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1
Farias, Valcir, Kleber A. C. da Silva, Carmem L. B. S. de Almeida, and Kalil B. S. de Almeida. "Use of Physical Education Classes as a Didactic Laboratory for Teaching Mathematics." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss6.2443.
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The research objective of this study was to evaluate the use of Physical Education classes as didactic laboratory for lessons in Mathematics, presenting an alternative way to conduct classes, mainly of quadratic functions, illustrating basic concepts such as graphs plotting and determination coefficients, analyze if such use achieves some of the goals of using a Didactic Laboratory in addition to research ways to interdisciplinary with Physics. Discusses an action in which students work in groups to solve problems proposed based on empirical data obtained through play activities and measures of athletics values practiced by the students allowing may have the opportunity to produce arguments and more meaningful answers, which would improve the overall learning. The athletics and recreational activities are then used as problematic objects both empirically and qualitatively. As a result, it was observed that some of the objectives of a Didactic Laboratory are achieved when using the Physical Education classes and it appears that this feature is much more available in public schools than they are equipped with a science laboratory.
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Bejan, Adrian. "Evolution as Physics: The Human & Machine Species." European Review 25, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798716000417.
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Humans and technology are not in symbiosis. They are one species, not two. Humans, enveloped in artefacts of many kinds and ages (from writing, to airplanes), are evolving as one species, the ‘human & machine species’. This evolution is visible and recorded in our lifetime. Here, I illustrate the evolution of the human & machine species by focusing on commercial aircraft, the cooling of electronics, and modern athletics, which is a special laboratory for witnessing the evolution of animal locomotion. I show that these evolutionary forms of flow organization are in accord with, and can be predicted based on the law of physics that governs evolution in nature, bio and non-bio: the constructal law. Evolution, life and the human & machine species are physics.
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Brokaw, Trey. "Is There a Correlation in Improvements of TOPS Scores and Improvements in Track and Field Performances in Collegiate Athletes?" Journal of Coaching Education 6, no. 2 (August 2013): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jce.6.2.183.
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This presentation will share the results from a study conducted on college track and field athletes at the NCAA division II level. The study compares the results of scores on the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) and, individual athlete’s improvements in their event area according to the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) scoring charts for track and field. A select group of primarily middle distance and distance runners was selected for the study. These athletes were given a baseline TOPS examination to evaluate their prior knowledge and use of mental skills in their athletic experiences. Personal best times in the athlete’s primary events were recorded from the previous year. During the nine weeks of the outdoor track and field season that this study took place; athletes were introduced to a wide array of activities associated with improving their mental skills. Such activities included goal setting, imagery, relaxation, optimum level of arousal, affirmations, and the use of positive self-talk and routines. Athletes would have an organized mental skills session at least twice each of the nine weeks of the season. Athletes also had an individual meeting with the coaches to go over goal setting and the use of their mental skills to enhance their physical skills. After the outdoor season was completed the athletes took a post-examination TOPS. The scores were compared with their pretest scores as well as their improvement in personal best times in their main events on the track.
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Baugh, Christine M., Emily Kroshus, Bailey L. Lanser, Tory R. Lindley, and William P. Meehan. "Sports Medicine Staffing Across National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, II, and III Schools: Evidence for the Medical Model." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 6 (May 4, 2020): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0463-19.
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Context The ratio of clinicians to patients has been associated with health outcomes in many medical contexts but has not been explored in collegiate sports medicine. The relationship between administrative and financial oversight models and staffing is also unknown. Objective To (1) evaluate staffing patterns in National Collegiate Athletic Association sports medicine programs and (2) investigate whether staffing was associated with the division of competition, Power 5 conference status, administrative reporting structure (medical or athletic department), or financial structure (medical or athletic department). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Collegiate sports medicine programs. Patients or Other Participants Representatives of 325 universities. Main Outcome Measure(s) A telephone survey was conducted during June and July 2015. Participants were asked questions regarding the presence and full-time equivalence of the health care providers on their sports medicine staff. The number of athletes per athletic trainer was determined. Results Responding sports medicine programs had 0.5 to 20 full-time equivalent staff athletic trainers (median = 4). Staff athletic trainers at participating schools cared for 21 to 525 athletes per clinician (median = 100). Both administrative and financial oversight from a medical department versus the athletics department was associated with improved staffing across multiple metrics. Staffing levels were associated with the division of competition; athletic trainers at Division I schools cared for fewer athletes than athletic trainers at Division II or III schools, on average. The support of graduate assistant and certified intern athletic trainers varied across the sample as did the contributions of nonphysician, nonathletic trainer health care providers. Conclusions In many health care settings, clinician : patient ratios are associated with patient health outcomes. We found systematic variations in clinician : patient ratios across National Collegiate Athletic Association divisions of competition and across medical versus athletics organizational models, raising the possibility that athletes' health outcomes vary across these contexts. Future researchers should evaluate the relationships between clinician : patient ratios and athletes' access to care, care provision, health care costs, health outcomes, and clinician job satisfaction.
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Lockhart, Barbara D. "Injured Athletes' Perceived Loss of Identity: Educational Implications for Athletic Trainers." Athletic Training Education Journal 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1947-380x-5.1.26.
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Context: As educators, athletic trainers should familiarize athletes with the concepts of self-acceptance self-esteem and identity to assuage psychological trauma accompanying injury because the more a person identifies with being an athlete, the more difficult it is to deal with athletic injury. Objective: The objective of this article is to provide practical information to athletic trainers to assist them with their educative role in addressing athletes' identity loss that often accompanies athletic injury. Background: Measures of psychological trauma accompanying physical trauma show that psychological trauma can be extreme. Furthermore, the loss of identity is a major factor for athletes who are dealing with the psychological trauma of athletic injuries. Athletic trainers who assume responsibility to address issues of psychological loss from athletic injury can be a great benefit to the injured individual. Description: The use of the Worth Index, which differentiates between self-acceptance self-esteem and achievement self-esteem, demonstrates that it is possible for people to perceive their personal worth and identity as distinct from their behavior. Athletic trainers are in an excellent position to interact with athletes and utilize specific questions to facilitate dialogue related to identity and self-esteem. Clinical Advantages: In practice, clinical advantages may include improving an athlete's ability to put a physical injury in proper perspective, strengthening their commitment to rehabilitation, and avoiding complications due to emotional trauma. Conclusions: Athletic trainers must recognize their educative responsibilities and assist injured athletes in addressing issues of identify loss.
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Kroshus, Emily, Jessica Wagner, David Wyrick, Amy Athey, Lydia Bell, Holly J. Benjamin, Michael A. Grandner, et al. "Wake up call for collegiate athlete sleep: narrative review and consensus recommendations from the NCAA Interassociation Task Force on Sleep and Wellness." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 12 (May 16, 2019): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100590.
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Sleep is an important determinant of collegiate athlete health, well-being and performance. However, collegiate athlete social and physical environments are often not conducive to obtaining restorative sleep. Traditionally, sleep has not been a primary focus of collegiate athletic training and is neglected due to competing academic, athletic and social demands. Collegiate athletics departments are well positioned to facilitate better sleep culture for their athletes. Recognising the lack of evidence-based or consensus-based guidelines for sleep management and restorative sleep for collegiate athletes, the National Collegiate Athletic Association hosted a sleep summit in 2017. Members of the Interassociation Task Force on Sleep and Wellness reviewed current data related to collegiate athlete sleep and aimed to develop consensus recommendations on sleep management and restorative sleep using the Delphi method. In this paper, we provide a narrative review of four topics central to collegiate athlete sleep: (1) sleep patterns and disorders among collegiate athletes; (2) sleep and optimal functioning among athletes; (3) screening, tracking and assessment of athlete sleep; and (4) interventions to improve sleep. We also present five consensus recommendations for colleges to improve their athletes’ sleep.
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Hatteberg, Sarah J. "Under Surveillance: Collegiate Athletics as a Total Institution." Sociology of Sport Journal 35, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2017-0096.
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Scholars have identified similarities between collegiate athletics and total institutions for profit-athletes, but few examined the relationship for athletes participating in other sports. Drawing on qualitative data collected from a sample of NCAA Division I athletes participating in four different sports, this study examined how collegiate athletics might approximate a total institution according to Goffman’s 1961 conceptualization. Consistent with Goffman’s conceptualization, athletes experienced 1) an absence of barriers between their spheres of life, 2) insularity of the athletic community, 3) strict schedules, and 4) institutional objectives used to justify totalitarian practices. These aspects of the institution helped to facilitate pervasive surveillance and extensive institutional power and control, aspects of the institution that athletes of all sports types perceived as stressful. These findings suggest that structural aspects of collegiate athletics may operate as ambient strains that could have consequences for athlete well-being, a possibility that should be explored in future research.
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Liu, Weixiao. "Visual Sensor-Based Image Analysis of the Relationship between Nutritional Diet and Athletic Ability of Sports Dance Athletes." Journal of Sensors 2021 (September 11, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7669449.
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Sports dance originated from the international standard national standard dance. Since China formally established the “China International Ballroom Dance Association” in 1986, it has developed rapidly. At the same time, related research on sports dancers has become a hot spot. However, most of the current researches are limited to athletes’ physical training and competitive skills, and the research on athletes’ dietary nutrition and athletic ability is still blank. In response to this situation, this paper presents a study on the relationship between nutritional diet and athletic ability of sports dancers based on image analysis of visual sensors. This article is mainly divided into three parts. The first part is the basic theories and core concepts of related research. This part introduces the modes and algorithms of visual sensors, analyzes the specific problems of current sports dance athletes in my country in terms of dietary nutrition, and continues with the adverse effects. It affects the athlete’s athletic ability and even threatens the athlete’s health. Improving the diet of athletes and establishing healthy dietary standards are of great significance to the development of this field. The second part is the establishment method of the nutritional intervention experiment model, which gives the principle and specific operation steps of the experiment design in detail. The third part is a comparative test. To further confirm the influence of nutrition on dance performance in athletes, this article conducted a number of comparative studies such as immunoglobulin conversion after intervention, changes in the indicators of lipid metabolism after intervention, and dietary mineral intake. Through the analysis of experimental data, it can be seen that reasonable dietary supplementation has a positive effect on the recovery of athletes’ physical fitness, which can enhance the body’s immunity while improving athletic ability.
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Neal, Timothy. "Ethical Issues in Concussion Management." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 22, no. 1 (January 2017): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2016-0020.
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Athletic health care professionals, team physicians, and athletic trainers have an ethical obligation to safeguard the short- and long-term well-being of the athlete they care for. The potential long-term negative consequences to the student-athlete’s physical, cognitive, and mental health as a result of concussions and their mismanagement is a reality. How the athletic health care professional attends to this top priority of providing optimal health care to the concussed athlete while navigating the mitigating circumstances and influences of nonmedical entities found in competitive athletics is one of the great ethical challenges of present day sports medicine. Effectively navigating the complex challenges faced by athletic health care professionals is as important as the care delivered. Understanding the ethical challenges faced by athletic health care decision makers should be a central focus in providing the optimal care the patient deserves.
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Abdelkader, Guebli, Reguieg Madani, Belkadi Adel, and Sbaa Bouabdellah. "Sporting events among the disabled between excellence and ideal in motor performance." International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/ijpefs1837.
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The identification of mechanical variables in the motor performance trajectory has a prominent role in improving skill performance, error-exceeding, it contributes seriously to solving some problems of learning and training. The study Aims to highlight the indicators of motor performance for Paralympic athletes during the practicing sports between modelling and between excellences in motor performance, this by taking into account the distinction of athlete practicing with special behavioral skills for the Paralympic athletes. In the study we relied on the analysis of some previous research of biomechanical performance indicators during some of the events sports (shooting activities in the Paralympic athletics, shooting skill in the wheelchair basketball). The results of the study highlight the distinction of disabled practitioners of sporting events identified in motor performance during practice, by overcoming some physics indicators in human movement, as a lower centre of body weight, Increase in offset distance, such resistance which requires them to redouble their efforts. However, the results of the study highlighted the strength of the correlation between biomechanical variables of motor performance and the digital level achievement similar to the other practitioners normal.
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Comeaux, Eddie, and Adam Martin. "Exploring NCAA Division I Athletic Administrator Perceptions of Male and Female Athletic Directors’ Achievements: A Photo Elicitation Study." Sociology of Sport Journal 35, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2016-0167.
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This study employed the concept of hegemonic masculinity as an interpretive framework to explore NCAA Division I athletic administrator perceptions regarding the professional accomplishments of male and female athletic directors. Using photo elicitation methodology, athletic administrators (e.g., athletic directors, academic advisors/counselors for athletes, and coaches) responded to a photograph of and vignette about either a male or female athletic director. This study found that while some athletic administrators were supportive of the achievements of both male and female athletic directors, some subscribed to hegemonic masculinity, gendered stereotypes, and homologous reproduction. These findings have implications for stakeholders in the affairs of athletics who are committed to creating more equitable athletic environments.
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Mithoefer, Kai, Thomas J. Gill, Brian J. Cole, Riley J. Williams, and Bert R. Mandelbaum. "Clinical Outcome and Return to Competition after Microfracture in the Athlete’s Knee." CARTILAGE 1, no. 2 (March 24, 2010): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1947603510366576.
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Microfracture is frequently used for articular cartilage repair in athletes. This study aimed to define the strength and weaknesses of this minimally invasive cartilage repair technique in the athletic population in an effort to optimize indications, functional outcome, and athletic participation after microfracture in the athlete’s knee. A systematic analysis of original studies using microfracture in athletes was performed. Functional outcome was assessed by activity outcome scores, ability to return to sports participation, timing of the return to sport, level of postoperative sports activity, and continuation of athletic competition over time. Thirteen studies describing 821 athletes were included in the analysis with an average follow-up of 42 months. Good or excellent results were reported in 67% of athletes with normal International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores in 80% and significant increase of Lysholm scores, Tegner activity scores, and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) sports subscales. Return to sports was achieved in 66% at an average of 8 months after surgery, with return to competition at the preinjury level in 67%. Forty-nine percent of athletes continued to compete without change in level of play, while decreasing function was observed in 42% after 2 to 5 years. Athlete’s age, preoperative duration of symptoms, level of play, lesion size, and repair tissue morphology affected sports activity after microfracture. Microfracture improves knee function and frequently allows for return to sports at the preinjury level, but deterioration of athletic function occurs in some patients. Several independent factors were identified that can help to optimize the return to athletic competition after microfracture in the athlete’s knee.
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Deliautaitė, Karolina, Silvija Baubonytė, Inga Staškevičiūtė-Butienė, and Irena Valantinė. "Athlete Brand Development in Social Media: Analysis of Students’ Attitudes." Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences 2, no. 121 (July 5, 2021): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v2i121.1086.
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Background. Athlete brand image management is one of the most popular topics of discussion in sport management right now. As professional sport has become a commercialised industry segment with more athletes involved, athletes are becoming promotional faces. Most professional athletes are involved in the use of social networks. There athletes actively demonstrate their personal lives, professional accents and advertise products. It is important to understand and analyse the impact of social networks on an athlete’s brand and ways to properly position themselves in social media. Using social networks, athletes are closer to fans and consumers than ever before. Based on and applying the Athlete Brand model developed by Arai (2010), this study aimed to investigate students’ attitudes towards athletes’ self-positioning on social networks.
Methods. The study involved 367 students (151 men and 216 women) from three Lithuanian universities. The Arai (2010) questionnaire was used for the study. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS 26.0.
Results. It has been found that athletes’ sports performance is statistically significant in the development of a professional athlete’s brand, it is the fundamental aspect that creates the initial status of athlete’s brand. Results showed that the strongest direct causal link was found between an athlete’s athletic performance and lifestyle. It was also found that very strong links, in the opinion of the respondents, were between the athletes’ communication and behaviours.
Conclusions. When building an athlete’s brand, it is important to pay attention to three key components: athletic performance, attractive appearance, and marketable lifestyle. These three uses of an athlete’s brand can be explained by specific aspects of sports competitions or components of personal life. However, one of the most important factors in shaping a positive image of an athlete is athletic achievements.
Practical implications. This study can provide a consistent consumer approach to key aspects, focusing on consumer attention in athlete positioning. This can help the athlete and marketers develop an appropriate personal branding and positioning strategy in social media, which will then broaden the circle of fans and strengthen the opinion of loyal fans. Athlete’s brand is a set of closely interrelated and fan-centred physical, functional, aesthetic, and emotional elements that sets athlete’s brand apart from competitors and creates financial benefits for the athlete. The brand creates benefits not only for the athlete, but also for the market participants around him/her (consumer/fan, commercial brand), which can be called the functions of the brand.
Keywords: Athlete’s image, social network, brand relationship.
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Eremiev, Martin, Bobi Krumov, Irena Lyudmilova, Nadezhda Popova, and Daniela Lubenova. "EFFECTIVENESS OF INDIVIDUALIZED APPROACH FOR PHYSIOTHERAPY OF CHRONIC SHOULDER PAIN AND PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING IN ELITE ATHLETES WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES." Journal of Applied Sports Sciences 2, no. 2020 (December 16, 2020): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/jass.2020.02.8.
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ABSTRACT Objective: Тo study the potential effectiveness of individual physiotherapy program for wheelchair athletes with shoulder girdle persistent pain and dysfunctions. Materials and methods: Thirteen athletes, members of the Bulgarian National Teams in wheelchair basketball and track and field athletics, with mean age 40.6 ± 10.9 participated in the study. The studied athletes had had a history of persistent pain and shoulder girdle dysfunctions for more than 6 months. Individual physiotherapy programs were applied to the participants for a period of two weeks. The selection of techniques was based on the initial assessment and evaluation. The participants were evaluated before treatment, after the first week of treatment, and at the end of the period with the use of the following specific questionnaires and tests: Goniometry of shoulder flexion and horizontal adduction, Apley’s Scratch test, Active compression test of O’Brien (ACT), Athletic shoulder outcome rating scale and Wheelchair User’s Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI). Results: Post-treatment effects demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) increase in shoulder flexion (14.6° for the right and 12.7° for the left) and horizontal adduction (21.9° for the right and 18.8° for the left). A corresponding increase in the scores for the Athletic shoulder outcome rating scale was found with 10.92 points difference to the initial score (p<0.05). The WUSPI demonstrated a non-significant improvement of 0.69 points. The results of ACT and Apley scratch test showed a non-significant decrease of 23.1% for the right shoulder and, 15.4% decrease for the left shoulder after 7 days of treatment. Those results remained unchanged in post-treatment testing. Conclusion: This study showed that the individual physiotherapy programs are effective in the management of wheelchair athletes with chronic shoulder pain. The involvement of Mulligan’s manual therapy techniques combined with other types of exercises for the shoulder and the trunk are beneficial for wheelchair athletes with chronic shoulder pain.
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Pratiwi, I., R. I. I. Putri, and Zulkardi. "PISA-like mathematics problems using the context of athletics in Asian Games 2018." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1088 (September 2018): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1088/1/012047.
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Dinucci, James M., Mel E. Finkenberg, Sandra L. McCune, E. Donice McCune, and Tammy Mayo. "Analysis of Body Esteem of Female Collegiate Athletes." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 1 (February 1994): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.1.315.
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Scores on three subscales of the Body Esteem Scale were analyzed for the effect of group participation on body esteem. Intercollegiate women athletes from three sports (basketball, n = 9; volleyball, n = 10; and Softball, n = 12) and a control group of 34 women who did not participate in athletics were respondents. Scores on Weight Concern and Physical Condition significantly discriminated between the groups. On Weight Concern the mean of the control group was significantly lower than those of the athletic groups. On Physical Condition the control group mean was significantly lower than that of the basketball group. Other comparisons were not significant.
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De Souza, Jullian Josnei, Juliana Squizatto Leite, Ricardo Bahls, Rodrigo Stanislawczuk Grande, Bárbara Capitanio De Souza, Andre Luiz Lopes, and Fabio André Santos. "Association between oral health and changes in athlete’s routine and physical condition: systematic review." Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia do Exercício 19, no. 3 (July 7, 2020): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.33233/rbfe.v19i3.3958.
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Objectives: Oral health can affect athlete’s training routine negatively impacting their performance. Therefore, the objective of this review was to evaluate the influence of oral health on the physical condition of athletes. Design: Systematic review. Methods: A systematic search of multiple databases was conducted to identify studies that reported the association between oral health and the physical performance of athletes. The inclusion criteria were observational studies that evaluated the impact of oral health on the physical performance of athletes in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Results: Twelve papers were included and the majority of the relevant papers evaluated the influence of oral health conditions on physical performance, using self-assessment type questionnaires, in which their methodology was heterogeneous. The association between oral health and physical performance varied from 7% to 88%. Conclusion: We observed an association between oral health in physical performance of athletes, however, there is still insufficient evidence to quantify this influence.Keywords: oral health, athletic performance, athletes, observational study.
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Rubin, Lisa M., and Ron A. Moses. "Athletic Subculture Within Student-Athlete Academic Centers." Sociology of Sport Journal 34, no. 4 (December 2017): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2016-0138.
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Over 400,000 student-athletes participate in NCAA intercollegiate athletics programs. Due to their dual roles as student and athlete, they have a different college experience than the general student population. Specialized academic centers and resources for student-athletes are part of the reason they are separated and often isolated from the rest of campus. Teams have their own unique academic subculture that influences each student-athlete in his or her academic pursuits. The purpose of this study is to explore the athletic academic subculture among student-athletes at the Division I level and the role the athletic academic center and special resources play in cultivating a separate culture from the campus culture. Symbolic interactionism was the framework used as the lens to view the results of this study in the context of neoliberalism.
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Akbaruddin, Asep. "PENGARUH KIDS’ ATHLETICS TERHADAP SELF-ESTEEM DAN KEBUGARAN JASMANI (STUDI EXPOST FACTO PADA SISWA SEKOLAH ATLETIK PAJAJARAN)." Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD STKIP Subang 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36989/didaktik.v4i1.92.
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The purpose of this study to obtain empirical data on the effect of Kids' Athletics Against Self-Esteem And Physical Fitness in Athletic Pajajaran School students. The research methodology used Ex Post Facto casual- comparative design. Total sample of 30 students from elementary age group 11 -12 years in the School Athletic Padjadjaran Bandung taken by the sampling technique used nonprobability Sampling technique, using saturation sampling (total sampling). The instrument used was Hare Self-esteem Scale (HSS) developed by Bruce R. Hare (Kevin Corcoran and Joel Fischer, 2000: 550-552) and Indonesia Physical Fitness Test (TKJI) developed Ministry of Education (2003). From processing and analysis score that has been done, the result that; First off, Program Kids' Athletics have a significant influence on the Self-Esteem of Students in School Athletic Pajajaran. Secondly, Program Kids' Athletics have a significant influence on Physical Fitness Students in School Athletic Pajajaran.
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Popovic, Dejana, Predrag Brkic, Dejan Nesic, Stanimir Stojiljkovic, Ljiljana Scepanovic, and Miodrag Ostojic. "Electrophysiological characteristics of the athlete's heart." Medical review 60, no. 3-4 (2007): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0704156p.
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Introduction. The athletic heart syndrome is characterized by morphological, functional and electrophysiological alterations as an adaptive response to vigorous physical activity. Athletes heart is predominantly associated with a programmed, intensive training. But as there are different kinds of physical activities, the degree of these changes is highly variable. Electrophysiological characteristics of the athlete's heart. The response of the body to vigorous physical activity is a multiorgan system phenomenon. The integrated functioning of each of these organ systems is very important, but the cardiovascular system plays a critical role in mediating the activity. Because of that, most changes in the neurohumoral regulation pre- dominantly affect the cardiovascular system. These changes include: depression of sympathetic activity and stimulation of parasympathetic activity, so electrophysiological characteristics of the athlete's heart must differ from the sedentary. Although these facts, are well known, the athlete's heart is not a precisely defined concept. It is a gray zone between physiology and pathology. Conclusion. Considering the number of sudden cardiac deaths in athletes, it is needless to say how important it is to distinguish physiological changes of the heart due to physical activity, and pathological changes due to some cardiac diseases.
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Mithöfer, Kai, Tom Minas, Lars Peterson, Howard Yeon, and Lyle J. Micheli. "Functional Outcome of Knee Articular Cartilage Repair in Adolescent Athletes." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 8 (August 2005): 1147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546504274146.
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Background Limited information exists about the treatment of full-thickness articular cartilage lesions of the knee in adolescent athletes. Purpose To evaluate the functional outcome and athletic activity after articular cartilage repair in the knees of adolescent athletes. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Twenty adolescent athletes with full-thickness articular cartilage lesions of the knee were treated with autologous chondrocyte transplantation. Functional outcome was evaluated by subjective patient outcome rating, knee activity scores, and level of athletic participation. Results At a mean of 47 months after autologous chondrocyte transplantation, 96% of adolescents reported good or excellent results with significant increases in postoperative Tegner activity scores and Lysholm scores. Ninety-six percent returned to high-impact sports and 60% to an athletic level equal or higher than that before knee injury. Return to preinjury sports correlated with shorter preoperative symptoms and a lower number of prior operations. All adolescents with preoperative symptoms ≤12 months returned to preinjury-level athletics, compared to 33% with preoperative intervals longer than 12 months. Conclusion Treatment of full-thickness articular injuries of the knee in adolescent athletes with autologous chondrocyte transplantation yields a high rate of functional success at a mean follow-up of 47 months. The rate of return to demanding athletic activities is higher in cases in which the preoperative duration of symptoms is 12 months or less.
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Ramme, Austin J., Brennan J. Rourke, Christopher M. Larson, and Asheesh Bedi. "Ischemic Therapy in Musculoskeletal Medicine." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 12 (February 11, 2020): 3112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520901539.
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Background: The competitive environment of athletics has promoted the exploration of any technology application that may offer an edge with performance and recovery from injury. Ischemic therapy is one such technology that has rapidly been incorporated into training rooms and physical therapy clinics worldwide. This therapy modality is reported to increase an athlete’s ability to improve muscle mass, strength, and endurance. Purpose: To provide the sports medicine physician with an understanding of the current state of ischemic therapy technology, including treatment specifications, known physiological effects, hypothesized mechanisms, biochemical effects, athletic applications, medical applications, animal models, and future research recommendations. Study Design: Literature review. Methods: A computer-based search of the PubMed database was used to perform a comprehensive literature review on musculoskeletal ischemic therapy. Results: The current research on ischemic therapy is largely composed of case series with varying equipment, methods, and therapy specifications. The publication of case series has value in identifying this technology for future research, but the results of these studies should not be justification for application to athletes without validation of safety and effectiveness. Conclusion: To date, ischemic therapy remains unvalidated, and the mechanism by which it improves muscle performance is not clear.
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Shen, Fei, and Hai Jun Wang. "The Application of Nano-Materials and Technologies in Sports Physical Sciences." Advanced Materials Research 485 (February 2012): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.485.478.
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With the development of nano-technology, how to make use of nano-materials and technologies in sports to improve the athlete's athletic ability and skill levels get more and more attention, sports physical science play an important role in selection of athletes, sports injury, sports functions improving and so on. Using nano-technology in the field of sports physical science is extremely important, this study explain the application of nano-materials and technologies in the field of sports physical science; discuss the promoting effect of nanotechnology on the development of sports physical science.
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Boccia, Gennaro, Marco Cardinale, and Paolo Riccardo Brustio. "Elite Junior Throwers Unlikely to Remain at the Top Level in the Senior Category." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0699.
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Purpose: This study investigated (1) the transition rate of elite world-class throwers, (2) the age of peak performance in either elite junior and/or elite senior athletes, and (3) if relative age effect (RAE) influences the chance of being considered elite in junior and/or senior category. Methods: The career performance trajectories of 5108 throwers (49.9% females) were extracted from the World Athletics database. The authors identified throwers who had reached the elite level (operationally defined as the World all-time top 50 ranked for each age category) in either junior and/or senior category and calculated the junior-to-senior transition rate. The age of peak performance and the RAE were also investigated. Results: The transition rate at 16 and 18 years of age was 6% and 12% in males and 16% and 24% in females, respectively. Furthermore, elite senior throwers reached their personal best later in life than elite junior throwers. The athletes of both genders considered elite in the junior category showed a large RAE. Interestingly, male athletes who reached the elite level in senior category also showed appreciable RAE. Conclusions: Only a few of the athletes who reach the top 50 in the world at 16 or 18 years of age manage to become elite senior athletes, underlining that success at the beginning of an athletic career does not predict success in the athlete’s senior career. Moreover, data suggest that being relatively older may confer a benefit across the whole career of male throwers.
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Hutem, Artit, Aunchana Chansrakaew, Tanaporn Sornchai, and Supaporn Hutem. "Comparison of the Mathematics and Physics Models Fitting of Velocity Time-Dependent for Usain Bolt in the 100 Metres Sprint." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 31 (March 2017): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.31.11.
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In this research paper, we will develop a theory about the mathematical and physics models for the velocity-time of Usain Bolt in the 100 metres sprint during the Beijing olympic games 2008, Berlin world championships in Athletics 2009, and London olympic in 2012. We will use data from Usain Bolt’s distance, velocity and time as shown in K. Mackata and M. Antti research study of Usain Bolt’s kinematic parameter and will analyze them using mathematical and physics models in order to formulate a theoretical equations showing the power vitality of the sprinter value and his speed endurance as well. We will also use the Introduction to Sport Biomechanics by Roger Bartlett (pp.83-92) which covers the study of the hypothetical center of mass velocity time-dependent. And the comparison of the applied force is time-dependent oscillator which are all obtained from the mathematical and physics models1 and the applied force is time-dependent oscillator in mathematical and physics models2 and the experimentation done by in figure (1)-(3)
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Sciascia, Aaron, Lauren E. Haegele, Jean Lucas, and Timothy L. Uhl. "Preseason Perceived Physical Capability and Previous Injury." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 937–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.7.05.
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Context Patient opinion about the ability to perform athletic maneuvers is important after injury; however, prospective assessment of self-perceived physical capability for athletes before the beginning of a season is lacking. Objective To perform a descriptive analysis of knee, shoulder, and elbow self-perceived measures of physical capability specific to athletics and to compare the measures between athletes with and without a history of injury. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Preparticipation physical examinations. Patients or Other Participants A total of 738 collegiate athletes (486 men, 251 women; age = 19 ± 1 years) were administered questionnaires after receiving medical clearance to participate in their sports. Of those athletes, 350 reported a history of injury. Main Outcome Measure(s) Athletes self-reported a history of knee, shoulder, or elbow injury. Perceived physical capability of the 3 joints was evaluated using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Sport and Recreation Function and Knee-Related Quality of Life subscales and the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow Score. We conducted nonparametric analysis to determine if scores differed between athletes with and without a history of injury. Results Median values for the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Sports and Recreation Function and Knee-Related Quality of Life subscales and the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow Score for all athletes were 100. Median values for perceived physical capability of athletes with a history of injury were 3 to 12 points lower for each questionnaire before the start of the season (P < .001). Conclusions Our study provided descriptive values for individual perceived knee, shoulder, and elbow physical capability of collegiate athletes participating in 19 sports. Athletes who did not report previous injuries perceived their physical capabilities to be nearly perfect, which could set the goal for these athletes to return to participation after injury. Athletes reporting previous injuries perceived less physical capability before the competitive season. Self-assessment of joint-specific capability may supplement preseason physical examinations, identifying particular athletes needing further monitoring or care during a season.
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Hutchison, Marcey Keefer, Jeff Houck, Tyler Cuddeford, Robin Dorociak, and Jason Brumitt. "Prevalence of Patellar Tendinopathy and Patellar Tendon Abnormality in Male Collegiate Basketball Players: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Athletic Training 54, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 953–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-70-18.
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Context Patellar tendinopathy (PT) is a degenerative condition known to affect athletes who participate in sports such as basketball and volleyball. Patellar tendinopathy is a challenging condition to treat and may cause an athlete to prematurely retire from sport. The prevalence of PT in male collegiate basketball players is unknown. Objective To determine the prevalence of PT and patellar tendon abnormality (PTA) in a population of male collegiate basketball players. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions II and III, National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics, and Northwest Athletic Conference male collegiate basketball teams were assessed in a university laboratory setting. Patients or Other Participants Ninety-five male collegiate basketball players (age = 20.0 ± 1.7 years). Main Outcome Measure(s) A diagnostic ultrasound image of an athlete's patellar tendon was obtained from each knee. Patellar tendinopathy was identified based on a player's symptoms (pain with palpation) and the presence of a hypoechoic region on an ultrasonographic image. Results A majority of participants, 53 of 95 (55.8%), did not present with pain during palpation or ultrasonographic evidence of PTA. Thirty-two basketball players (33.7%) displayed ultrasonographic evidence of PTA in at least 1 knee; 20 of those athletes (21.1%) had PT (pain and tendon abnormality). Nonstarters were 3.5 times more likely to present with PTA (odds ratio = 3.5, 95% confidence interval = 1.3, 9.6; P = .017) and 4 times more likely to present with PT (odds ratio = 4.0, 95% confidence interval = 1.1, 14.8; P = .038) at the start of the season. Conclusions One in 3 male collegiate basketball players presented with either PT or PTA. Sports medicine professionals should evaluate basketball athletes for PT and PTA as part of a preseason screening protocol.
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Kafkalias, Alexis, and Marios Stavrou. "Importance of Vitamin D in Athletes and Exercise; A mini review." Arab Journal of Nutrition and Exercise (AJNE) 2, no. 3 (December 28, 2017): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ajne.v2i3.1358.
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Vitamin D has an important role in the function of the cardiovascular, immune, and musculoskeletal systems. Regarding to this role there is a potential for vitamin D to affect the physical and athletic performance. To consider whether vitamin D is related to exercise, physical and athletic performance. We have examined a large number of literature related to the effect of vitamin D on exercise, physical and athletic performance. In elderly people with insufficient vitamin D levels, vitamin D supplementation improves muscle strength, balance and reduces falls. Furthermore, vitamin D supplementation to non-athletes and athletes with inadequate levels has helped to increase physical and athletic performance respectively. In contrast, in athletes or non-athletes where vitamin D levels are adequate, vitamin D supplementation is not correlated with improved athletic performance.Vitamin D levels have a very important role in physical and athletic performance. Increasing or decreasing levels of vitamin d is associated with levels of performance. Key Words: Vitamin D, Athletes, Performance, Sports
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Edouard, Pascal, Laurent Navarro, Pedro Branco, Vincent Gremeaux, Toomas Timpka, and Astrid Junge. "Injury frequency and characteristics (location, type, cause and severity) differed significantly among athletics (‘track and field’) disciplines during 14 international championships (2007–2018): implications for medical service planning." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 3 (November 13, 2019): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100717.
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ObjectiveTo analyse differences between athletic disciplines in the frequency and characteristics of injuries during international athletics championships.MethodsStudy design, injury definition and data collection procedures were similar during the 14 international championships (2007–2018). National medical teams and local organising committee physicians reported all newly incurred injuries daily on a standardised injury report form. Results were presented as number of injuries and number of injuries per 1000 registered athletes, separately for male and female athletes, and for each discipline.ResultsFrom a total of 8925 male and 7614 female registered athletes, 928 injuries were reported in male and 597 in female athletes. The discipline accounting for the highest proportion of injuries was sprints, for both men (24%) and women (26%). The number of injuries per 1000 registered athletes varied between disciplines for men and women: highest in combined events for male athletes (235 (95% CI 189 to 281)) and female athletes (212 (95% CI 166 to 257)), and lowest for male throwers (47 (95% CI 35 to 59)) and female throwers (32 (95% CI 21 to 43)) and for female race walkers (42 (95% CI 19 to 66)). Injury characteristics varied significantly between disciplines for location, type, cause and severity in male and female athletes. Thigh muscle injuries were the main diagnoses in the disciplines sprints, hurdles, jumps, combined events and race walking, lower leg muscle injuries in marathon running, lower leg skin injury in middle and long distance running, and trunk muscle and lower leg muscle injuries in throws.ConclusionsInjury characteristics differed substantially between disciplines during international athletics championships. Strategies for medical service provision (eg, staff, facilities) during athletics championships should be discipline specific and be prepared for targeting the main injuries in each discipline.
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Wham, George S., Ruth Saunders, and James Mensch. "Key Factors for Providing Appropriate Medical Care in Secondary School Athletics: Athletic Training Services and Budget." Journal of Athletic Training 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.1.75.
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Abstract Context: Research suggests that appropriate medical care for interscholastic athletes is frequently lacking. However, few investigators have examined factors related to care. Objective: To examine medical care provided by interscholastic athletics programs and to identify factors associated with variations in provision of care. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Mailed and e-mailed survey. Patients or Other Participants: One hundred sixty-six South Carolina high schools. Intervention(s): The 132-item Appropriate Medical Care Assessment Tool (AMCAT) was developed and pilot tested. It included 119 items assessing medical care based on the Appropriate Medical Care for Secondary School-Age Athletes (AMCSSAA) Consensus Statement and Monograph (test-retest reliability: r = 0.89). Also included were items assessing potential influences on medical care. Presence, source, and number of athletic trainers; school size; distance to nearest medical center; public or private status; sports medicine supply budget; and varsity football regional championships served as explanatory variables, whereas the school setting, region of state, and rate of free or reduced lunch qualifiers served as control variables. Main Outcome Measure(s): The Appropriate Care Index (ACI) score from the AMCAT provided a quantitative measure of medical care and served as the response variable. The ACI score was determined based on a school's response to items relating to AMCSSAA guidelines. Results: Regression analysis revealed associations with ACI score for athletic training services and sports medicine supply budget (both P < .001) when controlling for the setting, region, and rate of free or reduced lunch qualifiers. These 2 variables accounted for 30% of the variance in ACI score (R2 = 0.302). Post hoc analysis showed differences between ACI score based on the source of the athletic trainer and the size of the sports medicine supply budget. Conclusions: The AMCAT offers an evaluation of medical care provided by interscholastic athletics programs. In South Carolina schools, athletic training services and the sports medicine supply budget were associated with higher levels of medical care. These results offer guidance for improving the medical care provided for interscholastic athletes.
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Buell, Jackie L., Rob Franks, Jack Ransone, Michael E. Powers, Kathleen M. Laquale, and Amanda Carlson-Phillips. "National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Evaluation of Dietary Supplements for Performance Nutrition." Journal of Athletic Training 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.1.16.
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Objectives To help athletic trainers promote a “food-first” philosophy to support health and performance, understand federal and sport governing body rules and regulations regarding dietary supplements and banned substances, and become familiar with reliable resources for evaluating the safety, purity, and efficacy of dietary supplements. Background The dietary supplement industry is poorly regulated and takes in billions of dollars per year. Uneducated athletes need to gain a better understanding of the safety, eligibility, and efficacy concerns associated with choosing to take dietary supplements. The athletic trainer is a valuable athletic team member who can help in the educational process. In many cases, athletic trainers are asked to help evaluate the legality, safety, and efficacy of dietary supplements. For this position statement, our mission is to provide the athletic trainer with the necessary resources for these tasks. Recommendations Proper nutrition and changes in the athlete's habitual diet should be considered first when improved performance is the goal. Athletes need to understand the level of regulation (or lack thereof) governing the dietary supplement industry at the international, federal, state, and individual sport-participation levels. Athletes should not assume a product is safe simply because it is marketed over the counter. All products athletes are considering using should be evaluated for purity (ie, truth in labeling), safety, and efficacy.
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Kroshus, Emily, Kenneth L. Cameron, J. Douglas Coatsworth, Christopher D'Lauro, Eungjae Kim, Katherine Lee, Johna K. Register-Mihalik, et al. "Improving concussion education: consensus from the NCAA-Department of Defense Mind Matters Research & Education Grand Challenge." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 22 (September 10, 2020): 1314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102185.
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Early disclosure of possible concussive symptoms has the potential to improve concussion-related clinical outcomes. The objective of the present consensus process was to provide useful and feasible recommendations for collegiate athletic departments and military service academy leaders about how to increase concussion symptom disclosure in their setting. Consensus was obtained using a modified Delphi process. Participants in the consensus process were grant awardees from the National Collegiate Athletic Association and Department of Defense Mind Matters Research & Education Grand Challenge and a multidisciplinary group of stakeholders from collegiate athletics and military service academies. The process included a combination of in-person meetings and anonymous online voting on iteratively modified recommendations for approaches to improve concussion symptom disclosure. Recommendations were rated in terms of their utility and feasibility in collegiate athletic and military service academy settings with a priori thresholds for retaining, discarding and revising statements. A total of 17 recommendations met thresholds for utility and feasibility and are grouped for discussion in five domains: (1) content of concussion education for athletes and military service academy cadets, (2) dissemination and implementation of concussion education for athletes and military service academy cadets, (3) other stakeholder concussion education, (4) team and unit-level processes and (5) organisational processes. Collectively, these recommendations provide a path forward for athletics departments and military service academies in terms of the behavioural health supports and institutional processes that are needed to increase early and honest disclosure of concussion symptoms and ultimately to improve clinical care outcomes.
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Lundby, C., and P. Robach. "Performance Enhancement: What Are the Physiological Limits?" Physiology 30, no. 4 (July 2015): 282–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00052.2014.
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Our objective is to highlight some key physiological determinants of endurance exercise performance and to discuss how these can be further improved. V̇o2max remains remarkably stable throughout an athletic career. By contrast, exercise economy, lactate threshold, and critical power may be improved in world-class athletes by specific exercise training regimes and/or with more years of training.
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Ding, Lihe, Lei-ming Yuan, Yiye Sun, Xia Zhang, Jianpeng Li, and Zou Yan. "Rapid Assessment of Exercise State through Athlete’s Urine Using Temperature-Dependent NIRS Technology." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2020 (August 29, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8828213.
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Athletes usually take nutritional supplements and perform the specialized training to improve the performance of sport. A quick assessment of their athletic status will help to understand the current physical function of athletes’ status and the effect of nutritional supplementation. Human urine, as one of the most important body indicators, is composed of many metabolites, which can provide effective monitoring information for physical conditions. In this study, temperature-dependent near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology was used to collect the spectra of athlete’s urine for evaluating the feasibility of rapidly detecting the exercise state of the basketball player. To obtain the detection results accurately, several chemometrics methods including principal component analysis (PCA), variables selection method of variable importance in projection (VIP), continuous 1D wavelet transform (CWT), and partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were employed to develop a classifier to distinguish the physical status of athletes. The optimal classifying results were obtained by wavelet-PLS-DA classifier, whose average precision, sensitivity, and specificity are all above 0.95, and the overall accuracy of all samples is 0.97. These results demonstrate that temperature-dependent NIRS can be used to rapidly assess the physical function of athlete’s status and the effect of nutritional supplementation is feasible. It can be believed that temperature-dependent NIR spectroscopy will obtain applications more widely in the future.
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D’Souza, Alicia, Tariq Trussell, Gwilym M. Morris, Halina Dobrzynski, and Mark R. Boyett. "Supraventricular Arrhythmias in Athletes: Basic Mechanisms and New Directions." Physiology 34, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00009.2019.
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Athletes are prone to supraventricular rhythm disturbances including sinus bradycardia, heart block, and atrial fibrillation. Mechanistically, this is attributed to high vagal tone and cardiac electrical and structural remodeling. Here, we consider the supporting evidence for these three pro-arrhythmic mechanisms in athletic human cohorts and animal models, featuring current controversies, emerging data, and future directions of relevance to the translational research agenda.
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Schleich, Kevin, Tyler Slayman, Douglas West, and Kyle Smoot. "Return to Play After Exertional Rhabdomyolysis." Journal of Athletic Training 51, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.5.12.
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Objective: To outline a 4-phase progressive program that safely and successfully enabled athletes to return to sport without recurrence of exertional rhabdomyolysis symptoms. Background: In January 2011, a large cluster of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football athletes were evaluated and treated for exertional rhabdomyolysis. After the athletes were treated, the athletic trainers and sports medicine providers were challenged to develop a safe return-to-play program because of the lack of specific reports in the medical literature to direct such activities. Treatment: A progressive 4-phase program based on existing recommendations, including guidelines for continued clinical and laboratory monitoring. Conclusions: Although the actual process of reintegrating players will differ based on each athlete's unique circumstances, this program provides a safe and effective foundation that can be modified based on the response to activity and sport.
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Bretzin, Abigail C., Tracey Covassin, Meghan E. Fox, Kyle M. Petit, Jennifer L. Savage, Lauren F. Walker, and Daniel Gould. "Sex Differences in the Clinical Incidence of Concussions, Missed School Days, and Time Loss in High School Student-Athletes: Part 1." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 9 (June 7, 2018): 2263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518778251.
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Background: Sports-related concussion (SRC) injury rates are well established in collegiate athletics through epidemiological studies using the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System. However, few studies have examined sex differences, time loss, and missed school days in high school athletes, especially at the state level. Purpose: To identify sex differences in the clinical incidence of SRCs, missed school days, and time loss in high school student-athletes. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: A total of 193,757 (116,434 male and 77,323 female) student-athletes (10th grade ± 1.1) participating in Michigan High School Athletic Association (MHSAA)–sponsored athletic activities were recorded in the Head Injury Reporting System. Certified athletic trainers, school athletic administrators, and coaches from MHSAA high schools reported SRC data and overall participation for the 2015-2016 academic year. Total concussive injuries, as well as missed school days and time loss for each concussive injury, were reported. The clinical incidence was calculated by dividing the number of SRCs in a particular category by the number of participants in that category and presented with 95% CIs. Relative risk ratios (RRs) were determined for sex-comparable sports. Results: The overall clinical incidence for all sports was 1.7 per 100 player-seasons (95% CI, 1.6-1.8) and 1.9 (95% CI, 1.8-2.0) for male sports and 1.5 (95% CI, 1.4-1.6) for female sports. Female athletes were at a 1.9 (95% CI, 1.8-2.2) times greater risk for enduring SRCs than male athletes in sex-comparable sports, with a greater risk in baseball/softball (RR, 2.7 [95% CI, 1.9-3.8]), basketball (RR, 2.5 [95% CI, 2.1-2.9]), and soccer (RR, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.4-1.9]). Female student-athletes had significantly longer time loss than male student-athletes ( P < .001). The mean number of missed school days did not differ between sexes ( P = .70). Conclusion: High school female student-athletes have a higher risk for an SRC in all sex-comparable sports except lacrosse. This may be because of biomechanical differences of the head-neck segment, hormonal differences, and the fact that female athletes are more likely to report symptoms after a suspected SRC. Clinical Relevance: Despite sex differences in the clinical incidence of SRCs and time loss from participation in high school sports, the numbers of missed school days are relatively similar between sexes.
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Covassin, Tracey, Bryan Crutcher, Alisha Bleecker, Erin O. Heiden, Alexander Dailey, and Jingzhen Yang. "Postinjury Anxiety and Social Support Among Collegiate Athletes: A Comparison Between Orthopaedic Injuries and Concussions." Journal of Athletic Training 49, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6059-49.2.03.
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Context: When an athlete is injured, the primary focus of the sports medicine team is to treat the physical effects of the injury. However, many injured athletes experience negative psychological responses, including anxiety, regarding their injury. Objective: To compare the anxiety and social support of athletes with concussions and a matched group of athletes with orthopaedic injuries. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Athletic training room. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 525 injuries among athletes from 2 Big Ten universities were observed. Of these, 63 concussion injuries were matched with 63 orthopaedic injuries for the athlete's sex, sport, and time loss due to injury. Main Outcome Measure(s): Clinical measures included the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (which measures both state and trait anxiety) and the modified 6-item Social Support Questionnaire. Results: The group with concussions relied on their family for social support 89% of the time, followed by friends (78%), teammates (65%), athletic trainers (48%), coaches (47%), and physicians (35%). The group with orthopaedic injuries relied on their family for social support 87% of the time, followed by friends (84%), teammates (65%), athletic trainers (57%), coaches (51%), and physicians (36%). We found no differences for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (t = −1.38, P = .193) between the concussed and orthopaedic-injury groups. Social Support Questionnaire scores were significant predictors for postinjury state anxiety. Specifically, increased scores were associated with decreased postinjury state anxiety (β = −4.21, P = .0001). Conclusions: Both the concussed athletes and those with orthopaedic injuries experienced similar state and trait anxiety and relied on similar sources of social support postinjury. However, athletes with orthopaedic injuries reported greater satisfaction with support from all sources compared with concussed athletes. In contrast, concussed athletes showed more significant predictor models of social support on state anxiety at return to play.
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Buerba, Rafael A., Stefano Zaffagnini, Ryosuke Kuroda, and Volker Musahl. "ACL reconstruction in the professional or elite athlete: state of the art." Journal of ISAKOS: Joint Disorders & Orthopaedic Sports Medicine 6, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jisakos-2020-000456.
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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are on the rise at all levels of sport, including elite athletics. ACL injury can have implications on the athlete’s sport longevity, as well as other long-term consequences, such as the development of future knee osteoarthritis. In the elite athlete, ACL injury can also have ramifications in terms of contract/scholastic obligations, sponsorships and revenue-generating potential. Although the goal of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is to return any athlete to the same preinjury level of sport, management of ACL injuries in the elite athlete come with the additional challenge of returning him or her to an extremely high level of physical performance. Despite outcome studies after ACLR in elite athletes showing a high return-to-sport rate, these studies also show that very few athletes are able to return to sport at the same level of performance. They also show that those athletes who undergo ACLR have careers that are more short-lived in comparison to those without injury. Thus, returning an elite athlete to ‘near peak’ performance may not be good enough for the athletic demands of elite-level sports. A possible explanation for the variability in outcomes is the great diversity seen in the management of ACL injuries in the elite athlete in terms of rehabilitation, graft choices, portal drilling and reconstruction techniques. Recently, the advent of anatomical, individualised ACLR has shown improved results in ACLR outcomes. However, larger-scale studies with long-term follow-ups are needed to better understand the outcomes of modern ACLR techniques—particularly with the rise of quadriceps tendon as an autograft choice and the addition of lateral extra-articular tenodesis procedures. The purpose of this article was thus to provide an up-to-date state-of-the-art review in the management of ACL injuries in the elite athlete.
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Wosinska, Laura, Paul D. Cotter, Orla O’Sullivan, and Caitriona Guinane. "The Potential Impact of Probiotics on the Gut Microbiome of Athletes." Nutrients 11, no. 10 (September 21, 2019): 2270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102270.
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There is accumulating evidence that physical fitness influences the gut microbiome and as a result, promotes health. Indeed, exercise-induced alterations in the gut microbiome can influence health parameters crucial to athletic performance, specifically, immune function, lower susceptibility to infection, inflammatory response and tissue repair. Consequently, maintenance of a healthy gut microbiome is essential for an athlete’s health, training and performance. This review explores the effect of exercise on the microbiome while also investigating the effect of probiotics on various potential consequences associated with over-training in athletes, as well as their associated health benefits.
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Reifsteck, Erin J., DeAnne D. Brooks, Jamian D. Newton, and Lenka H. Shriver. "Promoting a Healthy Post-Collegiate Lifestyle: An Evaluation of the Moving On! Transition Program for Student-Athletes." Journal of Higher Education Athletics & Innovation, no. 4 (December 7, 2018): 54–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2376-5267.2018.1.4.54-76.
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Former student-athletes may face challenges in maintaining physical activity and engaging in healthy eating after transitioning out of collegiate athletics. Maladaptive adjustments following athletic transitions can result in detrimental outcomes for former student-athletes, ranging from physical health concerns to negative psychosocial consequences. In contrast, positive transitions can promote optimal health and wellbeing. The Moving On! program was developed in recognition of the unique challenges faced by student-athletes and the importance of making healthy transitions out of college sports. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Moving On! program’s influence on several relevant theoretical constructs that influence health behaviors, including student-athletes’ self-perceptions and self-determined motivation for maintaining physical activity and healthy eating, along with their self-efficacy and intentions for engaging in these health-related behaviors after college. NCAA student-athletes in their final year of competition were recruited from two institutions. Participants (N = 20) completed the Moving On! program along with pre- and post-test surveys and focus group interviews. Survey results revealed positive changes in nutrition-related self-perceptions (t(19) = 2.406; p = 0.026; g = 0.38) and self-efficacy for healthy eating behaviors (t(19) = 3.022; p = 0.007; g = 0.70). No significant changes were observed for exercise identity (p = 0.845), physical activity self-efficacy (p = 0.114), or autonomous motivation for exercise (p = 0.108) and health eating (p = 0.264). Focus group responses indicated that student-athletes’ experiences in the program fostered positive shifts in their self-perceptions, enhanced their self-determined motivation, and reinforced their intentions for engaging in physical activity and healthy eating in the future. Implications for future research and program implementation are discussed.
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Zhong, Fuchun, Zuo Wu, and Bing Zhang. "Athletics Games-Cored Sports Industrial Value Chain Construction and Its Profit Model Study." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 13, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 10103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2016.6220.
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Harrington, Shana E., Sean McQueeney, and Marcus Fearing. "Understanding Injury and Injury Prevention in Para Sport Athletes." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 30, no. 7 (September 1, 2021): 1053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2020-0477.
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Context: Training loads, injury, and injury prevention in the Para sports population has not been well established. Objective: The purpose of this study was to survey elite-level swimming, cycling, and athletic Para sport athletes in the United States who were competing in the 2016 US Paralympic trials to better understand common injuries among athletes in each sport and to determine whether injury prevention programs were being utilized. Design: Cross-sectional, survey study. Setting: The 2016 US Paralympic trials for swimming, cycling, and athletics. Participants: Athletes who competed in swimming, cycling, and/or athletics at the 2016 US Paralympic trials (N = 144; 83 males and 61 females). Main Outcome Measures: Participants completed electronic survey using Qualtrics XM (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) with questions pertaining to average number of hours trained per week, number of cross-training hours performed each week, descriptive information regarding sport-related injuries, pain, whether athletes received treatment for injuries, and descriptive information regarding whether the athletes had participated in an injury prevention program. Results: Over 64% of respondents reported training greater than or equal to 11 hours per week, and 45% of athletes reported spending greater than or equal to 6 hours per week cross-training. Forty-two percent of athletes reported currently having pain with 34% reporting missing a competition because of injury. Only 24% of respondents reported having participated in an injury prevention program. Conclusions: Many Para sport athletes train at similar durations as able-bodied counterparts and have pain that interferes with their ability to train and compete, however, only a small percentage consistently perform injury prevention programs.
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Tingaz, Emre Ozan. "The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Elite Athletes, Management Strategies and Post-pandemic Performance Expectations: A Semi Structured Interview Study." IJERI: International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, no. 15 (July 29, 2020): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46661/ijeri.4863.
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This article investigates the psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on elite athletes, their management strategies, and post-pandemic athletic performance expectations. Based on a purposive and snowball sampling technique eighteen elite athletes were interviewed online. The questioning includes thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in the pandemic process. Most athletes have concerns regarding the future (31.5%) and gained self-awareness (26.3%). 40% of athletes have been struggling with anxiety, however, 40.47 % of whom doing physical training at home while 33.33% of those are into mental training. Besides, 72.22% of athletes expect to lower their post-pandemic athletic performance. As a result of the study, most elite athletes have been going through anxiety about future enigma related to both sports environment and athletic performance. They mostly were able to overcome the process by doing physical and mental training at home. Most of them have expected to lower their athletic performance after getting back to the field.
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Rothmier, Justin D., and Jonathan A. Drezner. "The Role of Automated External Defibrillators in Athletics." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 1, no. 1 (January 2009): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738108326979.
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Context: Sudden cardiac arrest is the leading cause of death in young athletes. The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of automated external defibrillators and emergency planning for sudden cardiac arrest in the athletic setting. Evidence Acquisition: Relevant studies on automated external defibrillators, early defibrillation, and public-access defibrillation programs were reviewed. Recommendations from consensus guidelines and position statements applicable to automated external defibrillators in athletics were also considered. Results: Early defibrillation programs involving access to automated external defibrillators by targeted local responders have demonstrated a survival benefit for sudden cardiac arrest in many public and athletic settings. Conclusion: Schools and organizations sponsoring athletic programs should implement automated external defibrillators as part of a comprehensive emergency action plan for sudden cardiac arrest. In a collapsed and unresponsive athlete, sudden cardiac arrest should be suspected and an automated external defibrillator applied as soon as possible, as decreasing the time interval to defibrillation is the most important priority to improve survival in sudden cardiac arrest.
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Chamera, Tomasz, Michał Spieszny, Tomasz Klocek, Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak, Robert Nowak, Milena Lachowicz, Rafał Buryta, et al. "Post-Effort Changes in Activity of Traditional Diagnostic Enzymatic Markers in Football Players’ Blood / Promene U Aktivnostima Tradicionalnih Dijagnostičkih Enzimskih Markera U Krvi Fudbalera Posle Fizičkog Naprezanja." Journal of Medical Biochemistry 34, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jomb-2014-0035.
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Summary Background: Long-term and intensive physical effort causes metabolic and biochemical adaptations for both athletic and non-athletic objectives. Knowing the importance of aerobic training in football players, the aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the activity of: creatinine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CKMB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ahydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH), cholinesterase (ChE) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in response to a semi-long distance outdoor run under aerobic conditions among both female and male football players. Methods: Sixteen participants aged 21.9±2 years (women) and 18.4±0.5 years (men), all of them voluntarily recruited football players, took part in an outdoor run, the women covering a distance of 7.4±0.3 km while men covered a distance of 10.7±1.0 km. Plasma activities of the studied enzymes were determined using an appropriate diagnostic assay kit. Results: Our results indicate that total LDH activity could be a useful tool in evaluating physical fitness among athletes. We simultaneously established that ChE could not be a marker useful in assessing metabolic response to physical effort in athletes. Moreover, our results suggest that post-effort changes in ALP activity might be used to estimate early symptoms of certain vitamin deficiencies in an athlete’s diet. Conclusions: We confirmed that the assessment of activity of selected traditional diagnostic enzymatic markers provides information about muscle state after physical effort.
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He, Kai. "Prediction Model of Juvenile Football Players’ Sports Injury Based on Text Classification Technology of Machine Learning." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (June 10, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2955215.
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As the level of soccer in our country has improved rapidly, the level of skill has gradually improved, and the requirements for training of athletes have increased. Due to changes in athlete training methods, it has been decided that athletes must bear a great risk of sports injuries. Accurate prediction of injuries is very important for the development of youth soccer. Based on this, this paper proposes a text classification algorithm based on machine learning and builds a sports injury prediction model that can accurately predict athlete injuries, reduce athlete injuries during training, and be effective. We put forward various sports suitable for young athletes, and put forward some measures to prevent and alleviate athletes’ injuries. This article selects 48 football players from a college of physical education of a university for testing. The athletes participating in the experiment use professional equipment to collect exercise volume and exercise load data, and real-time records of each athlete's physical fitness data within half a year, through the athlete's exercise volume, exercise load, body metabolism, and physical indicators to predict their sports injury. Experiments show that from the degree of injury, it can be seen that the severe injury is the least, with 5 cases of muscle injury, 2 cases of fascia ligament injury, and 1 case of joint injury. There were 25 cases of mild injuries, accounting for 41.0% of the total. This is because the athlete’s sports injury prediction model has better prediction capabilities, allowing athlete coaches and therapists to optimize training courses, ultimately preventing injuries, improving training levels, and reducing rehabilitation costs.
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Tomczyk, Christopher P., Megan Mormile, Megan S. Wittenberg;, Jody L. Langdon, and Tamerah N. Hunt. "An Examination of Adolescent Athletes and Nonathletes on Baseline Neuropsychological Test Scores." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-84-17.
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Context: An estimated 15.3 million adolescent students are enrolled in US high schools, with approximately 7.8 million participating in athletics. Researchers have examined various demographics in high school athletes; however, athletic participation may play a larger role in test performance than previously thought. Currently, investigations of concussion assessment may rely on uninjured athletes as controls. However, due to the intense nature of athletics, this may not be an appropriate practice. Objective: To examine differences between athletes and nonathletes using a common computerized neuropsychological test. Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Setting: High schools from a school district in Columbus, Ohio. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 662 adolescent high school students (athletes: n = 383, female n = 18; nonathletes: n = 279, female n = 193). Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants were administered a computerized neuropsychological test battery (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test [ImPACT]) during baseline concussion assessment. Differences between groups were established for output composite scores. Results: Differences were found between athletes and nonathletes in composite reaction time (F1,522 = 14.855, P < .001) and total symptom score (F1,427 = 33.770, P < .001). Nonathletes reported more symptoms, whereas athletes had faster reaction times. No differences were present in composite verbal memory, composite visual memory, composite visual motor speed, or composite impulse control (P > .05). Conclusions: Symptom reporting and reaction time differed between high school athletes and nonathletes. Participation in extracurricular activities may lead to cognitive differences in adolescents that can influence performance on the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test battery. Researchers should account for these differences in baseline performance when making concussion diagnostic and management decisions.
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Iwańska, Dagmara, Piotr Tabor, Olga Grabowska, and Andrzej Mastalerz. "The Symmetry of Fatigue of Lower Limb Muscles in 400 m Run Based on Electromyography Signals." Symmetry 13, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13091698.
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Background: This study assesses curved track effects on fatigue symmetry and lower limb muscle activity while taking maximum velocity running kinematics into account. Methods: Polish master class athletes were examined (age 24.6 ± 3.67 years, bm 78.9 ± 6.02 kg, and bh 186.1 ± 6.63 cm). The measurements were made on a 400 m synthetic surface athletics track. The DelSys 16 channel system was employed to measure the activity of the right and left leg muscles. The kinematic variables of the run were obtained using a 3-axis accelerometer built into the recorder. Results: The study revealed curved track effects on asymmetric muscle activity and running kinematics in the first two sections of the run. On the first curve, the symmetry index (SI) was 8.1%, while in on straight, it was 11.5%. Moreover, significantly lower values of the fatigue index b were found for the right limb (F(3.36) = 6.504; p = 0.0152). Conclusions: A reduction of asymmetric muscle activity is linked with compensatory muscle stimulation triggered by the nervous system and with adjusting running kinematics to changing external conditions. Therefore, the main focus further research should be on the optimal interaction between stride length and frequency in relation to the muscle activity corresponding to the track geometry.
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Goodman, Ashley, Stephanie M. Mazerolle, and Christianne M. Eason. "Organizational Infrastructure in the Collegiate Athletic Training Setting, Part II: Benefits of and Barriers in the Athletics Model." Journal of Athletic Training 52, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.24.
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Context: The athletics model, in which athletic training clinical programs are part of the athletics department, is the predominant model in the collegiate athletic training setting. Little is known about athletic trainers' (ATs') perceptions of this model, particularly as it relates to organizational hierarchy. Objective: To explore the perceived benefits of and barriers in the athletics model. Design: Qualitative study. Setting: National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions I and III. Patients or Other Participants: Eight full-time ATs (5 men, 3 women; age = 41 ± 13 years, time employed at the current institution = 14 ± 14 years, experience as a certified AT = 18 ± 13 years) working in the collegiate setting using the athletics model. Data Collection and Analysis: We conducted semistructured interviews via telephone or in person and used a general inductive approach to analyze the qualitative data. Multiple-analyst triangulation and peer review established trustworthiness. Results: Two benefits and 3 barriers emerged from the data. Role identity emerged as a benefit that occurred with role clarity, validation, and acceptance of the collegiate AT personality. Role congruence emerged as a benefit of the athletics model that occurred with 2 lower-order themes: relationship building and physician alignment and support. Role strain, staffing concerns, and work-life conflict emerged as barriers in the athletics model. Role strain occurred with 2 primary lower-order themes: role incongruity and role conflict. Conclusions: The athletics model is the most common infrastructure for employing ATs in collegiate athletics. Participants expressed positive experiences via character identity, support, trust relationships, and longevity. However, common barriers remain. To reduce role strain, misaligning values, and work-life conflict, ATs working in the athletics model are encouraged to evaluate their relationships with coaches and their supervisor and consider team physician alignment. Moreover, measures to increase quality athletic training staff from a care rather than a coverage standpoint should be considered.