Academic literature on the topic 'Physical suitability'
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Journal articles on the topic "Physical suitability"
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Boronat, Pablo, Miguel Pérez-Francisco, Arturo Gascó-Compte, Miguel Pardo-Navarro, and Oscar Belmonte-Fernández. "GPS Suitability for Physical Frailty Assessment." Sensors 24, no. 14 (2024): 4588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24144588.
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The ageing of the population needs the automation of patient monitoring. The objective of this is twofold: to improve care and reduce costs. Frailty, as a state of increased vulnerability resulting from several diseases, can be seen as a pandemic for older people. One of the most common detection tests is gait speed. This article compares the gait speed measured outdoors using smartphones with that measured using manual tests conducted in medical centres. In the experiments, the walking speed was measured over a straight path of 80 m. Additionally, the speed was measured over 2.4 m in the middle of the path, given that this is the minimum distance used in medical frailty tests. To eliminate external factors, the participants were healthy individuals, the weather was good, and the path was flat and free of obstacles. The results obtained are promising. The measurements taken with common smartphones over a straight path of 80 m are within the same order of error as those observed in the manual tests conducted by practitioners.
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Nuwategeka, Expedito, Robert Ayine, and Denis Thaddeus Ofoyuru. "Land Suitability Evaluation for Tea and Food Crops in Kabarole District, Western Uganda." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3, no. 5 (2013): 355–62. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJAS.2013.5.030613513.
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The study was conducted in Busoro Sub County in Kabarole District to assess the physical and economic suitability of the land for Tea, Maize and Bananas. Physical suitability was evaluated using a soil map of the study area. Soil types with their parameters of Cation Exchange Capacity, base saturation, pH, organic matter, nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous were studied. The climate of the area was studied using annual monthly rainfall and temperature values for the area for more than thirty years. Production costs, market prices and annual yields per hectare for tea, maize and bananas were computed. Using Net Present Value approach, the economic suitability of each crop was computed. The economic and physical parameters were entered into a model built in Automated Land Evaluation System (ALES) software using the decision trees. Overall suitability evaluation results were produced for each of the respective crops. The results of the study indicated that different soil types (management units) had varying suitability among the three crops. Tea registered higher overall economic suitability followed by Bananas and then Maize. However, Bananas presented a higher overall physical suitability on all soil types followed by Tea and Maize. The study recommends conducting a mini agro-ecological zonation in planning and decision for maximum utilization of the land resources for a potential LUT is an important tool in ensuring improved agricultural livelihoods and household income.
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Oh, Tae-Geon, Dae-Kweon Kim, Chang-Gil Kim, Moon-Ock Lee, and Jae-Kweon Cho. "A Suitability Selection for Marine Afforestation with Physical Environments." Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering 34, no. 1 (2010): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5916/jkosme.2010.34.1.183.
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Bulcock, L. M., and G. P. W. Jewitt. "Key physical characteristics used to assess water harvesting suitability." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 66 (January 2013): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2013.09.005.
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Rahimov, M., and O. Rzayev. "The Method of Determining Children's Suitability for Sports." Bulletin of Science and Practice 11, no. 4 (2025): 435–39. https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/113/59.
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The physical education of children has always been a focus of attention for both Azerbaijani and global scholars. Prominent thinkers such as Nizami Ganjavi, Mahammad Fuzuli, Hasan bay Zardabi, Maragali Avhadi, Plato, Aristotle, John Amos Comenius, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Peter Lesgaft, and others have structured children's education and upbringing based on age groups. According to the renowned intellectual Hasan bay Zardabi, physical education plays a crucial role in successfully implementing intellectual and moral development. P.F. Lesgaft regarded physical education as one of the primary tools for shaping willpower, character, moral upbringing, intellectual ability, physical activity, and aesthetic appreciation. To improve these qualities, children have historically been divided into age groups. The division of children into age groups during the educational process has been approached differently by various scholars. The prominent Azerbaijani poet and philosopher Maragali Avhadi, when discussing physical education, proposed physical exercises and games suited to children’s age periods. This idea of aligning physical education with age-specific characteristics should be regarded as a significant development for its time. At the age of 7-8, as the bones are still developing and approaching the structure of adult bones, sports that require frequent jumping and agility, such as basketball, handball, and long jump, are recommended. This is because during this stage, the skeletal system is undergoing significant changes, and engaging in such activities helps in promoting bone strength and overall physical development. During the age period of 8-12, the development of all organs and systems in children and adolescents continues. The ossification of bones and the development of muscles accelerate, and by the page of 12, the bones no longer differ from those of an adult. In this stage, sports that require agility, flexibility, reaction time, attention, and psychological endurance, such as judo, soccer, table tennis, and badminton, can be recommended as suitable sports for children. These sports help develop physical and mental skills essential for further growth and development.
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Sartin, Winartin, Widiyanto, Manihuruk FransFile, and Krisdayanti Aprilya Manihuruk Putri. "The Role of Sport in Improving Physical Health and Fitness: A Literature Study." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS 06, no. 03 (2023): 1000–1006. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7736638.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the role of sport in improving physical health and fitness by exercising. This research is a type of qualitative research and belongs to the category of literature study, in which the researcher uses literature, either in the form of books, notes, or research reports from previous researchers. Sports Health is a group of sciences that discusses all health problems related to sports. Physical fitness is the suitability of the physical condition for the tasks that must be carried out physically or physically based on the physical requirements that are anatomical, physiological, anatomical suitability and physiological suitability
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Khaeriah, Miftahul, Nurmiaty Nurmiaty, and Junaedi Junaedi. "POTENSI PENGEMBANGAN TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays L.) BERDASARKAN KESESUAIAN SIFAT FISIK TANAH DI KABUPATEN PANGKEP." Agroplantae: Jurnal Ilmiah Terapan Budidaya dan Pengelolaan Tanaman Pertanian dan Perkebunan 14, no. 1 (2025): 75–92. https://doi.org/10.51978/agro.v14i1.947.
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This research aims to analyze the level of suitability of land physical properties for the development of corn plants in Pangkep Regency. The method used is by collecting administrative maps in Pangkep Regency. The technique used is by using the Arc-GIS processing tool, digital land system data is cut with the administrative map of Pangkep Regency to obtain a land data system for Pangkep Regency. Data on the physical characteristics of Pangkep Regency were extracted from the Pangkep Regency land system data to obtain data and maps of the physical characteristics of the Pangkep Regency area. Then analyze the physical characteristics of the soil for the suitability of corn plants for the suitability of each physical characteristic of the soil in Pangkep Regency with the requirements for growing corn plants based on the criteria of the Ministry of Agriculture's Research and Development Center. Conclusions that can be drawn from this research are: 1. There is land with a very suitable land suitability class (S1) for the development of corn plants with a total area of 29,641ha spread across every sub-district in Pangkep Regency.2. There is land with a moderately suitable land suitability class (S2) with a total area of 3,730 ha and a marginally suitable land suitability class (S3) with a total area of 17,903 ha for corn crops in Pangkep Regency. 3 There is land with an unsuitable land suitability class (N) with a total area of 27,754 ha which has severe inhibiting factors so that it cannot be used as a location for developing corn plants in Pangkep Regency.
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Thomas, Jafrā D., Ethan N. Tse, Savannah A. Longoria, Cameron N. Christopher, and Bradley J. Cardinal. "Suitability: a longitudinal study of adult-focused physical activity promotion web articles." Journal of Kinesiology & Wellness 11 (November 16, 2022): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.56980/jkw.v11i.114.
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A cross-sectional design has often been used to study the quality of health-related educational materials meant for lay adults (e.g., patients, the public). The present study addressed this research limitation. We documented the proportion of online physical activity promotion (PAP) material revised within a given time period and how quality was affected, if at all. PAP web articles (N = 139) meant for lay adults, written in English, and first sampled in July 2018, were resampled in July 2020. Mean publication year at timepoint 1 was 2016.82 (±1.24). At timepoint 2 it was 2018.78 (±1.39). At both timepoints, suitability for lay use was appraised using five dimensions of the suitability assessment of materials (SAM) protocol: i.e., content, literacy demand, graphics, layout and typography, and learning stimulation/motivation. There were 61 web articles (43.9%) with indicated revision and analyzed in the present study. Articles were distributed across four organizational subgroups: commercial (n = 21), government (n = 13), professional association (n = 10), and voluntary health agency (n = 17). In the aggregate sample, two SAM dimensions significantly improved: literacy demand (e.g., more active voice) and layout & typography (e.g., formatting). Often, organizational subgroups mirrored the aggregate sample. Although the overall suitability remained within the satisfactory range across the dimensions, a moderate-to-large number of articles remained unsatisfactory at timepoint 2 within several subdomains (e.g., reading grade level, summary section). This study’s findings further evidence PAP materials are somewhat suitable and the need to study suitability subdomains in addition to overall suitability.
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Ab Hamida, Mohd Ramadan, and Nor Azalina Mohd Zapilia. "Development of Visual Stories Infographics on Dietary and Physical Activity Management for Hypertension." Malaysian Journal of Nursing 15, supp1 (2023): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31674/mjn.2023.v15isupp1.005.
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Background: Hypertension is a non-communicable disease that requires lifestyle intervention. Patients need to be educated on dietary and physical activity management for hypertension. Visual stories and infographics are one of the educational tools that can be effective for this purpose. Objective: This study aimed to develop and evaluate visual story infographics based on their level of understandability, actionability, and suitability. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional study design that came in three phases: (I) content analysis, (II) design and development, and (III) evaluation. Ten healthcare professionals in the fields of medicine and dietetics evaluated the visual story infographics on their understandability, actionability, and suitability using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for printable material (PEMAT-P) and Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM). Results: The visual story infographics consisted of 25 pages covering dietary and physical activity management to control hypertension. Clinical guidelines for hypertension were used to develop the content of the infographics. The infographics were designed and developed using the Canva application. Bahasa Malaysia was used for the infographics as it is the national language. The infographics received a 98.8% understandability score and a 100% actionability score. Meanwhile, the overall score for the suitability rating was 86.6%. Conclusion: Overall, the newly developed infographic material ranked highly for understandability, actionability, and suitability. This finding indicated that the visual stories and infographics were well received by the healthcare professionals who were responsible for the management of patients with hypertension.
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Binta, Ahmad, Balogun Bola, Habu Shitta Nyofo, et al. "A GIS-based land suitability assessment of wheat production in Kano using selected physical parameters." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 23, no. 1 (2024): 2082–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802259.
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Wheat is the second largest contributor to Nigeria's food import bill and puts pressure on the foreign reserve of the nation. Land suitability assessment is a prerequisite to achieving optimum utilization of the available land resources. Lack of knowledge on best combination of factors that suit production of wheat has contributed to the low produce. The study aims to assess land suitability of wheat production in kano using selected physical materials with the objectives to map out existing locations for wheat production in kano state, determine other areas that may be suitable for wheat production. The study utilized Landsat 8; Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Multi-criteria Evaluator (MCE) integrated with GIS. Spatial factors for wheat cultivation such as soil texture, soil type, soil slope, rainfall range, geology map, elevation, land use land cover and their attribute were identified and were processed into spatial data. The factors were weighed according to their relevance. Land suitability model was constructed in ArcGIS software and spatial data were imported into (SRTM) and link to the land suitability model constructed. The spatial data integrated were computed and final visualization of land suitability map was produced and using ArcGIS 10.3 to identify potential areas. The result obtained showed that 16% were unsuitable, 19% were moderately suitable, 25% were highly suitably and then 40% were most suitable in the study area. Based on this finding, it is recommended that wheat cultivation should be practiced in a large scale in Kano state.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Physical suitability"
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MAUK, JACQUELINE KERN. "RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ASSESSMENT OF THE EXERCISE SUITABILITY SCALE." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188035.
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This study examined the reliability and the validity of the Exercise Suitability Scale (ESS). The ESS was a psychometric instrument developed to measure the suitability of four different forms of exercise (aerobics, bicycling, jogging, and swimming) for different individuals. Aspects of Exercise Suitability included in the ESS were ease, satisfaction, enjoyableness, fatigue, interest, convenience, comfort, safety, affordability, and time-involvement. Background information relating to the development of the ESS as well as methods and results of testing the instrument for reliability and validity were included in this study. Data from a student population were used for estimating the reliability and validity of the ESS. Reliability testing included computing inter-item and item-to-total correlation coefficients, Cronbach's alpha, and internal consistency coefficients (theta and omega) derived from factor analytic techniques. Several types of validity were assessed: content validity, criterion-related validity, and construct validity. Criterion-related validity was estimated by comparing scores on the ESS with information about participation in exercise. Multiple regression was also used to assess criterion-related validity. Principal components analysis was used to examine the construct and content validity of the ESS. Construct validity was also estimated by correlating ESS scale scores with a parallel instrumentation approach, a Q-Sort. Satisfactory reliability indices were obtained for all four ESS exercise scales. Criterion-related validity indices were also adequate. Factor analysis provided some evidence of content validity of the ESS, but provided little support for the construct validity of the ESS. Construct validity was supported, however by the convergence approach.
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Johansson, Maya. "Modelling habitat suitability index for golden eagle." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-197086.
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The aim in this study was to develop a model for the probability of finding active golden eagle nests during their breeding season. It was done by using environmental variables derived from expert models which were tested against empirical data. This resulted in a habitat suitability index (HSI), which in this case is assumed to indicate the probability of active nests of golden eagles. The study was conducted together with the County Administrative Board of Västernorrland with the purpose to improve golden eagle’s ecological status.To develop the model, different combinations of several explanatory variables were tested in a model selection process, where the most optimal and parsimonious model was chosen. The tested variables have earlier been shown to affect golden eagles, as slope, aspect, forest age, foraging habitat, suitable flight routes, human population density, roads, railways, power lines, wind power plants, hiking trails and clear cuts. The variables where applied in in ArcMAP at three different scales: nest scale (25 x 25 meter), proximate scale (a circle with the radius of 500 meter) and home range scale (a circle with the radius of 8253 meter). A preliminary test of the variables showed that all golden eagle nests were found in slopes with at least 5֯ degreesas well as in home ranges with human population density not more than 8 people/km2. Due to that a stratified analysis wasperformed. The variables where analysed by multiple logistic regression in R, where the occurrence of golden eagles’ nestswas compared towards random points in the landscape. All variables were also tested one by one by logistic regression. Afterperforming the multiple logistic regression, it was possible to apply its equation into ArcMap to obtain suitability maps withHSI values over Västernorrland’s county.The comparisons of different models show that it is better to combine different spatial scales in the model than only using one spatial scale. The result indicate that three different models might be the best, which all had different combinations of slope and aspect at nest scale and power lines at the proximate scale. Two of these models also include hiking trails and human population density, both at home range scale, in their equation. Since it was some unclarity about the causality between hiking trails and human population density, the conclusion was not to choose any of these as the final model. The final model was more parsimonious and had an additive effect from slope and southern aspect at the nest scale and an antagonistic effect from power lines at the proximate scale.This study clarifies that golden eagles’ habitat preferences for nesting sites during their breeding period is steep slopes (at minimum 5֯ degrees) in more southern aspects with few power lines in the proximate area surrounding the nest. Their homeranges are also situated in areas with less than 8 people/km2. The study also pinpoints a potential conflict between golden eagleand wind power planning, as golden eagles prefer steep slopes and remote areas, which also are valuable areas for wind powerplants. Golden eagles’ preference of remote areas also indicate that they might be affected by human persecution, why certainconservation effort should be focused into this issue. Out from the final model, you can find cluster in the landscape where youcan focus conservation management and restrict exploitation. Due to low number of wind power plants in the landscape, nothingcould be concluded about their effect on golden eagle in this study. An advice from the golden eagle’s perspective is to use theprecautionary principle and further plan wind power plants in areas which already have high disturbance, as for example closeto power lines or roads. The result also indicates that forest age from SLU Forest Map is not suitable for telling where to findgolden eagle nests. GIS-data over forest age would facilitate conservation management for plenty of species connected to theforest.Although good statistical results for the final model, cautions need to be taken in general, since neither population viability analysis have been included, nor changes over time in the landscape. Another issue is the low sample size, where a larger sample size would make it possible to perform profound calibration and validation of the data. To develop a more robust model, the advice is to include these into the model and use a larger sample size.
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Brewer, Eric Robert. "Age-Suitability Prediction for Literature Using Deep Neural Networks." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8665.
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Digital media holds a strong presence in society today. Providers of digital media may choose to obtain a content rating for a given media item by submitting that item to a content rating authority. That authority will then issue a content rating that denotes to which age groups that media item is appropriate. Content rating authorities serve publishers in many countries for different forms of media such as television, music, video games, and mobile applications. Content ratings allow consumers to quickly determine whether or not a given media item is suitable to their age or preference. Literature, on the other hand, remains devoid of a comparable content rating authority. If a new, human-driven rating authority for literature were to be implemented, it would be impeded by the fact that literary content is published far more rapidly than are other forms of digital media; humans working for such an authority simply would not be able to issue accurate content ratings for items of literature at their current rate of production. Thus, to provide fast, automated content ratings to items of literature (i.e., books), we propose a computer-driven rating system which predicts a book's content rating within each of seven categories: 1) crude humor/language; 2) drug, alcohol, and tobacco use; 3) kissing; 4) profanity; 5) nudity; 6) sex and intimacy; and 7) violence and horror given the text of that book. Our computer-driven system circumvents the major hindrance to any theoretical human-driven rating system previously mentioned--namely infeasibility in time spent. Our work has demonstrated that mature content of literature can be accurately predicted through the use of natural language processing and machine learning techniques.
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Zeelie, Angelique. "Effect of biochar on selected soil physical properties of sandy soil with low agricultural suitability." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20344.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Biochar has been labelled to be a key factor in the global carbon mitigation act and has
been described as the modern day equivalent (terra nova) to the terra preta dark earth
soils of the Brazilian Amazon. Globally biochar has been evaluated as a means to
improve soil fertility and to mitigate greenhouse gases (GHGs). Little research has
however been published on the effects of biochar incorporation on soil physical
properties.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pine sawmill waste derived
biochar (locally-produced via slow pyrolysis – 450°C) on selected soil physical
properties, soil-water dynamics and crop production and- performance, when amended
to a Kroonstad (Kd 1000 – Morgendal) soil form. This soil form is commonly found in the
Western Cape area (South Africa) and can be classified as having low agricultural
suitability for perennial- and annual crop species.
Two pot trials were carried out in an atmospheric controlled greenhouse, where winter
wheat and green beans respectively were planted, with five different application levels
of biochar (0t/ha, 1t/ha, 10t/ha, 50t/ha and 200t/ha). Soil physical properties namely,
water-stable aggregates, bulk density and water-retention capacity along with
physiochemical characterisation of the sandy soil and biochar was determined. The
water-use was monitored throughout the trials (evapotranspiration, volumetric water
content and biomass water use efficiency, BWUE). The above- and below ground
(specific leaf traits for the green bean and the root structural development for the winter
wheat) biomass was collected and analysed at harvest.
There was significantly higher volumetric water content measured for the 50t/ha and
200t/ha biochar treatments. This effect can be ascribed due to a change in the soil’s
tortuosity and porosity where more meso- and micro-pores were present as the biochar
rate increased. The same results were evident when a water-retention curve was
established in vitro by means of the sandbox method. The bulk densities were only
significantly lower for the 200t/ha biochar treatments.
The wheat root systems differed greatly among the fertilised biochar treatments: the
50t/ha and 200t/ha treatments had a more complex fibrous root system (more extensive
branching and thinner roots) than 0t/ha, 1t/ha and 10t/ha application levels. This is
attributed to the increased water-holding capacity along with a reduction of N- and P
availability with increasing addition of biochar. Several leaf traits were measured for the
green bean crops; however the leaf nitrogen- and carbon content, chlorophyll content
index (CCI) and carbon isotope fractionation yielded the most interesting findings.
Concerning the fertilised biochar treatments, there was established that the 10t/ha
treatments had the highest leaf nitrogen- and carbon content. The leaf chlorophyll
content did not differ significantly between the fertilised biochar treatments; however a
very interesting observation was evident regarding the measured leaf CCI for the
unfertilised treatments. A decreasing trend and lower leaf CCI was measured as the
biochar application levels increased. This effect was ascribed to be due to a decrease in
N uptake by the plants as the biochar application increased, the C/N ratio also
increased, and this leading to N immobilisation. The lowest leaf carbon isotope
fractionation was measured for the 10t/ha fertilised treatments and is inversely
correlated with BWUE and therefore endorses the conclusion that the 10t/ha biochar
application had a positive effect on the long term water use efficiency for the green bean
plants.
Biochar promoted aggregation in the sand-rhizosphere interface for winter wheat,
increased water-holding capacity and enhanced crop performance for green beans.
The findings reported here provide new information on the effect of biochar on the
structural development of sandy soil, combined with biochar- and root growth effects for
winter wheat; along with detailed interpretations of specific leaf traits associated with
crop production for commercial green beans. The addition of biochar at low application
levels (approximately 1-10t/ha to 15 cm depth) increased the biomass yield and water
use efficiency of the crop species. Besides long term carbon storage, biochar can have
immediate positive effects on the physical properties of sand and plant growth.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Biokoolstof word beskou as ‘n sleutel komponent rakende die wet op globale
koolstofvermindering en is al beskryf as die moderne ekwivalent (terra nova) van die
terra preta donker-aardgronde wat aangetref word in die Brasiliaanse Amasone.
Wêreldwyd word biokoolstof tans geëvalueer met die doel om grondvrugbaarheid te
verbeter asook kweekhuisgasse (KHG) se nadelige gevolge te verlig. Min navorsing
was tot dus ver gedoen rakende die uitwerking met toediening van biokoolstof op
grondfisiese-eienskappe.
Die doel van hierdie studie was om die effek van biokoolstof, wat afkomstig is van
denne-saagmeul-afval (plaaslik geproduseer is en d.m.v. stadige perolise - 450°C) te
evalueer aangaande die volgende faktore: geselekteerde grondfisiese-eienskappe,
grond-waterdinamika interaksie en die uitwerking op gewasproduksie; met toediening
aan 'n Kroonstad (Kd 1000 - Morgendal) grondvorm. Hierdie grondvorm word as
algemeen in die Wes-Kaap (Suid-Afrika) bestempel en kan geklassifiseer word as ‘n
lae-geskiktheid landbougrond vir meerjarige- en eenjarige gewasse.
Twee potproewe is uitgevoer onder beheerde atmosfeer in ‘n kweekhuis, waar winter
koring en groenbone geplant is, met vyf verskillende behandelings van biokoolstof
(0t/ha, 1t/ha, 10t/ha, 50t/ha en 200t/ha). Die volgende grondfisiese-eienskappe is
ondersoek, naamlik water-stabiele aggregaat formasie, bulkdigtheid en
waterhouvermoë, asook die fisiochemiese karakterisering van die sanderige grond en
biokoolstof wat gebuik is. Waterverbruik is gedurende die proewe gekontroleer
(evapotranspirasie, volumetriese waterinhoud en die biomassa se water
verbruiksdoeltreffendheid, BWVD). Die bo- en ondergrondse biomassa, spesifiek die
blaareienskappe van die groenboontjie en die strukturele ontwikkeling van die winter
koring se wortels, is tydens die oes ondersoek en ontleed.
Die volumetriese waterinhoud was betekenisvol, asook hoër vir die 50t/ha en
200t/ha behandelings. Hierdie effek word toegeskryf as gevolg van 'n verandering in die
grond se kronkeligheid en porositeit; waar meer meso- en mikroporieë teenwoordig was
soos die biokoolstof inhoud toegeneem het.
Dieselfde resultate was verkry met die opstelling van ‘n water-retensie kurwe in vitro
d.m.v. die Sandboks metode. Bulkdigtheid was slegs betekenisvol verskilled asook
aansienlik laer vir die 200t/ha biokoolstof behandelings. Die koring se wortelstelsel het
drasties verskil tussen die verskillende bemeste biokoolstof behandelings: die 50t/ha en
200t/ha behandelings het 'n meer komplekse en veselagtige wortelstelsel gevorm (hoër
graad van vertakking en dunner wortels was aanwesig) as die 0t/ha, 1t/ha en 10t/ha
behandelings. Die effek word toegeskryf aan die toenemende waterhouvermoë, tesame
met 'n tekort aan N- en P-beskikbaarheid soos die biokoolstof toedieningshoeveelhede
verhoog het. Verskeie blaareienskappe is gemeet vir die groenboon gewasse, maar die
blaar stikstof- en koolstof-inhoud, chlorofil inhoud indeks (CII) en koolstof-isotoop
fraksionering het die mees interessante bevindinge opgelewer. Die hoogste blaar
stikstof-en koolstof-inhoud is gemeet vir die 10t/ha bemeste biokoolstof behandelings.
Die blaar chlorofil inhoud het nie beduidend verskil tussen die bemeste biokoolstof
behandelings nie, maar daar was egter 'n baie interessante waarneming vir die
onbemeste biokoolstof behandelings.
‘n Tendens was aanwesig waar die CII afgeneem het soos die biokoolstof
toedieningshoeveelheid ook afgeneem het vir die onbemeste behandelings.
Die effek word toegeskryf as gevolg van 'n afname in N-opname deur die plant soos die
biokoolstof toedieningshoeveelheid verhoog is en tot gevolg gehad het dat die
C/N-verhouding ook toegeneem het, wat gelei het tot N-immobilisasie. Die laagste blaar
koolstof-isotoop fraksionering was geassioseer met die 10t/ha bemeste biokoolstof
behandelings en is omgekeerd gekorreleerd met BWVD en onderskryf dus die
gevolgtrekking dat die 10t/ha biokoolstof behandeling 'n positiewe uitwerking het op die
langtermyn waterverbruiksdoeltreffendheid vir groenboontjie plante.
Biokoolstof het aggregasie bevorder binne die wortelsone, asook deurgans die
waterhouvermoë verhoog en gewasproduksie verbeter. Hierdie bevindinge lewer nuwe
inligting oor die effek van biokoolstof op die strukturele ontwikkeling van sanderige
grond en die gekombineerde interaksie met biokoolstof toediening en hoe dit wortegroei
beïnvloed van winter koring; asook 'n gedetailleerde interpretasie van spesifieke
blaareienskappe wat verband hou met die produksie van gewasse vir kommersiële
verbouing soos die groenboontjie. Die toediening van biokoolstof by die lae
hoeveelhede (ongeveer 1-10t/ha tot op 15 cm diepte) het die opbrengs en
waterverbruiksdoeltreffendheid van die gewasse verbeter.
Behalwe vir die langtermyn koolstofvaslegging, kan biokoolstof toediening onmiddellike
positiewe resultate teweeg bring aangaande die fisiese eienskappe van sandgronde en
plantegroei.
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Neary, James P. "Use of physical habitat structure to assess stream suitability for brown trout : a case study of three upland Scottish streams." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/209.
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In 2000 the European Union introduced the Water Framework Directive, new legislation that regulates the use of surface waters within the European Community. The goal of this legislation is to protect, enhance and restore all surface waters within the Community to Good Surface Water Status. Good-Status is described as having low levels of anthropogenic distortion in its hydro-morphological and physiochemical components as well as possessing biota that would normally be associated with the type-specific aquatic ecosystem. The assessment of ecosystem status is to be defined by comparisons with intact representative reference sites, by using modelling techniques that define reference conditions, a combination of the two, or expert judgement. As undisturbed aquatic ecosystems are rare or non-existent in Europe the base-line data will have to be defined using the latter methodologies. The aim of this project is to help define reference conditions for lotic systems in Europe based on the physical instream habitat parameters of a resident species. Brown trout (Salmo trutta), a ubiquitous and well studies species endemic to Europe, was used as the target organism to develop the assessment protocol. The project focused on the requirements this species has of aspects of its physical habitat; specifically, its usage of depth, velocity, and substrate. An extensive survey of the scientific literature was used to define the requirements trout has for the three physical parameters at four life stages. These are the spawning, nursery, juvenile and adult-resident life stages. These requirements were expressed as tolerance profiles, which defined suitable, usable and not-suitable habitat. The methodology was demonstrated by evaluating the physical habitat available at six reaches in three small streams, March, Burnhouse and Bin Burns, which drain into the Carron Valley Reservoir in central Scotland. From the perspective of water depth, these streams seem best suited as nursery areas, are less well suited as juvenile habitat, and do not appear to be well matched for adult residents. The assessment of both velocity and substrate indicated that the portion of the study reaches available for use by resident brown trout increased with trout size. The assessment of all three physical habitat parameters at all study reaches found variable portions of the streams suitable for use by spawning trout. When the habitat variables are integrated all stream segments streams seem best suited as nursery and spawning areas. To a lesser extent juvenile trout can use these burns and very little habitat is available for use by adult resident trout. The tolerance profiles that were created in this study are standardized assessment criteria that when compared with stream survey data can produce an appraisal of habitat availability in any fluvial freshwater system that supports populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta). The assessment method can be combined to produce an integrated habitat assessment, using both an index and by the calculation of Froude number, which is a more realistic approach than the assessment of individual habitat parameters as salmonids choose their microhabitat based on multiple factors. This approach allows an investigator to determine the amount and relative portion of useable habitat and to determine the quality of that habitat. Finally, by examining the physical habitat variable that most strongly correlates with the final integrated habitat distribution the individual habitat parameter that is most important to the distribution of physical habitat at a site can be determined. While this technique would certainly benefit from further development it does show potential to aid in physical habitat assessment of trout streams.
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Schacht, Karsten [Verfasser], Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Marschner, and Yona [Akademischer Betreuer] Chen. "Treated wastewater irrigation in the Middle East: Soil suitability and impact on physical soil properties / Karsten Schacht. Gutachter: Bernd Marschner ; Yona Chen." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1095884263/34.
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Rayner, Mark Alastair. "The development of a novel technique for characterizing the MICE muon beam and demonstrating its suitability for a muon cooling measurement." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9431a20c-df20-4226-9c3e-411010a827af.
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The International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) is designed to demonstrate the currently untested technique of ionization cooling. Theoretically, this process can condition the high quality muon beams required to build a neutrino factory or muon collider which will be the next generation of machines for the study of Particle Physics. The beam line to transport muons into the MICE cooling channel lattice cell was installed in December 2009. Step I of the experimental programme, whose goal was to demonstrate that the beam line can generate beams similar to those expected in a neutrino factory cooling channel, was completed in August 2010. Methods were developed to use time difference measurements in the MICE time of flight counters (TOFs) to obtain a transverse spatial resolution of approximately 10 mm and to track muons through the focusing elements of the beam line, thus allowing the trace space vectors of individual muons to be reconstructed and their integrated path length to be calculated. The TOFs were used to make an absolute measurement of the momentum of muons with zero bias and a systematic error of less than 3 MeV/c. The measured trace space vectors of single muons were used to estimate the emittances and approximate optical parameters of eighteen muon beams. The results of beam line simulations were compared with the measurements and, once the effects of experimental resolution had had been included, found to be in good agreement. A sample of individual muons whose phase space vectors had been measured was injected into a simulation of the full MICE cooling channel; the beam was found to be suitable for demonstrating muon cooling, although some fine tuning of the cooling channel optics will eventually be required.
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Ramey, Robert Clayton. "Habitat Suitability Criteria for Fishes of the South Fork of the Shenandoah River and an Investigation into Observer Effects Associated with Two Techniques of Direct Underwater Observation." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1806.
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This study constructed habitat suitability criteria for fishes of the South Fork of the Shenandoah River, in Virginia. The criteria will be used in an IFIM study to produce estimates of the discharge required by fishes in the South Fork. Chi-square tests were used to evaluate whether criteria described habitat use to a statistically significant degree. Secondly, chi-square tests were used to test transferability. The criteria described the habitat use of seven taxa commonly found in the South Fork to a statistically significant degree. Habitat criteria for two taxa did not describe their habitat use to a statistically significant degree. One set of criteria from the North Fork of the Shenandoah transferred to the fish observed in the South Fork. Secondly, this paper examined observer effects of underwater observation. It was of interest to explore how observer effects influenced habitat suitability criteria.
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Jenner, Robert Peter. "Investigation of the suitability of amorphous semiconductors as sensors for optical process tomography." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2000. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6199/.
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In this work, the suitability of amorphous semiconductors as hard field optical sensors for application in optical process tomography (OPT) has been established. Two amorphous semiconductors were selected for the study, these being amorphous arsenic triselenide (a-As 2 Se3) and hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). The a-As2Se3 device was a single layered structure of 60|Um thickness fabricated upon a 2mm thick cylindrical aluminium substrate. The a-Si:H device was a multi-layered structure of 27.1fim overall thickness fabricated upon a 4mm thick cylindrical aluminium substrate. 20mm 2 samples were cut from the cylinders, their surface being left free for a xerographic investigation. For a tomographic investigation, semitransparent gold (Au) contacts were sputtered onto the surface of the devices to produce single contacts or contact arrays. The study comprised of the two fields of xerography and tomography. The xerographic study comprised of the measurement of such parameters as charge acceptance, dark decay, residual potential, and photoinduced discharge. The research project has concurred with other workers in that the dark discharge mechanism in a-As 2 Se 3 proceeds via a xerographic depletion discharge process, and a Poole-Frenkel type emission in a-Si:H. The tomographic investigation involved the study of such parameters as detectivity, responsivity, steady state photocurrent, and photoinduced fatigue. Detectivity has found to be dependant upon the magnitude of applied electric field and level of incident irradiance. Irradiance in the order of 3.45mW/cm 2 to 9.57mW/cm 2 for a- fj f\ As 2 Se3 and 5.31mW/cm to 28.32mW/cm for a-Si:H was required in order to produce a clean and repeatable photogenerated current pulse over the range of electric fields specified (0.66xl05 V/cm to 1.66xl05 V/cm). The production of steady state current has found to be dependant upon the magnitude of electric field, the level of irradiance, and the illumination period. Irradiance of 319mW/cm 2 to 1.46W/cm2 with an illumination period of 520ns was required to produce steady state photocurrent in a-As2Se3 , and 693mW/cm2 to 2.62W/cm 2 with an illumination period of 880ns for a-Si:H. A linear relationship between electric field and responsivity has been observed in both materials over a range of irradiance of 3.45mW/cm 2 to 9.57mW/cm2 . Responsivity in the order of 87.86|LiAAV to 145.19|iA/W for a-As2Se 3 and 14.19(iAAV to 103.81)J,AAV for a-Si:H has been demonstrated. An investigation as to the effects of photoinduced fatigue in both a-As 2 Se3 and a-Si:H has been carried out by the application of pulsed visible light of various flash repetition rate (FRR) under a constant high electric field over a 30 minute illumination period. It has been shown that the rate of fatigue is dependant upon the material, time, electric field, light intensity, and FRR. A maximum operating speed of 20Hz has been determined for a-As 2Se 3 and lOOHz for a-Si:H. The maximum operating speed of 20Hz for a-As 2 Se 3 was deemed unsuitable for OPT application and the a-As 2 Se 3 material was eliminated from further tomographic investigation. Tomographic prototypes were employed to establish the a-Si:H devices ability to produce qualitative and quantitative data. The results of this investigation demonstrated that 1mm changes in water level and 0.5% changes in fluid colour could be accurately determined by the a-Si:H device at speeds required for OPT. The use of an a-Si:H device containing a Au contact array facilitated the imaging of the curvature of a pipeline and a phantom object contained within the pipeline. The results of the overall investigation have confirmed that the a-Si:H device is suitable for application as a hard field optical sensor for OPT.
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Illingworth, Samuel Michael. "The suitability of the IASI instrument for observing CO from space." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9285.
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This thesis presents a methodological approach to developing the capability of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instrument to inform on the atmospheric concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), focussing on three key studies: 1) an assessment of the radiometric accuracy of the instrument; 2) the development of the University of Leicester IASI Retrieval Scheme (ULIRS) to convert measured radiances into a CO product; and 3) an investigation into the reliability and possible use of the ULIRS product. An intercomparison between the radiances as measured by the IASI and Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) instruments is performed, and absolute differences at 11 µm of less than 0:1K are observed. Given the radiometric behaviour across the IASI instrument as a whole, it is also concluded that the IASI instrument is radiometrically accurate to < 0.3K in the 12 and 4.7 µm spectral regions. A retrieval scheme, the ULIRS, is developed with explicit digital elevation and emissivity information, and a correction for solar surface reflection with a high resolution solar spectrum. Typical random errors over the African region relating to the profiles are found to be ~10% at 5 and 12 km, and on the total columns to be ~12 %. The ULIRS dataset and the operational CO products from the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) are inter-compared. A methodology which uses the same a priori statistics, and which reduces the smoothing bias between the two sets of data shows that there is only a small bias between the ULIRS and MOPITT V4 products. A simplified top-down approach to estimating CO emissions from fires is also presented, highlighting the need for a better understanding of the correct detection of burnt area from space-based measurements.
Books on the topic "Physical suitability"
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Riezebos, Hans Theo. Natural resources and land suitability in Maseru District, Lesotho: Guidelines for establishing the physical basis for regional planning. Applied Environmental Science Programme, Dept. of Geography, N.U.L., 1985.
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Powell, R. C. A study of the suitability and value of physical education and sport for individuals with epilepsy: BA(Hons) Human Movement Studies dissertation. South Glamorgan Insititute of Higher Education, 1987.
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Ware, John E. The suitability of consumers' assessments of physician and hospital performance as indicators of the quality of care. Health Program, Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, 1987.
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The suitability and reliability of the Physical Best fitness test with selected special populations. 1990.
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The suitability and reliability of the Physical Best fitness test with selected special populations. 1992.
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Kuka, Edgars. Use of Industrially Produced Thermally Modified Wood Residues for Production of Wood Plastic Composites. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934228025.
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The Doctoral Thesis is devoted to the research of wood plastic composites (WPCs) made with thermally modified wood residues. Their suitability for the production of WPC has been analysed, as well as the main influencing factors. Physical, mechanical, and service properties of the obtained WPC have been studied, identifying the advantages, disadvantages, as well as the tendencies of the changes in the properties depending on various factors. Knowing that moisture resistance is one of the main shortcomings of WPC, special focus was attributed to investigation of these aspects. Different mechanisms responsible for the characteristics of these materials are also explained.
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Mitchinson, Ben. Attention and orienting. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0027.
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This chapter describes the close relationship between the mental faculty of attention and the physical faculty of orienting, and the importance of this relationship to the construction of artificial biomimetic systems. It reviews the importance of physical orienting to natural motor behavior, which places attention management at the core of all behaviors (“orienting is acting”), and the concomitant social role of physical orienting both in expressing and revealing the focus of a mind. The article highlights the efficiency of top-down and bottom-up processing for behavioral control, using map-based saliency processing as a model, and the suitability of map-based algorithms for parallel or bespoke computation. Given this, and the similar nature of the challenges faced by artificial and natural sensorimotor systems, it is argued that attention management may be a, if not the, key component of future artificial motor control systems.
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McKee, Sally. Slavery. Edited by Judith Bennett and Ruth Karras. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.013.027.
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The potential for sexual service played a key role in the changing demand for slaves in medieval Europe. From the early Middle Ages on, the demand for male slaves declined while the market for female slaves rose. Although male and female slaves were vulnerable to sexual exploitation, only enslaved women's sexual service was tacitly sanctioned in the parts of Christian Europe where slavery was practiced. Their suitability for sexual service factored into their prices, in contrast to free domestic servants, whose wages were not influenced by their physical appearance. As a consequence of the common practice of slaves' sexual service in the cities where slavery was still practiced, the presence of children of slaves and masters in households gave rise to social pressures that diminished the demand for slaves within European households at the same time that slavery in European colonies was on the rise.
Book chapters on the topic "Physical suitability"
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Jamaluddin, Muhammad Nabil Fikri, Mohd Syafiq Miswan, Shukor Sanim Mohd Fauzi, Ray Adderley JM Gining, Noor Fadlyana Raman, and Mohd Zaid Mohd Ghazali. "Sport Suitability Prediction Based on Physical Fitness Components Using k-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm." In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Statistics (iCMS2017). Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7279-7_2.
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Loll, U. "Characterization of the Physical Nature of Sewage Sludge with Particular Regard to its Suitability as Landfill." In Processing and Use of Organic Sludge and Liquid Agricultural Wastes. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4756-6_10.
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Pons, L. J. "Some Physical and Hydrological Properties of Alluvial Soils and Their Suitability for Different Ecological Land Use Types." In Soils and Their Management. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6411-5_10.
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Abdollahpour, Milad, Federico Domenichini, and Lorenzo Cappietti. "Numerical Wave Tanks for Wave Energy Converters Using High-Performance Computing." In Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas: Problems and Measurement Techniques. Firenze University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0556-6.72.
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Numerical Wave Tanks (NWTs) powered by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and High-Performance Computing (HPC) offer a cost-effective and flexible alternative to physical wave tanks. They are essential for simulating complex wave phenomena and wave-structure interaction. This research explores the assessment of NWT reliability, particularly in HPC environments, using OpenFOAM, an open-source CFD toolbox. OpenFOAM's parallel processing capabilities leverage HPC to achieve accurate and efficient simulations of wave dynamics, crucial for optimizing wave energy converter designs and advancing renewable energy generation. HPC reduces execution time, enabling more comprehensive simulations and faster design optimization, ultimately accelerating progress in wave energy technologies. The study demonstrates OpenFOAM's suitability for NWT simulations while acknowledging the need for validation and optimization of grid and discretization methods.
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Bladé, Ernest, Marcos Sanz-Ramos, Damià Vericat, and Antoni Palau-Ibars. "New Tools to Assess the Suitability of Physical Habitat (SPH) and the Weighted Usable Area (WUA) for Fishes." In Advances in Hydroinformatics. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5436-0_57.
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Ralfs, Lennart, Niclas Hoffmann, and Robert Weidner. "Approach of a Decision Support Matrix for the Implementation of Exoskeletons in Industrial Workplaces." In Annals of Scientific Society for Assembly, Handling and Industrial Robotics 2021. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74032-0_14.
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AbstractDespite the advancing trends in automation, workers in industrial workplaces often face repetitive tasks with heavy workloads. Whenever methods or adaptions in both technology and organization are insufficient to improve working conditions, personal-related interventions as exoskeletons come into question. They may prove successful in alleviating musculoskeletal disorders and relieving physical strain. The rising number of market-ready exoskeletons often challenges users or companies to select an appropriate system for their applications. In order to address this issue, this paper presents a generic approach for supporting both the selection and evaluation of exoskeletons. With respect to the task, user, and technical system, the decision support matrix (DSM) merges work profiles, motion patterns, and postures into one schematic representation. It aims to suggest exoskeletons with inherent properties matching these external requirements. In summary, the DSM may help users and companies to assess the fundamental suitability and select appropriate support devices for specific applications.
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Miswan, Mohd Syafiq, Ellail Ain Mohd Aznan, Ahmad Dzulkarnain Ismail, Siti Jameelah Md Japilus, and Mohd Zaid bin Mohd Ghazali. "Determination Suitability in Comparing Selected Physical Fitness Components among Young Athletes between Age Groups and Gender during Talent Identification Process in Malaysia." In Charting a Sustainable Future of ASEAN in Business and Social Sciences. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3859-9_6.
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Pert, G. J. "The Scaling of Recombination Following Tunnel Ionisation and its Suitability for Generating X-Ray Laser Gain." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9924-3_23.
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Adhitya, Krisna, Sara Aisyah Syafira, Sholehhudin Al Ayubi, et al. "Evaluating the Suitability of CaO as a Cloud Seeding Agent for CO2 Pollution Mitigation: A Simplified Experiment." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0740-9_77.
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Polat, Erkan. "An Approach for Land-Use Suitability Assessment Using Decision Support Systems, AHP and GIS." In Data Mining. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2455-9.ch110.
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Nowadays, analysis of land-use suitability requires consideration of variety of criteria including not only natural/physical capacity of a land unit but also socio-economic and environmental impact implications. This chapter suggests an approach instead of typical synthesis and land-use suitability assessment methods that is used in the urban and regional planning. Using the decision support systems with AHP and GIS, a participative, GIS-supported, different, new, flexible, and soft approach is proposed for land-use suitability assessment of cities and regions in particular. The chapter presents a technique integrating SWOT-CATWOE analysis, the Delphi and Inquiry Technique, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and a Geographic Information System (GIS) to evaluate the land-use suitability for cities. By the help of this study, settlement suitability analyses have been achieved according to the socio-economic and infrastructure, environmental or physical thresholds of the settlement, and this integration could benefit urban planners and decision makers. The proposed method begins with the identification of settlement requirements, followed by the derivation of settlement evaluation criteria with SWOT-CATWOE analysis and the Delphi and Inquiry Technique. Then, pairwise comparisons (PC matrices) are formed between each pair of settlement criteria. The AHP is used to measure the relative importance or weight of each settlement criterion. This chapter has intended a theoretical and scientific base for an AHP and GIS combination with decision support systems. Thus, when land-use suitability assessment has taken as this combination of decision support systems, AHP and GIS, more realistic, more accurate, and applicable results emerge.
Conference papers on the topic "Physical suitability"
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Permeh, Samanbar, Rutambara Sonawane, Kingsley Lau, Matthew Duncan, Ron Simmons, and Sate Material Office. "Update on the Evaluation of Grout Robustness and Corrosion by Accelerated Corrosion and Rapid Macrocell Testing." In CORROSION 2021. AMPP, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2021-16339.
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Abstract Severe corrosion of steel strand and tendon ducts in association with physically and chemically deficient grouts were documented in Florida bridges utilizing prepackaged thixotropic grouts. Testing to evaluate grouts for their corrosion protection has been implemented for material specifications; however, available methodologies do not consider the effects of grout deficiencies that can form. Testing to assess grout robustness by developing physical and chemical deficiencies to identify performance limits have been recently considered by industry and state transportation departments. It was the interest of this work to identify corrosion testing methods that would account for grout physical and chemical deficiencies. Experimental testing using a modified accelerated corrosion test and a modified rapid-macrocell test was conducted for three grout materials mixed and cast under non-ideal conditions (grout pre-exposure and grout mixed with 10% excess mix water) to promote material deficiency to assess the suitability of the laboratory test methods for use in practice.
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Wang, Rui, Peng Wang, Todd R. Allen, et al. "Phase-Field Modeling of Diffusion Bonding in 316H Stainless Steel for Nuclear Engineering Applications." In AM-EPRI 2024. ASM International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2024p1138.
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Abstract Diffusion bonding is a key manufacturing process for nucleation applications including compact heat exchangers. Accurately predicting the alloy's behavior during the diffusion bonding process presents challenges, primarily due to the intricate interplay of microstructural evolution and physical processes such as compressive loading, temperature history, and component migration. The current study develops a phase-field model designed to simulate the diffusion bonding in 316H stainless steel, a material with exceptional high-temperature strength, corrosion resistance and suitability to high-pressure conditions. Our model incorporates a multi-phase, multi-component framework that aligns the experimental observations with the grain growth and heterogeneous nucleation, where arbitrary external compressive load and temperature history are considered. The simulations focus on grain nucleation, growth, and microstructure evolutions across diffusion bonding line under a variety of temperature profiles, mechanical loads, and surface roughness conditions, mirroring experimental setups. Our model predicts consistent simulation results with experiments in terms of the grain size and distribution near the bonding area, offering a better understanding of the diffusion bonding mechanism and the manufacturing process for building reliable compact heat exchangers.
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Abuazza, O., R. Elaish, K. Enawaa, S. Alomami, and A. Gaderbuh. "Evaluation of Sacrificial Anode Backfill Material." In CORROSION 2008. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08051.
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Abstract A common method of corrosion control of buried pipeline is that of cathodic protection involving the use of sacrificial anodes. To ensure maximum effectiveness of an anode, a suitable backfill material of Gypsum/Bentonite is required to maintain the necessary current flow. This material is generally inert and moisture retentive. In the River Project of Libya, the bentonite used was collected from two different clay member formations. The destructive inspection of zinc anodes revealed that the backfill material used from one formation (No. 1) has dried quickly and shrunk away from the anode and the other backfill used from formation No. 2 was still moisture retentive and working properly. Therefore a laboratory tests were carried out to determine the causes of the shrinkage of formation 1 and also to identify the characteristics of Bentonite used and its suitability for use in the backfill, and how to delay the moisture content loss with minimum shrinkage. This study has included chemical, physical, mineralogical and geotechnical laboratory tests. The tests revealed that the Bentonite which was in use (formation No.1) was in commercial terms relatively low grade (c. 46% Montmorillonite) with liquid limit values of c. 120%, and the gypsum was relatively pure, being composed of &gt;95% gypsum, and the backfill mixture contained c. 11% Montmorillonite. Engineering testing suggests that if the ground conditions cause the backfill to dry, shrinkage may lead to a loss of anode function. Such shrinkage would be reduced if the backfill was emplaced at lower moisture content and higher density, this is also likely to increase its ability to absorb water. However, if the backfill does dry out, the anode may also not function correctly. Also this test revealed that the Bentonite should be calcium based not sodium based.
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Bliznakova, Kristina, Ivan Buliev, Jordan Kolev, Zhivko Bliznakov, and Nikola Kolev. "Study of suitability of new materials for use with physical breast phantoms." In 2013 E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ehb.2013.6707335.
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Elliott, F. G., R. Kurz, C. Etheridge, and J. P. O’Connell. "Fuel System Suitability Considerations for Industrial Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30592.
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Industrial Gas Turbines allow operation with a wide variety of gaseous and liquid fuels. To determine the suitability for operation with a gas fuel system, various physical parameters of the proposed fuel need to be determined: Heating value, dew point, Joule-Thompson coefficient, Wobbe Index and others. This paper describes an approach to provide a consistent treatment for determining the above physical properties. Special focus is given to the problem of determining the dew point of the potential fuel gas at various pressure levels. A dew point calculation using appropriate equations of state is described, and results are presented. In particular the treatment of heavier hydrocarbons, and water is addressed and recommendations about the necessary data input are made. Since any fuel gas system causes pressure drops in the fuel gas, the temperature reduction due to the Joule-Thompson effect has to be considered and quantified. Suggestions about how to approach fuel suitability questions during the project development and construction phase, as well as in operation are made.
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Hertrampf, Florian, Sebastian Apel, and Steffen Späthe. "Usage Profile Rating of Suitability to E-Vehicles Utilizing a Physical Consumption Model." In 4th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006774904460453.
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Stevens, G. D. "Suitability of Magnesium Oxide as a VISAR Window." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2005: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2263575.
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Lee, Donggyu, Jeongwon Choi, and Youngjun Lee. "THE ANALYSIS OF SUITABILITY ON PHYSICAL COMPUTING EDUCATION USING ARDUINO FOR 2015 REVISED CURRICULUM IN KOREA." In International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2016.1047.
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Ghani, Mastura, Mohd Nordin Adlan, Nurul Hana Mokhtar Kamal, and Hamidi Abdul Aziz. "Site suitability for riverbed filtration system in Tanah Merah, Kelantan-A physical model study for turbidity removal." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF GLOBAL NETWORK FOR INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND AWAM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (IGNITE-AICCE’17): Sustainable Technology And Practice For Infrastructure and Community Resilience. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5005721.
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Chen, Guangliang, Xiaomeng Dong, Lei Li, et al. "Research on the Physical Modelling for the Subchannel Analysis of PWR Core." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81231.
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To obtain a better subchannel analysis tool for PWR core, an investigation on the physical modelling was done via CFD analysis in this paper. A detailed discussion on the TH status was carried out to consider the suitability of the physical modelling in the subchannel analysis. The counteracted effect on the balance of the mass, momentum, and energy was found. Its influence on the physical mechanism was analyzed for the TH status in PWR core. Then it was found that the subchannel analysis based on each flow channel is very necessary for the accuracy of the 3D engineering TH analysis for the whole PWR core.
Reports on the topic "Physical suitability"
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McDonald, Jacob, Eric Starkey, and Wendy Wright. Wadeable stream suitability assessment for long-term monitoring: Congaree National Park. National Park Service, 2018. https://doi.org/10.36967/2256949.
Full textAbstract:
The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) initiated a monitoring effort to assess habitat conditions in wadeable streams at national parks, recreation areas, battlefields, and monuments in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina (McDonald et al. 2018a). These parks include Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, Congaree National Park, Horseshoe Bend National Military Park, and Ocmulgee National Monument. Wadeable stream monitoring, implemented in 2016, focuses specifically on providing relevant data to assess the physical condition of Piedmont and upper Coastal Plain streams with respect to aquatic and riparian habitats and how these habitats may be changing over time. The habitat assessment methods outlined in the protocol rely on standard data collection methods and standard operating procedures currently in use by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Forest Service that have been modified to better meet the needs of National Park Service (NPS) managers. The Monitoring Wadeable Stream Habitat Conditions in Southeast Coast Network Parks protocol (McDonald et al. 2018a) was developed to begin a monitoring program that will provide insight into the status of, and trends in, stream and riparian habitat conditions. The number of reaches surveyed at each park is dependent on the spatial extent of the park and the total number of wadeable streams that are present within park boundaries. Regardless of the size of the park and the number of reaches that are to be monitored, selected reaches (1) are representative of the processes influencing the streams in each park; (2) can address current and anticipated management concerns, and (3) offer the most utility for future complementary studies. The purpose of this report is to document the stream suitability survey that was conducted at Congaree National Park (Congaree NP) to determine which streams should be chosen for long-term monitoring (McDonald et al. 2018a). On 1–3 November 2017, fifteen stream segments at Congaree National Park were assessed to determine their suitability for long-term monitoring (Table 1 and Figure 1). Stream segments were classified as suitable for long-term monitoring if they could be safely accessed, were part of a single channel, wadeable stream system, and were not greatly influenced by upstream impoundments. Of the fifteen stream segments, six were determined to be potentially suitable for long-term monitoring and the remaining nine were determined not to be suitable (Table 1). The Dry Branch reaches (c015 and c016) were classified as not suitable for monitoring because the gradient is too low, they are part of a multi-channel system, and heavily affected by an upstream reservoir. The Cedar Creek segments (c008–c014) are not wadeable (deep water and mucky bottom) and are difficult to access (requires a watercraft and there are a large number of portages [more than 20] leading up to the sites). The remaining six streams were only initially classified as potentially suitable for monitoring because the streams at Congaree National Park are much different than streams the monitoring protocol was designed to monitor. While the six potentially suitable stream segments all have definable banks and are mostly part of a single-thread system, all of the sites need to be accessed either through wetlands (Toms and McKenzie Creeks) or by watercraft (sites on Cedar Creek). Additionally, all of these streams are low energy and lack the diversity of geomorphic channel units (i.e., riffles, runs, pools) that characterize the in-stream habitats present at the majority of the streams at the other SECN parks. In spite of these drawbacks, these potential monitoring sites can provide an understanding of how upstream development and disturbance are influencing the movement of water and sediment into the park.
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McDonald, Jacob, Eric Starkey, and Wendy Wright. Wadeable stream suitability assessment for long-term monitoring: Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area. National Park Service, 2018. https://doi.org/10.36967/2256954.
Full textAbstract:
The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) initiated a monitoring effort to assess habitat conditions in wadeable streams at national parks, recreation areas, battlefields, and monuments in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina (McDonald et al. 2018a). These parks include Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, Congaree National Park, Horseshoe Bend National Military Park, and Ocmulgee National Monument. The monitoring was implemented in 2016, and focuses specifically on providing relevant data to assess the physical condition of Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain streams with respect to aquatic and riparian habitats and how these habitats may be changing over time. The habitat assessment methods outlined in the protocol rely on standard data collection methods and standard operating procedures currently in use by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and U.S. Forest Service (USFS) that have been modified to better meet the needs of National Park Service (NPS) managers. Monitoring Wadeable Stream Habitat Conditions in Southeast Coast Network Parks: Protocol Narrative (McDonald et al. 2018a) was developed to begin a monitoring program that will provide insight into the status of, and trends in, stream and riparian habitat conditions. The number of reaches surveyed at each park is dependent on the spatial extent of the park and the total number of wadeable streams that are present within park boundaries. Regardless of the size of the park and the number of reaches that are to be monitored, selected reaches (1) are representative of the processes influencing the streams in each park; (2) can address current and anticipated management concerns, and (3) offer the most utility for future complementary studies. The purpose of this report is to document the stream suitability survey that was conducted at Chattahoochee River NRA to determine which streams should be chosen for long-term monitoring. During March 2017, a total of thirty-three stream segments at the park were assessed to determine their suitability for long-term monitoring. Stream segment suitability was based on whether the stream: (1) could be safely accessed; (2) is part of a single channel, wadeable stream system and; (3) is not greatly influenced by upstream impoundments. Of the thirty-three stream segments, fourteen were determined to be suitable for long-term monitoring, five were classified as potentially suitable (classified as maybe), and fourteen were determined to not be suitable for long-term monitoring using the methods outlined in McDonald et al. (2018a). The streams that were chosen for long-term monitoring were selected to provide comparisons between similar streams and/or to be representative of similar streams within the park. The following report provides an overview of the methods that were used to assess the suitability of each stream segment, describes each one of the streams that was assessed including a map showing how to access each stream (Appendix A), and provides an overview of how the monitored reaches within each stream segment will be compared in future reports.
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McDonald, Jacob, Eric Starkey, and Wendy Wright. Wadeable stream suitability assessment for long-term monitoring: Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park. National Park Service, 2018. https://doi.org/10.36967/2256953.
Full textAbstract:
The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) initiated a monitoring effort to assess habitat conditions in wadeable streams at national parks, recreation areas, battlefields, and monuments in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina (McDonald et al. 2018a). These parks include Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, Congaree National Park, Horseshoe Bend National Military Park, and Ocmulgee National Monument. The monitoring, implemented in 2016, focuses specifically on providing relevant data to assess the physical condition of Piedmont and upper Coastal Plain streams with respect to aquatic and riparian habitats and how these habitats may be changing over time. The habitat assessment methods outlined in the protocol rely on standard data collection methods and standard operating procedures currently in use by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Forest Service that have been modified to better meet the needs of National Park Service (NPS) managers. The Southeast Coast Network’s Monitoring Wadeable Stream Habitat Conditions in Southeast Coast Network Parks protocol (McDonald et al. 2018a) was developed to begin a monitoring program that will provide insight into the status of, and trends in, stream and riparian habitat conditions. The number of reaches surveyed at each park is dependent on the spatial extent of the park and the total number of wadeable streams that are present within park boundaries. Regardless of the size of the park and the number of reaches that are to be monitored, selected reaches (1) are representative of the processes influencing the streams in each park; (2) can address current and anticipated management concerns; and (3) offer the most utility for future complementary studies. The purpose of this report is to document the stream suitability survey conducted at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park (KEMO). The purpose of this survey was to determine which streams should be chosen for long-term monitoring (McDonald et al. 2018a). On 7 February 2017, SECN staff met with Chief Ranger Anthony Winegar to determine which streams in the park are of management concern and are suitable for long-term monitoring. Stream segment suitability was based on whether the stream: (1) could be safely accessed; (2) is part of a single channel, wadeable stream system; and (3) is not greatly influenced by upstream impoundments. Of the ten stream segments identified by a GIS analysis, four stream segments (two each on Noses Creek and Ward Creek) were determined to be of potential management concern (Figure 1). After evaluating the stream segments in the field, three of the segments (two on Noses Creek and one on Ward Creek) were determined to be suitable for long-term monitoring. The remaining segment (Upper Ward Creek) was determined to not be suitable for long-term monitoring (Table 1). The upstream stream segment on Ward Creek was determined not to be suitable because this portion of Ward Creek has been highly modified by the installation of a sewage line. Upper Ward Creek is now a multi-channel quasi-wetland and the SECN wadeable stream monitoring protocol was not developed to monitor multi-channel streams (McDonald et al. 2018a). Following an analysis of the basin characteristics of the three suitable stream segments and in consultation with park staff, one segment on Noses Creek and one segment on Ward Creek were chosen for long-term monitoring (Table 2). The two stream segments chosen provide comparisons between similar streams and will help determine if the upstream trails or bridges on these streams are having a downstream influence. The following report provides an overview of the methods used to assess the suitability of each stream segment and provides a description of how the monitored reaches within each stream segment will be compared in future reports.
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Altman, Safra, Matthew Balazik, and Catherine Thomas. Eelgrass functions, services, and considerations for compensatory mitigation. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46833.
Full textAbstract:
Coastal-marine eelgrass habitat is a critical resource within New England and throughout the world. Eelgrass habitat provides functions and services including providing structure, biogeochemical cycling, erosion reduction, habitation provision, and water quality improvement. Declines in eelgrass distribution are often due to anthropogenic processes impacting temperature and water quality. Declines in distribution and abundance highlight the importance of protecting the existing eelgrass, improving environmental conditions allowing for ecosystem restoration, and identifying viable in-kind and out-of-kind compensatory mitigation measures. Considering the limited availability of New England sites for in-kind compensatory mitigation, additional approaches for out-of-kind compensatory mitigation should be considered. These include (1) creation of alternative plant or kelp habitat, (2) using a multi-pronged, multi-habitat and structure approach, (3) contributing to the development of water quality improvement initiatives to encourage current eelgrass bed expansion over time, (4) reduce physical impacts to eelgrass habitat, (5) and identifying locations for future eelgrass habitat suitability based on climate predictions and investing to create future compensatory mitigation habitat in these locations.
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Czajkowski, Jeffrey, Kelly Edmiston, Hanchun Zhang, et al. Can insurance company investments help fill the infrastructure gap? Center for Insurance Policy and Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52227/24791.2021.
Full textAbstract:
The report emphasizes that evaluating the suitability of infrastructure investments for insurance companies cannot compromise the core mission of insurance regulators to preserve the solvency of regulated insurance companies and to protect policyholders. Significant Findings in the Report Include: The report offers a uniform definition of infrastructure that could be used as a basis for discussions around financial investments in infrastructure within the insurance industry: generally, economic infrastructure is long-lived, capital-intensive, large physical assets that provide essential services or facilities to some jurisdiction. Using NAIC data, as well as other supplemental sources, findings estimate total U.S. insurance industry exposure to economic infrastructure to be roughly $570.5 billion by NAIC's definition. Infrastructure investments have many qualities that should be appealing to insurers, potentially well-positioning them to make additional infrastructure investments under the right circumstances. For example, historical performance data from S&P Global Ratings and Moody's Investors Services show that: municipal bonds backing infrastructure outperform infrastructure bonds issued outside of the public sector. corporate infrastructure debt outperforms all non-financial corporate debt (which includes infrastructure). Superior performance is evident across the performance metrics we assessed, including default rates, recovery rates given default, and rating migration.
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Raikow, David, Jacob Gross, Amanda McCutcheon, and Anne Farahi. Trends in water quality and assessment of vegetation community structure in association with declining mangroves: A condition assessment of American Memorial Park. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301598.
Full textAbstract:
American Memorial Park (AMME) in Saipan contains a rare mangrove wetland that is known to support several endangered species. Through monitoring water quality and vegetation characteristics of the wetland for >10 years we documented a declining mangrove population, an increase in invasive plant species, and declining surface water salinity. Comprehensive surveys conducted in 2014 and 2019 quantified declines in the plant community observed by park staff. Surface water salinity declined from 2009 to 2018 and no other trend in surface water quality was observed. Over the time period of the present study, AMME experienced shifts in annual rainfall conditions that could be associated with ENSO cycles. Dry conditions beginning in late 2016 and continuing through mid-2018 resulted in some surface water sampling sites completely drying. Several stressors may have contributed to declines in mangroves adapted to saturated soils directly and allowed competing plants to proliferate, including disruption of hydrologic connectivity with marine waters resulting in reduced surface water salinity, reduced rainfall causing dry soil conditions, and physical storm damage to canopies. Recommendations include study of groundwater salinity, maintaining or modifying a culvert subject to filling with sediment or other excavation work to improve saline water flow to the wetland at high tides, the establishment of a new groundwater monitoring well, adding a surface water monitoring station near the culvert, conducting a spatial assessment of the mangrove habitat suitability within the mangrove wetland, and developing or assisting with mangrove interpretive and outreach programs.
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Hatef, Elham, Renee F. Wilson, Susan M. Hannum, et al. Use of Telehealth During the COVID-19 Era. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcsrcovidtelehealth.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives. To assess how to provide telehealth care by identifying characteristics of telehealth delivery, patient populations, settings, benefits and harms, and implementation strategies during the COVID-19 era. Data sources. PubMed®, CINAHL®, PsycINFO®, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from March 2020 to May 2022. Additional studies were identified from reference lists and experts. Review methods. We included studies that reported characteristics of telehealth use; benefits and harms of telehealth; factors impacting the success of telehealth, including satisfaction/dissatisfaction and barriers/facilitators; and implementation outcomes. We conducted a mixed-methods review, synthesizing quantitative and qualitative studies. Two reviewers independently screened search results for eligibility, serially extracted data, and independently assessed risk of bias of included studies. Results. We included 764 studies; 310 studies were included in our syntheses. Patients using telehealth were more likely to be people who are young to middle-aged, female, White, of higher socioeconomic status, and living in urban settings. Visits for mental and behavioral health conditions were more frequent than visits for other conditions, and mental or behavioral care was also more likely to be delivered via telehealth than care for other conditions. Across a variety of conditions, telehealth produced similar clinical outcomes as compared with in-person care. Telehealth care is appropriate for some patients, but more information is necessary to determine the suitability of telehealth for specific patient populations; patients and providers felt that telehealth may be less suitable and less desirable for patients with complex clinical conditions; and some patients perceive telehealth as a barrier to improved health outcomes owing to the absence of a physical exam and challenges in developing rapport and communicating with their care team. There was a lack of evidence addressing implementation cost, penetration, and sustainability of telehealth, and about telehealth implementation at the health system level. Conclusions. Whereas telehealth use spiked after the beginning of the pandemic, the characteristics of patients using telehealth follow a pattern similar to that for other healthcare and digital health services. We found that the use of telehealth may be comparable to in-person care across different clinical and process outcomes. Telehealth implementation has addressed the needs of both patients and providers to some extent, even as clinical conditions, patient and provider characteristics, and type of assessment varied. Telehealth has provided a viable alternative mode of care delivery during the pandemic and holds promise for the future.
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Weissinger, Rebecca. Evaluation of hanging-garden endemic-plant monitoring at Southeast Utah Group national parks, 2013–2020. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294868.
Full textAbstract:
Hanging gardens are the most common type of spring at Arches National Park (NP) and Natural Bridges National Monument (NM). They are also present at Canyonlands National Park, but hanging gardens are rare off the Colorado Plateau. Their cliffside setting provides stable access to water without flood disturbance. This combination provides unique habitat that is rich in endemic plant species. The diffuse, seeping emergence of water makes measuring springflow impossible at most sites. Park managers have an interest in monitoring hanging gardens—especially as the climate warms and aridity and water demand both increase. The Northern Colorado Plateau Net-work (NCPN) proposed methods for monitoring seven perennial endemic-plant species at hanging gardens as indicators of spring health and proxies for water availability. Because hanging gardens occur on bedrock outcrops, systematic or random sampling was not possible due to safety concerns and potential resource damage on steep, wet slopes. Examining eight years (2013–2020) of data, this report evaluates the suitability of endemic-plant count data at hanging gardens as a monitoring indicator. It also provides our first evaluation of status and trends at NCPN hanging gardens. The seven species included in monitoring were Rydberg’s thistle (Cirsium rydbergii), Kachina daisy (Erigeron kachinensis), alcove death camas (Zigadenus vaginatus), alcove bog orchid (Habenaria zothecina), cave primrose (Primula specuicola), alcove columbine (Aquilegia micrantha), and Eastwood’s monkeyflower (Mimulus eastwoodiae). Six of the seven species were found at each park. Up to 500 individuals of each species were counted at 42 hanging gardens in Arches NP, 14 hanging gardens in Natural Bridges NM, and 3 hanging gardens in Canyonlands NP. Larger populations were divided into count classes of 501–1,000, 1,001–10,000, and more than 10,000 individuals. Counts from two independent observers and from back-to-back years of sampling were compared for repeatability. Repeatability in count classes was less than 50% for Kachina daisy and Eastwood’s monkeyflower, which both propagate vegetatively via ramets and/or stolons. Repeatability was greater than 90% for only one species, Rydberg’s thistle. The remaining species were categorized in different classes between 15–40% of the time. Independent-observer comparisons were only available for 6.6% of the dataset, but these observations suggested that (1) observer bias was present and (2) the observer with more experience working in hanging gardens generally had higher counts than the observer with less experience in this system. Although repeatability was variable, it was within the range reported by other studies for most species. The NCPN, in discussion with park staff, has elected to make some modifications to the protocol but will continue using endemic plant counts as an indicator of hanging-garden health to maintain a biological variable as a complement to our physical-response data. This is due to their high value to park biodiversity and the difficulty of developing a more robust approach to monitoring in these sites. Endemic-plant monitoring will continue for the five species with the highest repeatability during pilot monitoring and will focus on detecting changes in smaller populations. Most hanging gardens have more than one endemic species present, so several populations can be tracked at each site. Our period of record is relatively brief, and the distribution of endemic-plant populations in different count classes at these sites has not yet shown any statistical trends over time. Be-cause of the large count classes, our methods are more sensitive to showing change in smaller populations (fewer than 500 individuals). Small populations are also of greatest concern to park managers because of their vulnerability to declines or extirpation due to drought. Over-all, more sites had endemic-plant populations of fewer than 100 individuals at the end...