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Journal articles on the topic 'Physical properties of FGM'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Sun, Chuan, Yun Kai Li, Hu Wang, and Chang Chun Ge. "Fabrication and Plasmas-Relevant Properties of B₄C/Cu Coating FGM." Advanced Materials Research 833 (November 2013): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.833.257.

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in this work, two kinds of boron carbide coating based on copper substrates, which are non-FGM B4C/Cu coating and FGM B4C/Cu coating, have been fabricated successfully. It is found that the chemical sputtering yield of B4C measures by LAS2000 apparatus is much lower than that of SMF800 graphite under the conditions of 3keV, 4.6E 15D+ /s/cm2 irradiation, and that FGM-B4C coating has much better performance than non-FGM-B4C coating in thermal shock tests. Thermal desorption performance and physical sputtering damage after plasma irradiation are also evaluated.

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2

Shichalin, Oleg O., Evgeniy K. Papynov, Igor Yu Buravlev, et al. "Functionally Gradient Material Fabrication Based on Cr, Ti, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu Metal Layers via Spark Plasma Sintering." Coatings 13, no. 1 (2023): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010138.

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The paper presents a method of obtaining functionally graded material (FGM) of heterogeneous (layered) type based on joined metals Cr-Ti-Fe-Co-Ni-Cu using spark plasma sintering (SPS) technology. The structure, elemental and phase composition of FGM obtained on the basis of joined metals with different values of the temperature coefficient of linear expansion (CTLE) were studied by SEM, EDS and XRD methods with regard to the phase states of the alloy system. Based on the Vickers microhardness data, the evaluation of the mechanical characteristics of FGM in the whole sample body and locally at

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3

Zhao, Jun, Yan Zheng Li, and Xing Ai. "Transient Thermal Stress Analysis of a Plate with Double-Sided FGM Coatings." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1807.

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In this paper, the transient heat conduction and transient thermal stresses in an infinite plate with double-sided functionally graded coatings (FGM coatings) under the convective boundary condition are investigated. The thermo-physical properties of the two symmetrical FGM coatings are assumed to have distributions of power forms along the thickness direction of the plate, the effects of which on the thermal shock resistance of the FGM coated plate are analyzed via numerical calculations. And consequently some design rules for the double-sided FGM coatings are put forward, which provide a gui

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4

Zhang, J., W. Xu, and X. F. Yao. "Load Detection of Functionally Graded Material Based on Coherent Gradient Sensing Method." Journal of Mechanics 34, no. 3 (2016): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2016.114.

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AbstractFunctionally graded material (FGM) has some particular characteristics due to the gradual variation of physical properties. The study on mechanical behavior of FGM is of great research value. In this work, a large scale FGM which filled with small glass spheres has been prepared by gravity assisted casting technique. The elastic material constants in static condition are measured. One optical experimental method, coherent gradient sensing (CGS), is introduced to study the mechanical behavior of FGM which has variation of material property in power-law. The governing equations of CGS wh

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5

Pshenichnov, Sergey, Radan Ivanov, and Maria Datcheva. "Transient Wave Propagation in Functionally Graded Viscoelastic Structures." Mathematics 10, no. 23 (2022): 4505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10234505.

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Transient wave processes in viscoelastic structures built from functionally graded material (FGM) still remain almost unexplored. In this article, the problem of the propagation of nonstationary longitudinal waves in an infinite viscoelastic layer of a FGM with plane–parallel boundaries is considered. The physical and mechanical parameters of the FGM depend continuously on the transverse coordinate, while the wave process propagates along the same coordinate. The viscoelastic properties of the material are taken into account employing the linear integral Boltzmann–Volterra relations. The visco

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6

OBATA, Yoshihiro, Hideaki SUGINO, Fumie ABE, and Kozo KANAYAMA. "Two-dimensional Unsteady Thermal Stresses in FGM Plate with Thermo-physical Properties of Wood." Proceedings of the 1992 Annual Meeting of JSME/MMD 2003 (2003): 515–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmezairiki.2003.0_515.

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7

Muller, Pierre, Jean Yves Hascoet, and Pascal Mognol. "A Method for the Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Material Parts." Advanced Materials Research 698 (May 2013): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.698.117.

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Developments in additive manufacturing add possibilities to produce three-dimensional industrial parts. Nowadays, customized parts can be obtained in short period directly from digital data. One of major recent evolutions of additive manufacturing is the ability to produce functionally graded material (FGM) parts. These materials can be characterized by the variation in composition and structure gradually over the volume. The use of these materials is particularly attractive in fields such as aeronautical or biomedical where the multimaterial parts allow to modify locally mechanical, chemical,

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8

AbdulRazaq, Jaafar Sh, Abdul Kareem F. Hassan, and Nuha H. Jasim. "Characterization of the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of epoxy-silica functionally graded materials." AIMS Materials Science 10, no. 1 (2023): 182–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2023010.

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<abstract> <p>A functionally graded material (FGM) was prepared using epoxy resin reinforced with silicon dioxide with a particle size of 100 μm and weight percentages of 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 wt%. In a gravity-molding process using the hand layup technique, specimens with international standard (ASTM)-calculated dimensions were created in a mold of poly(methyl methacrylate), which is also known as acrylic. Tensile, flexural, impact, infrared wave, and thermal conductivity tests, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were conducted on specimens of the five layers of the FGM. The XRD and infr

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9

Sahmani, S., and M. M. Aghdam. "Imperfection sensitivity of the nonlinear axial buckling behavior of FGM nanoshells in thermal environments based on surface elasticity theory." International Journal of Computational Materials Science and Engineering 06, no. 01 (2017): 1750003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2047684117500038.

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A size-dependent shell model which accounts for geometrical imperfection sensitivity of the axial postbuckling characteristics of a cylindrical nanoshell made of functionally graded material (FGM) is proposed within the framework of the surface elasticity theory. In accordance with a power law, the material properties of the FGM nanoshell are supposed to vary through the shell thickness. In order to eliminate the stretching-bending coupling terms, the change in the position of physical neutral plane corresponding to different volume fractions is taken into account. Based upon the virtual work’

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10

Chyad, Fadhi, Akram Jabur, and Sabreen Abed. "Physical and Morphological Properties of Hard- Soft Ferrite Functionally Graded Materials." Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 14, no. 1 (2018): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2018.10.007.

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs), with ceramic –ceramic constituents are fabricated using powder technology techniques. In this work three different sets of FGMs samples were designed in to 3 layers, 5 layers and 7 layers. The ceramic constituents were represented by hard ferrite (Barium ferrite) and soft ferrite (lithium ferrite). All samples sintered at constant temperature at 1100oC for 2 hrs. and characterized by FESEM. Some physical properties were measured for fabricated FGMs include apparent density, bulk density, porosity, shrinkage and hardness. The results indicated that the dens

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11

Chyad, Fadhi, Akram Jabur, and Sabreen Abed. "Physical and Morphological Properties of Hard- Soft Ferrite Functionally Graded Materials." Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 14, no. 1 (2018): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/kej.2018.10.007.

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs), with ceramic –ceramic constituents are fabricated using powder technology techniques. In this work three different sets of FGMs samples were designed in to 3 layers, 5 layers and 7 layers. The ceramic constituents were represented by hard ferrite (Barium ferrite) and soft ferrite (lithium ferrite). All samples sintered at constant temperature at 1100oC for 2 hrs. and characterized by FESEM. Some physical properties were measured for fabricated FGMs include apparent density, bulk density, porosity, shrinkage and hardness. The results indicated that the dens

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12

Miller, D. P., J. J. Lannutti, and R. D. Noebe. "Fabrication and properties of functionally graded NiAl/Al2O3 composites." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 8 (1993): 2004–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.2004.

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A modified sedimentation process was used in the production of a functionally gradient material (FGM), NiAl/Al2O3. A simple finite element model was used to guide our design and fabrication efforts by estimating residual stress states as a function of composite structure. This approach could lead to tailored designs that enhance or avoid specific residual stress states. Thermal cycling tests were factored into the model to predict time dependent or steady-state internal temperature and stress profiles. Four-point bend tests were conducted to establish the mechanical load-displacement behavior

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13

Yang, Tieliang, Qibai Huang, and Shande Li. "Three-Dimensional Elasticity Solutions for Sound Radiation of Functionally Graded Materials Plates considering State Space Method." Shock and Vibration 2016 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1403856.

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This paper presents an analytical study for sound radiation of functionally graded materials (FGM) plate based on the three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The FGM plate is a mixture of metal and ceramic, and its material properties are assumed to have smooth and continuous variation in the thickness direction according to a power-law distribution in terms of volume fractions of the constituents. Based on the three-dimensional theory of elasticity and state space method, the governing equations with variable coefficients of the FGM plate are derived. The sound radiation of the vibration plat

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14

Horník, Jakub, David Tondl, Pavel Sachr, Evgenyi Anisimov, Maxim Puchnin, and Tomas Chraska. "The Effect of PVD Tungsten-Based Coatings on Improvement of Hardness and Wear Resistance." Key Engineering Materials 606 (March 2014): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.606.163.

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This article deals with the analysis and evaluation of coatings applications made by Physical vapour deposition on ceramics substrates. Main focus is on the application of tungsten and tungsten nitride coatings for functionally graded materials (FGM). The article focuses on analysis and evaluation of tungsten and tungsten nitride coatings with ceramics substrates. Firstly suitable deposition parameters of W and WN coatings, prepared by magnetron sputtering, were tested. Test coatings on tool steel substrate exhibited high adhesion and good mechanical and technological properties. Both tungsten

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15

Viana, Mila O. S., Thays C. S. Lopes, Matheus A. B. S. Lopes, Lilian G. S. Pires, Marta R. O. Campos, and Ayrton S. Brandim. "Evaluation of the Microhardness of Different Types of Bulk Fill Resins." European Journal of Dental and Oral Health 4, no. 5 (2023): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdent.2023.4.5.284.

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The constant search for the ideal restorative material causes the new formulations to aim for an increase of 4 to 5 mm, getting an improvement of its mechanical properties, for example, the organic and inorganic matrix of other materials. With this, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the microhardness of different brands of bulk fill resin. In order to perform the research, 30 specimens were prepared, with group 1 with 10 specimens of the conventional composite resin Opallis (FGM). Group 2 with 10 specimens of Oppus Bulk Fill composite resin (FGM). And group 3 with 10 specimens

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16

Roy, Rajarshi, Eric Warren, Yaoyao Xu, et al. "Functional Grading of a Transversely Isotropic Hyperelastic Model with Applications in Modeling Tricuspid and Mitral Valve Transition Regions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18 (2020): 6503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186503.

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Surgical simulators and injury-prediction human models require a combination of representative tissue geometry and accurate tissue material properties to predict realistic tool–tissue interaction forces and injury mechanisms, respectively. While biological tissues have been individually characterized, the transition regions between tissues have received limited research attention, potentially resulting in inaccuracies within simulations. In this work, an approach to characterize the transition regions in transversely isotropic (TI) soft tissues using functionally graded material (FGM) modeling

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17

Xue, L. J., X. Y. Bian, J. J. Feng, and J. N. Liu. "Elastoplastic Analysis of a Functionally Graded Material Beam Subjected to Uniformly Distributed Load." Journal of Mechanics 36, no. 1 (2019): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2019.40.

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ABSTRACTThe elastoplastic behavior of a Functionally Graded Material (FGM) simply supported beam consisting of elastic material A and elastoplastic material B under uniformly distributed load is investigated. A power function is used to describe the volume fractions of the constituent materials, and the average stress of the FGM beam is obtained by using the averaging method. This method can avoid the assumption of the varying properties of the whole material, and can consider the different Possion’s ratios of the different constituent materials. What’s more, only the elastoplastic material B

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18

Sharma, Anchal, and Praveen Ailawalia. "Two-Dimensional Analysis of Functionally Graded Thermoelastic Microelongated Solid." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 27, no. 4 (2022): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2022-0056.

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Abstract The present research focuses on two-dimensional deformation in a functionally graded thermoelastic micro-elongated medium. It is supposed that the non-homogeneous properties (thermal and mechanical) of FGM are in the x-direction. The normal mode technique is used to acquire the analytic expression for displacement components, stress, micro-elongation and temperature. The cause and effect relationship of non-homogeneity and physical quantities is shown through graphical results.

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19

Szparaga, Łukasz, Przemysław Bartosik, Adam Gilewicz, Katarzyna Mydłowska, and Jerzy Ratajski. "Optimisation of Mechanical Properties of Gradient Zr–C Coatings." Materials 14, no. 2 (2021): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020296.

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One of the key components of the designing procedure of a structure of hard anti-wear coatings deposited via Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) is the analysis of the stress and strain distributions in the substrate/coating systems, initiated during the deposition process and by external mechanical loads. Knowledge of residual stress development is crucial due to their significant influence on the mechanical and tribological properties of such layer systems. The main goal of the work is to find the optimal functionally graded material (FGM) coating’s structure, composed of three functional layer

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20

Szparaga, Łukasz, Przemysław Bartosik, Adam Gilewicz, Katarzyna Mydłowska, and Jerzy Ratajski. "Optimisation of Mechanical Properties of Gradient Zr–C Coatings." Materials 14, no. 2 (2021): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020296.

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One of the key components of the designing procedure of a structure of hard anti-wear coatings deposited via Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) is the analysis of the stress and strain distributions in the substrate/coating systems, initiated during the deposition process and by external mechanical loads. Knowledge of residual stress development is crucial due to their significant influence on the mechanical and tribological properties of such layer systems. The main goal of the work is to find the optimal functionally graded material (FGM) coating’s structure, composed of three functional layer

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21

Gilewski, Wojciech, and Jan Pełczyński. "Material-Oriented Shape Functions for FGM Plate Finite Element Formulation." Materials 13, no. 3 (2020): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030803.

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A four-noded finite element of a moderately thick plate made of functionally graded material (FGM) is presented. The base element is rectangular and can be extended to any shape using a transformation based on NURBS functions. The proposed 2D shape functions are consistent with the physical interpretation and describe the states of element displacement caused by unit displacements of nodes. These functions depend on the FGM’s material parameters and are called material-oriented. The shape function matrix is based on a superposition displacement field of two plate strips with 1D exact shape fun

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22

Kayabasi, I., G. Sur, H. Gokkaya, and Y. Sun. "Functionally Graded Material Production and Characterization using the Vertical Separator Molding Technique and the Powder Metallurgy Method." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, no. 4 (2022): 8785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5025.

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Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) are advanced customized engineering materials that gradually and continuously change their composition. The current study investigated the production feasibility and some post-production mechanical/physical properties of B4C particle-reinforced (avg. 40µm) AA7075 matrix (avg. 60µm) FGM composites with the vertical separator molding technique using the high-temperature isostatic pressing powder metallurgy method. FGMs produced consist of three (0 – 30 – 60 wt. % B4C) and four (0 – 20 – 40 – 60 wt. % B4C) layers. The powders were mixed in a power blender mixe

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23

Hirano, Tohru, and Kenji Wakashima. "Mathematical Modeling and Design." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 1 (1995): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400048922.

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For the design of functionally gradient materials (FGMs), necessary material properties, such as thermal-expansion-coefficient and Young's modulus in the specific region, are optimized by controlling the distribution profiles of composition and microstructures, as well as micropores in the materials. For this purpose, our research team employs the inverse design procedure in which both the basic material combination and the optimum profile of the composition and microstructures are determined with respect to the objective structural shape and the thermomechanical boundary conditions. Figure 1

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24

Bouhdima, M. S., M. Zagrouba, and M. H. Ben Ghozlen. "The power series technique and detection of zero-group velocity Lamb waves in a functionally graded material plate." Canadian Journal of Physics 90, no. 2 (2012): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p11-153.

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This paper presents a technique for measuring the variation of the material properties along the thickness in a functionally graded material (FGM) plate. To investigate the propagation behavior of Lamb waves in a thermal stress relaxation type FGM plate with material parameters that vary continuously along the thickness, the power series technique, which has been proved to have good convergence and high precision, is employed for theoretical derivations. The method exploits the resonance at the minimum frequency of the S1 - zero group velocity (ZGV) mode. At this minimum frequency (f0), the gr

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25

Ruigang, Wang, Pan Wei, Jiang Mengning, Chen Jian, and Luo Yongming. "Investigation of the physical and mechanical properties of hot-pressed machinable Si3N4/h-BN composites and FGM." Materials Science and Engineering: B 90, no. 3 (2002): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5107(01)01048-0.

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26

Panahi-Kalus, Hamed, Amin Moosaie null, and Mehrdad Ahmadinejad. "A Two-Dimensional Thermoelastic Analysis of a Cylindrical Shell Made of FGM with Temperature-Dependent Physical Properties." Advances in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 15, no. 3 (2023): 623–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/aamm.oa-2021-0282.

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27

Hung, Tran Quang, Tran Minh Tu, and Do Minh Duc. "Free vibration of piezoelectric FGM sandwich beam with porous core embedded in thermal environment and elastic foundation." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - HUCE 15, no. 4 (2021): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.huce(nuce)2021-15(4)-02.

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This paper aims to present thermo-electrical free vibration characteristics of functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich beam placed on the two-parameter elastic foundation. The beam is constructed of a foam core, two middle FGM layers, and two outer piezoelectric layers. It is assumed that the beam is subjected to a constant voltage and a uniform/linear temperature distribution. Physical properties of the core and two middle layers vary smoothly through the thickness according to the cosine and power-law forms, respectively. Lagrange equations in conjunction with the Reddy third-order beam

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28

Ge, Chang Chun, Shuang Quan Guo, Yun Biao Feng, et al. "Development of Functionally Graded Coating Based Plasma Facing Materials for Fusion Reactor." Advances in Science and Technology 63 (October 2010): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.63.383.

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Different coating technologies, such as plasma spray (PS), physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which can fabricate the PFM and join it to heat sink materials simultaneously, were applied for the fabrication of plasma facing materials (PFM) in fusion reactor. In the Institute of Nuclear Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), the concept of functionally graded materials (FGM) was adopted to fabricate coatings for effectively alleviating the thermal stress generated between coatings and the substrate materials under high heat flux loading

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29

Khorasani, Mohammad, Luca Lampani, Rossana Dimitri, and Francesco Tornabene. "Thermomechanical Buckling Analysis of the E&P-FGM Beams Integrated by Nanocomposite Supports Immersed in a Hygrothermal Environment." Molecules 26, no. 21 (2021): 6594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216594.

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Due to the widespread use of sandwich structures in many industries and the importance of understanding their mechanical behavior, this paper studies the thermomechanical buckling behavior of sandwich beams with a functionally graded material (FGM) middle layer and two composite external layers. Both composite skins are made of Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) reinforced by carbon-nano-tubes (CNTs). The properties of the FGM core are predicted through an exponential-law and power-law theory (E&P), whereas an Eshelby–Mori–Tanaka (EMT) formulation is applied to capture the mechanical propert

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Wang, Yaolun, Chaofan Yang, Yongxin Zhang, Shipeng Dong, and Liang Li. "Dynamics of a rotating hollow FGM beam in the temperature field." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 60, no. 1 (2021): 643–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2021-0055.

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Abstract Dynamic responses and vibration characteristics of a rotating functionally graded material (FGM) beam with a hollow circular cross-section in the temperature field are investigated in this paper. The material properties of the FGM beam are assumed to be temperature-dependent and vary along the thickness direction of the beam. By considering the rigid-flexible coupling effect, the geometrically nonlinear dynamic equations of a hub–FGM beam system are derived by employing the assumed modes method and Lagrange’s equations. With the high-order coupling dynamic model, the effect of tempera

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Kashtalyan, M., and M. Menshykova. "Three-dimensional analysis of a functionally graded coating/substrate system of finite thickness." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, no. 1871 (2008): 1821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2194.

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The concept of functionally graded material (FGM) is currently actively explored in coating design for the purpose of eliminating the mismatch of thermomechanical properties at the interfaces and thus increasing the resistance of coatings to functional failure. In the present paper, three-dimensional elastic deformation of a functionally graded coating/substrate system of finite thickness subjected to mechanical loading is investigated. A comparative study of FGM versus homogeneous coating is conducted to examine the effect of the coating type on stress and displacement fields in the system.

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Colomban, Philippe. "Sol-gel control of the micro/nanostructure of functional ceramic-ceramic and metal-ceramic composites." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 4 (1998): 803–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0102.

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The problems encountered to tailor simultaneously various specific chemical or physical properties are discussed. Selected polymeric precursors used in association with fine powders allow the control of the nano/microstructure of composites and hence the preparation of functional (FGM) and hierarchical reinforced (HRC) composites, making it possible to combine several kinds of fibers, interphases, and matrices in the same composite (hot microwave absorbent), to control the fiber/matrix interface (long life times composites), to achieve net-shape sintering of 3D composite matrices, and to prepa

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Wang, Guoqiang, and Zonghao Pan. "Fluxgate Magnetometer Offset Vector Determination Using Current Sheets in the Solar Wind." Astrophysical Journal 926, no. 1 (2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac3d8f.

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Abstract The zero offset of the fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) on board the spacecraft varies slowly with time, therefore the FGM needs regular in-flight calibration. There are abundant physical phenomena in the solar wind, such as waves, mirror mode structures, and current sheets. Several in-flight calibration methods have been developed based on the properties of Alfvén waves or mirror mode structures instead of current sheets. Here, we develop a method to determine the zero offset O using current sheets in the solar wind, which is based on an assumption that the magnetic field in the normal di

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34

Suter, Florentina, Ioana Cernat, and Mihai Drăgan. "Some Information Measures Properties of the GOS-Concomitants from the FGM Family." Entropy 24, no. 10 (2022): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24101361.

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In this paper we recall, extend and compute some information measures for the concomitants of the generalized order statistics (GOS) from the Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern (FGM) family. We focus on two types of information measures: some related to Shannon entropy, and some related to Tsallis entropy. Among the information measures considered are residual and past entropies which are important in a reliability context.

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Silva, Bruna Guerra, Thayla Helle Nunes Gouveia, Marcelo de Assumpção Pereira da Silva, Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano, Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar, and Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima. "Evaluation of home bleaching gel modified by different thickeners on the physical properties of enamel: An in situ study." European Journal of Dentistry 12, no. 04 (2018): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejd.ejd_352_17.

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ABSTRACT Objective: This in situ study evaluated the influence of 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) in combination with different thickeners on physical characteristics of enamel. Materials and Methods: Eighty-four bovine blocks of enamel and dentin (4 mm × 4 mm × 2.5 mm) were divided into seven groups (n = 12), fixed in palatal intraoral devices, and submitted to different treatments: CP + carbopol (FGM), CP + carbopol + glycerin (ultradent), CP + natrosol (experimental gel), carbopol, carbopol + glycerin, and natrosol, without treatment (control group). The physical properties tested were color (Δ

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Han, Xiao, and Yuan-Sheng Wang. "Studies on the synthesis and microwave absorption properties of Fe3O4/polyaniline FGM." Physica Scripta T129 (November 30, 2007): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2007/t129/074.

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37

Praes, Rafaella Calixto Vieira, Paloma Conceição Duarte Santos, Mariana Costa Lima Ribeiro, Lia Dietrich, Cíntia Tereza Pimenta Araújo, and Cristina Pereira Isolan. "Avaliação da correlação entre propriedades físicas e mecânicas e a matriz inorgânica de resinas compostas: um estudo in vitro." CONTRIBUCIONES A LAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES 17, no. 8 (2024): e9182. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/revconv.17n.8-070.

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The inorganic matrix is one of the factors that can predict the mechanical properties of composite resins (CRs). The aim of this study was to evaluate mechanical and physical properties of ten CRs with different inorganic matrices. Ten specimens (7mmx2mmx2mm) of each CRs: Z100 (3M Espe), Filtek™ Universal (3M Espe), Filtek™ Z350 XT (3M Espe), Palfique LX5 (Tokuyama Dental), Vittra APS Unique (FGM), Opallis (FGM), Forma (Ultradent), Harmonize (Kerr), IPS Empress Direct (Ivoclar Vivadent) and Herculite Précis (Kerr) were made in a silicone matrix, photopolymerized with LED (Radii Cal-SDI), polis

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Yan, Lei, Liying Zhang, Lihua Xiong, et al. "Flood Frequency Analysis Using Mixture Distributions in Light of Prior Flood Type Classification in Norway." Remote Sensing 15, no. 2 (2023): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15020401.

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The fundamental assumption of flood frequency analysis is that flood samples are generated by the same flood generation mechanism (FGM). However, flood events are usually triggered by the interaction of meteorological factors and watershed properties, which results in different FMGs. To solve this problem, researchers have put forward traditional two-component mixture distributions (TCMD-T) without clearly linking each component distribution to an explicit FGM. In order to improve the physical meaning of mixture distributions in seasonal snow-covered areas, the ratio of rainfall to flood volum

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Noh, Inwoong, Jaehun Jeon, and Sang Won Lee. "A Study on Metallographic and Machining Characteristics of Functionally Graded Material Produced by Directed Energy Deposition." Crystals 13, no. 10 (2023): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13101491.

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Directed energy deposition (DED) stands as a key process in metal additive manufacturing (AM) and offers the unique capability of creating functionally graded materials (FGMs). FGMs have garnered significant interest in high-value industries by advantages such as performance optimization, reducing material defects, and resolving joining issues. However, post-processing remains a crucial step, indicating a need for further research to understand the machinability of FGMs. This paper focuses on the characteristics analysis of fabricating and machining an FGM based on stainless steel 316L (SAE 31

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Phuc, Pham Minh, and Nguyen Thi Kim Khue. "New Finite Modeling of Free and Forced Vibration Responses of Piezoelectric FG Plates Resting on Elastic Foundations in Thermal Environments." Shock and Vibration 2021 (February 2, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6672370.

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This paper carries out free and forced vibration analysis of piezoelectric FGM plates resting on two-parameter elastic foundations placed in thermal environments. By employing the third-order shear deformation theory and the finite element method, this work establishes free and forced vibration equations of piezoelectric FGM plates, where the materials are assumed to be varied in the thickness directions, and the mechanical properties depend on the temperature. Then, comparative examples are conducted to verify the proposed theory and mathematical model, and the results of this study and other

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Shen, Hui-Shen. "Thermal postbuckling behavior of shear deformable FGM plates with temperature-dependent properties." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 49, no. 4 (2007): 466–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2006.09.011.

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Yang, J., K. M. Liew, Y. F. Wu, and S. Kitipornchai. "Thermo-mechanical post-buckling of FGM cylindrical panels with temperature-dependent properties." International Journal of Solids and Structures 43, no. 2 (2006): 307–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.04.001.

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Feng, Yi Jian, Chang Lin Gui, Ji Gui Chen, and Xian Guo Hu. "Thermal Physical Properties of Bulk Materials from ZrO₂ Nanoparticles by Sintering Process." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 1481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.1481.

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Nanoparticles can be made into bulk material by sintering process in order to obtain some excelled properties of nanomaterials. Because ZrO2 has a good thermal-resistance property, it has been widely used as thermal-barrier material, including functionally graded material (FGM) and thermal barrier coating (TBC). In the present paper, ZrO2 nanoparticles with a size of 10, 50, 80 and 100 nm were fabricated into bulk material respectively with the help of cold and isostatic pressing processes. The thermal diffusion coefficient, the hot expand coefficient and the specific heat of these bulk materi

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Zenkour, A. M., and M. Sobhy. "Elastic Foundation Analysis of Uniformly Loaded Functionally Graded Viscoelastic Sandwich Plates." Journal of Mechanics 28, no. 3 (2012): 439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2012.53.

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AbstractThis paper deals with the static response of simply supported functionally graded material (FGM) viscoelastic sandwich plates subjected to transverse uniform loads. The FG sandwich plates are considered to be resting on Pasternak's elastic foundations. The sandwich plate is assumed to consist of a fully elastic core sandwiched by elastic-viscoelastic FGM layers. Material properties are graded according to a power-law variation from the interfaces to the faces of the plate. The equilibrium equations of the FG sandwich plate are given based on a trigonometric shear deformation plate theo

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Chow, W. K., and L. C. Shek. "Physical properties of a sprinkler water spray." Fire and Materials 17, no. 6 (1993): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170605.

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Pietras, Daniel, Wojciech Zbyszyński, and Tomasz Sadowski. "A 3D Printing Method of Cement-Based FGM Composites Containing Granulated Cork, Polypropylene Fibres, and a Polyethylene Net Interlayer." Materials 16, no. 12 (2023): 4235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16124235.

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The increasing popularity of additive manufacturing technologies in the prototyping and building industry requires the application of novel, improved composite materials. In this paper, we propose the use of a novel 3D printing cement-based composite material with natural, granulated cork, and additional reinforcement using a continuous polyethylene interlayer net combined with polypropylene fibre reinforcement. Our assessment of different physical and mechanical properties of the used materials during the 3D printing process and after curing verified the applicability of the new composite. Th

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Wang, Lin Jiang, Xiang Li Xie, Ye Zhang та Ying Guang Chen. "Preparation of Si₃N₄-Al₂O₃ Functional Gradient Joining Material Using Transient β-Sialon Interlayer". Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (березень 2010): 764–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.764.

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The joining of high temperature structural ceramics to other materials is an important process commercially and technologically. Due to the existence of physical and economic limitations for the manufacture of large parts, joining is essential. Functional gradient materials (FGMs) are designed to exhibit a desirable gradient in a property, due ether to a gradient in composition, or microstructure, or both. In this paper, Si3N4-Al2O3 functional gradient joining material was prepared by hot press sintering of multilayered FGMs with 20 layers of thickness 400um each using β-Sialon as transient in

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Zhou, Feng-xi. "Application of the Reverberation-Ray Matrix to the Non-Fourier Heat Conduction in Functionally Graded Materials." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 71, no. 2 (2016): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2015-0345.

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AbstractThe method of the reverberation-ray matrix has been developed and successfully applied to analyse the wave propagation in a multibranched framed structure or in a layered medium. However, the method is confined to the case of mechanical loads applied at the medium until now. This paper aims to extend the formulation of the reverberation-ray matrix to cases of thermal propagation and diffusion. The thermal response in functionally graded materials (FGM) with the non-Fourier heat conduction model is analysed. In the present work, it is assumed that the material properties of an FG plate

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Miedzińska, Danuta, Robert Panowicz, and Przemysław Jóźwicki. "Multiscale Modelling Method for Chosen Functionally Graded Material." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.593.

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The paper deals with the numerical and experimental analyses of functionally graded material structures which are represented by a surface layer of the steel sample hardened during the laser treatment process. A functionally graded parameter of the researched structure was assumed as the hardness value experimentally measured with the use of a Vickers hardness test method. The microstructure of the tested layer was also analyzed for the Vickers test verification. Two homogenization methods were used for the purpose of layer substitute properties for numerical calculations. The first one was to

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Wang, Yu, F. Zhang, L. Z. Qi, L. Wang, and L. C. Cheng. "The Preparation and Properties of New Silver-Metal Oxide Graded Composite Electrical Contact Materials." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 1917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.1917.

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Electrical contact material is a very important material for the electric power industry. An electrical contact material should display good structural characteristics (suitable hardness, high thermal conductivity and stabilization) as well as a good functional characteristic (low electrical resistivity). It is difficult to fabricate such a contact material with all these good performing parameters by common techniques because these physical parameters influence each other. In this paper, we report a novel investigation to design and prepare silver-metal oxide composite materials according to

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