Relevant bibliographies by topics / Physical Variables

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Physical Variables'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Physical Variables"

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Santos, M. A., J. C. Mello, and P. Pitanga. "Physical variables in gauge theories." Zeitschrift f�r Physik C Particles and Fields 55, no. 2 (1992): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01482589.

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Yadav, Krishna R., and Dr Sundar Raj Urs Dr. Sundar Raj Urs. "Effects of Strength Exercises on Physical Variables of B.P.Ed Students." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 5 (2011): 546–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2014/173.

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Meena, Rakesh, and Dr Pramod Singh. "Relationship of Selected Anthropometric and Physical Fitness Variables to Basketball Performance." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 5 (2012): 531–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/may2013/182.

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Kramer, Boris. "Learning state variables for physical systems." Nature Computational Science 2, no. 7 (2022): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43588-022-00283-4.

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Kent, Adrian. "Noncontextual Hidden Variables and Physical Measurements." Physical Review Letters 83, no. 19 (1999): 3755–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.83.3755.

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Coppola, M. Nicholas, Ronald P. Hudak, and Joel D. Bales. "Variables Affecting Army Physical Disability Processing." Military Medicine 163, no. 7 (1998): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/163.7.456.

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Christakos, George, and Vijayanivas R. Raghu. "Dynamic stochastic estimation of physical variables." Mathematical Geology 28, no. 3 (1996): 341–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02083205.

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Thangamani, Dr T., and V. S. Devaraj. "Impact Of Yoga Training On Selected Physical Fitness And Physiological Variables Among Non-Physical Education College Men." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 6, no. 3 (2025): 5557–62. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.6.0325.1255.

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Chow, Bik C., Thomas L. McKenzie, and Lobo Louie. "Children’s Physical Activity and Associated Variables during Preschool Physical Education." Advances in Physical Education 05, no. 01 (2015): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ape.2015.51005.

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Sallis, James F., Marilyn F. Johnson, Karen J. Calfas, Susan Caparosa, and Jeanne F. Nichols. "Assessing Perceived Physical Environmental Variables that May Influence Physical Activity." Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 68, no. 4 (1997): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1997.10608015.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Physical Variables"

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Hammouri, Ghaith. "Cryptographic Primitives from Physical Variables." Digital WPI, 2009. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/304.

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" In this dissertation we explore a new paradigm emerging from the subtleties of cryptographic implementations and relating to theoretical aspects of cryptography. This new paradigm, namely physical variables (PVs), simply describes properties of physical objects designed to be identical but are not due to manufacturing variability. In the first part of this dissertation, we focus our attention on scenarios which require the unique identification of physical objects and we show how Gaussian PVs can be used to fulfill such a requirement. Using this framework we present and analyze a new te
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Pratt, Leigh A. "Variables influencing the self-report of physical activity." Scholarly Commons, 2015. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/289.

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Adults that do not engage in the recommended amount of physical activity each week are at a higher risk for many noncommunicable diseases. Many different interventions have been developed with researchers relying heavily on self-report measures to assess the effectiveness. Inaccuracies on self-report measures have been correlated with social desirability. The purpose of the current study was to identify whether two commonly employed interventions, educational information and goal setting, evoked socially desirable responding in four University employees using a multiple baseline across subject
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Vickery, Rhonda J. "New visualization techniques for multi-dimensional variables in complex physical domains." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2003. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-07102003-142910.

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Apostolopoulos, Christos. "Interrelationships between physical properties, processing variables and sensory characteristics of peach fruit." Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316142.

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Ntoumanis, Nikolaos. "Achievement motivation and affect in sport : strength of links and intervening variables." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264590.

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Baker, Holly Jean. "Physical activity and nutrition related variables in hispanic and non-hispanic college students." FIU Digital Commons, 2000. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1375.

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It has been estimated that one in four adults have sedentary lifestyles. In addition there appears to be an increase in obesity across the life span. It is of great importance to the health of this nation to understand how to promote more active lifestyles through the identification of lifestyle behaviors of active individuals and potential predictors of physical activity (PA). Seven hundred and seventy-seven college students were surveyed to investigate the relationship between nutrition related variables (i.e., dietary restraint, nutrition knowledge, food choice and body weight concerns) and
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Herdman, Susan J., Courtney D. Hall, Brian Maloney, Sara Knight, Marti Ebert, and Jessica Lowe. "Variables Associated with Outcome in Patients with Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction: Preliminary Study." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/556.

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BACKGROUND: Vestibular rehabilitation (VR) improves symptoms and function in some but not all patients with bilateral vestibular hypofunction (BVH). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this retrospective study was to examine change following vestibular rehabilitation and to identify factors associated with rehabilitation outcome in patients with BVH. METHODS: Data from 69 patients with BVH were analyzed. Factors studied included patient characteristics, subjective complaints and physical function. Outcome measures included symptom intensity, balance confidence, quality of life, gait speed, fall risk, an
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Miranda, Samantha. "Investigation of Multiple Imputation Methods for Categorical Variables." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3722.

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We compare different multiple imputation methods for categorical variables using the MICE package in R. We take a complete data set and remove different levels of missingness and evaluate the imputation methods for each level of missingness. Logistic regression imputation and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are used for binary variables. Multinomial logit imputation and LDA are used for nominal variables while ordered logit imputation and LDA are used for ordinal variables. After imputation, the regression coefficients, percent deviation index (PDI) values, and relative frequency tables wer
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Peterson, John C. (John Charles) 1956. "Effect of gender on fitness performance variables (Argyle test battery) in high school students." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64050.

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Hellmark, Robert. "Variations and correlations among climatic and environmental variables in Australia using GIS and remote sensing." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-95237.

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This study was performed because of the potential vulnerability to climate change of the Australian continent. For example, global warming may increase the frequency and severity of drought [McAlpine, C.A., Syktus, J., Ryan, J.G., Deo, R.C., McKeon, G.M., McGowan, H.A. & Phinn, S.R., 2009: A continent under stress: interactions, feedbacks and risks associated with impact of modified land cover on Australia’s climate. Global Change Biology 15, 2206-2223]. The aim of this study is therefore to investigate spatial and temporal patterns in temperature, rainfall, and solar radiation and how nat
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Books on the topic "Physical Variables"

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Krantz, Steven G. Complex variables: A physical approach with applications and Matlab. CRC Press, 2008.

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1932-, Webster John G., ed. Mechanical variables measurement: Solid, fluid, and thermal. CRC Press, 2000.

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F, Nalepa T., and Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, eds. Physical and chemical variables of Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, in 1991-93. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 1996.

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Wildish, D. J. Seasonal patterns of biological and physical variables in sediments of Lime Kiln Bay during 2000-2001. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Biological Station, 2002.

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Wildish, David. Seasonal patterns of biological and physical variables in sediments of Lime Kiln Bay during 2000-2001. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Biological Station, 2002.

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Hansen, S. Spatial variability of soil physical properties: Theoretical and experimental analyses : II. Soil water variables--data acquisition, processing and basic statistics. Dept. of Soil and Water and Plant Nutrition, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 1988.

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Seminar on Deformations (1985-1987 Łódź, Poland and Lublin, Poland). Deformations of mathematical structures: Complex analysis with physical applications : selected papers from the Seminar on Deformations, Łódź-Lublin, 1985/87. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.

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Bernard, Epstein, ed. Classical complex analysis. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1996.

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Baillargeon, Raymond. The prevalence of physical aggression in Canadian children: A multi-group latent class analysis of data from the first collection cycle (1994-1995) of the NLSCY. Applied Research Branch, Strategic Policy, Human Resources Development Canada, 1999.

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Coppola, M. Nicholas. Statistical measurement and analysis of claimant and demographic variables affecting processing and adjudication duration in the United States Army physical disability evaluation system. s.n., 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Physical Variables"

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Tonti, Enzo. "Analysis of Physical Variables." In The Mathematical Structure of Classical and Relativistic Physics. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7422-7_5.

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Aziz El-Banna, Ahmad A., and Kaishun Wu. "Seawater’s Key Physical Variables." In Machine Learning Modeling for IoUT Networks. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68567-6_2.

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Gehrz, R. D. "Infrared Observations of Classical Novae: Physical Parameterization and Contributions to the ISM." In Cataclysmic Variables. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0335-0_4.

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Smak, Józef. "Cataclysmic Variables." In Binary Stars. Selected Topics on Observations and Physical Processes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44395-9_3.

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Vrielmann, S., F. V. Hessman, K. Horne, and R. Baptista. "Physical Parameter Mapping Of Accretion Disks." In Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects. Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0325-8_38.

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Collins, Joseph B. "A Mathematical Type for Physical Variables." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85110-3_32.

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Taylor, M. J. "Marker Variables for Early Identification of Physically Awkward Children." In Adapted Physical Activity. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74873-8_57.

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Cleary, Anne M., and Alan S. Brown. "Physical and Psychological Variables Related to Déjà Vu." In The Déjà Vu Experience, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429296116-5-7.

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Rehak, Josephine, Alexander Falkenstein, and Jürgen Beyerer. "Causal Structure Learning Using PCMCI+ and Path Constraints from Wavelet-Based Soft Interventions." In Machine Learning for Cyber-Physical Systems. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47062-2_1.

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AbstractThe discovery of causal relations via interventions has proven to be simple when only one observed variable is affected or unaffected. However, in a multivariate setting, it is likely that more than one variable is affected by an intervention and thus drawing conclusions about the causal relations becomes more difficult as the gained information is ambiguous. To deal with this, we introduce a novel definition of path constraints and to obtain them, we came up with a novel approach for wavelet-based interventions. We demonstrate our approach on a combustion engine simulation, where we i
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Djordjevic, Ivan B. "Quantum Optics and Continuous Variables (CV) Fundamentals." In Physical-Layer Security, Quantum Key Distribution, and Post-Quantum Cryptography. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-88372-9_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Physical Variables"

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Sion, Edward, and Patrick Godon. "The Physical Properties of White Dwarfs in Cataclysmic Variables." In The Golden Age of Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects - VI. Sissa Medialab, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.460.0010.

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Furtner, Lukas, Isabell Viedt, and Leon Urbas. "A combined approach to optimization of soft sensor architecture and physical sensor configuration." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.103294.

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In the chemical industry, soft sensors are deployed to reduce equipment cost or allow for a continuous measurement of process variables. Soft sensors monitor parameters not via physical sensors but infer them from other process variables. On the one hand, the precision of a soft sensors is affected by its architecture, the choice of parametric equations like balances and thermodynamic or kinetic dependencies in the soft sensor model. On the other hand, uncertainty that is inherent to the input variable values propagates through the soft sensor model and impacts the output uncertainty. The latt
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Mishra, B., D. L. Olson, S. Al-Hassan, and M. M. Salama. "Physical Characteristics of Iron Carbonate Scale Formation in Linepipe Steels." In CORROSION 1992. NACE International, 1992. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1992-92013.

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Abstract Corrosion of linepipe steels in brine solutions containing carbon dioxide gas is a severe problem in oil and natural gas production. The mechanism and characteristics of iron carbonate scale formation on line-pipe steels under different heat treatment conditions in a CO2 - brine solution is reviewed. An attempt has been made to correlate the observed corrosion rates conducted under various conditions of temperature, carbon dioxide partial pressure and pH. The pertinent factors that affect the corrosion rate have also been discussed. The stability diagram controlling this system has be
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Thompson, Neil G., Kurt M. Lawson, David R. Lankard, and Yash Paul Virmani. "Effect of Concrete Mix Components on Corrosion of Steel in Concrete." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96334.

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Abstract A major cause of concrete deterioration on bridge structures is the corrosion of the embedded steel reinforcement. In response to the continued problem of corrosion, FHWA initiated this research aimed at (1) quantifying the corrosive conditions fostering concrete bridge deterioration and (2) identifying concrete materials which consistently provide superior performance when used in bridge applications. The experimental phase of this research project was divided into three tasks: Corrosive Environments Studies, Concrete Chemical and Physical Properties, and Long-Term Corrosion Performa
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Hartt, William H. "Effect of Modeling Variables upon Projection of Corrosion Induced Bridge Post-Tension Tendon Failures." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-10496.

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Abstract Post-tensioning (PT) has become an important technology for affecting integrity of large reinforced concrete structures, including bridges. While there are a number of advantages to PT construction compared to conventional reinforcement, corrosion caused tendon failures have recently been reported, in some cases within but a few years of construction, as a consequence of either chemically or physically deficient grout (or a combination of the two), where the former involves elevated concentration of chlorides or free sulfates (or both) and the latter voids with free water, and soft, c
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Bankole, Temitayo, Paolo Pezzini, David Tucker, Kenneth Bryden, and Debangsu Bhattacharyya. "Optimal Controlled Variable Selection for Cyber-Physical Systems." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7486.

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The design of optimal control architectures and the optimal selection of controlled variables represents a critical task for maximizing the economic profitability of operating plants. Traditionally, controlled variables are selected based on heuristics or past experiences. For cyber-physical systems (CPS), where physical and virtual components can be integrated in the same unit to evaluate the dynamic response of innovative power cycles past experiences may not be available. Trial-and-error methods can be time-consuming and costly. Besides, the selected controlled variables may not be optimal
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Murrieta-Rico, Fabian N., Daniel Hernandez-Balbuena, Julio C. Rodriguez-Quinonez, et al. "High resolution measurement of physical variables change for INS." In 2016 IEEE 25th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isie.2016.7745012.

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Wibneh Mengistu, Amare, Ashish Kumar Singh, and Sougata Karmakar. "Strategy for ergonomic validation of a physical mock-up involving limited user trial." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001972.

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Background and Objective: It is practically impossible to find out an individual with a specific percentile for all the anthropometric dimensions. In traditional anthropometric compatibility evaluation, a large number of participants would be required to represent a specific percentile (say, 5th percentile) of different body dimensions. However, a user trial involving a large number of participants with intended percentile values is a tedious, time-consuming, and costly affair and in many cases not practically feasible. This paper presents a research strategy of how to validate the anthropomet
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Iyer, Akshay, Suraj Yerramilli, James M. Rondinelli, Daniel W. Apley, and Wei Chen. "Descriptor Aided Bayesian Optimization for Mixed Variable Materials Design With High Dimensional Qualitative Variables." In ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-90177.

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Abstract Engineering design often involves qualitative and quantitative design variables, which requires systematic methods for the exploration of these mixed-variable design spaces. Expensive simulation techniques, such as those encountered in materials design, underline the need for efficient search strategies — Bayesian optimization being one of the most widely adopted. Although recent developments in mixed-variable Bayesian optimization have shown promise, the effects of dimensionality of qualitative variables have not been well studied. High dimensional qualitative variables, i.e., with m
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Petrova, Todorka, Milena Ruskova, Panayot Tzonev, et al. "Effect of Extrusion Variables on the Hardness of Lentil Semolina Extrudates." In ORGANIZED BY THE HELLENIC PHYSICAL SOCIETY WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE PHYSICS DEPARTMENTS OF GREEK UNIVERSITIES: 7th International Conference of the Balkan Physical Union. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3322303.

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Reports on the topic "Physical Variables"

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Currier, Brad, Jonathan Mcleod, and Stuart Phillips. The Influence of Resistance Exercise Training Prescription Variables on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, and Physical Function in Healthy Adults: An Umbrella Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.2.0028.

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Review question / Objective: To determine how resistance training prescription variables (load, sets, frequency, time under tension, etc) affect muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical function in healthy adults. Condition being studied: To determine how resistance training prescription variables (load, sets, frequency, time under tension, etc) affect muscle mass (hypertrophy), muscle strength, and physical function in healthy adults. Information sources: OVID MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science.
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Anderson, M. A., and W. A. Zeltner. A study of the physical-chemical mechanisms and variables which affect the transport of inorganic and organic heterogeneous systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6454047.

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Goforth, William T. Analysis of Variables Affecting the Length of Time Service Members Spend in the United States Army Physical Disability Evaluation System at Irwin Army Community Hospital. Defense Technical Information Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada372044.

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Anglade, Boaz, and Julia Escobar. Effect of Violence against Women on Victims and their Children: Evidence from Central America, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003157.

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This paper presents a systematic overview of the evidence of violence against women in the Central America, Mexico, Panama, Haiti, and Dominican Republic region and examines its impact on the well-being of women and their children. Population-based surveys show that violence against women remains a widespread issue in the region. The proportion of women who have experienced physical or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime varies between 13% and 53%; Panama has the lowest rate while Mexico and El Salvador have the highest. The percentage of women who have experienced violence within
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Suding, Paul Hugo, and Fareeha Y. Iqbal. Options Paper: Reducing Climate Risk in IDB Operations. Inter-American Development Bank, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009073.

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This paper explores options to minimize threats posed to IDB-financed physical investments by the impacts of climate change. A large proportion of projects are implemented in climate-sensitive sectors (e.g., agriculture, water resources, and transport). In these cases, the norm is to consider historic climatic trends for guiding project conceptualization and design. However, there is growing realization among international development agencies including the IDB that this may not be sufficient; many multilateral and bilateral development agencies now recognize the need to also consider future c
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Gutierrez, Mabel, Juan Carlos Guerra, Augusto Meléndez, et al. Learning in Twenty-First Century Schools: Note 2: School Infrastructure Survey. Inter-American Development Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006289.

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The process of developing a methodology for the management of education infrastructure in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean began with an analysis and discussion of types of variables, common content, and unified criteria across this group of countries. This produced a definition of school infrastructure as well as implications for managing it in accordance with each country's legislation, plans, and policies. Based on this analysis, it was possible to determine that in each of the educational infrastructure as a key factor in improving the quality of education, and this is refl
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Suksom, Daroonwan, Chaicharn Deerochanawong, Tanaka, Hirofumi, and Witid Mitranun. The comparison effects of aerobic continuous training and aerobic interval training on glycemic control and endothelial function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chulalongkorn University, 2013. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2013.71.

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The objective of this study was to compare the effects of continuous aerobic exercise training (CON) and interval aerobic exercise training (INT) on glycemic control and endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 43 participants with type 2 diabetes aged 50-70 years were stratified in parallel-group study and randomly allocated to the sedentary control, continuous aerobic training (CON), and interval aerobic training ( INT) groups. Exercise training programs were designed to yield the same energy expenditure/exercise session and included walking on treadm
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Lieth, J. Heiner, Michael Raviv, and David W. Burger. Effects of root zone temperature, oxygen concentration, and moisture content on actual vs. potential growth of greenhouse crops. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586547.bard.

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Soilless crop production in protected cultivation requires optimization of many environmental and plant variables. Variables of the root zone (rhizosphere) have always been difficult to characterize but have been studied extensively. In soilless production the opportunity exists to optimize these variables in relation to crop production. The project objectives were to model the relationship between biomass production and the rhizosphere variables: temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and water availability by characterizing potential growth and how this translates to actual growth. As p
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Vecherin, Sergey, Stephen Ketcham, Aaron Meyer, Kyle Dunn, Jacob Desmond, and Michael Parker. Short-range near-surface seismic ensemble predictions and uncertainty quantification for layered medium. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45300.

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To make a prediction for seismic signal propagation, one needs to specify physical properties and subsurface ground structure of the site. This information is frequently unknown or estimated with significant uncertainty. This paper describes a methodology for probabilistic seismic ensemble prediction for vertically stratified soils and short ranges with no in situ site characterization. Instead of specifying viscoelastic site properties, the methodology operates with probability distribution functions of these properties taking into account analytical and empirical relationships among viscoela
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van der Mensbrugghe, Dominique. The META 21 Integrated Assessment Model in GAMS and LHS Sampling. GTAP Working Paper, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp95.

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The META 21 Integrated Assessment Model (Dietz et al., 2021) represents a fairly comprehensive climate change simulation model incorporating a number of features: (a) a recent simple climate model; (b) down-scaling of temperature change to the country level; (c) integration of a number of bio-physical tipping points linked to rising temperatures; and (d) economic damages linked to rising sea levels and temperature using recent country-level estimates from the literature. The original implementation of META 21 was in Excel and linked to the @Risk Excel add-in for performing Monte Carlo-type ana
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