help to drive reactions to completion; and physical losses can be minimized as the peptide remains attached to the support throughout the synthesis. This approach does, however, have its attendant limitations. By-products arising from either incomplete reactions, side reactions, or impure reagents will accumulate on the resin during chain assembly and contaminate the final product. The effects on product purity of achieving less than 100% chemical efficiency in every step are illustrated dramatically in Table 1. This has serious implications with regard to product purification as the impurities generated will, by their nature, be very similar to the desired peptide and therefore extremely difficult to remove. Furthermore, the analytical techniques employed for following the progress of reactions in solution are generally not applicable, and recourse must generally be made to simple qualitative colour tests to detect the presence of residual amines on the solid phase. The principles of solid phase synthesis are illustrated in Figure 1. The C-terminal amino acid residue of the target peptide is attached to an insoluble support via its carboxyl group. Any functional groups in amino acid side chains must be masked with permanent protecting groups that are not affected by the reactions conditions employed during peptide chain assembly. The temporary protecting group masking the α-amino group during the initial resin loading is removed. An excess of the second amino acid is introduced, with the carboxy group of this amino acid being activated for amide bond formation through generation of an activated ester or by reaction with a coupling reagent. After coupling, excess reagents are removed by washing and the protecting group removed from the N-terminus of the dipeptide, prior to addition of the third amino acid residue.
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Chovan, John D. "Principles of Patient and Family Assessment." In Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing, edited by Betty Rolling Ferrell and Judith A. Paice, 32–54. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190862374.003.0004.
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Nursing assessment comprising physical, psychosocial, and spiritual domains is essential for planning palliative care. Such assessment involves input from the patient, family, and all members of the interdisciplinary team, with information shared verbally as well as in the patient’s health records. Ongoing, detailed, and comprehensive assessment is requisite to identifying the complex and changing needs and goals of patients facing chronic or life-threatening illness and those of their families. In this chapter, goals, techniques, and tools are discussed for assessing patients and families during four timeframes occurring during chronic and life-threatening illnesses: diagnosis, during treatments, when treatment is over, and during active dying. A case study threads through the chapter to illustrate the application of these principles and techniques in culturally appropriate ways.
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Gutfreund, Hanoch, and Jürgen Renn. "The Principles of General Relativity." In The Formative Years of Relativity. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174631.003.0005.
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This chapter considers what the theory actually achieved and specifically reexamines the meaning of the relativity principle. The question of its meaning was raised by critical observers whose comments led to a partial reinterpretation of general relativity. The German physicist Erich J. Kretschmann argued that the principle of general covariance has no physical content and only constitutes a mathematical requirement. This contention generated an exchange of letters in which Einstein conceded Kretschmann's criticism, but Einstein does not mention Kretschmann's remarks explicitly in his book. The chapter discusses these developments and correlates them with his correspondence with colleagues and with other texts he published during the formative years.
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Szabo, Arthur G. "Fluorescence principles and measurement." In Spectrophotometry and Spectrofluorimetry. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199638130.003.0006.
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Fluorescence spectrometry is the most extensively used optical spectroscopic method in analytical measurement and scientific investigation. During the past five years more than 60000 scientific articles have been published in which fluorescence spectroscopy has been used. The large number of applications ranges from the analytical determination of trace metals in the environment to pH measurements in whole cells under physiological conditions. In the scientific research laboratory, fluorescence spectroscopy is being used or applied to study the fundamental physical processes of molecules; structure-function relationships and interactions of biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids; structures and activity within whole cells using such instrumentation as confocal microscopy; and DNA sequencing in genomic characterization. In analytical applications the use of fluorescence is dominant in clinical laboratories where fluorescence immunoassays have largely replaced radioimmunoassay techniques. There are two main reasons for this extensive use of fluorescence spectroscopy. Foremost is the high level of sensitivity and wide dynamic range that can be achieved. There are a large number of laboratories that have reported single molecule detection. Secondly, the instrumentation required is convenient and for most purposes can be purchased at a modest cost. While improvements and advances continue to be reported fluorescence instrumentation has reached a high level of maturity. A review of the physical principles of the fluorescence phenomenon permits one to understand the origins of the information content that fluorescence measurements can provide. A molecule absorbs electromagnetic radiation through a quantum mechanical process where the molecule is transformed from a ‘ground’ state to an ‘excited’ state. The energy of the absorbed photon of light corresponds to the energy difference between these two states. In the case of light in the ultraviolet and visible spectral range of 200 nm to 800 nm that corresponds to energies of 143 to 35.8 kcal mol-1. The absorption of light results in an electronic transition in the atom or molecule. In atoms this involves the promotion of an electron from an outer shell orbital to an empty orbital of higher energy.
Conference papers on the topic "Physical principles during collision"
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Raphael, Elizabeth, Robert Piziali, Hanhtrinh Le, John Hinger, Eddie Cooper, and Jeffrey Croteau. "Physical Evidence Associated with Seatbelt Entanglement During a Collision." In SAE World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-1501.
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Pai, Uday N., and F. W. Liou. "Computer Prototyping of Moving Mechanical Parts." In ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium collocated with the ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1995-0828.
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Abstract In this paper computer implementation of automated simulation of rigid bodies in collision is presented. It can be used for automatic simulation of unconstrained and/or constrained mechanical systems. The key tasks include feature extraction, collision detection, constraint identification, collision response, and simulation. Feature extraction includes volumetric feature extraction such as mass, volume, density and moment of inertia, and planar geometric feature extraction like the faces, edges, vertices and their inter-relationships. Collision detection is a kinematic problem involving the positional relationships of rigid bodies in space, while collision response is a dynamic problem involving the prediction of rigid body behavior according to physical laws. Case studies are used to explain the behavior of a typical system comprising of two rigid bodies to explain the underlying principles.
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Jeanneau, Guillaume, Vincent Bégoc, and Sébastien Briot. "Geometrico-Static Analysis of a New Collaborative Parallel Robot for Safe Physical Interaction." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22330.
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Abstract This paper introduces a geometrico-static analysis of an intrinsically safe parallel manipulator called R-Min. This robot was designed to reduce the risk of injury during a collision with a human operator, thanks to an underactuated architecture which enables large internal displacements in case of a collision. Indeed, the R-Min architecture is based on a modification of the well-known planar five-bar mechanism, where additional passive joints are introduced on the distal links in order to create a planar seven-bar mechanism with two degrees of underactuation. These two additional degrees of freedom are passively driven through the use of a supplementary passive leg, in which a tension spring is mounted between the base and the end-effector. In this paper, the conditions satisfying the equilibrium and the stability of the mechanism are introduced, based on a geometrico-static analysis. The direct and inverse problems are then solved using a numerical approach. Solutions to both problems are presented and classified. One subset of solutions to the inverse problem is isolated and projected in the Cartesian space in order to obtain the payload-invariant workspace of the R-Min robot.
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Bhattacharya, Pinaki, and Thomas H. Siegmund. "Determination of Mechanical Stresses in Vibration and Contact During Flow-Structure-Interaction in Vocal Folds." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53849.
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Mechanical stresses in vocal folds (VFs) developed during self-oscillation — due to interaction with the glottal flow — play an important role in tissue damage and healing. Contact stresses occurring due to collision between VFs modify both self-oscillation characteristics, as well as stresses. The complexity of the problem is increased due to other factors acting in combination: transient nature of the flow, non-linear and anisotropic biomechanical properties of the VFs, and acoustic loading. Experiments with physical models [1] have attempted to deduce the state of stress in the interior through measurement of superior surface deformation. However, these methods pose challenges in data acquisition. on the other hand, full three-dimensional transient computational analysis of a self-oscillating and contacting VF model requires highly sophisticated algorithms as well as prohibitive resource usage. Not surprisingly, therefore, it has not been conducted until now. We hypothesize that a high-fidelity numerical simulation incorporating realistic tissue properties is essential to accurately determine stresses within VFs during self-oscillation and contact.
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Bosetti, Paolo, David W. Beach, Daniel B. DeBra, M. Albonico, E. Cooper, J. Denby, S. Loh, et al. "Illustrating Principles of Precision Engineering Through Design and Development of a Displacement Gauge for Measuring Machines." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65071.
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The paper presents a project-based course on Precision Engineering. During the course, the students have lectures and five labs in the beginning five weeks of the course, during which time they also choose a project from a set of proposals to illustrate the principles of precision engineering they are learning. Teams of 3–4 students are formed and preliminary design is carried out during this first half of the course. During the second half, they carry out the design to provide a working prototype and finally they give a final presentation. The collection of the proposals is performed with the support of internal (i.e. researchers) and external customers. The supporters are asked to suggest a high-compliance, high-sensitivity displacement gauge for measuring for example the deviation from straightness of a straight edge or deviations from roundness of a sphere or cylinder. The probe must have low force, sensitivity much smaller than typical 5 μm of a Coordinate Measuring Machine, it must be compatible with commercial A/D converters and standard electronics, and it has to be realized by a combination of mechanical amplification and using technology that lends itself to trouble-shooting by technical assistants of a variety of backgrounds. The paper illustrates the design and the development of one of the proposed projects, by discussing the design issues, the prototype manufacturing, and the testing phase. The paper then discusses how the project-based approach can strengthen and make more effective the description of physical principles behind precision engineering (flexure design, tolerance design, thermal stability, accuracy of transducers and measurement devices, etc.) and their relationship with mechanical design, part manufacturing, and assembly. It is also a very effective way of illustrating how many engineering design problems are tightly related with mechanical stiffness, how stiffness is rooted in the design engineering specifications, and how design principles like kinematic constraint impact the product conformance with requirements and specifications.
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Chen, Gaoqiang, Xun Liu, and Qingyu Shi. "Numerical Analysis of In-Process Heat Transfer and Material Flow During Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding Process." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-2855.
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Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) has been successfully applied to join dissimilar materials in engineering applications. Fundamental understanding on the underlying physical principles of the dissimilar FSW process is generally required to achieve strong and reliable joints. In this study, we aim to develop a theoretical and numerical model based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in order to analyze the in-process heat transfer and material flow during the dissimilar FSW of aluminum and steel. The model describes the coupling behavior between the material distribution, thermal-mechanical properties, interfacial friction, heat generation and transfer. To account for the different material behaviors in stirring zone, a VOF-based approach is adopted. In this paper, preliminary numerical simulation is conducted. Simulation results show that the current modeling approach has the capability to capture the material mixing during the dissimilar FSW of aluminum and steel. The predicted temperature field is shown to be asymmetrical, which is attributed to the different properties of aluminum and steel. The predicted thermal history agrees with the experimental measurements in the literature.
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Shibahara, Masahiko, Shin-Ichi Satake, and Jun Taniguchi. "Quantum Molecular Dynamics Study on Energy Transfer to the Secondary Electron in Surface Collision Process of an Ion." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32144.
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It is well known that an emission of secondary electrons is observed in an ion collision process to a surface, such as the focused ion beam (FIB) process. However, the physical effect of secondary electron emission to energy and mass transfer is seldom considered and there are few examples of analysis of the secondary electron emission. It is one of interesting problems as an extreme small scale energy transfer problem how energy is transferred to the electron emitted from the surface by ionic collisions. In the present study the quantum molecular dynamics method was applied to an energy transfer problem to an electron during ionic surface collision process in order to elucidate how energy of ionic collision transfers to the emitted electrons. The energy transfer paths to the electron was discussed during the collision process of an ion with changing the interaction between the electron and ions and that between the electron and surface molecules by the quantum molecular dynamics method. Effects of various physical parameters, such as the collision velocity and interaction strength between the observed electron and the classical particles to the energy transfer to the electron were investigated by the quantum molecular dynamics method when the potassium ion was collided with the surface so as to elucidate the energy path to the electron and the predominant factor of energy transfer to the electron. Effects of potential energy between the ion and the electron and that between the surface molecule and the electron to the electronic energy transfer were shown in the present paper. The energy transfer to the observed secondary electron through the potential energy term between the ion and the electron was much dependent on the ion collision energy although the energy increase to the observed secondary electron was not monotonous through the potential energy between the ion and surface molecules with the change of the ion collision energy.
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Ogden, Jerry S., Mathew Martonovich, and Courtney N. Engle. "Applications of the G-DataΔV™ System of Equations When Determining Total Velocity Change Resulting From Motor Vehicle Collisions." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65013.
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Modern methods for analyzing motor vehicle deformation rely upon a force-deflection analysis to determine deformation work energy. Current methods provide acceptable accuracy when calculating the velocity change of vehicles involved in a collision but require significant modification to accommodate oblique and low-velocity collision events. The existing algorythms require vehicle-specific structural stiffness coefficients for each colliding vehicle, determined from full-scale impact testing. The current database of vehicle structural stiffness values is generated mainly through government safety standard compliance testing and is quite extensive for frontal impacts involving passenger cars and many light trucks and SUVs. However, the database is devoid of specific crash testing necessary for deformation analysis of rear and side structures of many vehicles. Additionally, there remains a dearth of structural stiffness coefficients for heavy commercial vehicles, buses, recreational vehicles, heavy equipment and motorcycles, rendering the application of the current force-deflection analysis approach useless for many impacts involving such vehicles. The research presented, known as the Generalized Deformation and Total Velocity Change System of Equations, or G-DaTAΔV™, develops an accurate, reliable and broadly-applicable system of equations requiring knowledge of the structural stiffness coefficients for only one vehicle, rather than both vehicles involved in a collision event, regardless of the impacted surfaces of the vehicle. The developed methodology is inclusive of non-passenger vehicles such as commercial vehicles and even motorcycles, and it also accommodates impacts with objects and surfaces not supported by the current structural stiffness coefficient database. The G-DaTAΔV™ system of equations incorporates the linear and rotational collision contributions resulting from conservative forces acting during the impact event. The contributions of the G-DaTAΔV™ system of equations are as follows: 1. Consideration of non-conservative contributions from tire-ground forces and inter-vehicular frictional energy dissipation commonly present during non-central collision configurations. 2. Ability to solve for collision energy of a two-vehicle system using a single structural stiffness for only one of the colliding vehicles using work/energy principles. 3. Determination of the total velocity change for a vehicle resulting from a given impact event, which results from conservative and non-conservative force contributions. 4. The ability to predict the time period to reach maximum force application during an impact event, allowing for the determination of the peak acceleration levels acting on each vehicle during an impact. The results of applying the G-DaTAΔV™ to full-scale impact tests conducted as part of the RICSAC collision research will be presented. Additionally, analysis of real-world collision data obtained through the National Automotive Sampling System demonstrates a close correlation with the collision values recorded by the vehicle event data recorders (EDRs) as part of the supplemental restraint system airbag control moducles (ACM). Compared to other analysis methods currently used, determining the total velocity change of a vehicle due to a collision event is achieved with a higher level of both accuracy and precision when using the G-DaTAΔV™. The generalized approach of the G-DaTAΔV™ applies to collisions ranging from the simple collinear impact configuration to the most rigorous conditions of offset and oblique impacts. The comprehensive formulation provides greater utility to the researcher or forensic analyst in determining the contributions of the vehicle-roadway-driver environment as it relates to real-world collision events and their effects on vehicle and highway safety.
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Kim, Ekaterina, Martin Storheim, Rüdiger von Bock und Polach, and Jørgen Amdahl. "Design and Modelling of Accidental Ship Collisions With Ice Masses at Laboratory-Scale." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83544.
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Knowledge about the level of damage after a collision with an ice mass is necessary for designing ships and offshore structures operating in ice-infested waters. An understanding of the physical processes during such a collision is needed to prevent (or limit) accidents, causing loss of life, the loss of a ship or environmental pollution. This study was motivated by the lack of experimental data on ship collisions with ice masses where both the ship and the structure undergo deformations. Laboratory experiments of accidental collisions with ice masses (ACIM) are essential to verify current methods for integrated analysis of the crushing and deformation of the ice and the steel structure. ACIM tests are sensitive to the structural design, i.e., the design of a structure that is flexible enough in relation to the ice mass. Both the ice and the structure should be able to deform during the collision event. The paper addresses issues related to the planning of ACIM at laboratory scale with special emphasis on the choice of: (i) process of ice manufacturing and ice mechanical properties; (ii) flexibility of impacted structure; (iii) scaling of the experiment. Experimental setup of laboratory-scale ACIM for the Aalto Ice Tank is proposed. Non-linear finite element analysis is used as a tool to predict structural damage and to guide the planning of collision experiments. The predicted damage of the test specimens caused by collision is presented.
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Chander, Subodh, Ayhan Akinturk, and Bruce Colbourne. "Hydrodynamic Study of Submerged Ice Collisions." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-42079.
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Most of the research done on ice-structure interaction deals with the ice at the sea surface. Whereas majority of ice-strengthened regions of ships and offshore structures are well below the waterline. The aim of this research is to examine the mechanics of ice loads caused by submerged ice blocks colliding with the structure. The kinematics is an essential determinant of the energy that is available to drive the ice crushing process during the collision. The present research aims to develop a model to represent the mechanics of such collisions and set a direction for future work. This study includes experimental and numerical components. Various physical experiments have been conducted using a submerged ice model moving solely due to its buoyancy. Using high speed camera the experiments are recorded and analysed to determine the kinematics of collision. These include location, velocity and acceleration of the model ice as a function of time. In parallel, numerical simulations have being conducted using FLOW 3DTM software. The results of the experiments are used to validate the numerical model of the underwater collision. The results shows that added mass plays an important role during the underwater impact collisions. The paper presents some preliminary results obtained during this research.
Reports on the topic "Physical principles during collision"
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Bryant, Duncan, Mary Bryant, Jeremy Sharp, Gary Bell, and Christine Moore. The Response of Vegetated Dunes to Wave Attack. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41580.
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Vegetation is believed to increase the stability of dunes during wave attack, but limited data is available. A physical model study was performed to evaluate changes in the dune stability with and without biomass, both above and belowground. The above and belowground biomass was modeled using wooden dowels and coir fibers, respectively. For both the collision and overwash storm impact regimes, the results of this study clearly demonstrate that the inclusion of biomass in the model dune reduces the erosion and overwash. The combination of both above and belowground biomass was the most effective at reducing erosion followed by belowground biomass, with aboveground biomass providing the smallest benefit regardless of the wave condition and water level. Additionally, the overwash of sediment and water was decreased with the inclusion of biomass, following the same trends as the erosion. As the dune eroded, the storm impact regime transitioned from collision to overwash. The inclusion of biomass delays this transition in storm impact regime, providing greater protection to coastal communities. This study highlights the need to consider dune vegetation for dune construction and coastal planning.
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Yentis, S. M., K. Asanati, C. R. Bailey, R. Hampton, I. Hobson, K. Hodgson, S. Leiffer, S. Pattani, and K. Walker-Bone. Better musculoskeletal health for anaesthetists. Association of Anaesthetists, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21466/g.bmhfa.2021.
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3Association of Anaesthetists | Better musculoskeletal health for anaesthetistsSummaryWork-related musculoskeletal disorders are very common amongst healthcare workers, and there is evidence that anaesthetists are at greater risk of upper limb disorders than other groups. This guidance aims to bring together advice and recommendations from a variety of sources in order to inform and support anaesthetists at work, in an attempt to reduce the prevalence and severity of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and the exacerbation of pre-existing disorders. Mechanical and psychosocial risk factors for work-associated musculoskeletal disorders are summarised, along with general principles for achieving better musculoskeletal health and practices specific to areas of the body most at risk. These include recommended exercises and stretches during sedentary work.RecommendationsAttention must be paid by both employers and anaesthetists to the physical and psychological risk factors that may lead to development and/or exacerbation of musculoskeletal disorders. This requires ongoing risk assessments and adherence to published standards of health and safety at work, including training. Such a programme is best achieved as part of a multidisciplinary approach.What other guidelines are available on this topic? There are many sources of guidance on health and safety in the workplace, across many sectors, much of which is of relevance to anaesthetists. There is no readily accessible guidance specifically aimed at the anaesthetic workplace.Why was this guideline developed?This guidance was developed as part of a wider piece of work by the Association of Anaesthetists based around ergonomics of the anaesthetic workplace, as a result of the increased reported incidence of musculoskeletal disorders amongst anaesthetists. It aims to draw on existing guidance and present a summary of advice relevant to anaesthetists and their practice.How and why does this publication differ from existing guidelines?This guidance summarises other advice and recommendations, and focuses on factors relevant to the anaesthetic workplace