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Journal articles on the topic 'Physical social prosociality'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Lockwood, Patricia L., Ayat Abdurahman, Anthony S. Gabay, et al. "Aging Increases Prosocial Motivation for Effort." Psychological Science 32, no. 5 (2021): 668–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797620975781.

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Social cohesion relies on prosociality in increasingly aging populations. Helping other people requires effort, yet how willing people are to exert effort to benefit themselves and others, and whether such behaviors shift across the life span, is poorly understood. Using computational modeling, we tested the willingness of 95 younger adults (18–36 years old) and 92 older adults (55–84 years old) to put physical effort into self- and other-benefiting acts. Participants chose whether to work and exert force (30%–70% of maximum grip strength) for rewards (2–10 credits) accrued for themselves or,

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Toppe, Theo, Susanne Hardecker, Franca Zerres, and Daniel B. M. Haun. "The influence of cooperation and competition on preschoolers' prosociality toward in-group and out-group members." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 5 (2021): 202171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.202171.

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Past research suggests that children favour their in-group members over out-group members as indicated by selective prosociality such as sharing or social inclusion. This preregistered study examined how playing a cooperative, competitive or solitary game influences German 4- to 6-year-olds’ in-group bias and their general willingness to act prosocially, independent of the recipient's group membership ( N = 144). After playing the game, experimenters introduced minimal groups and assessed children's sharing with an in-group and an out-group member as well as their social inclusion of an out-gr

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Cho, Isu, Ryan Daley, Tony Cunningham, Elizabeth Kensinger, and Angela Gutchess. "Aging, Empathy, and Prosocial Behaviors During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (2021): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2744.

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Abstract Previous literature has shown age-related increases in prosociality (i.e., the tendency to engage in behaviors that benefit others). Can such age-related differences be observed during the COVID-19 pandemic, or would young adults’ higher levels of COVID-19-related stress alter the relation between age and prosociality given the prior findings that stress may promote prosocial behaviors? Can empathy, one of the factors highly related to prosociality, explain any observed age-related differences? The current study examined the above questions, as well as whether age differences exist in

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Lamoneda-Prieto, J. "Responsabilidad, violencia percibida y prosocialidad en adolescentes que precisan atención compensatoria." SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias del Deporte 8, no. 2 (2019): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/sportk.391721.

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El presente estudio analiza en un centro público adscrito a un Programa de Compensación Educativa cómo influyen el género, el curso y las necesidades educativas de apoyo educativo (NEAE) en la responsabilidad en educación física, violencia escolar y prosocialidad. Participaron 120 estudiantes con una edad media de 14.40 años (DT = 1.67), de los cuales 62 estaban diagnosticados con alguna NEAE (51.7%) y 58 no requería atención especial (48.3%). Los resultados indican tan solo diferencias entre alumnos que precisan diferente atención educativa en la responsabilidad personal en educación física.

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Cutler, Jo, Jonas P. Nitschke, Claus Lamm, and Patricia L. Lockwood. "Older adults across the globe exhibit increased prosocial behavior but also greater in-group preferences." Nature Aging 1, no. 10 (2021): 880–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43587-021-00118-3.

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AbstractPopulation aging is a global phenomenon with substantial implications across society1,2. Prosocial behaviors—actions that benefit others—promote mental and physical health across the lifespan3,4 and can save lives during the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined whether age predicts prosociality in a preregistered global study (46,576 people aged 18–99 across 67 countries) using two acutely relevant measures: distancing during COVID-19 and willingness to donate to hypothetical charities. Age positively predicted prosociality on both measures, with increased distancing and donations among olde

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Hoyo-Guillot, Augusto, María Luisa Santos-Pastor, Eeva-Maria Hooli, and Pedro Jesús Ruiz-Montero. "Influence of Service-Learning on Motivation, Prosociality, and Importance of Physical Education on Adolescents’ Students." Adolescents 5, no. 2 (2025): 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents5020027.

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Social changes have significantly impacted the educational system at various levels, for example, through legislative reforms, and have consequently guided the teaching–learning process. One of the emerging methodologies is Service-Learning (SL), which directly affects student competence and promotes habits related to physical activity and health. The present quasi-experimental study examined the impact of an SL program on secondary school students (n = 112). The aim of the 16-session SL program, which was part of the Physical Education course, was to improve the physical condition and health

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Martí-Vilar, Manuel, Maria Villalonga-Aragón, Francisco González-Sala, Sergio Hidalgo-Fuentes, César Merino-Soto, and Filiberto Toledano-Toledano. "Promoting Prosociality and Health through Musical Interventions with Groups at Risk of Social Exclusion: A Systematic Review." Sustainability 15, no. 23 (2023): 16334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152316334.

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There is evidence that promoting prosociality through music helps activate participation and integration with the environment, supporting the emergence of empathic responses and fostering bonds between people, especially those with societal inclusion difficulties. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of psychosocial intervention programs that have used musical techniques to promote prosociality in populations at risk of social exclusion. The search was performed following PRISMA methodology guidelines in the Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC, PubMed, and ProQuest databases

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Dijkstra, Jan Kornelis, and Christian Berger. "Friendship Selection and Influence Processes for Physical Aggression and Prosociality: Differences between Single-Sex and Mixed-Sex Contexts." Sex Roles 78, no. 9-10 (2017): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0818-z.

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Alcayne, Mario Ibañez, Pablo Camacho Lazarraga, and Alberto Martín Barrero. "El fútbol como recurso educativo en el deporte formativo de la provincia de Sevilla (Football as an educational resource in formative sport of Sevilla)." Retos 43 (August 9, 2021): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v43i0.89491.

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El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer los valores socio-educativos (autonomía/responsabilidad, prosocialidad y satisfacción/diversión) en las competiciones de fútbol federado en el contexto de las categorías de formación en la provincia de Sevilla. Para ello, participaron padres (n=31), entrenadores (n=44) y jugadores (n=33) de diferentes clubes de fútbol base de la provincia de Sevilla. Como instrumento de evaluación se utilizó el cuestionario “Deporteduca”. En el cuestionario se analizaron variables como la influencia social del triángulo que participa en el proceso de formación del

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Butovskaya, Marina Lvovna, Vasilisa Olegovna Filatova, and Oleg Evgenievich Lazebny. "Association of self-ratings on empathy, help, aggression and personal traits with 2D:4D and polymorphism on rs53576 gene OXTR in schoolchildren of European origin." Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia), no. 1 (June 23, 2022): 134–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32521/2074-8132.2022.1.134-152.

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Introduction. The evolution of mutual help and cooperation in humans has been actively analyzed using the methods of ethology, psychology, anthropometry and genetics. The goal of this study was to identify associations between the finger index (2D:4D), the rs53576 polymorphism of the OXTR gene, gender and age with a willingness to help others and adherence to certain cultural standards in Russian schoolchildren of Caucasian origin. Materials and methods. The samples for this study were collected in the schools of the city Ussuriysk (Primorsky Krai) and the city Yelizovo (Kamchatka Krai) in 201

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Jo, Hyeyoung, Sukjin Song, and Hyunkyoung Choi. "A Study on the Effectiveness of a Living Lab Program Reflecting a Play-Based Curriculum for Early Childhood Education: Focusing on Early Childhood Development and Playfulness, Sense of Community, Social Competence, Prosociality." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 25, no. 8 (2025): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2025.25.8.1.

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Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of a living lab program reflecting a play-based curriculum for early childhood education on early childhood development and playfulness and sense of community, social competence, prosociality. Methods To this end, the study was conducted with 14 five-year-olds from A Affiliated Kindergarten (experimental group) and 11 five-year-olds from B Affiliated Kindergarten (comparison group), both located in Gyeonggi Province. Normality was assessed using SPSS 23.0, with statistical significance evaluated through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov an

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Smirnov, A. V., L. A. Maksimova, and I. A. Simonova. "Addictive behaviour of students: Early detection experience and socio-psychological characteristics." Education and science journal 24, no. 9 (2022): 174–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2022-9-174-211.

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Introduction. Today, there is an increase in the risks of involving minors in various forms of deviant behaviour, among the varieties of which addictive behavioural models are particularly dangerous. In this regard, proactive preventive measures are becoming particularly relevant, among which one of the key areas is the timely identification of potential addicts, including among students of educational organisations.Aim. The aim of the study was to identify the actual socio-psychological characteristics of the personality of underage students who are prone to addictive behaviour.Methodology an

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Zhang, Hanshu, Frederic Moisan, Palvi Aggarwal, and Cleotilde Gonzalez. "Truth-Telling in a Sender–Receiver Game: Social Value Orientation and Incentives." Symmetry 14, no. 8 (2022): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14081561.

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Previous research has discussed the effects of monetary incentives and prosociality on deceptive behavior. However, research has not comprehensively investigated the relationship between these two factors. In the current research, we introduce a repeated two-player sender–receiver binary choice task, where players in the role of senders or receivers receive asymmetric information regarding payoffs, offering the opportunity to explore the effects of economic incentives to lie according to the players’ prosociality. In Experiment 1, players are paired to play the game as a sender or receiver onl

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McGuire, Adam P., Binh An Nguyen Howard, Thane M. Erickson, and Suzannah K. Creech. "Moral Elevation Online Intervention for Veterans Experiencing Distress Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Moral Injury (MOVED): Pilot Trial of a 4-Week Positive Psychology Web-Based Intervention." JMIR Formative Research 7 (March 24, 2023): e39894. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/39894.

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Background Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and moral injury can encounter several barriers to treatment, including limited access to care and low engagement with therapy. Furthermore, most treatment approaches focus on alleviating distress rather than cultivating positive experiences that could facilitate trauma recovery. A potential way to address these issues is through moral elevation: feeling uplifted and inspired by others’ virtuous actions. Objective This study aimed to examine the feasibility and acceptability of a novel, web-based moral elevation intervention for vet

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Lazard, Allison J., Sydney Nicolla, Rhyan N. Vereen, et al. "Exposure and Reactions to Cancer Treatment Misinformation and Advice: Survey Study." JMIR Cancer 9 (July 28, 2023): e43749. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/43749.

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Background Cancer treatment misinformation, or false claims about alternative cures, often spreads faster and farther than true information on social media. Cancer treatment misinformation can harm the psychosocial and physical health of individuals with cancer and their cancer care networks by causing distress and encouraging people to abandon support, potentially leading to deviations from evidence-based care. There is a pressing need to understand how cancer treatment misinformation is shared and uncover ways to reduce misinformation. Objective We aimed to better understand exposure and rea

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Motsenok, Marina, Tehila Kogut, and Ilana Ritov. "Perceived Physical Vulnerability Promotes Prosocial Behavior." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, April 8, 2021, 014616722110058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672211005879.

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Our research examines the association between perceived physical vulnerability and prosocial behavior. Studies 1 to 4 establish a positive association between individuals’ vulnerability and their prosociality. To increase generality, these studies looked at different behaviors (volunteering vs. monetary donations), various physical harms (e.g., war vs. illness), and different samples (students vs. MTurk workers). Study 4 also provides initial evidence of a partial mediating effect of closeness on the observed association. In Study 5, perceived vulnerability is experimentally manipulated, demon

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García-Fernández, Cristina Mª, Eva M. Romera, Claire P. Monks, and Rosario Ortega-Ruiz. "Peer Aggression and Victimisation: Social Behaviour Strategies in Early Childhood in Spain." Early Childhood Education Journal, April 30, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10643-022-01348-9.

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AbstractThe present study aims to examine the issue of peer aggression and victimisation in early childhood, with a focus on the associated social behaviour strategies (aggressiveness, prosociality, dominance and social insecurity). A sample of 227 children (58.1% girls, n = 132) between the ages of 4 and 7 years (M = 5.61; SD = 1. 03) participated in the study. Teacher reports and peer nominations of physical and verbal aggression and victimisation were analysed. Results showed an association between aggressiveness and insecurity and being nominated as a physical and verbal aggressor by peers

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Jefferies, Megan, Bahar Tunçgenç, and Emma Cohen. "The Role of Physical Activity and Touch in Children’s Social Bonding." International Journal of Comparative Psychology 31 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2018.31.02.02.

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Physical activity (PA) and touch, long known to facilitate interpersonal affiliation in adults and non-human primates, are common elements of children’s free play. However, no research has examined how children’s play involving PA and touch is linked with social bonding (i.e., positive emotional states and behaviors that help create, maintain and characterize affiliation and attachment among individuals). This paper reports on two novel studies designed to explore these links in children’s play. In two studies, we investigated associations between PA, touch and prosociality in 5-to-8-year-old

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Chong, Yuen Yu, Wai Tong Chien, Ho Yu Cheng, et al. "Predictors of changing patterns of adherence to containment measures during the early stage of COVID-19 pandemic: an international longitudinal study." Globalization and Health 19, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12992-023-00928-7.

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Abstract Background Identifying common factors that affect public adherence to COVID-19 containment measures can directly inform the development of official public health communication strategies. The present international longitudinal study aimed to examine whether prosociality, together with other theoretically derived motivating factors (self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility and severity of COVID-19, perceived social support) predict the change in adherence to COVID-19 containment strategies. Method In wave 1 of data collection, adults from eight geographical regions completed online surv

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García-Fernández, Cristina Mª, Félix Eva Mª Romera, Claire Monks, and Ruiz Rosario Ortega. "Peer Aggression and Victimisation: Social Behaviour Strategies in Early Childhood in Spain." April 5, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-022-01348-9.

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The present study aims to examine the issue of peer aggression and victimisation in early childhood, with a focus on the associatedsocial behaviour strategies (aggressiveness, prosociality, dominance and social insecurity). A sample of 227 children(58.1% girls, n = 132) between the ages of 4 and 7 years (M = 5.61; SD = 1. 03) participated in the study. Teacher reports andpeer nominations of physical and verbal aggression and victimisation were analysed. Results showed an association betweenaggressiveness and insecurity and being nominated as a physical and verbal aggressor by peers. Being nomi

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Lavín, Claudio, Patricia Soto-Icaza, Vladimir López, and Pablo Billeke. "Another in need enhances prosociality and modulates frontal theta oscillations in young adults." Frontiers in Psychiatry 14 (July 13, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1160209.

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IntroductionDecision-making is a process that can be strongly affected by social factors. Evidence has shown how people deviate from traditional rational-choice predictions under different levels of social interactions. The emergence of prosocial decision-making, defined as any action that is addressed to benefit another individual even at the expense of personal benefits, has been reported as an example of such social influence. Furthermore, brain evidence has shown the involvement of structures such as the prefrontal cortex, anterior insula, and midcingulate cortex during decision settings i

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Cortes Barragan, Rodolfo, and Andrew N. Meltzoff. "Prosociality and health: Identification with all humanity is a replicable predictor of prosocial motivation for health behaviors." Frontiers in Psychology 13 (January 12, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1052713.

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The acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic may have passed, but the pandemic remains a major worldwide health concern that demands continued vigilance. Are there individual differences that predict the motivation to continue to wear masks and to create physical distance in public? Previous research conducted early in the pandemic had suggested that a particular social identity—identification with all humanity—is one underlying factor that contributes to people’s cooperation with health behavior guidelines. This highlights that the pandemic is not only an issue to be tackled with the tools of imm

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Mistry‐Patel, Sejal, Tristin Nyman‐Mallis, Jessica M. Dollar, Jeffrey R. Gagne, and Rebecca J. Brooker. "Cognitive Control Moderates Associations Between Domains of Temperamental Reactivity and Preschoolers’ Social Behaviors." Developmental Psychobiology 66, no. 7 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.22545.

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ABSTRACTTemperamental characteristics and emerging cognitive control are meaningful predictors of children's development of adaptive and maladaptive social behaviors during the preschool period. However, knowledge of the interplay of these pathways, when examined concurrently to highlight their individual contributions, is limited. Using a cross‐sectional sample of 3‐year‐old children, we examined parent‐reported discrete traits of negative (anger, fear, sadness, and shyness) and positive (low‐ and high‐intensity pleasure) temperamental reactivity as predictors of children's prosociality and p

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Ying, Liuhua, Qin Yan, Xin Shen, and Chengmian Zhang. "Social Value Orientation Moderated the Effect of Acute Stress on Individuals’ Prosocial Behaviors." Frontiers in Psychology 13 (March 10, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.803184.

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Acute stress is believed to lead to prosocial behaviors via a “tend-and-befriend” pattern of stress response. However, the results of the effect of acute stress on prosocial behavior are inconsistent. The current study explores the moderating effect of gender and social value orientation on the relationship between acute stress and individuals’ pure prosocial behaviors (i.e., pure prosociality and prosocial third-party punishment). Specifically, eighty-one participants were selected and underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (or were in the control group), followed by the third-party punishmen

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Hartmann, Helena, Paul A. G. Forbes, Markus Rütgen, and Claus Lamm. "Placebo Analgesia Reduces Costly Prosocial Helping to Lower Another Person’s Pain." Psychological Science, September 29, 2022, 095679762211197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09567976221119727.

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Painkiller administration lowers pain empathy, but whether this also reduces prosocial behavior is unknown. In this preregistered study, we investigated whether inducing analgesia through a placebo painkiller reduced effortful helping. When given the opportunity to reduce the pain of another person, individuals experiencing placebo analgesia ( n = 45 adults from Austria; 21 male, 24 female) made fewer prosocial choices at the lowest helping level and exerted less physical effort when helping, compared with controls whose pain sensitivity was unaltered ( n = 45; 21 male, 24 female). Self-report

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Mulik, Alexander, Julija A. Shatyr, Irina V. Ulesikova, et al. "PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONING RISK OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR DEVELOPMENT." Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology), October 17, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/humeco352559.

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Purpose of the study. Determine the role of physical environmental factors in the formation of the preconditions for the development of deviant behavior in population groups united by the territory of residence. Material and methods. The theoretical stage of the work was aimed at determining the key physical and geographical factors of the environment and assessing the indicators of social and criminal tension in 14 model regions of Russia. 1815 students, men and women aged 18-28, representatives of the population of the model regions participated in the field stage of the work. Th

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Bolt, Elena, Jasmine T. Ho, Marte Roel Lesur, Alexander Soutschek, Philippe N. Tobler, and Bigna Lenggenhager. "Effects of a virtual gender swap on social and temporal decision-making." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94869-z.

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AbstractMounting evidence has demonstrated that embodied virtual reality, during which physical bodies are replaced with virtual surrogates, can strongly alter cognition and behavior even when the virtual body radically differs from one’s own. One particular emergent area of interest is the investigation of how virtual gender swaps can influence choice behaviors. Economic decision-making paradigms have repeatedly shown that women tend to display more prosocial sharing choices than men. To examine whether a virtual gender swap can alter gender-specific differences in prosociality, 48 men and 51

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Khoury, Bassam, Viktoriya Manova, Lena Adel, et al. "Tri-process model of interpersonal mindfulness: theoretical framework and study protocol." Frontiers in Psychology 14 (April 26, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1130959.

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According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, over 14% of the US population practice mindfulness meditation. The effects of mindfulness training on physical and mental health have been consistently documented, but its effects on interpersonal relationships are not yet fully understood or investigated. Interpersonal relationships play a crucial role in the wellbeing of individuals and society, and therefore, warrants further study. The aim of this paper is to present a tri-process theoretical model of interpersonal mindfulness and a study protocol to validate the proposed model. S

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Satoh, Shun, Redouan Bshary, Momoko Shibasaki, et al. "Prosocial and antisocial choices in a monogamous cichlid with biparental care." Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22075-6.

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AbstractHuman society is cooperative and characterized by spontaneous prosociality. Comparative studies on endotherm vertebrates suggest that social interdependence causes the evolution of proactive prosociality. To test the generality of this hypothesis, we modify a prosocial choice task for application to the convict cichlid, Amatitlania nigrofasciata, a monogamous fish with biparental care and a strong pair bond. We also affirm that male subjects learn to favor prosocial choices when their mates are the recipients in a neighboring tank. When the neighboring tank is empty, males choose rando

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Costantino, Claudio, Walter Mazzucco, Francesco Scarpitta, et al. "Prevalence and factors associated with bullying phenomenon among pre-adolescents attending first-grade secondary schools of Palermo, Italy, and a comparative systematic literature review." Italian Journal of Pediatrics 48, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13052-022-01245-2.

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Abstract Background Bullying is recognized as one of the most significant social and health problems in the school environment for children and adolescents. In Italy, bullying involved 2 in 10 kids between 11–17 years that referred to have been bullied two or more times in a month. In Sicily, the estimated prevalence of children aged 11 to 15 that suffered at least one act of bullying in the last two months was 14% in 2011. Methods A questionnaire consisting of 30 items investigating physical, verbal and indirect bullying, observers of bullying, resiliency, and prosociality was administered to

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Farrelly, Daniel. "The type of behavior and the role of relationship length in mate choice for prosociality among physically attractive individuals." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 40 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x16000480.

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AbstractTwo further key aspects of prosociality as a sexual signal are explored here. First, the context in which it is used (in particular, relationship length) and, second, the different types of prosocial behaviors that exist in social interactions. Therefore, this commentary can show why prosocial behaviors are biased toward physically attractive individuals, as they can gain valuable information from them.

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Hasson, Yossi, Einat Amir, Danit Sobol-Sarag, Maya Tamir, and Eran Halperin. "Using performance art to promote intergroup prosociality by cultivating the belief that empathy is unlimited." Nature Communications 13, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35235-z.

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AbstractEmpathy is important for resolving intergroup conflicts. However, people often tend to feel less empathy toward people who do not belong to their social group (i.e., outgroup members). We propose that this tendency is due, in part, to the belief that empathy is a limited resource. To overcome this issue, we develop an intervention synthesizing psychology and art to increase the belief that empathy is unlimited. In six studies (n = 2118), we find that the more people believe empathy is limited, the less outgroup empathy they experience. Moreover, leading people to believe that empathy i

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Matrai, Eszter. "Experiments with a set of cooperative enrichment devices used by groups of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins." Biologia Futura, May 6, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42977-024-00218-2.

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AbstractDolphins in the wild cooperate to find food, gain and maintain access to mating partners, look after their young ones, or for the sheer joy of play. Under human care, environmental enrichments provide mental and physical stimulation and opportunities for the dolphins to practice their natural abilities. In this review, I focus on a set of enrichment devices we designed for cooperative problem-solving. They allowed the dolphins to utilize and improve their cognitive skills, leading to improved socialization within the group. While the devices provided appropriate challenges to the dolph

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